349:
546:
665:
618:
61:
1613:
90:, a 5th-century Roman author, explains that objects in temples can be divided into two categories: decorations and sacred objects. He claims that the difference between these groups is the day in which they are dedicated to the god: decorations were not dedicated on the same day the temple was sanctified, whereas religious objects were sanctified on the same day as the temple. The
348:
324:, which were designed to publicly showcase the notability of a person's achievements. Through these forms of public display artworks gained new meaning. To the Romans, they were representative of the Roman state's triumph over their enemies. Another kind involved the creation of movable paintings. To create this, marble was inserted in niches in the
462:. These collections were heavily influenced by Hellenism, collectors were motivated by their respect and deference for Greek culture. Gaius Asinius Pollio amassed a sizeable private collection of Greek sculptures and art; he displayed this collection publicly because, according to the 1st-century CE Roman writer
513:
in 211 BCE. He claims that following the conquest of
Syracuse, large quantities of Greek art flowed into Rome as the spoils of war; this loot then began to be collected by the Romans. Livy viewed this obsession with Hellenism negatively, calling the statues looted from Syracuse "tokens of danger" and
660:
existed: The good, "honourable" women who were associated with "the house, piety and religion", who would only collect objects needed for "the adornments of the house, or religious practices." And on the other hand, the "frivolous, vain, time-wasting" women who would acquire "objects of personal
770:
Statues may have been identified based on inscriptions that identified where they were located in the lists. These inscriptions would have abbreviations that showcased the text's volume, the column of the work, and its number.
645:. Collected objects often represented the past and the achievements and identity of Rome. Collections were used to convey messages about the collector and Roman society at large. Cicero described his political opponent,
387:. It was considered a sign of high social status to have many visitors come to see the artwork in one's house. There were numerous methods of displaying works in ancient Rome. One method of displaying works was the
478:
casts used to create replicas of statues from the 5 and 4th centuries BCE. Their likely was a significant amount of fraud on the Roman art market; vendors may have inscribed the name of popular artists—such as
495:
in the Roman art world, there is little known ancient legislation concerning the topic. Roman art collectors could satiate their needs by contracting artists, often Greek artists, for commissions.
48:
514:"allurements of vice." He warned his readers, "the more I fear that these things will capture us rather than we them." Loot from other conquests became sought after by Roman collectors;
747:
185:
320:. However, this structure may have been a copy of the one on the Palatine hill. Emperors and generals commemorated their successes through the construction of monuments such as the
661:
adornment" in order to seduce men. Sometimes, women used the male population's desires for goods such as citron tables as a defense against accusations of extravagance in pearls.
763:
and the aediles. It is possible that artworks and artifacts were tracked with inventory lists of works in collections or on public display. These lists would have been called
279:—should remain open despite its pagan origins to ensure the residents of the city could continue to view the artwork on display, although Constantine forbid the practice of
135:. Pausanias claims that this artifact was much venerated by the locals and brought fame to the city. Cicero claims that religious artwork depicting the history of
672:
Objects and artworks could become expensive and valuable due to the cultural significance attached to them. The art market expanded to allow for intentionally
466:, he was "was accordingly anxious for his collection to attract sightseers." Replicas of ancient art pieces, particularly the works of famous artists such as
1633:
491:, a bronze statue made in the 1st-century BCE that was designed to emulate the style of a 5th-century BCE Greek statue. Despite the presumed prevalence of
905:
900:
545:
606:
119:
Decorative items projected the power of the local city and functioned as sources of communal pride. According to the 2nd-century Greek geographer
868:
164:
1628:
995:
2581:
2560:
2539:
2518:
2492:
2469:
2402:
2377:
2356:
2335:
2309:
2286:
2265:
2239:
2216:
2190:
2129:
2068:
2040:
1982:
1961:
1940:
1919:
1898:
1877:
649:, as an unvirtuous collector. Verres was described as a person obsessed with other's perceptions of himself, and with a lust for art pieces.
