704:
609:
785:
367:
688:
488:). In part, because of its stylistic parallels to the 25 recorded collections produced in Harar. Additionally, because it is one of the earliest documented texts from the city—the oldest datable manuscript containing text in Old Harari was produced in 1460. The Khalili Qur’ān has distinct, wide horizontal margins, creating the optics of a script elongated across the page. The wide margins are filled with notes and ornate decorations. Some notes are written diagonally to the main text creating a vertical zigzagging effect, and others are written in blocking patterns. The colourful gray, gold, and red text serve both an aesthetic and functional purpose, each colour indicating a different reading of the text or sayings of the prophet.
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734:
150:
773:
660:
720:
761:
593:. Yet, the majority of these collections remain in private hands. The emergence of tourism in the 1970s brought foreign buyers with little knowledge of the historical relevance of these bodies of work. This privatization made it easier for collectors from Europe, the United States, and Arab countries to acquire these texts without going through institutional channels. In conjunction with the destruction of manuscripts by foreign aggressors or disputing citizens, lack of trust in government bodies, and smuggling; cataloging and preserving these sacred texts remains a difficult task.
166:
644:
30:
206:
797:
466:
481:. Located in central-eastern Ethiopia at the crossroads of multiple migration and trade routes, Harar became the epicentre for Islamization by the 14th century. This followed previous introductions of the religion by Muslim religious figures in the northeast of the country in the 7th century, and coasts of neighboring Somalia in the 8th century. The confluence of culture from both nomadic groups indigenous to the region and trade partners beyond, resulted in a style of manuscript unique to the Harari people.
78:
888:
174:
435:
492:
840:
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828:
532:
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816:
629:
864:
852:
672:
90:
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invaded the country. The revival of art after this was influenced by
Catholic European art in both iconography and elements of style but retained its Ethiopian character. In the 20th century, Western artists and architects began to be commissioned by the government, and to train local students, and more fully Westernized art was produced alongside continuations of traditional church art.
446:
great deal of use of colourful textiles, and the more elaborate types are widely used as church vestments and as hangings, curtains, and wrappings in churches, although they have now largely been supplanted by
Western fabrics. Examples of both types can be seen in the picture at the top of the article. Icons may normally be veiled with a semi-transparent or opaque cloth; very thin
65:
523:—an alphabet used to write languages local to Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ajami refers to an adapted Arabic script influenced by local languages primarily spoken in Eastern Africa. Beyond the script, Ajami represents the contextual enrichment of Islamic traditions within the region during this period more broadly, a process growing literature on the subject refers to as
445:
Ethiopia has great ethnic and linguistic diversity, and styles in secular traditional crafts vary greatly in different parts of the country. There is a range of traditions in textiles, many with woven geometric decoration, although many types are also usually plain. Ethiopian church practices make a
527:
With the introduction of
Islamic texts, culture, and art to Africa, communities modified these traditions to accommodate local palates. The Ajamization of Qur’ānic texts by the Harari people, reflects this intersection of assimilation and preservation, through adapting traditional Islamic practices
272:
are closely related to the simplified Coptic version of Late
Antique and Byzantine Christian art. It is typified by simplistic, almost cartoonish, figures with large, almond-shaped, eyes. Colours are usually bright and vivid. Most paintings are religious in nature, often decorating church walls and
425:
Distinctive forms of the crown were worn in ceremonial contexts by royalty and important noble officials, as well as senior clergy. Royal crowns rose high, with a number of circular bands, while church crowns often resemble an elongated version of the typical
European closed crown, with four arms,
596:
Despite these challenges, academics, curators, and the
Ethiopian government have made increasing efforts to inventory Harari and other Islamic manuscripts. In collaboration with the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Dr. Gori published a catalog of Islamic codices in 2014 to help facilitate future
140:
exist, there appears to be no surviving
Ethiopian Christian art from the Axumite period. However, the earliest works remaining show a clear continuity with Coptic art of earlier periods. There was considerable destruction of churches and their contents in the 16th century when Muslim neighbors
703:
573:
The lack of representation for
Islamic manuscripts compared to other religious texts from Ethiopia in mainstream scholarship can be attributed to a variety of reasons. A leading scholar in Islamic manuscript cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa, Dr. Alessandro Gori, ascribes this disproportionate
330:
often have a primary wing with a frame. A smaller second wing, which is only the size of the image within the frame, is painted on both sides to allow closed and open views. Icons are painted on a wood base support, but since about the 16th century with intervening cloth support glued to a
556:
at the junction of the
Mediterranean, Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean is reflected in the aesthetic similarities between Harari script and other visual cultures. Notably, Dr. Mirza has drawn parallels between the Harari manuscripts and the decorative devices from the Islamic texts of the
390:
decoration. The cross motif emerges from the decoration, with the whole design often forming a rotated square or circular shape, though the designs are highly varied and inventive. Many incorporate curved motifs rising from the base, which are called the "arms of
608:
784:
339:. A range of mostly mineral pigments is used, giving a palette based on reds, yellows, and blues. Underdrawing was used, which may remain visible or reinforced by painted edges to areas of colour in the final layer.
