Artemisinin - Knowledge (XXG)

1138:), as occurs in other sesquiterpene biosynthetic systems. The routes from artemisinic alcohol to artemisinin remain controversial, and they differ mainly in when the reduction step takes place. Both routes suggested dihydroartemisinic acid as the final precursor to artemisinin. Dihydroartemisinic acid then undergoes photo-oxidation to produce dihydroartemisinic acid hydroperoxide. Ring expansion by the cleavage of hydroperoxide and a second oxygen-mediated hydroperoxidation finish the biosynthesis of artemisinin. 3453: 416: 393: 1174:(20 steps, ~0.3% overall yield). Key steps of the Schmid–Hofheinz approach included an initial Ohrloff stereoselective hydroboration/oxidation to establish the "off-ring" methyl stereocenter on the propene side chain; two sequential lithium-reagent mediated alkylations that introduced all needed carbon atoms and that were, together highly diastereoselective; and further reduction, oxidation, and desilylation steps performed on this mono-carbocyclic intermediate, including a final 1142: 58: 1527: 49: 5295: 1275:'s site in Garessio, Italy. This second source of artemisinin is poised to enable a more stable flow of key antimalarial treatments to those who need them most. The production goal is set at 35 tonnes for 2013. It is expected to increase to 50–60 tons per year in 2014, supplying approximately one-third of the global annual need for artemisinin. 1229:(which provided the technology on which the project was based – a process that genetically altered yeast to produce artemisinic acid) and Amyris (a biotechnology firm in California, which refined the process to enable large-scale production and developed scalable processes for transfer to an industrial partner). 831:. For pregnant women in their second or third trimesters, the WHO recommends a normal treatment course with an ACT. For some other groups, certain ACTs are avoided due to side effects of the partner drug: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is avoided during the first few weeks of life as it interferes with the action of 1278:

In 2013, WHO's Prequalification of Medicines Programme announced the acceptability of semisynthetic artemisinin for use in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients submitted to WHO for prequalification, or that have already been qualified by WHO. Sanofi's active pharmaceutical ingredient

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In 2011, the WHO stated that resistance to the most effective antimalarial drug, artemisinin, could unravel national Indian malaria control programs, which have achieved significant progress in the last decade. WHO advocates the rational use of antimalarial drugs and acknowledges the crucial role of

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that in turn damage susceptible proteins, resulting in the death of the parasite. In 2016 artemisinin was shown to bind to a large number of targets suggesting that it acts in a promiscuous manner. Artemisinin's endoperoxide moiety is however less sensitive to free iron(II) oxide, and therefore more

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A 2016 systematic review of four studies from East Africa concluded that subsidizing ACT in the private retail sector in combination with training and marketing has led to the increased availability of ACT in stores, increased use of ACT for febrile children under five years of age, and decrease in

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Artemisinin is poorly soluble in oils and water. Therefore, it is typically administered via the digestive tract, either by oral or rectal administration. Artesunate however can be administered via the intravenous and intramuscular, as well as the oral and rectal routes. A synthetic compound with a

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has been reported in association with prolonged use of a relatively high-dose of artemisinin for an unclear reason (the patient did not have malaria). The drugs used in combination therapies can contribute to the adverse effects experienced by those undergoing treatment. Adverse effects in patients

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process creating singlet oxygen to obtain the end product. Sanofi expects to produce 25 tons of artemisinin in 2013, ramping up the production to 55–60 tonnes in 2014. The price per kilogram will be US$ 350–400, roughly the same as the botanical source. Despite concerns that this equivalent source

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and other drugs are required to clear the body of all parasites and prevent a recurrence. The WHO is pressuring manufacturers to stop making the uncompounded drug available to the medical community at large, aware of the catastrophe that would result if the malaria parasite developed resistance to

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An unusual component of the artemisinin molecules is an endoperoxide 1,2,4-trioxane ring. This is the main antimalarial centre of the molecule. Modifications at carbon 10 (C10) position give rise to a variety of derivatives which are more powerful than the original compound. Because the physical