147:
that was thought more worthy going to see." Objects of religious or cultural significance became highly sought-after by collectors; Emperor
1062:
1057:
1051:
1467:
1506:
395:
where paintings were painted on marble or wood panels. They became popular in the mid-1st century BCE. The 1st-century BCE Roman orator
483:—into their products to deceive customers into believing they were original works of the artists. One potential example of Roman art
519:
113:
2228:"Collectables, Antiques and Sumptuary Trends in Ancient Roma: A Look around the Dining Halls of the Late Republic and Early Empire"
664:
509:, a 1st-century BCE Roman historian, stated that the Roman passion for collecting Greek artwork originated from the capture of
1550:
1092:
1376:
605:
of Pliny the Elder give a summary art history of the Greek and Roman tradition, and of Roman collecting. According to Pliny
264:
1286:
1528:
2206:
599:
gems were among his varied collecting passions. Many later emperors also collected gems. Chapters 4-6 of Book 37 of the
927:
922:
228:
2021:"Museum Archetypes and Collecting: An Overview of the Public, Private, and Virtual Collections of the Ancient World"
2601:
1869:
962:
752:
212:
203:. This was an important religious and political rite; it highlighted the achievements of the triumphing general.
1545:
1523:
1371:
1308:
1303:
1281:
617:
2606:
809:
804:
727:
702:
had cups so valuable he had never used them. He was said to have paid 100,000 sesterces for two of these cups.
634:
592:
576:
256:
172:
136:
734:
speeches, stated that artwork should not be held by private individuals but instead returned to the populace.
575:. Many Greek and Hellenistic artists were very well-known and sought after. Famous collectors begin with King
2480:
2297:
2227:
2178:
2117:
2056:
2394:
1087:
699:
601:
523:
99:
83:
1995:
Worlds Apart
Trading Together: The organisation of long-distance trade between Rome and India in Antiquity
1501:
1462:
895:
192:
120:
2461:
653:
641:
of famous figures would also be collected. These artworks were status symbols and were used to showcase
534:
272:
220:
65:
765:
706:
were common materials to collect, and they were considered a sign of high social status, with one ex-
204:
2118:"Temple Inventory and Fictive Picture Gallery: Ancient Painting between Votive Offering and Artwork"
591:
was determined to excel Pompey in this as in other areas, and later gave six collections to his own
584:
372:
357:
321:
156:
30:
and were used to convey messages about the collector and the Roman state. Due to the popularity of
2481:"The Opportunistic Collector: Sources of Statuary DĂ©cor and the Nature of Late Antique Collecting"
60:
2007:
488:
396:
268:
95:
2145:
2084:
1574:
2577:
2556:
2535:
2514:
2488:
2465:
2442:
2398:
2373:
2352:
2331:
2305:
2282:
2261:
2235:
2212:
2186:
2165:
2125:
2104:
2064:
2036:
1978:
1957:
1936:
1915:
1894:
1873:
1561:
Pliny, see below. Whether he was right to claim
Mithridates as the first collector is dubious.
990:
863:
638:
309:
208:
2528:
Tilley, Chris; Keane, Webb; Kuechler, Susanne; Rowlands, Mike; Spyer, Patricia (2006-01-05).
116:
documented the loot of his conquests in public tablets and registers stored in the treasury.
2529:
2157:
2096:
2028:
1999:
1618:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1298:
1230:. Madison, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois: J.B. FURMAN & CO. WESTERN PUBLISHING HOUSE.
726:. Some Romans considered the love of goods and the desire to collect objects to be immoral.