61:). The main artistic expressions have been architecture, painting and goldsmithing. There is also a range of traditions in textiles, many with woven geometric decoration, although many types are also usually plain.
1374:
1372:
1370:
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Churches may be very fully painted, although until the 19th century there is little sign of secular painting other than scenes commemorating the life of donors to churches on their walls. Unusually for
687:
453:
Colourful basketry with a coiled construction is common in rural
Ethiopia. The products have many uses, such as storing grains, seeds, and food and being used as tables and bowls. The Muslim city of
301:
for use continued up to the present day. Pilgrimages to Jerusalem, where there has long been an Ethiopian clerical presence, also allowed some contact with a wider range of Orthodox art.
297:
and European art in general began to exert some influence. However, Ethiopian art is highly conservative and retained much of its distinct character until modern times. The production of
136:
emerged in the 1st century BCE and dominated Ethiopia until the 10th century, has become very largely Christian from the 4th century. Although some buildings and large, pre-Christian
944:. Mathurin Veyssière de Lacroze, João Bermudez « Histoire du christianisme d'Éthiopie et d'Arménie », Vve Le Vier et P. Paupie, 1739, (ASIN B001BMUX7G). Fuente citada en
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influence on Christian illustrations within the region, can also be observed in Islamic art. Beyond visual likeness to Byzantine art, Ethiopia's geographic positioning in the
796:
772:
1255:
Fani, Sara (17 October 2017). "Scribal Practices in Arabic Manuscripts from Ethiopia: The ʿAjamization of Scribal Practices in Fuṣḥā and ʿAjamī Manuscripts from Harar".
1287:
Hernández, Adday (17 October 2017). "The ʿAjamization of Islam in Ethiopia through Esoteric Textual Manifestations in Two Collections of Ethiopian Arabic Manuscripts".
748:
887:
940:
Hansberry, William Leo. Pillars in Ethiopian History; the William Leo Hansberry African History Notebook. Washington: Howard University Press, 1974. Fuente citada en
484:
The Khalili manuscript (a single-volume Qur’ān of 290 folios) is regarded by scholar Dr. Sana Mirza as representative of distinct Harari codices (known in Arabic as
399:, or figure of Christ, and the design often incorporates numerous smaller crosses. Engraved figurative imagery has sometimes been added. Crosses are mostly either
1437:
1537:
Gori, Alessandro (2019). "Text Collections in the Arabic Manuscript Tradition of Harar: The Case of the Mawlid Collection and of šayḫ Hāšim's al-Fatḥ al-Raḥmānī".
477:. While Christian illuminated manuscripts dominate the literature on religious texts emerging from this region, Ethiopia is also home to a rich history of Islamic
659:
1495:
Fani, Sara (2017). "Scribal Practices in Arabic Manuscripts from Ethiopia: The ʿAjamization of Scribal Practices in Fuṣḥā and ʿAjamī Manuscripts from Harar".
