Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)

437:, killing nine and wounding 95 others, including most of the Party's leaders and senatorial candidates. Opposition forces blamed Marcos for the attack, while Marcos blamed communists. Marcos cited the unrest and confusion of the bombing's aftermath as a reason to suspend the writ of habeas corpus a month later. Numerous student activists were arrested, but those who got away were radicalized – convinced that there was no other way to bring about social change but to join the armed resistance against the Marcos administration. By the time Habeas Corpus was restored in January 1972, talks of an imminent revolution were already rife. The military used the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus to their advantage to arrest well-known activists such as Luzvimindo David of KM and Gary Olivar of the Movement for a Democratic Philippines (MDP) and swoop down on headquarters of several mass movements. 780:. Another Maryknoll figure of the resistance of the dictatorship was High School alumnus Suellen Escribano, who gave up her life of comfort in order to serve the women and farmers living in the border area of Quezon and Bicol provinces, helping them resist the efforts of landgrabbers. The significance Escribano's work would later be recognized by the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes that fought to restore democracy during the regime. The Maryknoll sisters were prominent in the crowd that formed the People Power revolution of 1986, which led to the ouster of the Marcos family, and Sr. Helen Graham's diary entries were later published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer as a day by day breakdown of the events as they happened. 5301: 792:, who had not been able to attend any protests due to health limitations who became the first of Marcos' political detainees to die while in prison. Philippine Constabulary soldiers had arrested her and her sister Josefina in a warrantless arrest in April 1973. Three days later, the Hilao family was informed that Liliosa had died of suicide, but her body showed signs of severe torture, leading her to be acknowledged as one of the early victims of the 647:; Economics Professor and Union Organizer Eduardo Lanzona, who was arrested in Davao Del Norte and eventually killed by Marcos' forces in 1975; Activist Maria Socorro Par who pushed for the restoration of the student council and school paper Atenews in the mid70s after they had been shut down in Martial Law, and Atenews Editor in Chief Evella Bontia; Law School alumnus Nicolas Solana Jr., and ADDU High School alumnus Ricky Filio and Joel Jose. 828:

because Marcos' forces were hunting down student activists, and all of whom were killed in various incidents between 1975 and 1876. Ang Sinco, Cayunda, Reyes, and Petalcorin were all later honored by having their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought for the restoration of democracy in the Philippines despite the dangers of the Martial Law years.

6010: 602:(SCA), who were at the seminary to attend a workshop, as well as the head of the Jesuit order in the Philippines at the time, Benigno "Benny" Mayo, and a priest, Jose Blanco, whom they falsely accused of being the "secretary general of an allegedly anti-government organization." The outrage arising from the raid was one of the key contributors to the emergence of 225: 711:, then De La Salle College, student activists clashed with the school administration over matters involving the Brother Becker Case, NROTC, tuition fees, and student rights and academic freedom. The activists questioned the elitist orientation of the institution and campaigned for a more nationalistic education. 796:. Other PLM students who were killed for their opposition to the dictatorship included the brothers Roy and Norberto Acebedo, who joined activist groups because they were aghast at the abuses of the regime, but were themselves killed by administration soldiers in separate incidents in 1975 and 1985. 719:

The prevalence of the affluent was one of the issues that was brought up in the 1960s; it was a question of whether the "wide-cross section of the public" could be "represented." Questioning why a Philippine institution had an administrator who was American, textbooks that were written by foreigners,

609:

By the closing years of the 1970s, economic crises arising from Marcos' debt-driven projects during the pre-Martial Law years led to a resurgence of social unrest despite Martial law still being in force. And, as Greg Jones notes, "communist efforts to rebuild an urban protest movement were beginning

597:

on August 24, 1974 which took place because the Marcos regime's forces had mistakenly thought that a communist leader was holding a meeting there. When the 150 soldiers who conducted the raid found that the communist leader they were looking for was not at the seminary, they arrested 21 leaders of a

533:

Marcos' initial suspension of the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus in 1971 after the Plaza Miranda Bombing involved the arrest of both moderate and radical activists, compelling many of them to go into hiding. Although a few of those who went into hiding did so individually, many felt compelled

519:

In the aftermath of all these events, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the

383:

President Marcos was jeered by the already-agitated crowd, which started throwing pebbles, paper balls, and protest effigies at Marcos and his retinue. Marcos and his wife Imelda were eventually able to escape to the presidential limousine, leaving the Manila Police District (MPD) and elements of the

128:

The media reports of the time classified the various student groups opposing Marcos into two categories. The "Moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and mainstream nationalists, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms. The "radicals", including a number

836:

As far back as the 1950s, the University of the Philippines has been the breeding ground of many intellectuals and radical activists. It comes as no surprise, then, that in the 1960s and 1970s, the university played an active role in conducting demonstrations, marches, and rallies to raise awareness

823:

was suddenly shot and killed by what witnesses said was a policeman. His death sparked outrage throughout the city, and students spent the next two days protesting in the area of Bolton, Bangkerohan, and Claro M. Recto streets near the campus, particularly the area near the United States Information

120:

Students were at the forefront of several protest movements with varying political orientations, collectively becoming one of the most active elements in the political scene of the time. In the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 class boycotts, and

771:

During the Marcos dictatorship, the community of Maryknoll College (now known as Miriam College) was known for being one of the Catholic educational institutions most active in protesting the abuses and excesses of the regime. A prominent leader was Sr Helen Graham, who became a founding member of

686:

Ferdie, together with like-minded students in AdMU, established LDA in 1970, the first radical activist organization in Ateneo. Members conducted discussion groups, recruited students, advised student leaders, and created a space for dialogue among members of the student body. Eventually, LDA split

546:

While the better-organized underground movement was strongly associated with the national democracy movement specifically and the left in general, those who had largely been apolitical or were associated with the political center during the early days of Martial Law eventually eventually galvanized

617:

forced Marcos to declare a snap election in 1986, in which Ninoy Aquino's wife Corazon Aquino ran against Marcos. When news of election rigging during that election began to come out, the Philippine public began to rally behind Aquino. When a failed military coup provided the impetus for people to

90:

When he was first elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and throughout most of his first term in office, Ferdinand Marcos was relatively popular, both among the general public and among students. However, Marcos' ambition to be the first Philippine postwar president to be elected led to his

818:

was one of the earliest centers of student activism in Mindanao during the Marcos years, with a notable incident in mid-February 1971 now known as "The Battle of Claro M. Recto," so named after the street nearby the campus in which most of the protest took place. It began with a typical protest,

736:

This case provided the students the opportunity to voice their concerns regarding academic freedom as well as student rights. Arthur Aguilar, Student Council chairman, eventually managed to steer the dialogue away from the Becker case, in a meeting with Brother H. Gabriel Connon FSC and Dr. Waldo

416:

was a nine-day uprising at the University of the Philippines-Diliman from February 1 to February 9, 1971. It started out as a peaceful rally in which students voiced their support for the ongoing strike against the oil price hike and escalated into an uprising in which students, supported by the

382:

The protest was largely peaceful until the end of the planned program, after which there was a disagreement between the moderate and the radical groups for control over the protest stage. This disagreement was ongoing when Marcos, having finished his speech, walked out the legislative building.

48:

University students during this period found themselves attracted to political movements from across the political spectrum, ranging from "moderates" wanted to create change through political reforms, including church groups, civil libertarians, social democrats, and nationalist politicians; and

378:

The protest during Ferdinand Marcos' Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, was primarily organized by the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP), and was meant to coincide with the first State of the Nation Address of Marcos' second term. In addition to "moderate"

840:

Student activists from the university stirred up the masses of youth and the working class to conduct protest actions, from the March 1961 demonstration of 5,000 UP student demonstrators that scuttled the anti-communist witch-hunt of the Committee on Anti-Filipino Activities (CAFA) to the 1970

827:

Other prominent student activists from UM were student playwright Herbert Cayunda and stage performer Cecilio Reyes of the Gintong Silahis (GS) cultural group, Rhyme Petalcorin of the Young Christian Liberation Movement (YCLM), all of whom were later forced to go into hiding during Martial Law

451:

In the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 organized class boycotts. Among the most significant of these were the rallies organized by civil libertarians under the banner of the Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) led by

577:

Others found organizations which retained some ability to question the dictatorship, including religious groups such as those organized under the influential Roman Catholic church, and lawyer's groups such as the Free Legal Assistance Group. It was through such groups that news of corruption,

291:

The political value of students was recognized more by the Americans who realized that students were adept as publicity (propaganda) and pressure groups for government reforms and against the PKP-led Huk rebellion of the 1950s. The PKP only began recognizing their importance in the 1960s when

111:

Marcos won the election, but just as the election results were being counted, the government was falling into debt, inflation was uncontrolled and the value of the peso continued to drop. The slight increase of the minimum wage was countered by continuous price increases and unemployment. The

467:

Violent dispersals of various FQS protests were among the first watershed events in which large numbers of Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against the Marcos administration. Due to these dispersals, many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for

403:

Ironically, this coincided with a meeting of reformist student protesters with President Marcos, which ended in Marcos losing his temper at student leader Edgar Jopson, who dared to ask Marcos for a written commitment not to stand for reelection or reappointment if ever a new constitution is

395:

On January 30, 1970, some 10,000 students and laborers marched across Mendiola Bridge in an attempt to storm the Malacañang. Upon their arrival at the gates of the palace, they commandeered a fire truck and rammed it through the main gate. Despite their efforts to penetrate the palace, the

456:. Students joined the protests in alliance with progressive Constitutional Convention delegates, students, professionals, workers to demand: a) lifting the writ of habeas corpus; b) release of political prisoners; and c) resistance of plan by Marcos government to declare martial law. 666:

Among the other well-known activists from the university are Lazaro "Lazzie" Silva Jr. and William "Bill" Begg, active members of Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan sa Loyola (SDK-L) and Kabataang Makabayan-Ateneo (KM), respectively, and Artemio "Jun" Celestial Jr., a member of

379:

groups such as the NUSP, who wanted Marcos to promise he would not seek power beyond the two terms allowed him by the 1935 Philippine Constitution; the organizers also invited more "radical" groups such as the Kabataang Makabayan, who wanted more systemic political reforms.