703:
580:
526:
510:
467:
420:
412:
252:
144:
91:
27:
1540:
1518:
1366:
1276:
681:
463:
428:
317:
240:
79:
419:
were habitual collectors of expensive and sublime art. Diodorus further records that the
231:. Loot was also displayed in important locations throughout the city of Rome such as the
2508:
2367:
1888:
731:
629:
viewed one's material possessions as an extension of oneself. Patricians would collect
496:
424:
337:
294:
232:
168:
2276:
1930:
470:, were highly sought-after by ancient Roman collectors. Archaeological excavations in
2595:
2346:
1863:
1624:
1619:
1206:
723:
630:
588:
313:
304:
Important historical and cultural sites were also maintained and put on display. The
248:
200:
69:
1723:
760:
722:, carpets, books, and furniture. Artworks and goods were sold in areas such as the
707:
646:
572:
550:
500:
325:
260:
175:. Cicero describes an aedile named Gnaeus Claudius who utilized a marble statue of
75:
43:
23:
1951:
2550:
2325:
2255:
1972:
1909:
411:; he later constructed a shrine in his villa to hold this painting. According to
917:
694:
673:
392:
376:
368:
305:
236:
152:
31:
2571:
2020:
2455:
2161:
2032:
711:
657:
480:
435:
400:
196:
132:
35:
2446:
2169:
2108:
363:
Aside from public spaces, the Romans stored art collections within their own
2430:
2413:
2011:
1993:
1046:
799:
756:
719:
596:
447:
416:
404:
280:
216:
148:
128:
124:
108:
87:
2257:
Legitimacy and Law in the Roman World: Tabulae in Roman Belief and
Practice
2100:
692:. Despite the name, these "citron" tables were likely actually made of the
195:
publicly showcased loot from their wars, hoping to utilize art displays as
2327:
On
Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition
2003:
1225:
742:
642:
563:
559:
439:
415:, a 1st-century BCE Greek historian, the many of the wealthy citizens of
298:
289:
255:
of various cult statues. These statues depicted figures from traditional
180:
2390:
Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the
Culture of Collecting
2179:"The Culture of Collecting in Roma: Between Politics and Administration"
1637:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
715:
571:
A popular, and conveniently portable, type of object collected was the
555:
484:
475:
443:
224:
140:
2388:
625:
The objects the Romans liked to collect often had a symbolic purpose.
199:. Usually, looted objects were displayed in the capital city during a
2057:"Private Art Galleries in Roma: Literary and Archaeological Evidence"
985:
858:
689:
626:
459:
451:
408:
384:
380:
329:
276:
244:
160:
103:
39:
633:
of their ancestors and use them to decorate their houses and during
155:—collected drinking cups and weapons he believed were once owned by
1911:
The Many Faces of Art
Forgery: From the Dark Side to Shades of Gray
518:
was sent to Rome following the defeat of
Mithridates in 66 BCE and
301:
may have been taken from the opposing culture to the Roman cities.
1161:
1159:
663:
616:
544:
515:
471:
455:
364:
353:
347:
333:
284:
179:
in an art display honoring the Roman deities. During the reign of
176:
59:
1496:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1457:
1387:
1385:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1176:
1174:
530:
506:
492:
106:, a 1st-century BCE Roman politician, in the series of speeches
2431:"Introduction: The Art of Art History in Greco-Roman Antiquity"
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
98:
document dated to 99 BCE, catalogues the donations made to the
1224:
Haines, T. L. (Thomas Louis); Yaggy, L. W. (Levi W. ) (1884).
942:
940:
938:
936:
879:
877:
839:
837:
835:
833:
820:
818:
677:
189:
subsumed the responsibility of managing public collections.
2298:"Collecting Culture: Statues and Fragments in Roman Gardens"
2019:
Gahtan, Maia
Wellington; Pegazzano, Donatella (2014-01-01),
1146:
1144:
751:, which was a group of two individuals tasked with managing
293:. This practice was designed to divert the opposing's sides
287:
and battles, the Roman military performed a ritual known as
2208:
The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture
1760:
143:, was intricately designed and that "there was nothing at
82:
and history. In the Early Roman Empire, Greek statues and
1018:
1016:
748:
curatores aedium sacrarum et operum locorumque publicorum
1682:
1680:
1441:
1439:
1414:
1412:
963:"A Monumental Imperial Biography - Archaeology Magazine"
759:. This organization's role was previously filled by the
676:
and art pieces designed to follow cultural and artistic
211:, decorating it with loot from his military campaign in
1331:
1329:
2085:"Prolegomena to a Study of the Economics of Roman Art"
579:(d. 63 BC), whose collection was part of the booty of
102:
prior to the temple's destruction around 392-391 BCE.
38:
sprouted up. These goods were managed at first by the
2485:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2302:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2232:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2183:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2146:"Roman Gardens, Imagination, and Cognitive Structure"
2122:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2061:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
2025:
Museum Archetypes and Collecting in the Ancient World
78:
were ornamented with artworks depicting events from
609:, praetor in 56 BC, was the first Roman collector.
1573:, (The Lives of the Caesars, The Deified Julius),
1227:Museum of Antiquity: A Description of Ancient Life
503:in 58, employed a Greek painter named Antiochus.
259:; these works were likely acquired from existing
2055:Ghedini, Francesca; Salvo, Giulia (2014-01-01),
52:. Lists may also have been used to track goods.