366:
323:
in other Orthodox churches. These are regarded as so holy that the laity is not allowed to see them, and they are wrapped in cloth when taken in procession.
309:, icons were not usually kept in houses (where talismanic scrolls were often kept instead), but in the church. Some "diptychs" are in the form of an "ark" or
358:, who is regarded as especially linked to Mary in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, for carrying messages or intervening in human affairs on her behalf.
760:
839:
899:
719:
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1761:
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149:
1653:
1581:
1554:
1477:
1458:
1202:
1161:
1095:
1070:
1045:
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Research on Islam is also limited due to private ownership. The most prominent Ethiopian institutions to house these manuscripts include the
350:, with or without her Child, became increasingly popular. They used versions of a number of common Byzantine types, typically flanked by two
285:-covered roof (angels in Ethiopian art are often represented as winged heads) as well as its other murals dating from the late 17th century.
457:
is well known for its high-quality basketry, and many craft products of the Muslim minority relate to wider Islamic decorative traditions.
315:, in these cases consecrated boxes with a painted inside of the lid, placed closed on the altar during Mass, somewhat equivalent to the
827:
671:
54:
46:
815:
1601:"The ʿAjamization of Islam in Ethiopia through Esoteric Textual Manifestations in Two Collections of Ethiopian Arabic Manuscripts"
1226:
407:, or hand crosses, with a shorter metal handle in the same casting as the head. Smaller crosses worn as jewelry are also common.
82:
234:
374:
Another important form of Ethiopian art, also related to Coptic styles, is crosses made from wood and metal. They are usually
863:
582:
628:
335:
layer above the wood. The binding medium for the paint is also animal-based glue, giving a matt finish which is then often
1841:
2195:
807:
1754:
586:
355:
190:
105:
comparable to that of other African sites survives in a number of places, and until the arrival of Christianity stone
851:
165:
921:
294:
245:, dated to the 12th century AD, and in nearby Geneta Maryam, dated to the 13th century AD. However, paintings in
1846:
1778:
945:
941:
916:
558:
536:
214:
94:
205:
2116:
961:
957:
2200:
1694:"The visual resonances of a Harari Qur'ān: An 18th century Ethiopian manuscript and its Indian Ocean connec"
1442:
1333:"The visual resonances of a Harari Qur'ān: An 18th century Ethiopian manuscript and its Indian Ocean connec"
965:
306:
298:
29:
590:
274:
2185:
2180:
2151:
1747:
1470:
Ethiopian icons: catalogue of the collection of the Institute of Ethiopian studies, Addis Ababa university
1088:
Ethiopian icons: catalogue of the collection of the Institute of Ethiopian studies, Addis Ababa university
478:
246:
109:, often carved with simple reliefs, were erected as grave-markers and for other purposes in many regions;
1826:
574:
representation within academia to a variety of socio-political factors. Dr. Gori claims that a change in
2147:
2016:
2001:
1901:
238:
218:
77:
1861:
465:
53:
Christian civilization that developed for millennia in relative isolation (since the 7th century, the
1821:
491:
414:
is an especially venerated hand cross, perhaps of the 12th century, which was stolen from a church in
403:, with the metal head mounted on a long wooden staff, carried in religious processions and during the
2190:
1816:
949:
578:
in 1991 and the geopolitics of "classical" Arabic studies have contributed to an understudied field.