547:

into a "third force" or "mainstream opposition" which would primarily use political protest as a way to oppose the dictatorship. Once again, youth activism played an important role in the early development these "middle forces," as the arrest of several students of the

287:

was the dominant communist formation in the Philippines, its mostly dismissed students as "unneeded." There were small underground cells in some schools that played support roles to the more important and bigger Party cells in the factories and among the peasantry.

732:

On Friday afternoon of December 6, 1968, more than 600 students held a four-hour demonstration to show their support for Brother Edward Becker FSC who was dismissed by the college. They circulated leaflets which divulged the imputations hurled against Becker.

400:, recounts that what followed was the so-called "Battle of Mendiola," which pitted young boys and girls armed with bamboo sticks and stones against Armalite-wielding 'shock troops' of Marcos from the Presidential Guard Battalion. "It was a massacre", he adds. 695:

During the NUSP's 13th annual conference in 1969, Edjop was elected as president. When delegates returned to Manila, they led a huge rally in front of congress; all while President Marcos was delivering his State of the Nation Address (SONA).

534:

to join the armed resistance organized by the Communist Party of the Philippines and its New People's Army. This became referred to as going "underground," or "u.g.", and activists who had done so were referred to as "namundok" (lit. "

4617: 484:

and the August 6 Liberation Movement, also eventually organized an armed resistance, they had only a few members and had no resources to organize student wings. (On the island of Mindanao, there was also the armed resistance of the

724:" stance. Included in this was their call for the "Filipinization of education" by ousting non-Filipino presidents of schools, colleges, and universities, and appointing qualified Filipinos to head the institutions in their place. 903:

When martial law was declared in September 1972, Marcos cracked down on any form of criticism or activism, leading to the arrest, torture and/or killing of numerous UP Los Baños students and faculty members. Those killed included

211:. These groups were branded "radicals" by the media, although the Marcos administration also used that term to describe "moderate" protest groups, treating all the student groups as extremists regardless of their actual position. 107:

deal. New policies, including a greater emphasis on exports and the relaxation of controls of the peso, were put in place. The Peso was allowed to float to a lower market value, resulting in drastic inflation, and social unrest.

837:

of sectoral struggles and to campaign against the Marcos dictatorship and land reform policy, among others. Some of the clear examples of the school's activism include the ratifying of the Diliman Declaration in March 1969.

643:, which honors the martyrs and heroes which fought for democracy against the authoritarian regime. This included Atty Larry Ilagan, an alumnus of the ADDU Law School who became a prominent Human Rights Lawyer with the 249: 819:

where the UM Student Council denounced tuition and miscellaneous fee increases and the slow progress of improvements to school facilities. Things became violent, however, when a student who was speaking on stage,

5800: 567:. Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos saw the extensive use of military abuse to suppress of dissent, and captured activists often became the subject of the dictatorship's many human rights violations. Journalist 5569: 4097: 2939: 520:

Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.

2237:

Jimenez, Jose Victor D. “The First Sparks of Student Activism at De La Salle College, 1968 – 1972.” Presentation at the De La Salle University Research Congress 2014, Manila, Philippines, March 6–8, 2014.

125:, issued 72 statements. They joined forces and established coalitions with reformists and radical factions of working classes and even participated in 76 demonstrations alongside farmers and workers. 53:. These differences of political orientation became less pronounced in the first three months of 1970, however, as Marcos cracked down on a series of student protests which later became known as the 33:

played a key role in the events which led to Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of Martial Law in 1972, and the Marcos regime's eventual downfall during the events of the People Power Revolution of 1986.

5795: 3571: 582: 387:(METROCOM) to disperse the crowd. This led to hours of confrontation between the protesters and the police, ending with at least two students confirmed dead and several more students injured. 464:

Although the earliest protests of 1970 were initially led by "moderate" student movements, the dynamics of the political conflicts soon led to the increased prominence of "radical" groups.

4919: 879:", supported by faculty members and non-academic personnel, occupied the Diliman campus and barricaded roads to protest deteriorating conditions in the country during the administration. 571:

writes that "Martial law left the once-formidable legal protest movement in disarray, its leaders in hiding or in prison, its activists driven into the underground or cowering in fear."

319:. This new party's most immediate concern was cadre recruitment and training; being a party composed of practically urban intellectuals and students who lacked revolutionary experience. 4789: 2974: 1522: 5087: 4931: 4753: 4051: 4046: 699:

Under Edjop's two-term tenure, the National Union became participative in socio-political issues amidst the First Quarter Storm that brought forth the Second Propaganda Movement.

4810: 5830: 3888: 2919: 741:. He declared that the "issue was only incidental and the Becker case was merely a catalyst, the 'final straw' so to speak which ignited student protest over school policies." 6040: 5564: 2934: 5921: 5885: 472:, became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. The most organized nationwide resistance force against the Marcos dictatorship was the 203:

The other broad category of student groups who participated in the first quarter storm were those who wanted broader, more systemic political reforms, usually as part of the

5765: 4465: 3281: 603: 446: 1460:

Abinales, Patricio. "The Left and the Philippine Student Movement: Random Historical Notes on Party Politics and Sectoral Struggles." Kasarinlan 1, no. 2 (1985): 41 – 45.

5574: 2979: 777: 750: 5610: 5184: 2665: 2340: 606:, which were willing to work towards the dictator's ouster but were not part of the leftist opposition which had led the movement against Marcos up until that point. 152:

Student demonstrators during the January 27, 1970 SONA protests, for example, made a manifesto for the constitutional convention, containing the following provisions:

60:

Unrest continued into the following years, and in the years 1970 and 1971 alone, student activists participated in 214 demonstrations and 39 organized class boycotts.

2669: 373: 5684: 4839: 2969: 2871: 2661: 917: 849:

with almost weekly marches and rallies of 50,000 to 100,000 people campaigning against the administration. Among the youth organizations that were active include

793: 5250: 850: 660: 146: 788:

When Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila had already seen its share of protests, but it was student journalist

5820: 5785: 5467: 5450: 5360: 5319: 384: 92: 5790: 5045: 404:

ratified. Jopson's car, which he had parked outside near the Mendiola gate, was among the vehicles damaged during the violence of the Battle of Mendiola.

45: 2756: 1593: 5902: 5648: 5457: 4742: 4670: 4501: 3062: 2831: 1935: 1783: 1233: 96: 41: 898: 5108: 1133:

Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.).

5845: 5825: 5775: 5704: 5375: 5179: 4221: 663:(NUSP) and Ferdidand "Ferdie" Arceo, founder of Ligang Demokratiko ng Ateneo (LDA), played vital roles in campaigning to overthrow the dictatorship. 355: 204: 130: 50: 2582:

Presidential Museum and Library. “The Diliman Commune.” The Official Tumblr Page of the Presidential Museum and Library. Accessed November 26, 2016.

4655: 854: 2779: 5805: 5633: 4475: 3047: 2949: 773: 674:

Jopson, Arceo, Silva, Begg, and Celestial have all since been honored by having their names etched on the Wall of Remembrance at the Philippines'

1881: 920:. Campus journalist Antero Santos was killed while being chased by Marcos forces. Those who went missing ("desaparecidos"), meanwhile, included 5840: 5810: 5780: 5221: 2904: 2799: 2726: 1273: 5850: 5595: 5243: 4660: 2944: 2826: 2769: 2625: 1199: 297: 166: 1514: 1009: 6035: 5522: 4691: 4612: 4607: 4470: 2989: 2304: 753:

drill, with their refusal stemming from their dissatisfaction with the present NROTC system as well as their protest against the hazing of

574:

Nonetheless, many activists concluded that the regime had to be fought through force, and joined the underground movement against Marcos.