1710:
1484:
1391:
1180:
1111:
1074:
1034:
946:
883:
843:
824:
718:. Other commonly collected materials included
151:—according to the 3rd-century Roman historian
49:curatores aedium sacrarum et operum locorumque
2414:"Ancient Roman Spaces that Served as Museums"
1659:
312:were preserved and publicly displayed on the
297:to the Roman side. As part of this practice,
8:
1165:
86:were popular decorations for Roman temples.
2510:Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy
2348:Madame Tussaud: And the History of Waxworks
1213:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
668:Ancient Roman sculpture of a Roman official
2418:Berkeley Undergraduate Journal of Classics
1974:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City
1932:The concise Oxford dictionary of art terms
1354:
698:tree. Pliny also describes how the orator
407:made by the 4th-century BCE Greek painter
68:, a Roman temple dedicated to the goddess
16:Art collection and display in ancient Rome
1320:
1736:
1598:
1150:
1135:
688:to describe the populace's affinity for
1956:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1820:
1748:
1647:
1022:
1007:
780:
427:looted much of this artwork during the
1832:
1808:
1772:
1686:
1671:
1445:
1430:
1418:
1403:
1252:
1240:
1192:
787:
621:Ancient Roman portrait of a man's head
533:vessels to Rome after his conquest of
332:were used to decorate the walls of an
263:that were likely abandoned due to the
2369:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
1844:
1796:
1784:
1698:
1335:
1264:
1123:
957:
955:
442:, private collections were stored in
139:, which was displayed in a temple of
7:
2570:Ulrich, Roger Bradley (2007-01-01).
2507:Syson, Luke; Thornton, Dora (2001).
2226:Mastrorosa, Ida Gilda (2014-01-01),
1890:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
854:
852:
127:housed a scepter allegedly held by
2254:Meyer, Elizabeth A. (2004-02-12).
1950:Dunstan, William E. (2010-11-16).
583:, who donated it to the Temple of
316:. It may have been located on the
183:, the newly established office of
22:was a common practice amongst the
14:
2296:Neudecker, Richard (2014-01-01),
1211:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2549:Tucci, Pier Luigi (2017-11-16).
2205:Marconi, Clemente (2014-10-07).
1971:Dyson, Stephen L. (2010-06-14).
1908:Casement, William (2022-04-17).
1611:
275:decreed that a temple—likely in
2387:Rutledge, Steven (2012-04-26).
2275:Mommsen, Theodor (2008-03-01).
2089:American Journal of Archaeology
1992:Evers, Kasper Grønlund (2017).
2555:. Cambridge University Press.
2345:Pilbeam, Pamela (2006-08-10).
2260:. Cambridge University Press.
2177:Liverani, Paolo (2014-01-01),
2144:Jones, F. M. A. (2014-08-19).
1571:De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius
379:, contained 85 statues: 22 of
20:Art collection in ancient Rome
1:
2454:Strong, Donald Emrys (1988).
1893:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
167:in ancient Rome, established
2531:Handbook of Material Culture
2479:Stirling, Lea (2014-01-01),
2324:Pearce, Susan (2013-10-28).
1914:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2552:The Temple of Peace in Rome
2487:, Brill, pp. 137–145,
2372:. Oxford University Press.
2304:, Brill, pp. 129–136,
2234:, Brill, pp. 102–108,
2211:. Oxford University Press.
2124:, Brill, pp. 118–128,
2083:Harris, W.V. (2015-07-01).
2063:, Brill, pp. 109–117,
1935:. Oxford University Press.
1711:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1485:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1392:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1181:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1112:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1075:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
1047:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
1035:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
947:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
884:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
844:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
825:Gahtan & Pegazzano 2014
299:religious idols and statues
2623:
2116:Jones, Nathaniel (2014b),
1870:Cambridge University Press
352:Bronze statue depicting a
239:. During the 5th century,
2576:. Yale University Press.
2412:Smith, Reagan A. (2018).
2278:Mommsen's History of Rome
2185:, Brill, pp. 72–77,
2162:10.1163/1568525X-12341369
2033:10.1163/9789004283480_002
1660:Syson & Thornton 2001
431:in the 3rd-century BCE.
186:Curatores aedium sacrarum
26:. Goods and artworks had
2429:Squire, Michael (2010).
2027:, BRILL, pp. 1–18,
1929:Clarke, Michael (2001).