2155:
2138:
1991:
1734:
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2089:
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1986:
1951:
1811:
173:
154:
35:
2125:
2112:
2104:
2031:
1971:
1936:
1916:
1881:
1866:
1836:
1796:
1786:
434:
2134:
2073:
2041:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1831:
1791:
1680:
1632:
1560:
1512:
1413:
1208:
725:
400:
2108:
1941:
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531:
2011:
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1550:
1483:
1473:
1454:
1198:
1167:
1157:
1101:
1091:
1066:
1041:
953:
225:, dated to the 11th century AD. However, the 7th-century AD followers of the Islamic prophet
1806:
1701:
1672:
1622:
1612:
1542:
1504:
1446:
1405:
1340:
1304:
1296:
1264:
1190:
447:
439:
133:
1574:
A handlist of the manuscripts in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Volume two, Volume two
1996:
1946:
650:
619:
182:
118:
520:
217:
in the 4th century AD, although the earliest surviving examples come from the church of
2078:
2051:
1961:
1851:
1230:
739:
562:
553:
411:
250:
2174:
1801:
1716:
1564:
1212:
1063:
Guardians of the Tradition: Historians and Historical Writing in Ethiopia and Eritrea
549:
548:
Transcultural parallels and adaptations in the illumination of the text, such as the
496:
258:
254:
222:
1524:
1006:
89:
2036:
2021:
2006:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1931:
1921:
1891:
1856:
516:
500:
375:
354:
in iconic depictions. She is often depicted with a neighboring image of a mounted
169:
From the treasury of the Church of Narga Selassie, Dek Island, Lake Tana, Ethiopia
382:, plated (at least originally) with gold or silver. The heads are typically flat
117:
culture of about the 5th century BCE to the 1st century CE was influenced by the
2046:
1981:
1770:
694:
615:
347:
316:
269:
194:
158:
58:
50:
450:-type cotton cloth is a specialty of Ethiopia, though usually with no pattern.
17:
1911:
1676:
1617:
1600:
1591:
1546:
1508:
1409:
1300:
1268:
485:
125:, and produced cities with simple temples in stone, such as the ruined one at
64:
1487:
1171:
1105:
249:
predate the earliest surviving church paintings; for instance, the Ethiopian
1663:
Kawo, Hassen Muhammad (2015). "Islamic Manuscript Collections in Ethiopia".
1396:
Kawo, Hassen Muhammad (2015). "Islamic Manuscript Collections in Ethiopia".
678:
351:
343:
1194:
1119:
237:
was decorated with paintings. Other early paintings include those from the
1706:
1693:
1345:
1332:
419:
415:
387:
320:
290:
242:
226:
186:
114:
102:
1684:
1636:
1627:
1516:
1417:
1309:
893:
Diptych: Christ crowned with thorns; descent from the Cross (c.a. 1750)
803:
710:
404:
383:
336:
327:
293:
are also commonly painted with religious icons. From the 16th century,
286:
395:". Except in recent Western-influenced examples, they usually have no
273:
bibles. One of the best-known examples of this type of painting is at
278:
213:
Church paintings in Ethiopia were likely produced as far back as the
178:
122:
561:(modern-day Egypt and Syria) and the calligraphic letterform of the
473:
Basketry wasn't the only artistry to emerge from the Muslim city of
530:
490:
474:
464:
454:
433:
379:
365:
332:
311:
282:
204:
172:
164:
148:
137:
129:, which is impressive for its date in the 4th or 5th century BCE.
106:
88:
76:
63:
28:
1187:
A Contextual Reading of Ethiopian Crosses through Form and Ritual
635:
575:
392:
265:
230:
126:
110:
1743:
713:
icon with St George and the Virgin and Child, late 18th century
461:
Illuminated Manuscripts from Other Religious Groups of Ethiopia
1739:
1529:
469:
Islamic manuscript housed in the Governor of Harar's mansion
1572:
Gori, Alessandro; Regourd, Anne; Delamarter, Steve (2014).
881:
Pendant Icon, Mary with Child and St. George, 17th century
539:
circa 1375 with stylistic parallels to Harari manuscripts
1735:
Ethiopic Manuscripts (UCLA Library Special Collections)
370:
Ethiopian Crown - Treasury Of The Chapel Of The Tablet
1378:
845:
Ethiopian Orthodox Icon, Late 17th-early 18th century
418:
in 1997 and eventually recovered and returned from a
1154:
Ethiopian crosses: a cultural history and chronology
989:
987:
2087:
2060:
1777:
905:
Mary with Child, and St. George (15th-16th century)
1435:Biasio, Elisabeth (2003). "Ethiopia and Eritrea".