2544: 578:

military abuse, and human rights violations was able to reach the international community, which put pressure on Marcos to enact reforms.

1366: 613:

The prominence of student groups continued into the eighties when the economic nosedive and the assassination of Marcos' political rival

5689: 5544: 5350: 4622: 4415: 284: 5835: 5815: 5440: 5324: 2735: 1545:

Pimentel, Benjamin. "U.G. An Underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the First Quarter Storm Generation." ISBN 9789712715907

1142: 1114:

Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.

564: 477: 312: 208: 172:

the delegates to the convention must be made ineligible to run for any public office in the elections immediately after the convention

2583: 2216:

The National Union of Students of the Philippines. “NUSP: Edgar Jopson, Martyr of the People.” NUSP.Org (blog). September 21, 2012.

1857: 1822: 1283: 1019: 267: 889:

of the university as the military sought control of the campus in order to identify suspected leftists, activists, and critiques.

316: 5897: 5892: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5760: 5750: 5740: 5328: 4137: 2894: 2879: 2481:

Valte, Maricris. “The Philippine Student Movement: Prospects for a Dynamic Student Politics.” Kasarinlan 1, no.3 (1987): 49 – 62.

590: 552: 339: 112:

economic crisis eventually took its toll and triggered growing public unrest, with students at the forefront of protest efforts.

49:"radicals" who wanted broader, more systemic political reforms, such as student groups associated with labor groups, or with the 2597:"Experiences of selected University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) community members during Martial Law in the Philippines" 1614:

Thompson., Mark R. The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines. ISBN 9780300062434

5770: 5755: 5745: 5497: 4648: 4460: 4090: 2889: 2861: 2251: 1950: 1729: 1569:

Tiglao, Rigoberto D. “Days of Shame: August 21, 1971 and 1983.” The Manila Times. August 20, 2013. Accessed November 26, 2016.

952:

Numerous books and films have prominently portrayed student activism in the Philippines during the Marcos years, including the

2530:

Sison, Jose Maria. “The Incubation of Activism in the University of the Philippines.” Jose Maria Sison (blog). June 26, 2010.

5413: 4989: 4844: 2764: 2570:

The Philippine Daily Inquirer. “Did you know: Diliman Commune.” Inquirer.Net. February 10, 2014. Accessed November 26, 2016.

2557: 2531: 1674: 1048: 824:

Service on CM Recto. Ang Sinco would later be considered Davao's first martyr of the fight against the Marcos dictatorship.

486: 396:

Metropolitan Command (METROCOM) of the Philippine Constabulary repulsed them towards Mendiola Bridge. Primitivo Mijares, in

5539: 5315: 2924: 2841: 513: 490: 1913: 5246: 4803: 4643: 1996: 1797: 5694: 5653: 4714: 4487: 4435: 3519: 3120: 3067: 2639: 2326: 858: 644: 426: 100: 162:

public officials who will run as candidates should be made to resign or forfeit their seats upon filing of candidacy

5668: 5605: 5214: 4665: 4627: 4425: 3082: 2719: 2492: 2196: 996: 1241: 496:

Other watershed events which would convince students to join the underground resistance include the February 1971

6013: 5942: 5492: 5365: 5031: 4954: 4440: 2909: 2704: 1588: 509: 245:

This section's narrative is excessively long and needs to be tailored to the specifics of the article's timeline.

240: 622:

which removed Marcos from the presidency and put a revolutionary government under Aquino in power in his place.

5132: 4817: 1583: 1555: 555:

served as a turning point for the mainstream opposition to organize more proactively against the dictatorship.

5579: 5533: 5370: 4834: 4450: 4445: 4410: 4370: 3349: 2739: 1927: 1775: 668: 619: 599: 548: 5423: 4914: 4293: 3772: 3504: 3446: 1570: 1470: 1275:

States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis Of Iran, Nicaragua, and The Philippines

805: 708: 675: 640: 1640: 995:

Francisco, Katerina. “Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history.” Rappler, September 22, 2016.

5928: 5477: 5472: 5207: 4904: 3933: 3827: 3514: 3441: 3182: 2884: 2851: 2774: 2712: 738: 505: 481: 67:

in 1971, and then finally placed the entire Philippine archipelago under Martial Law in September 1972.

64: 5970: 5052: 4796: 961: 281: 720:

and instruction that was done in English, student activists urged the administration to adopt a "more

5963: 5549: 5445: 5428: 5403: 5279: 5024: 4975: 4560: 3677: 3332: 3207: 2856: 2809: 2784: 968: 473: 5658: 5462: 5101: 5003: 4764: 4355: 4278: 3948: 3918: 3667: 3344: 3072: 2959: 2836: 2571: 1207: 842: 636: 635:

Ateneo De Davao became one of the centers of activism in Mindanao during the dangerous days of the

586: 332: 301: 76: 54: 1814:

U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

1667:

U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

5992: 5977: 5724: 5719: 5600: 5559: 5502: 5355: 5059: 4597: 4303: 4242: 3943: 3938: 3817: 3767: 3717: 3646: 3613: 3583: 3469: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3202: 3024: 2994: 2984: 2655: 2584:

http://tumblr.malacanang.gov.ph/post/41999173732/the-diliman-commune-a-year-and-a-month-after-the

2035: 1978: 1757: 1554:

Taguiwalo, Judy M. “Notes on the 1971 Diliman Commune.” Diliman Diary (blog). February 24, 2011.

1319: 104: 5300: 3549: 3230: 2296: 2182:

Cabato, Regine D. & Sayson, Frances P. “Braving the storm.” The Guidon. September 11, 2014.

1469:

Lacaba, Jose F. (February 7, 1970) The January 26 Confrontation: A Highly Personal Account. The

1849:

The anti-Marcos struggle : personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines

5527: 5512: 5435: 4947: 4602: 4570: 4288: 4211: 4144: 4130: 4110: 3840: 3832: 3812: 3757: 3737: 3633: 3588: 3554: 3544: 3484: 3464: 3459: 3364: 3322: 3167: 3141: 3136: 2631: 2621: 2334: 1970: 1889: 1863: 1853: 1828: 1818: 1749: 1680: 1670: 1358: 1279: 1148: 1138: 1054: 1044: 1015: 957: 882: 235: 2158: 1704: 5935: 5507: 5482: 5408: 5230: 5140: 5094: 4996: 4968: 4700: 4360: 4323: 4232: 4171: 4150: 4104: 4056: 4013: 3952: 3845: 3726: 3662: 3628: 3564: 3499: 3436: 3431: 3406: 3369: 3271: 3266: 3225: 3212: 3105: 2814: 2271: 2183: 2060: 1962: 1741: 1311: 1237: 1035:

Dohner, Robert; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Debt Crisis and Adjustment in the Philippines". In

965: 953: 925: 757:

trainees by probationary officers. The Student Council backed this boycott in a resolution.

308: 122: 91:

use of extreme measures, including massive borrowing to fund government projects during the

37: 2432: 2368: 5699: 5638: 5418: 5289: 5275: 5073: 4728: 4338: 4268: 4253: 4159: 4123: 4116: 4031: 4008: 3962: 3923: 3913: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3807: 3792: 3712: 3682: 3672: 3608: 3603: 3578: 3524: 3509: 3489: 3312: 3187: 3177: 3172: 3052: 2999: 2899: 2846: 2819: 2553: 2532:

http://josemariasison.org/the-incubation-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/

2407: 2382: 933: 909: 876: 870: 820: 809: 497: 413: 80: 3494: 2683: 2457: 2085: 5999: 5956: 5265: 5126: 4565: 4550: 4545: 4530: 4520: 4420: 4333: 4205: 4190: 4069: 4036: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3957: 3863: 3850: 3762: 3747: 3623: 3618: 3479: 3474: 3426: 3386: 3374: 3307: 3256: 3197: 3151: 2010: 1073: 929: 766: 453: 434: 4492: 2354: 2133: 194:

the Young Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), a communitarian-socialist organization.

17: 6029: 5949: 5663: 5643: 5554: 5398: 5234: 5010: 4771: 4592: 4535: 4430: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4308: 4273: 4079: 4074: 4018: 3998: 3967: 3908: 3903: 3883: 3777: 3752: 3656: 3598: 3539: 3451: 3401: 3396: 3261: 3251: 3124: 3110: 3077: 3057: 3029: 3014: 3004: 2929: 2804: 2596: 1036: 941: 913: 905: 789: 501: 430: 142: 307:

Shortly thereafter, however, this youth faction was expelled from the party. Led by

149:(NUSP), were the dominant force in the earliest student protests of the late 1960s. 5517: 5283: 5080: 4961: 4940: 4455: 4365: 4318: 4283: 4237: 4165: 4041: 4003: 3928: 3898: 3822: 3787: 3721: 3690: 3651: 3638: 3559: 3534: 3391: 3359: 3297: 3246: 3146: 3019: 2914: 846: 754: 656: 614: 469: 2546:

Serve the People: Ang Kasaysayan ng Radikal na Kilusan sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas

2110: 417:

school administration, protested against military incursions into the university.