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In the late 1990s, Novartis filed a new Chinese patent for a combination treatment with artemether/lumefantrine, providing the first artemisinin-based combination therapies (Coartem) at reduced prices to the WHO. In 2006, after artemisinin had become the treatment of choice for malaria, the WHO

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for at least 24 hours. Artesunate treatment is continued until the treated person is well enough to take oral medication. They are then given a three-day course of an ACT, for uncomplicated malaria. Where artesunate is not available, the WHO recommends intramuscular injection of the less potent

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in 1979. The extracted substance, once subject to purification, proved to be useful starting point to obtain purified artemisinin. A 2012 review reported that artemisinin-based therapies were the most effective drugs for treatment of malaria at that time; it was also reported to clear malaria

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China and Vietnam provide 70% and East Africa 20% of the raw plant material. Seedlings are grown in nurseries and then transplanted into fields. It takes about 8 months for them to reach full size. The plants are harvested, the leaves are dried and sent to facilities where the artemisinin is

1186:, which, after acidic workup closed the three remaining oxacyclic rings of the desired product, artemisinin, in a single step.(In essence, the final oxidative ring-closing operation in these syntheses accomplishes the closing three biosynthetic steps shown above.) 1413:(DHA), which has 5–10 times greater antimalarial potency than artemisinin. DHA is eventually converted in the liver into metabolites such as deoxyartemisinin, deoxydihydroartemisinin, and 9,10-dihydrodeoxyartemisinin. These reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes 1766:

Artemisinin and its derivatives are under laboratory research for their potential anti-cancer effects. As of 2018, only preliminary clinical research had been conducted using artemisininin derivatives in various cancers, with no approved clinical applications.

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biomass, an increased supply of this drug will likely produce lower prices and therefore increase the availability for ACT treatment. In 2014, Sanofi announced the release of the first batch of semisynthetic artemisinin. 1.7 million doses of Sanofi's

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yeast to produce a small amount of the precursor artemisinic acid. The synthesized artemisinic acid can then be transported out, purified and chemically converted into artemisinin that they claim will cost roughly US$ 0.25 per dose. In this effort of

780:. In each of these combinations, the artemisinin derivative rapidly kills the parasites, but is itself rapidly cleared from the body. The longer-lived partner drug kills the remaining parasites and provides some lingering protection from reinfection. 1267:

The UC Berkeley method was augmented using technology from various other organizations. The final successful technology is based on inventions licensed from UC Berkeley and the National Research Council (NRC) Plant Biotechnology Institute of Canada.

1718:, which are the second-most prevalent parasitic infections, after malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are all potent antihelmintics. Artemisinins were later found to possess a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of 1362:, ANAMED and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to train farmers on how to grow the shrub from cuttings, and to harvest and dry the leaves to make artemisia tea. However, the WHO does not recommend the use of 1592:. Tu Youyou also discovered that a low-temperature extraction process could be used to isolate an effective antimalarial substance from the plant. Tu says she was influenced by a traditional Chinese herbal medicine source 1374:

Drug Development program (through an affiliation with OneWorld Health), with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and based on a modified biosynthetic process for artemisinic acid, initially designed by

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In 2013, Sanofi announced the launch of a production facility in Garessio, Italy, to manufacture the antiplasmodial drug on a large scale. The partnership to create a new pharmaceutical manufacturing process was led by

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Krieger J, Smeilus T, Kaiser M, Seo EJ, Efferth T, Giannis A (July 2018). "Total Synthesis and Biological Investigation of (-)-Artemisinin: The Antimalarial Activity of Artemisinin Is not Stereospecific".

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the use of older, less effective antimalarials among children under five years of age. The underlying studies did not determine if the children had malaria nor determine if there were health benefits.