1031:
1029:
1027:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1152:Chojnacki, Stanisław; Gossage, Carolyn (2006).
790:Folding Processional Icon in the Shape of a Fan
264:Ethiopian painting, on walls, in books, and in
233:in temporary exile mentioned that the original
821:Mary with Child, Ethiopian, Early 16th century
268:, is highly distinctive, though the style and
1755:
1468:Gossage, Carolyn; Chojnacki, Stanley (2000).
1086:Gossage, Carolyn; Chojnacki, Stanley (2000).
426:joined at the top and surmounted by a cross.
8:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
495:Table displaying some of the adaptations of
1391:
1389:
1387:
1250:
1248:
833:Ethoipian Orthodox Icon, Early 16th century
1762:
1748:
1740:
1539:The Emergence of Multiple-Text Manuscripts
1705:
1626:
1616:
1451:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T026878
1344:
1308:
113:is one important site. The "pre-Axumite"
1065:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 15–16.
778:The roof of Debre Berhan Selassie church
948:. CIA World Factbook. Fuente citada en
933:
604:
569:Representation of Ethiopian Islamic Art
993:
869:Mary with Child, Mid-late 17th century
1646:Ethiopian Art: The Walters Art Museum
7:
1359:
1139:
1040:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 242.
977:Jacques Mercier, en Gérard Prunier,
253:of the 4th-6th centuries AD contain
181:-style Ethiopian painting depicting
1379:Gori, Regourd & Delamarter 2014
45:is the manifestation in art of the
1717:"African Christianity in Ethiopia"
1715:Ross, Emma George (October 2002).
386:plates with elaborate and complex
25:
528:to indigenous culture and taste.
2074:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1842:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1692:Mirza, Sana (28 December 2017).
1644:Horowitz, Deborah Ellen (2001).
1331:Mirza, Sana (28 December 2017).
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
732:
718:
702:
686:
670:
658:
642:
634:Stelae in the royal cemetery at
627:
607:
121:to the north, and settlers from
83:Church of Saint George, Lalibela
981:, Karthala, 2007, pgs. 257-260.
665:12th-century processional cross
597:research on these manuscripts.
319:in the Western church, and the
235:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
1721:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
583:Institute of Ethiopian Studies
515:The text itself is written in
57:separated it from the rest of
1:
1576:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1120:"Ethiopia, its Art and Icons"
857:Marian Scenes, c.a. 1630-1700
438:A jar spout from the ancient
93:Ethiopian painting decepting
808:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
519:, differing from the native
215:introduction of Christianity
209:Cross of Emperor Theodore II
1185:Evangelatou, Maria (2018).
587:National Museum of Ethiopia
362:Crosses and other metalwork
356:Saint George and the Dragon
257:imitating the contemporary
191:National Museum of Ethiopia
2217:
1525:"Christian Ethiopian art."
1061:De Lorenzi, James (2015).
806:, Ethiopian Chapel in the
766:19th-century pendant cross
677:Bible from a monastery on
565:script (northeast India).
342:From the 15th century the
281:(pictured), famed for its
1677:10.1163/21540993-00602012
1618:10.1163/21540993-00801004
1599:Hernández, Adday (2017).
1547:10.1515/9783110645989-003
1509:10.1163/21540993-00801002
1410:10.1163/21540993-00602012
1301:10.1163/21540993-00801004
1269:10.1163/21540993-00801002
1007:"Christian Ethiopian art"
946:Christianisme en Éthiopie
922:List of Ethiopian artists
295:Roman Catholic church art
1827:Central African Republic
1533:(Accessed 27 July 2017).
979:L'Éthiopie contemporaine
942:Christianity in Ethiopia
917:Architecture of Ethiopia
95:Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam
1443:Oxford University Press
1036:Briggs, Philip (2015).