159:

the non-partisan composition of poll inspectors and provincial board of canvassers

40:

took place towards the end of 1969 and the beginning of 1970, as a result of the

5714: 5709: 5625: 5615: 5393: 5345: 5271: 4909: 4875: 4849: 4375: 4328: 4298: 4258: 4177: 4023: 3893: 3742: 3731: 3529: 3317: 3302: 3292: 3192: 3162: 3039: 2794: 2595:

Pangilinan-Jamolin, Lei; Guzman, Rowena de; Yema, Dan Paolo (December 1, 2020).

997:

http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146939-martial-law-explainer-victims-stories

937: 921: 737:

Perfecto, academic vice-president, on December 8, 1968, during the feast of the

721: 568: 71:

The First Quarter Storm (1970) and pre-Martial Law student activism (1970-1972)

5199: 4870: 4525: 4313: 4263: 4061: 3797: 3354: 3156: 1399:

Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events

1315: 815: 594: 345:

the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP),

95:. Marcos spent $ 50 million worth in debt-funded infrastructure, triggering a 2635: 2556:, Congress of Teachers and Educators for Nationalism and Democracy (CONTEND) 1974: 1893: 1753: 885:, then president, urged his students, faculty, and employees to maintain the 500:; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the wake of the 169:(COMELEC) must regulate the election propaganda and expense of the candidates 5153: 5066: 3802: 3782: 3593: 3327: 3220: 1867: 1832: 1684: 1556:

http://diliman-diary.blogspot.com/2011/02/notes-on-1971-diliman-commune.html

1152: 1074:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" 1058: 655:

Several activists from the Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU), most notably

175:

the age requirement of delegates should be lowered from 25 to 21 years old.

2615: 678:, which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought the Marcos dictatorship. 5487: 5160: 5146: 4735: 4721: 4707: 3132: 2789: 1847: 1812: 886: 1323: 814:

The main campus of the private, non-sectarian University of Mindanao in

1982: 1761: 1571:

http://www.manilatimes.net/days-of-shame-august-21-1971-and-1983/31664/

1441:

Living And Dying In Memory Of 11 Ateneo De Manila Martial Law Activists

293: 4456:

Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.

5017: 4982: 4865: 4555: 3009: 1485:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

639:. Some key campus figures would later be honored at the Philippines' 2217: 1966: 1745: 1359:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia" 2252:"Martial law not an 'era of discipline' - Miriam College community" 44:

which sprang from the administration's debt-driven spending during

5038: 4496: 1415:

Reyes, Fred J. (February 8, 1970). "The Day the Students Rioted".

976: 972: 425:

On August 21, 1971, four grenades were hurled at the stage of the

1483:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Chapter 11: Tyranny Descends".

156:

the non-partisan election of delegates to the national convention

4540: 2572:

http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/576040/did-you-know-diliman-commune

5203: 2708: 1882:"Catholics Hold Vigil In Manila to Protest Raid on a Novitiate" 215:

Background: Formation of the Communist Party of the Philippines

4184:

Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution

2543:

Lumbera; Taguiwalo; Tolentino; Gillermo; Alamon, eds. (2008).

1914:"Ateneo presidents slam Bongbong Marcos 'revision of history'" 218: 5268:

and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)

1011:

The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges

296:

spearheaded an anti-clerical and nationalist campaign at the

1302:

Hunt, Chester (1980). "Philippines Values and Martial Law".

2520:. Manila, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press. 659:, founder of the single biggest student union at the time, 618:

gather en masse, the gathering quickly snowballed into the

184:

Student groups considered "moderate" at the time included:

46:

Ferdinand Marcos' campaign for his second presidential term

5570:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

5565:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

2940:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

2935:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

1135:

Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power

2184:

http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2014/09/braving-storm/

524:

Student activism during the Martial Law Years (1972-1986)

351:

the Student Power Assembly of the Philippines (SPAP), and

300:. Radicals who were brought into the Party's fold formed 4790:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

1401:. Manila: Salinlahi Pub. House. pp. 11–45, 157–178. 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 604:

the "middle force" of the opposition to Ferdinand Marcos

398:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 749:

On July 17, 1971, some 600 cadets refused to attend an

691:

The National Union of Students (NUSP) Iloilo Conference

671:, and the secretary-general of the student government. 27:

Political activism during Ferdinand Marcos's presidency

5088:

A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution

2245: 2243: 4811:

Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years

1951:"Church Opposition to Martial Law in the Philippines" 1730:"Church Opposition to Martial Law in the Philippines" 31:

Student activism in the Philippines from 1965 to 1972

5922:

Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)

5913: 5733: 5677: 5624: 5588: 5384: 5338: 5308: 5257: 5170: 5118: 4930: 4897: 4888: 4858: 4827: 4781: 4752: 4690: 4683: 4636: 4585: 4578: 4514: 4398: 4347: 4220: 4087: 3977: 3700: 3280: 3239: 3119: 3098: 3091: 3038: 2958: 2870: 2755: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1204:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

363:

Involvement of students in pre-Martial law protests

327:Groups considered "radical" at the time included: 133:, wanted broader, more systemic political reforms. 4466:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 2327:"Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed" 1515:"The 7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm" 832:University of the Philippines Diliman (UP Diliman) 480:. While groups with other ideologies, such as the 447:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 4098:Resistance during the Marcos administration years 2325:Medina, Kate Pedroso, Marielle (September 2015). 1443:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 63:Marcos eventually suspended the privilege of the 5654:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 5185:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 3068:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 1227: 1225: 129:of labor and student groups associated with the 2111:"Martyrs & Heroes: Solana, Nicolas Jr., M." 1200:"A History of the Philippine Political Protest" 687:into two separate organizations, SDK-L and KM. 374:1970 Marcos State of the Nation Address protest 4840:Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan 4451:Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan 2036:"Martyrs & Heroes: Eduardo Taking Lanzona" 1932:Government of the Philippines Official Gazette 1780:Government of the Philippines Official Gazette 893:University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) 794:human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship 682:Founding of Ligang Demokratiko ng Ateneo (LDA) 348:the Movement for Democratic Philippines (MDP), 5215: 2720: 1541: 1539: 1487:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 1337: 1335: 1333: 1041:Developing country debt and the world economy 851:Student Christian Movement of the Philippines 776:after one of her students was picked up as a 661:National Union of Students of the Philippines 559:Aftermath of Martial Law and EDSA (1972–1986) 147:National Union of Students of the Philippines 8: 5292:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives) 2339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1997:"Marcos' Legacy and the Philippine Military" 1798:"Marcos' Legacy and the Philippine Military" 1234:"Commemorating Ninoy Aquino's assassination" 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 385:Philippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command 5046:Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin 2664:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2369:"Norberto Acebedo - Bantayog ng mga Bayani" 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1297: 1295: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 591:military raid on the Sacred Heart Novitiate 5886:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign 5649:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 5458:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 5366:President of the Senate of the Philippines 5222: 5208: 5200: 4894: 4743:Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree 4687: 4671:Presidential Commission on Good Government 4582: 4502:United Nationalist Democratic Organization 3095: 3063:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 2900:Construction of "edifice complex" projects 2727: 2713: 2705: 2668:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2511: 2509: 2159:"Martyrs & Heroes: Joel Ozarraga Jose" 2011:"Martyrs & Heroes: Atty. Larry Ilagan" 1513:Dacanay, Barbara Mae Naredo (2020-02-24). 1346:. FILIPINOS FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES, INC. 1232:Simafrania, Eduardo D. (August 21, 2006). 1137:(1st ed.). Metro Manila: Conspectus. 956:novel "Killing Time in a Warm Place", the 116:"Moderate" and "radical" opposition groups 42:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 2272:"Martyrs & Heroes: Suellen Escribano" 2061:"Martyrs & Heroes: Maria Socorro Par" 1278:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 493:, which called for Muslim Independence.) 356:Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino 311:, they split from the PKP and formed the 268:Learn how and when to remove this message 5528:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan 5361:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959) 5109:Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? 2433:"Martyrs & Heroes: Rhyme Petalcorin" 1639:Tan, Oscar Franklin (December 8, 2014). 1043:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 855:College Editors Guild of the Philippines 99:. The Marcos administration ran to the 5634:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 4476:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 3048:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 2950:Timeline of the People Power Revolution 2408:"Martyrs & Heroes: Herbert Cayunda" 2383:"Martyrs & Heroes: Edgar Ang Sinco" 988: 899:University of the Philippines Los Baños 774:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 745:Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) 583:Philippine Catholic church's resistance 563:On September 21, 1972, Marcos declared 191:the National Students League (NSL), and 6041:History of the Philippines (1965–1986) 5409:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre 5180:Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality 2653: 2642:from the original on September 6, 2022 2493:"Left to Right: The Student Activists" 2355:"Roy Acebedo - Bantayog ng mga Bayani" 2332: 2197:"Left to Right: The Student Activists" 784:Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) 595:the Novaliches district of Quezon City 103:(IMF) for help, and the IMF offered a 5903:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign 4661:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 2684:"Martyrs & Heroes: Antero Santos" 2458:"Martyrs & Heroes: Cecilio Reyes" 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2195:Reach, Trinidad (February 19, 2010). 2086:"Martyrs & Heroes: Evella Bontia" 1817:. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1641:"Why Ateneo is honoring Edgar Jopson" 1596:from the original on January 31, 2015 1584:"Remembering the First Quarter Storm" 1565: 1563: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1410: 1408: 460:Radicalization of "Moderate" students 7: 4541:Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) 4471:National Movement for Free Elections 1949:Youngblood, Robert L. (1978-05-01). 1852:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1728:Youngblood, Robert L. (1978-05-01). 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1008:Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). 744: 285:Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) 4623:Second Great Rectification Movement 4446:Justice for Aquino, Justice for All 2780:Philippines–United States relations 2134:"Martyrs & Heroes: Ricky Filio" 1626:The Philippine Press Under Siege II 581:One important turning point in the 468:legislative reforms), such as like 317:Marxist–Leninist–Mao Zedong Thought 5441:Communist Party of the Philippines 5251:10th First Lady of the Philippines 4431:Concerned Women of the Philippines 3535:Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes 2736:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 2614:Malay, Carolina S., 1940- (2015). 1703:Jimenez-David, Rina (2017-11-10). 1369:from the original on June 26, 2017 1304:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 875:In 1971, students who formed the " 651:Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU) 478:Communist Party of the Philippines 313:Communist Party of the Philippines 209:Communist Party of the Philippines 25: 5596:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998) 5143:: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story 2518:The Philippines Under Martial Law 2218:http://nusp.org/edjop-curriculum/ 1081:Journal of Philippine Development 631:Ateneo de Davao University (ADDU) 421:The 1971 Habeas Corpus suspension 6009: 6008: 5299: 4138:Reform the Armed Forces Movement 3333:Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr. 3015:Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor 2895:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid 2491:Liu, Nancy (February 19, 2010). 1938:from the original on 2017-09-03. 1786:from the original on 2017-09-03. 1669:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1439:Montiel, Cristina Jayme (2007). 626:Student activism in universities 553:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid 340:Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan 223: 180:"Moderate" or "Reformist" groups 5690:Fake war claims and fake medals 4461:Movement for a Free Philippines 4411:Alliance of Makati Associations 3447:Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr. 3188:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 3137:Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. 2862:Human rights in the Philippines 2832:1969 balance of payments crisis 2620:. Ermita, Manila, Philippines. 2307:from the original on 2023-10-04 1624:Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). 1525:from the original on 2020-02-28 1519:ABS CBN News and Public Affairs 1344:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again 1072:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). 715:The Filipinization of Education 441:Continuous protests (1970–1972) 5493:Integrated Reorganization Plan 5468:1971 constitutional convention 5325:St. Paul's College of Tacloban 4990:Evolution of a Filipino Family 4845:Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na! 4155:Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr. 3708:Academics and cultural workers 3412:Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco 2765:Martial law in the Philippines 2558:Alliance of Concerned Teachers 1928:"The Fall of the Dictatorship" 1776:"The Fall of the Dictatorship" 551:youth organization during the 487:Moro National Liberation Front 1: 5540:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 5329:Philippine Women's University 5316:University of the Philippines 4195:Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano 2925:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 2915:Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz 2617:Ang mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo 703:De La Salle University (DLSU) 514:assassination of Ninoy Aquino 491:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 429:'s grand miting de avance at 298:University of the Philippines 5720:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 5247:President of the Philippines 4804:Some Are Smarter Than Others 4493:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino 3515:Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. 