1166:Ghedini & Salvo 2014
593:Temple of Venus Genetrix
577:Mithridates VI of Pontus
399:reportedly paid 144,000
375:, an ancient villa from
2395:Oxford University Press
1634:Encyclopædia Britannica
607:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
567:. Post-classical mount.
474:revealed more than 400
283:in this temple. During
100:Temple of Athena Lindia
2513:. Getty Publications.
2366:Rawson, Beryl (2003).
2281:. Wildside Press LLC.
2101:10.3764/aja.119.3.0395
1887:Berger, Adolf (2002).
1724:"Definition of ALERCE"
669:
622:
568:
403:for a painting of the
360:
72:
2462:Yale University Press
901:Description of Greece
730:, inspired by one of
667:
620:
613:Cultural significance
549:1st century BC cameo
548:
351:
76:Ancient Roman temples
63:
2004:10.2307/j.ctv17db2t2
1862:Beard, Mary (1998).
1304:Bibliotheca Historia
1205:Lockey, Ian (2009).
306:birthplace and house
265:rise of Christianity
223:which showcased the
205:Gaius Asinius Pollio
197:political propaganda
1775:, pp. 118–129.
1713:, pp. 102–103.
1601:, pp. 137–146.
1575:Fordham online text
1357:, pp. 102–109.
1323:, pp. 129–132.
1168:, pp. 109–118.
967:www.archaeology.org
391:. It was a kind of
373:Villa of the Papyri
358:Villa of the Papyri
344:Private collections
322:Arch of Constantine
273:Emperor Constantine
227:he gained from his
173:religious festivals
165:political officials
157:Alexander the Great
46:, and later by the
1761:Tilley et al. 2006
1546:Naturalis Historia
1524:Naturalis Historia
1372:Naturalis Historia
1282:Nautralis Historia
1088:Codex Theodosianus
670:
623:
569:
489:Apollo of Piombino
397:Quintus Hortensius
361:
207:reconstructed the
73:
56:Public collections
2602:Ancient Roman art
2583:978-0-300-10341-0
2573:Roman Woodworking
2562:978-1-108-54881-6
2541:978-1-4462-0643-0
2520:978-0-89236-657-6
2494:978-90-04-28348-0
2471:978-0-300-05293-0
2404:978-0-19-957323-3
2379:978-0-19-924034-0
2358:978-1-85285-511-6
2351:. A&C Black.
2337:978-1-135-90809-6
2311:978-90-04-28348-0
2288:978-1-4344-6232-9
2267:978-1-139-44911-3
2241:978-90-04-28348-0
2218:978-0-19-979052-4
2192:978-90-04-28348-0
2131:978-90-04-28348-0
2070:978-90-04-28348-0
2042:978-90-04-28050-2
1984:978-1-4214-0101-0
1963:978-0-7425-6834-1
1942:978-0-19-280043-5
1921:978-1-5381-5801-2
1900:978-1-58477-142-5
1879:978-0-521-30401-6
1865:Religions of Rome
1153:, pp. 72–78.
766:litterae publicae
674:collectable goods
217:Emperor Vespasian
209:Atrium Libertatis
114:Publius Servilius
32:collectable goods
28:symbolic meanings
2614:
2587:
2566:
2545:
2524:
2503:
2502:
2501:
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2425:
2408:
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2320:
2319:
2318:
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2250:
2249:
2248:
2222:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2173:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2112:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2015:
1998:. Archaeopress.
1988:
1967:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1883:
1848:
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1836:
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1812:
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1602:
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1471:
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1428:
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1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1299:Diodorus Siculus
1296:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1096:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1052:De vita Caesarum
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
999:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
959:
950:
944:
931:
915:
909:
893:
887:
881:
872:
856:
847:
841:
828:
822:
813:
797:
791:
785:
745:established the
710:spending 70,000
635:funeral services
581:Pompey the Great
413:Diodorus Siculus
253:a public display
219:constructed the
92:Lindos Chronicle
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2607:Art collections
2592:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2506:
2499:
2497:
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2478:
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2344:
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2323:
2316:
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2295:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2253:
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2242:
2225:
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2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2115:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2018:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1627:, ed. (1911). "
1623:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:Natural History
1584:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1517:
1513:
1502:Ab Urbe Condita
1495:
1491:
1483:
1474:
1463:Ab Urbe Condita
1456:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1367:Pliny the Elder
1365:
1361:
1355:Mastrorosa 2014
1353:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1297:
1293:
1275:
1271:
1267:, pp. 1–9.