962:iglesia católica etíope
958:iglesia ortodoxa etíope
622:, 6th - 5th century BCE
479:illuminated manuscripts
299:illuminated manuscripts
247:illuminated manuscripts
1227:"Ethiopian Handicraft"
1195:10.31826/9781463240226
966:iglesia ortodoxa copta
540:
503:
470:
442:
371:
210:
197:
170:
162:
98:
86:
69:
47:Ethiopian civilization
39:
1987:São Tomé and Príncipe
1847:Republic of the Congo
1707:10.4000/afriques.2052
1346:10.4000/afriques.2052
591:Harar National Museum
534:
494:
468:
437:
430:Other arts and crafts
369:
307:Orthodox Christianity
275:Debre Berhan Selassie
208:
176:
168:
152:
92:
80:
67:
32:
1648:. Third Millennium.
950:Religion in Ethiopia
535:Qur'anic art of the
401:processional crosses
189:, now housed in the
2196:Culture of Ethiopia
2117:Plazas de soberanía
2063:States with limited
681:, 12th-13th century
544:Stylistic Parallels
422:collector in 2001.
155:John the Evangelist
68:Gondarine Chronical
36:Istifanos Monastery
1541:. pp. 59–74.
1438:Grove Music Online
726:Processional cross
614:Stone statue from
541:
504:
471:
443:
372:
255:illuminated scenes
219:Debre Selam Mikael
211:
198:
185:, originally from
171:
163:
99:
87:
70:
55:expansion of Islam
40:
2168:
2167:
1862:Equatorial Guinea
1655:978-1-903942-02-4
1583:978-1-4982-1761-3
1556:978-3-11-064598-9
1479:978-88-8118-646-4
1460:978-1-56159-263-0
1204:978-1-4632-4022-6
1189:. Gorgias Press.
1163:978-88-7624-831-3
1097:978-88-8118-646-4
1072:978-1-58046-519-9
1047:978-1-84162-922-3
507:Ajami Script and
16:(Redirected from
2208:
2161:
2160:(United Kingdom)
2156:Tristan da Cunha
2152:Ascension Island
2144:
2131:
2122:
1779:Sovereign states
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1724:
1711:
1709:
1688:
1671:(1–2): 192–200.
1659:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1611:(1–2): 171–172.
1595:
1568:
1523:Gnisci, Jacopo.
1520:
1503:(1–2): 144–170.
1491:
1464:
1441:(8th ed.).
1422:
1421:
1404:(1–2): 192–200.
1393:
1382:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1295:(1–2): 171–192.
1284:
1273:
1272:
1263:(1–2): 144–170.
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1216:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1083:
1077:
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1058:
1052:
1051:
1033:
1022:
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1019:
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997:
991:
982:
975:
969:
954:Etiopía#religión
952:. Véase también
938:
902:
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799:
787:
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751:
736:
722:
706:
690:
674:
662:
646:
631:
611:
559:Mamluk Sultanate
537:Mamluk Sultanate
511:of Ethiopian Art
440:Kingdom of Aksum
161:Gospels, c. 1540
134:Kingdom of Aksum
21:
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2215:
2211:
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2067:
2064:
2056:
1773:
1768:
1731:
1714:
1691:
1662:
1656:
1643:
1598:
1584:
1571:
1557:
1536:
1494:
1480:
1467:
1461:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
976:
972:
939:
935:
930:
913:
906:
903:
894:
891:
882:
879:
870:
867:
858:
855:
846:
843:
834:
831:
822:
819:
810:
800:
791:
788:
779:
776:
767:
764:
755:
752:
743:
737:
728:
723:
714:
707:
698:
697:Gospel, c. 1540
691:
682:
675:
666:
663:
654:
651:Obelisk of Axum
647:
638:
632:
623:
620:Tigray Province
612:
603:
571:
546:
513:
463:
432:
364:
259:Byzantine style
203:
183:Saint Mercurius
177:A 17th-century
147:
119:Kingdom of Kush
85:(Biete Ghiogis)
75:
23:
22:
18:Art of Ethiopia
15:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2201:Art by country
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2132:
2123:
2105:Canary Islands
2101:
2099:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:External links
1727:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1689:
1665:Islamic Africa