2995:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 536:having gone to the mountains 504:bombing; the September 1972 6036:Students in the Philippines 5725:Manila Film Center disaster 4715:Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo 4436:Free Legal Assistance Group 3572:Religious sector opposition 3407:Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr. 3381:Political sector opposition 3323:Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga 2114:Bantayog Foundation Website 1811:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 1665:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 1014:. Oxford University Press. 975:, and the Kip Oebanda film 859:League of Filipino Students 800:University of Mindanao (UM) 645:Free Legal Assistance Group 243:. The specific problem is: 205:National Democracy movement 141:Student groups calling for 131:National Democracy movement 101:International Monetary Fund 51:National Democracy movement 6057: 4666:Philippine National Police 4656:Commission on Human Rights 4628:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos 4426:Bagong Alyansang Makabayan 4421:August Twenty One Movement 3339:Business sector opposition 3298:Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. 3203:Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez 3193:María Imelda "Imee" Marcos 3083:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 2749:Batas Militar sa Pilipinas 2250:Orante, Bea (2016-03-30). 1846:Thompson, Mark R. (1995). 1705:"Reaching a turning point" 1645:Philippine Daily InquirerO 896: 868: 803: 764: 657:Edgardo Gil "Edjop" Jopson 506:declaration of Martial Law 444: 371: 97:balance of payments crisis 93:1969 presidential campaign 74: 36:A significant increase in 5987: 5451:Communist armed conflicts 5414:Establishment of the MNLF 5297: 5241: 5032:The Last Journey of Ninoy 4613:Anti-Aquino coup attempts 4151:Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan 3841:Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas 3495:Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III 3000:Murder of Macli-ing Dulag 2910:Interim Batasang Pambansa 2746: 1589:Philippine Daily Inquirer 1316:10.1017/s0022463400019019 971:, the Aureus Solito film 916:was among those who were 542:"Middle force" opposition 510:murder of Macli-ing Dulag 280:During the time when the 4818:Waltzing with a Dictator 3355:Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr. 3318:Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas 3313:Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel 3308:José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno 3303:Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino 2516:Lopez, Salvador (1974). 1397:Lacaba, Jose F. (1982). 930:Gerardo "Gerry" Faustino 529:The underground movement 199:Calls for radical change 5715:Affair with Dovie Beams 5580:People Power Revolution 5534:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 5371:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 4898:Monuments and memorials 4835:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 4756:during the dictatorship 3661:The Magnificent Seven ( 3530:Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo 3392:Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo 3350:Domingo M. Guevara, Sr. 3217:Florentino Sanico Solon 2740:People Power Revolution 1342:Robles, Raissa (2016). 847:National Capital Region 728:The Brother Becker Case 669:Student Catholic Action 620:People Power Revolution 600:Student Catholic Action 549:Student Catholic Action 167:Commission on Elections 5424:1976 Tripoli Agreement 4915:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 4441:Gabriela Women's Party 4294:Letty Jimenez Magsanoc 4198:Col. Charles Hotchkiss 4032:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 3793:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 3773:Gilda Cordero Fernando 3701:Academic and cultural 3345:Jose S. Concepcion Jr. 3020:Murder of Alex Orcullo 3010:Bacong Bridge massacre 2688:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2601:U.P. Los Baños Journal 2462:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2437:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2412:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2387:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2276:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2163:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2138:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2090:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2065:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2040:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 2015:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 1498:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 1471:Philippines Free Press 1272:Parsa, Misagh (2000). 806:University of Mindanao 761:Maryknoll College (MC) 709:De La Salle University 676:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 641:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 512:; and the August 1983 391:The Battle of Mendiola 18:Artemio Celestial, Jr. 5611:Historical distortion 5478:Proclamation No. 1081 5473:Plaza Miranda bombing 5264:Josefa Edralin & 4905:People Power Monument 4329:Joaquin "Chino" Roces 4047:Felixberto Olalia Sr. 3934:Abraham Sarmiento Jr. 3828:Francisco Nemenzo Jr. 3545:Abraham Sarmiento Sr. 3442:Teofisto Guingona Jr. 3293:Agapito "Butz" Aquino 3282:Mainstream opposition 3183:Antonio Floirendo Sr. 2885:Proclamation No. 1081 2852:Plaza Miranda bombing 2775:Conjugal dictatorship 2297:"Sister Helen Graham" 918:arrested and tortured 739:Immaculate Conception 482:Light-A-Fire Movement 65:writ of habeas corpus 5993:← Diosdado Macapagal 5710:Death of Alfie Anido 5550:Binondo Central Bank 5429:Pata Island massacre 4416:Anti-Bases Coalition 4406:Political coalitions 4314:Antonio "Tony" Nieva 3978:Left-wing opposition 3678:Julio Xavier Labayen 3208:Ignacio Santiago Sr. 2857:Filipino nationalism 2800:Communist insurgency 2785:American imperialism 1999:. 15 September 2021. 1800:. 15 September 2021. 906:Modesto "Bong" Sison 452:nationalist senator 250:improve this section 239:to meet Knowledge's 5914:Cultural depictions 5705:Cult of personality 5685:Human rights abuses 5664:Golden Buddha theft 5659:Coco Levy Fund scam 5463:First Quarter Storm 5320:U.P. College of Law 5171:Disinformation and 5102:Season of the Devil 5004:From What Is Before 4765:Iginuhit ng Tadhana 4356:Stephen W. Bosworth 4279:Inday Espina-Varona 4201:Col. Antonio Sotelo 3949:Southern Tagalog 10 3919:Tish Pascual-Ladlad 3525:Soledad Roa Duterte 3505:Cecilia Muñoz-Palma 3240:Cabinet Technocrats 3178:Manuel Elizalde Jr. 3163:Macario Asistio Jr. 3078:Golden Buddha theft 3073:Coco Levy Fund scam 2980:Political detainees 2970:Human rights abuses 2837:First Quarter Storm 1363:The Philippine Star 1244:on October 18, 2007 948:Portrayals in media 865:The Diliman Commune 843:First Quarter Storm 637:Marcos dictatorship 598:youth group called 587:Marcos dictatorship 408:The Diliman Commune 333:Kabataang Makabayan 315:along the lines of 302:Kabataang Makabayan 145:, particularly the 77:First Quarter Storm 55:First Quarter Storm 5978:Martyr or Murderer 5971:Maid in Malacañang 5841:1984 parliamentary 5601:Operation Big Bird 5560:Escalante massacre 5503:Palimbang massacre 5356:Nacionalista Party 5060:Martyr or Murderer 5053:Maid in Malacañang 4729:Saranggola ni Pepe 4598:Operation Big Bird 4350:interested parties 4304:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 4299:Jose "Pete" Lacaba 4243:Ronnie Nathanielsz 4238:Jose "Joe" Guevara 4066:Crispin Tagamolila 3944:Archimedes Trajano 3939:Antonio Tagamolila 3818:Bienvenido Lumbera 3768:Renato Constantino 3718:APO Hiking Society 3647:Mary Christine Tan 3614:Mary John Mananzan 3584:Teodoro Bacani Jr. 3470:Diosdado Macapagal 3422:Hilario Davide Jr. 3417:Roberto Concepcion 3328:Cardinal Jaime Sin 3025:Escalante massacre 2985:Palimbang massacre 2880:1972 Enrile ambush 1886:The New York Times 1502:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 778:political detainee 105:debt restructuring 6023: 6022: 5545:1980s debt crisis 5523:Tictapul massacre 5513:Thrilla in Manila 5498:1973 constitution 5446:New People's Army 5436:ASEAN Declaration 5376:Marcos propaganda 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 4884: 4883: 4679: 4678: 4649:1987 Constitution 4644:Aquino Presidency 4603:Mendiola massacre 4571:Villamor Air Base 4561:Malacañang Palace 4510: 4509: 4482:Political parties 4289:Betty Go-Belmonte 4212:Benjamin Magalong 4145:Juan Ponce Enrile 4131:Marcos G. Soliman 4111:Bonifacio Gillego 4088:Opposition in the 3857:Student activists 3833:Willie Nepomuceno 3813:Salvador P. Lopez 3758:Benedicto Cabrera 3738:Lualhati Bautista 3703:sector opposition 3634:Miguel Purugganan 3589:Mariani Dimaranan 3555:Claudio Teehankee 3485:Primitivo Mijares 3460:Eva Estrada Kalaw 3365:Alfonso Yuchengco 3168:Roberto Benedicto 3142:Juan Ponce Enrile 2990:Tictapul massacre 2890:1973 Constitution 2627:978-971-538-270-0 2301:Maryknoll Sisters 1037:Sachs, Jeffrey D. 958:Lualhati Bautista 883:Salvador P. Lopez 474:New People's Army 368:1970 SONA protest 278: 277: 270: 241:quality standards 232:This section may 86:Background causes 16:(Redirected from 6048: 6012: 6011: 6000:Corazon Aquino → 5936:A Dangerous Life 5508:Green Revolution 5339:Political career 5303: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5201: 5141:Maalaala Mo Kaya 5095:Sa Dulo ng Baril 4997:Forbidden Memory 4969:A Dangerous Life 4895: 4754:Political Films 4701:Bagong Pagsilang 4688: 4583: 4361:Henry A. Byroade 4324:Napoleon G. Rama 4233:Adrian Cristobal 4172:Hector Tarrazona 4105:Ramon A. Alcaraz 4057:Jose Maria Sison 4014:Bernabe Buscayno 3958:Gerardo Faustino 3953:Cristina Catalla 3894:Bonifacio Ilagan 3846:Nemesio Prudente 3727:Boboy Garrovillo 3668:Federico Escaler 3663:Francisco Claver 3629:Magnifico Osorio 3565:Calixto Zaldivar 3520:Eduardo Quintero 3500:Ambrosio Padilla 3437:Raul M. Gonzalez 3432:Neptali Gonzales 3370:Quintin Yuyitung 3272:Carlos P. Romulo 3267:Placido Mapa Jr. 3226:Arturo Tolentino 3213:Ricardo Silverio 3106:Ferdinand Marcos 3096: 2815:Jabidah massacre 2729: 2722: 2715: 2706: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2238: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1700: 1689: 1688: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500:Manila,My Manila 1495: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1357:Diola, Camille. 