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1207:"Roman Housing"
1204:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
984:
980:
971:
969:
961:
960:
953:
945:
934:
916:
912:
894:
890:
882:
875:
857:
850:
842:
831:
823:
816:
798:
794:
786:
782:
777:
740:
716:murrhine goblet
682:Pliny the Elder
615:
602:Natural History
595:; according to
543:
487:comes from the
464:Pliny the Elder
429:First Punic War
393:picture gallery
346:
318:Capitoline Hill
269:Theodosian Code
221:Temple of Peace
169:art exhibitions
80:Roman mythology
66:Temple of Peace
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2504:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2451:
2441:(2): 133–163.
2426:
2409:
2403:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2310:
2293:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2251:
2240:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2191:
2174:
2156:(5): 781–812.
2141:
2130:
2113:
2095:(3): 395–417.
2080:
2069:
2052:
2041:
2016:
1989:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:, p. 226.
1837:
1835:, p. 287.
1825:
1823:, p. 227.
1813:
1811:, p. 421.
1801:
1799:, p. 141.
1789:
1787:, p. 466.
1777:
1765:
1763:, p. 536.
1753:
1751:, p. 322.
1741:
1739:, p. 218.
1729:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 248.
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1625:Chisholm, Hugh
1603:
1591:
1578:
1563:
1554:
1533:
1511:
1489:
1472:
1450:
1448:, p. 403.
1435:
1433:, p. 400.
1423:
1421:, p. 406.
1408:
1406:, p. 405.
1396:
1381:
1359:
1340:
1338:, p. 794.
1325:
1321:Neudecker 2014
1313:
1291:
1269:
1257:
1255:, p. 163.
1245:
1243:, p. 135.
1233:
1216:
1197:
1195:, p. 397.
1185:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1138:, p. 166.
1128:
1116:
1097:
1079:
1067:
1039:
1027:
1025:, p. 377.
1012:
1010:, p. 378.
1000:
978:
951:
932:
910:
888:
873:
848:
829:
814:
792:
779:
778:
776:
773:
739:
738:Administration
736:
700:Lucius Crassus
684:uses the term
614:
611:
542:
539:
497:Aulus Gabinius
450:of libraries,
425:Hamilcar Barca
345:
342:
338:cryptoporticus
295:patron deities
257:Roman paganism
233:Campus Martius
131:and forged by
123:, a temple in
57:
54:
24:ancient Romans
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
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2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
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2396:
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2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:. Routledge.
2329:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2273:
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2237:
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2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:. JHU Press.
1976:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1841:
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1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:Casement 2022
1733:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:, p. 17.
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:, p. 93.
1673:
1668:
1665:
1662:, p. 78.
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:public domain
1607:
1604:
1600:
1599:Stirling 2014
1595:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1487:, p. 12.
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:, p. 11.
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:, p. 13.
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Liverani 2014
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Rutledge 2012
1132:
1129:
1126:, p. 41.
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
982:
979:
968:
964:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
923:Roman history
919:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
793:
790:, p. 48.
789:
784:
781:
774:
772:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:citron tables
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
662:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
643:moral virtues
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
589:Julius Caesar
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
565:
562:surprised by
561:
557:
552:
547:
541:Engraved gems
540:
538:
537:in 189 BCE.
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
520:Lucius Scipio
517:
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:banquet halls
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
359:
356:found in the
355:
350:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Palatine hill
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Roman temples
258:
254:
250:
249:Theodosius II
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
62:
55:
53:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2572:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2498:, retrieved
2484:
2456:
2438:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2389:
2368:
2347:
2326:
2315:, retrieved
2301:
2277:
2256:
2245:, retrieved
2231:
2207:
2196:, retrieved
2182:
2153:
2149:
2135:, retrieved
2121:
2092:
2088:
2074:, retrieved
2060:
2046:, retrieved
2024:
2012:j.ctv17db2t2
1994:
1973:
1953:Ancient Rome
1952:
1931:
1910:
1889:
1864:
1856:Bibliography
1840:
1828:
1821:Dunstan 2010
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1749:Mommsen 2008
1744:
1732:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1667:
1655:
1650:, p. 1.