1660:
1654:
1641:
1605:Islamic Africa
1596:
1582:
1569:
1555:
1534:
1521:
1497:Islamic Africa
1492:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1398:Islamic Africa
1383:
1364:
1352:
1316:
1289:Islamic Africa
1274:
1257:Islamic Africa
1244:
1233:on 1 July 2012
1218:
1203:
1177:
1162:
1144:
1132:
1111:
1096:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1046:
1023:
998:
983:
970:
932:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
897:
895:
892:
885:
883:
880:
873:
871:
868:
861:
859:
856:
849:
847:
844:
837:
835:
832:
825:
823:
820:
813:
811:
801:
794:
792:
789:
782:
780:
777:
770:
768:
765:
758:
756:
753:
746:
744:
740:Guardian angel
738:
731:
729:
724:
717:
715:
709:Small pendant
708:
701:
699:
692:
685:
683:
676:
669:
667:
664:
657:
655:
648:
641:
639:
633:
626:
624:
613:
606:
602:
599:
570:
567:
554:Horn of Africa
545:
542:
512:
505:
462:
459:
431:
428:
412:Lalibela Cross
363:
360:
251:Garima Gospels
202:
199:
157:in one of the
146:
143:
97:and his armies
74:
71:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Christian art
2184:
2182:
2181:Ethiopian art
2179:
2178:
2176:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Guinea-Bissau
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
934:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
901:
896:
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
853:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
817:
812:
809:
805:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
762:
757:
750:
745:
742:, around 1800
741:
735:
730:
727:
721:
716:
712:
705:
700:
696:
689:
684:
680:
673:
668:
661:
656:
653:, 4th century
652:
645:
640:
637:
630:
625:
621:
617:
610:
605:
600:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
568:
566:
564:
560:
555:
551:
543:
538:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Arabic script
493:
489:
487:
482:
480:
476:
467:
460:
458:
456:
451:
449:
441:
436:
429:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Tigray Region
220:
216:
207:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
167:
160:
156:
153:Depiction of
151:
144:
142:
139:
135:
132:The powerful
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
91:
84:
81:The rock-cut
79:
72:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Ethiopian art
38:
37:
31:
27:
19:
2148:Saint Helena
2090:Dependencies
2012:South Africa
2002:Sierra Leone
1876:
1807:Burkina Faso
1720:
1697:
1668:
1664:
1645:
1628:10261/204784
1608:
1604:
1573:
1538:
1530:Smarthistory
1528:
1500:
1496:
1469:
1436:
1401:
1397:
1355:
1336:
1310:10261/204784
1292:
1288:
1260:
1256:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1221:
1186:
1180:
1153:
1147:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1114:
1087:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1015:. Retrieved
1013:. 2016-12-22
1011:Smarthistory
1010:
1001:
978:
973:
936:
802:Painting of
754:Folding book
595:
580:
572:
547:
525:Ajamization.
524:
521:Ge'ez script
514:
508:
501:Ajami script
483:
472:
452:
444:
424:
409:
396:
376:copper alloy
373:
341:
325:
310:
303:
263:
241:churches of
229:who fled to
212:
131:
101:Prehistoric
100:
59:Christianity
42:
41:
34:Painting in
33:
26:
2191:African art
2096:territories
2065:recognition
2017:South Sudan
1907:Ivory Coast
1771:African art
1381:, p. .
994:Biasio 2003
695:Gunda Gunde
616:Addi-Galamo
509:Ajamization
348:Virgin Mary
317:altar stone
270:iconography
195:Addis Ababa
159:Gunda Gunde
2175:Categories
2130:(Portugal)
2079:Somaliland
1997:Seychelles
1962:Mozambique
1947:Mauritania
1932:Madagascar
1887:The Gambia
1822:Cape Verde
1592:1196177778
1429:References
1017:2017-07-27
693:Page from
589:, and the
352:archangels
326:Ethiopian
1952:Mauritius
1565:214291690
1488:848786240
1472:. Skira.
1360:Gori 2019
1213:198628084
1172:838853616
1156:. Skira.
1140:Ross 2002
1106:848786240
1090:. Skira.