1354: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1328: 1327: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1269: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1240:. Archived from 1238:The Manila Times 1229: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1206:. Archived from 1196: 1157: 1156: 1130: 1115: 1112: 1089: 1088: 1078: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1005: 999: 993: 969:film based on it 954:Jose Dalisay Jr. 926:Cristina Catalla 845:that rocked the 610:to bear fruit." 323:"Radical" groups 309:Jose Maria Sison 282:Marxist Leninist 273: 266: 262: 259: 253: 227: 226: 219: 137:Calls for Reform 123:The Manila Times 38:student activism 21: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 5983: 5909: 5846:1984 plebiscite 5729: 5700:Edifice complex 5673: 5639:Marcos mansions 5620: 5589:Post-presidency 5584: 5419:Manili massacre 5386: 5380: 5351:Military career 5334: 5323: 5304: 5295: 5290:Pacifico Marcos 5253: 5237: 5228: 5198: 5189: 5172: 5166: 5114: 5074:Oras de Peligro 4926: 4890: 4880: 4854: 4823: 4777: 4755: 4748: 4675: 4632: 4574: 4506: 4401:pressure groups 4400: 4394: 4371:George Hamilton 4349: 4343: 4339:Jose Mari Velez 4269:Amando Doronila 4254:Eugenia Apostol 4230: 4216: 4160:Jose T. Almonte 4124:Danilo Vizmanos 4117:Rogelio Morales 4089: 4083: 4009:Crispin Beltran 3973: 3963:Rizalina Ilagan 3924:Nestor Principe 3914:Armando Palabay 3889:Antonio Hilario 3879:Neri Colmenares 3874:Manuel Bautista 3869:Edgar Ang Sinco 3808:Celeste Legaspi 3713:Freddie Aguilar 3710: 3702: 3696: 3683:Orlando Quevedo 3673:Antonio Fortich 3609:Isabelo Magalit 3604:Inocencio Ipong 3579:Zacarias Agatep 3550:Wigberto Tañada 3510:Vicente Paterno 3490:Ramon Mitra Jr. 3276: 3235: 3231:Nicanor Yñiguez 3173:José Yao Campos 3115: 3087: 3053:Marcos mansions 3034: 2975:Torture methods 2961: 2954: 2866: 2847:Diliman Commune 2842:Agrarian reform 2820:Manili massacre 2751: 2742: 2733: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2554:IBON Foundation 2549: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1967:10.2307/2643463 1948: 1947: 1943: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1916:. 7 March 2016. 1912: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1860: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1825: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1746:10.2307/2643463 1727: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1692: 1677: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1424: 1417:Manila Bulletin 1414: 1413: 1406: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1271: 1270: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1210:on July 5, 2017 1198: 1197: 1160: 1145: 1132: 1131: 1118: 1113: 1092: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1051: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1007: 1006: 1002: 994: 990: 985: 950: 934:Rizalina Ilagan 910:Manuel Bautista 901: 895: 877:Diliman Commune 873: 871:Diliman Commune 867: 834: 821:Edgar Ang Sinco 812: 810:Edgar Ang Sinco 804:Main articles: 802: 786: 769: 763: 747: 730: 717: 705: 693: 684: 653: 633: 628: 561: 544: 531: 526: 498:Diliman Commune 462: 449: 443: 423: 414:Diliman Commune 410: 393: 376: 370: 365: 325: 274: 263: 257: 254: 247: 228: 224: 217: 201: 182: 139: 121:as reported in 118: 88: 83: 81:Diliman commune 75:Main articles: 73: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5957:Here Lies Love 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5929:Kumander Dante 5925: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5669:BNPP kickbacks 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5269: 5266:Mariano Marcos 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5127:Here Lies Love 5122: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4948:Barber's Tales 4944: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4892: 4891:historiography 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4608:1987 elections 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4566:Ortigas Center 4563: 4558: 4553: 4551:Fort Magsaysay 4548: 4546:Fort Bonifacio 4543: 4538: 4533: 4531:Clark Air Base 4528: 4523: 4521:Camp Aguinaldo 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4497:Lakas ng Bayan 4490: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4334:Maximo Soliven 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4206:Rodolfo Biazon 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191:Fidel V. Ramos 4181: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4070:Benito Tiamzon 4067: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4052:Rolando Olalia 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Filemon Lagman 4034: 4029: 4028:Luis Jalandoni 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3994:Conrado Balweg 3991: 3989:Lean Alejandro 3986: 3984:Fidel Agcaoili 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3909:Carol Pagaduan 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Lean Alejandro 3853: 3851:Kidlat Tahimik 3848: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3763:Behn Cervantes 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Ishmael Bernal 3745: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3624:Pacifico Ortiz 3621: 3619:Violeta Marcos 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3480:Raul Manglapus 3477: 3475:Ernesto Maceda 3472: 3467: 3465:José B. Lingad 3462: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427:Marcelo Fernan 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3387:Jacobo Amatong 3378: 3377: 3375:Rizal Yuyitung 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3257:Armand Fabella 3254: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3198:Roberto Ongpin 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2945:Snap elections 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920:1981 elections 2917: 2912: 2907: 2905:1978 elections 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2827:1969 elections 2824: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770:1965 elections 2767: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2675: 2626: 2606: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2535: 2523: 2505: 2483: 2474: 2449: 2424: 2399: 2374: 2371:. 25 May 2023. 2360: 2357:. 25 May 2023. 2346: 2317: 2288: 2263: 2239: 2221: 2209: 2187: 2175: 2150: 2125: 2102: 2077: 2052: 2027: 2002: 1988: 1961:(5): 505–520. 1941: 1919: 1905: 1888:. 1974-09-02. 1873: 1858: 1838: 1823: 1803: 1789: 1767: 1740:(5): 505–520. 1720: 1690: 1675: 1657: 1631: 1616: 1607: 1582:Rodis, Rodel. 1574: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1505: 1490: 1475: 1462: 1446: 1422: 1404: 1380: 1349: 1329: 1310:(1): 110–121. 1291: 1284: 1255: 1221: 1158: 1144:978-9919108014 1143: 1116: 1090: 1064: 1049: 1027: 1020: 1000: 987: 986: 984: 981: 949: 946: 897:Main article: 894: 891: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 833: 830: 801: 798: 785: 782: 767:Miriam College 765:Main article: 762: 759: 746: 743: 729: 726: 716: 713: 704: 701: 692: 689: 683: 680: 652: 649: 632: 629: 627: 624: 560: 557: 543: 540: 530: 527: 525: 522: 489:and the later 461: 458: 454:Jose W. Diokno 445:Main article: 442: 439: 435:Quiapo, Manila 422: 419: 409: 406: 392: 389: 372:Main article: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 352: 349: 346: 343: 336: 324: 321: 304:(KM) in 1964. 276: 275: 231: 229: 222: 216: 213: 200: 197: 196: 195: 192: 189: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 170: 163: 160: 157: 138: 135: 117: 114: 87: 84: 72: 69: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6053: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6016: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5964:The Kingmaker 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5943:Batas Militar 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678:Controversies 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Marcos jewels 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Negros famine 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399:Moro conflict 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5235:Imelda Marcos 5232: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173:distortionism 5169: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5025:The Kingmaker 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4955:Batas Militar 4952: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:UP-DND accord 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Club Filipino 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488:Liberal Party 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4391:Ronald Reagan 4389: 4387: 4386:Paul Manafort 4384: 4382: 4381:Richard Lugar 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309:Armando Malay 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Ma Ceres Doyo 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4081: 4080:Antonio Zumel 4078: 4076: 4075:Wilma Tiamzon 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019:Victor Corpus 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999:Lorena Barros 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3968:Jessica Sales 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904:Joel Lamangan 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3884:Liliosa Hilao 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837:Bibeth Orteza 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778:Butch Dalisay 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Noel Cabangon 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3657:Ricardo Vidal 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599:Tullio Favali 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540:Rene