1648:Pilbeam 2006
1643:
1632:
1606:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1536:
1522:
1514:
1500:
1492:
1461:
1453:
1426:
1399:
1370:
1362:
1316:
1302:
1294:
1280:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1188:
1131:
1119:
1114:, p. 9.
1086:
1082:
1077:, p. 8.
1070:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1037:, p. 6.
1030:
1023:Marconi 2014
1008:Marconi 2014
1003:
989:
981:
970:. Retrieved
966:
949:, p. 5.
921:
913:
899:
891:
886:, p. 2.
862:
846:, p. 7.
827:, p. 3.
803:
795:
783:
764:
753:architecture
746:
741:
693:
685:
671:
651:
624:
600:
573:engraved gem
570:
554:
551:engraved gem
505:
501:Roman consul
458:, and royal
433:
421:Carthaginian
389:Pinacothecae
388:
362:
303:
288:
245:court eunuch
229:war in Judea
191:
184:
118:
112:claims that
107:
74:
47:
19:
18:
1833:Rawson 2003
1809:Berger 2002
1773:Jones 2014b
1687:Ulrich 2007
1672:Pearce 2013
1629:Wax Figures
1446:Harris 2015
1431:Harris 2015
1419:Harris 2015
1404:Harris 2015
1253:Clarke 2001
1241:Squire 2010
1193:Harris 2015
918:Cassius Dio
788:Strong 1988
695:Tetraclinis
658:stereotypes
654:Roman women
631:wax figures
377:Herculaneum
251:—organized
163:, who were
153:Cassius Dio
96:Hellenistic
2596:Categories
2500:2024-07-24
2317:2024-07-24
2247:2024-07-24
2198:2024-07-24
2137:2024-07-24
2076:2024-07-24
2048:2024-07-24
1845:Meyer 2004
1797:Dyson 2010
1785:Tucci 2017
1699:Evers 2017
1589:, xxxvii.5
1336:Jones 2014
1265:Smith 2018
1124:Beard 1998
972:2022-08-18
805:Saturnalia
775:References
757:public art
704:Silverware
527:silverware
481:Praxiteles
436:Alexandria
417:Agrigentum
383:and 63 of
133:Hephaestus
84:sculptures
36:art market
2457:Roman art
2447:1080-6504
2170:0026-7074
2150:Mnemosyne
2109:0002-9114
991:In Verrem
896:Pausanias
864:In Verrem
800:Macrobius
712:sesterces
639:Portraits
597:Suetonius
587:in Rome.
522:exported
444:libraries
405:Argonauts
401:sesterces
326:stonework
281:sacrifice
267:. In the
149:Caracalla
129:Agamemnon
125:Chaeronea
121:Pausanias
109:In Verrem
88:Macrobius
2534:. SAGE.
2435:Arethusa
743:Augustus
564:Achilles
560:Polyxena
511:Syracuse
440:Pergamon
423:general
330:Frescoes
290:evocatio
193:Generals
181:Augustus
145:Syracuse
1622::
1585:Pliny,
1309:13.90.3
1093:16.10.8
906:9.40.11
761:censors
728:Agrippa
720:jewelry
686:insania
585:Jupiter
556:Troilus
485:forgery
476:plaster
460:palaces
452:gardens
310:Romulus
235:or the
213:Illyria
201:triumph
161:aediles
141:Minerva
44:censors
40:aediles
2580:
2559:
2538:
2517:
2491:
2468:
2445:
2401:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2308:
2285:
2264:
2238:
2215:
2189:
2168:
2128:
2107:
2067:
2039:
2010:
1981:
1960:
1939:
1918:
1897:
1876:
1616:
1551:33.53.
1507:34.4.3
1287:35. 40
986:Cicero
859:Cicero
810:3.11.6
732:Cato's
708:consul
678:trends
656:, two
647:Verres
627:Cicero
531:golden
524:chased
493:hoaxes
468:Zeuxis
446:, the
409:Cydias
385:bronze
381:marble
371:. The
369:villas
365:houses
285:sieges
277:Edessa
241:Lausos
159:. The
137:Sicily
104:Cicero
2008:JSTOR
1541:Pliny
1519:Pliny
1468:25.40
1277:Pliny
724:forum
714:on a
553:with
516:ebony
472:Baiae
448:atria
354:satyr
334:oecus
237:Forum
177:Cupid
2578:ISBN
2557:ISBN
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