679:Lake Tana
550:Byzantine
344:Theotokos
337:varnished
291:triptychs
239:rock-hewn
179:Gondarene
2154: /
2150: /
2143:(France)
2137: /
2115: /
2111: /
2107: /
2052:Zimbabwe
2027:Tanzania
1877:Ethiopia
1872:Eswatini
1852:Djibouti
1817:Cameroon
1802:Botswana
1698:Afriques
1685:90017383
1637:90017961
1517:90017960
1418:90017383
1337:Afriques
1038:Ethiopia
911:See also
416:Lalibela
388:openwork
328:diptychs
321:antimins
287:Diptychs
243:Lalibela
227:Muhammad
201:Painting
187:Lalibela
115:Iron Age
103:rock art
73:Overview
2139:Réunion
2135:Mayotte
2126:Madeira
2121:(Spain)
2113:Melilla
2037:Tunisia
2007:Somalia
1992:Senegal
1977:Nigeria
1967:Namibia
1957:Morocco
1922:Liberia
1917:Lesotho
1867:Eritrea
1837:Comoros
1812:Burundi
1787:Algeria
1237:22 June
1125:22 June
804:Solomon
711:diptych
601:Gallery
486:Mus'haf
448:chiffon
420:Belgian
405:liturgy
221:in the
51:African
2158:
2141:
2128:
2119:
2094:other
2047:Zambia
2042:Uganda
1982:Rwanda
1937:Malawi
1897:Guinea
1792:Angola
1683:
1652:
1635:
1590:
1580:
1563:
1553:
1515:
1486:
1476:
1457:
1416:
1211:
1201:
1170:
1160:
1104:
1094:
1069:
1044:
585:, the
576:regime
563:Biḥārī
397:corpus
279:Gondar
138:stelae
123:Arabia
107:stelae
2109:Ceuta
2022:Sudan
1972:Niger
1927:Libya
1912:Kenya
1892:Ghana
1882:Gabon
1857:Egypt
1797:Benin
1700:(8).
1681:JSTOR
1633:JSTOR
1561:S2CID
1513:JSTOR
1414:JSTOR
1339:(8).
1209:S2CID
928:Notes
517:Ajami
475:Harar
455:Harar
380:brass
333:gesso
312:tabot
283:angel
266:icons
145:Types
49:, an
2032:Togo
1942:Mali
1832:Chad
1650:ISBN
1588:OCLC
1578:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1239:2012
1199:ISBN
1168:OCLC
1158:ISBN
1127:2012
1102:OCLC
1092:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1042:ISBN
649:The
636:Tiya
410:The
393:Adam
384:cast
289:and
231:Axum
127:Yeha
111:Tiya
2092:and
1702:doi
1673:doi
1623:hdl
1613:doi
1543:doi
1527:In
1505:doi
1447:doi
1406:doi
1341:doi
1305:hdl
1297:doi
1265:doi
1191:doi
499:to
378:or
346:or
277:in
193:in
2177::
1719:.
1696:.
1679:.
1667:.
1631:.
1621:.
1607:.
1603:.
1586:.
1559:.
1549:.
1511:.
1499:.
1482:.
1453:.
1445:.
1412:.
1400:.
1386:^
1367:^
1335:.
1319:^
1303:.
1291:.
1277:^
1259:.
1247:^
1207:.
1197:.
1166:.
1100:.
1026:^
1009:.
986:^
964:e
960:,
956:,
618:,
261:.
1763:e
1756:t
1749:v
1723:.
1710:.
1704::
1687:.
1675::
1669:6
1658:.
1639:.
1625::
1615::
1609:8
1594:.
1567:.
1545::
1519:.
1507::
1501:8
1490:.
1463:.
1449::
1420:.
1408::
1402:6
1362:.
1349:.
1343::
1313:.
1307::
1299::
1293:8
1271:.
1267::
1261:8
1241:.
1215:.
1193::
1174:.
1142:.
1129:.
1108:.
1075:.
1050:.
1020:.
996:.
968:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