Saguisag 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456:Vicente Jayme 3455: 3453: 3452:Evelio Javier 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402:Cesar Climaco 3400: 3398: 3397:Jejomar Binay 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3262:Jaime C. Laya 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252:Onofre Corpuz 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3111:Imelda Marcos 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058:Marcos jewels 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3030:Beew massacre 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005:Daet massacre 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2960:Human rights 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930:Negros famine 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2805:Moro conflict 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859:0-300-06243-5 1855: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1824:971-27-1590-6 1820: 1816: 1815: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285:9780521774307 1281: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1021:9780195158984 1017: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 989: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 967: 966:Chito S. Roño 963: 959: 955: 947: 945: 943: 942:Jessica Sales 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914:Aloysius Baes 911: 907: 900: 892: 890: 888: 884: 880: 878: 872: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 838: 831: 829: 825: 822: 817: 811: 807: 799: 797: 795: 791: 790:Liliosa Hilao 783: 781: 779: 775: 768: 760: 758: 756: 752: 742: 740: 734: 727: 725: 723: 722:nationalistic 714: 712: 710: 702: 700: 697: 690: 688: 681: 679: 677: 672: 670: 664: 662: 658: 650: 648: 646: 642: 638: 630: 625: 623: 621: 616: 611: 607: 605: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 575: 572: 570: 566: 558: 556: 554: 550: 541: 539: 537: 528: 523: 521: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:Plaza Miranda 499: 494: 492: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 465: 459: 457: 455: 448: 440: 438: 436: 432: 431:Plaza Miranda 428: 427:Liberal Party 420: 418: 415: 407: 405: 401: 399: 390: 388: 386: 380: 375: 367: 362: 357: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 330: 329: 328: 322: 320: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 289: 286: 283: 272: 269: 261: 251: 246: 242: 238: 237: 230: 221: 220: 214: 212: 210: 206: 198: 193: 190: 187: 186: 185: 179: 174: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 144: 143:social reform 136: 134: 132: 126: 124: 115: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 85: 82: 78: 70: 68: 66: 61: 58: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 32: 19: 6007: 5998: 5991: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5532: 5518:Metro Manila 5159: 5139: 5125: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4962:Citizen Jake 4960: 4953: 4946: 4941:Ako si Ninoy 4939: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4770: 4763: 4637:Institutions 4481: 4480: 4405: 4366:Philip Habib 4319:Alex Orcullo 4284:Chit Estella 4247: 4246: 4227: 4183: 4182: 4166:Victor Batac 4136: 4135: 4096: 4091:Armed Forces 4042:Satur Ocampo 4004:Walden Bello 3929:Susan Quimpo 3899:Edgar Jopson 3856: 3855: 3854: 3823:Leah Navarro 3788:Nick Joaquin 3722:Danny Javier 3707: 3691:Jesus Varela 3652:Carlos Tayag 3639:James Reuter 3570: 3569: 3560:Haydee Yorac 3380: 3379: 3360:Jaime Ongpin 3338: 3337: 3287: 3247:Cesar Virata 3147:Romeo Espino 2748: 2692:. Retrieved 2690:. 2023-07-19 2687: 2678: 2644:. Retrieved 2616: 2609: 2600: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2545: 2538: 2526: 2517: 2498:November 20, 2496:. Retrieved 2486: 2477: 2466:. Retrieved 2464:. 2023-06-26 2461: 2452: 2441:. Retrieved 2439:. 2023-06-21 2436: 2427: 2416:. Retrieved 2414:. 2023-05-27 2411: 2402: 2391:. Retrieved 2389:. 2023-05-25 2386: 2377: 2363: 2349: 2320: 2309:. Retrieved 2300: 2291: 2280:. Retrieved 2278:. 2023-06-01 2275: 2266: 2255:. Retrieved 2212: 2202:November 20, 2200:. Retrieved 2190: 2178: 2167:. Retrieved 2165:. 2023-06-11 2162: 2153: 2142:. Retrieved 2140:. 2023-06-03 2137: 2128: 2117:. Retrieved 2113: 2105: 2094:. Retrieved 2092:. 2023-05-26 2089: 2080: 2069:. Retrieved 2067:. 2023-06-21 2064: 2055: 2044:. Retrieved 2042:. 2023-06-12 2039: 2030: 2019:. Retrieved 2017:. 2023-06-10 2014: 2005: 1991: 1958: 1955:Asian Survey 1954: 1944: 1931: 1922: 1908: 1897:. Retrieved 1885: 1876: 1848: 1841: 1813: 1806: 1792: 1779: 1770: 1737: 1734:Asian Survey 1733: 1723: 1712:. Retrieved 1709:INQUIRER.net 1708: 1666: 1660: 1650:December 14, 1648:. Retrieved 1644: 1634: 1625: 1619: 1610: 1598:. Retrieved 1587: 1577: 1550: 1527:. Retrieved 1518: 1508: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1478: 1465: 1440: 1416: 1398: 1371:. Retrieved 1362: 1352: 1343: 1307: 1303: 1274: 1246:. Retrieved 1242:the original 1214:December 10, 1212:. Retrieved 1208:the original 1203: 1134: 1084: 1080: 1067: 1040: 1030: 1010: 1003: 991: 951: 902: 881: 874: 861:, and NUSP. 839: 835: 826: 813: 787: 770: 755:Shore Patrol 748: 735: 731: 718: 706: 698: 694: 685: 673: 665: 654: 634: 615:Ninoy Aquino 612: 608: 580: 576: 573: 562: 545: 535: 532: 518: 495: 470:Edgar Jopson 466: 463: 450: 424: 411: 402: 397: 394: 381: 377: 326: 306: 292:self-taught 290: 279: 264: 255: 248:Please help 244: 233: 202: 183: 151: 140: 127: 119: 110: 89: 62: 59: 35: 30: 29: 5626:Kleptocracy 5616:Solid North 5483:New Society 5404:Sabah claim 5394:Vietnam War 5387:(1965–1986) 5346:Pi Gamma Mu 5322:(Ferdinand) 5119:Other media 4920:individuals 4910:EDSA Shrine 4889:Legacy and 4876:Raised fist 4850:Never again 4376:Paul Laxalt 4259:David Bueno 4222:Journalists 4178:Billy Bibit 4129:Brig. Gen. 4024:Maita Gomez 3743:Lino Brocka 3732:Jim Paredes 3687:Felix Perez 3643:Rudy Romano 3152:Fidel Ramos 3040:Kleptocracy 2810:Sabah claim 2795:Vietnam War 1600:January 27, 1248:October 27, 938:Ramon Jasul 922:Tish Ladlad 569:Gregg Jones 565:Martial Law 508:; the 1980 252:if you can. 6030:Categories 5831:1981 (Jun) 5826:1981 (Apr) 5781:1973 (Jul) 5776:1973 (Jan) 5385:Presidency 5286:(children) 4976:Dekada '70 4871:Laban sign 4797:Dekada '70 4782:Literature 4526:Camp Crame 4399:Political 4264:Joe Burgos 4248:Opposition 4228:Pro-Marcos 4103:Commodore 4062:Nilo Tayag 3798:Inang Laya 3157:Fabian Ver 2757:Background 2694:2024-01-10 2468:2024-01-10 2443:2024-01-10 2418:2024-01-10 2393:2024-01-10 2311:2024-01-12 2282:2024-01-12 2257:2024-01-12 2169:2024-01-08 2144:2024-01-08 2119:2024-01-08 2096:2024-01-08 2071:2024-01-08 2046:2024-01-08 2021:2024-01-08 1899:2020-10-04 1714:2020-10-04 1676:9712715906 1529:2020-02-28 1050:0226733386 983:References 964:" and the 962:Dekada '70 816:Davao City 258:April 2022 5821:1980 (KB) 5816:1979 (SP) 5791:1975 (SB) 5786:1975 (KB) 5734:Elections 5309:Education 5231:Ferdinand 5154:Makinilya 4579:Aftermath 4515:Locations 4348:American 4189:Lt. Gen. 3803:Ricky Lee 3783:The Jerks 3594:Joe Dizon 3221:Lucio Tan 3125:Relatives 2656:cite book 2646:April 11, 2636:927728036 1975:0004-4687 1894:0362-4331 1754:0004-4687 188:the NUSP, 6014:Category 5836:1982 (B) 5488:Rolex 12 5331:(Imelda) 5276:Bongbong 5161:Voltes V 5147:Kalapati 4859:Gestures 4736:Tatsulok 4722:Magkaisa 4708:Bayan Ko 4593:Nepotism 3133:Rolex 12 2790:Cold War 2640:Archived 2335:cite web 2305:Archived 1936:Archived 1868:32508372 1833:81146038 1784:Archived 1685:81146038 1594:Archived 1523:Archived 1367:Archived 1324:20070329 1153:19609244 1059:18351577 912:, while 887:autonomy 589:was the 294:Marxists 234:require 207:and the 5695:Cronies 5575:NAMFREL 5133:musical 4828:Slogans 3288:Leaders 3121:Cronies 1983:2643463 1762:2643463 1039:(ed.). 960:novel " 707:At the 585:to the 476:of the 358:(MPKP). 236:cleanup 5950:Chavit 5606:Burial 5282:& 5258:Family 5018:Katips 5011:Imelda 4983:Eskapo 4866:V sign 4772:Sakada 4586:Events 4556:Hawaii 4158:BGen. 4122:Capt. 4115:Capt. 3099:Regime 3092:People 2962:abuses 2872:Events 2634: 2624: 2560:(ACT). 1981: 1973: 1892: 1866: 1856: 1831: 1821: 1760: 1752: 1683: 1673: 1373:May 2, 1322: 1282: 1151: 1141: 1057: 1047: 1018: 940:, and 908:, and 342:(SDK), 5284:Aimee 5280:Irene 5081:Pisay 5039:Liway 4932:Films 4692:Songs 4684:Media 4204:Col. 4176:Col. 4170:Col. 4164:Col. 4149:Col. 4109:Col. 2550:(PDF) 1979:JSTOR 1758:JSTOR 1320:JSTOR 1087:(35). 1077:(PDF) 977:Liway 973:Pisay 751:NROTC 335:(KM), 5898:2022 5893:2019 5881:2016 5876:2013 5871:2010 5866:1998 5861:1995 5856:1992 5851:1986 5811:1978 5806:1977 5801:1976 5796:1975 5771:1971 5766:1970 5761:1969 5756:1967 5751:1965 5746:1963 5741:1949 5327:and 5318:and 5272:Imee 5249:and 5244:10th 5233:and 4210:Lt. 4126:, PN 4119:, PN 3123:and 2738:and 2670:link 2666:link 2662:link 2648:2022 2632:OCLC 2622:ISBN 2500:2016 2341:link 2204:2016 1971:ISSN 1890:ISSN 1864:OCLC 1854:ISBN 1829:OCLC 1819:ISBN 1750:ISSN 1681:OCLC 1671:ISBN 1652:2018 1602:2020 1375:2018 1280:ISBN 1250:2007 1216:2018 1149:OCLC 1139:ISBN 1055:OCLC 1045:ISBN 1016:ISBN 808:and 538:"). 412:The 354:the 338:the 331:the 165:the 79:and 1963:doi 1742:doi 1312:doi 1085:XIX 593:in 433:in 6032:: 5278:, 5274:, 5156:") 5145:(" 5067:ML 2686:. 2658:}} 2654:{{ 2638:. 2630:. 2599:. 2552:. 2508:^ 2460:. 2435:. 2410:. 2385:. 2337:}} 2333:{{ 2303:. 2299:. 2274:. 2242:^ 2224:^ 2161:. 2136:. 2088:. 2063:. 2038:. 2013:. 1977:. 1969:. 1959:18 1957:. 1953:. 1934:. 1930:. 1884:. 1862:. 1827:. 1782:. 1778:. 1756:. 1748:. 1738:18 1736:. 1732:. 1707:. 1693:^ 1679:. 1643:. 1592:. 1586:. 1562:^ 1538:^ 1521:. 1517:. 1449:^ 1425:^ 1407:^ 1383:^ 1365:. 1361:. 1332:^ 1318:. 1308:11 1306:. 1294:^ 1258:^ 1236:. 1224:^ 1202:. 1161:^ 1147:. 1119:^ 1093:^ 1083:. 1079:. 1053:. 979:. 944:. 936:, 932:, 928:, 924:, 857:, 853:, 516:. 57:. 5223:e 5216:t 5209:v 5152:" 5149:" 4745:" 4741:" 4738:" 4734:" 4731:" 4727:" 4724:" 4720:" 4717:" 4713:" 4710:" 4706:" 4703:" 4699:" 4495:– 3970:) 3951:( 3734:) 3720:( 3693:) 3159:) 3135:( 2728:e 2721:t 2714:v 2697:. 2672:) 2650:. 2603:. 2502:. 2471:. 2446:. 2421:. 2396:. 2343:) 2329:. 2314:. 2285:. 2260:. 2206:. 2172:. 2147:. 2122:. 2099:. 2074:. 2049:. 2024:. 1985:. 1965:: 1902:. 1870:. 1835:. 1764:. 1744:: 1717:. 1687:. 1654:. 1628:. 1604:. 1532:. 1473:. 1419:. 1377:. 1326:. 1314:: 1288:. 1252:. 1218:. 1155:. 1061:. 1024:. 271:) 265:( 260:) 256:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index