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and Sanofi provide ACT drugs at cost on a nonprofit basis; however, these drugs are still more expensive than other malaria treatments. Artesunate injection for severe malaria treatment is made by the

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The WHO recommends avoiding ACT for women in their first trimester of pregnancy due to a lack of research on artemisinin's safety in early pregnancy. Instead the WHO recommends a seven-day course of

1433:. These metabolites lack antimalarial properties due to the loss of the endoperoxide group (deoxyartemisinin however has anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties.) All these metabolites undergo 4497: 4240: 1634:

called for an immediate halt to single-drug artemisinin preparations in favor of combinations of artemisinin with another malaria drug, to reduce the risk of parasites developing resistance.

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infections. Advantages of such treatments over other anti-parasitics include faster parasite elimination and broader efficacy across the parasite life-cycle; disadvantages include their low

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Price R, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, Luxemburger C, Simpson J, McGready R, et al. (1999). "Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives".

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parasites from patients' bodies faster than other drugs. In addition to artemisinin, Project 523 developed a number of products that can be used in combination with artemisinin, including

3339: 5356: 2592:, Parker MH, Northrop J, Elias JS, Ploypradith P, Xie S, et al. (1999). "Orally active, hydrolytically stable, semisynthetic, antimalarial trioxanes in the artemisinin family". 141: 1645:

for discovering artemisinin, "a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria". The other half of the prize was awarded jointly to

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Artemisinins are generally well tolerated at the doses used to treat malaria. The side effects from the artemisinin class of medications are similar to the symptoms of malaria:

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Vennerstrom JL, Arbe-Barnes S, Brun R, Charman SA, Chiu FC, Chollet J, et al. (2004). "Identification of an antimalarial synthetic trioxolane drug development candidate".

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The total synthesis of artemisinin has been performed from available organic starting materials, using basic organic reagents, many times. The first two total syntheses were a

1279:(API) produced from semisynthetic artemisinin (artesunate) was also prequalified by WHO on May 8, 2013, making it the first semisynthetic artemisinin derivative prequalified. 7136: 3947:

Ro DK, Paradise EM, Ouellet M, Fisher KJ, Newman KL, Ndungu JM, et al. (2006). "Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast".

756:(WHO) recommends artemisinin or one of its derivatives ― typically in combination with a longer-lasting partner drug ― as frontline therapy for all cases of malaria. For 3832: 5174:

Liu Y, Jiang JJ, Du SY, Mu LS, Fan JJ, Hu JC, et al. (14 June 2024). "Artemisinins ameliorate polycystic ovarian syndrome by mediating LONP1-CYP11A1 interaction".

4308: 2629:"Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration" 1588:'compound of green-blue wormwood'), it was one of many candidates tested as possible treatments for malaria by Chinese scientists, from a list of nearly 2,000 6063: 4186: 1638: 3667:

Pirrung MC, Morehead Jr AT (1997). "A Sesquidecade of Sesquiterpenes, 1980–1994: Part A. Acyclic and Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes, Part 1". In Goldsmith D (ed.).

744:, featuring artemisinin or its derivatives alongside some other antimalarial drug, constitute the contemporary standard-of-care treatment regimen for malaria. 4155: 7121: 1354:(ICRAF) has developed a hybrid, dubbed A3, which can grow to a height of 3 meters and produce 20 times more artemisinin than wild varieties. In northwestern 523: 5349: 2124:"Artemisinin-based combination therapy in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria: review of recent regulatory experience at the European Medicines Agency" 3889:

Turconi J, Griolet F, Guevel R, Oddon G, Villa R, Geatti A, et al. (2014). "Semisynthetic artemisinin, the chemical path to industrial production".

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resistance to antimalarial drugs. The first one is an efflux of the drug away from its action site due to mutations in different transporter genes (like

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Lapkin AA, Peters M, Greiner L, Chemat S, Leonhard K, Liauw MA, et al. (2010). "Screening of new solvents for artemisinin extraction process using

4408:"Oral Bioavailability Comparison of Artemisinin, Deoxyartemisinin, and 10-Deoxoartemisinin Based on Computer Simulations and Pharmacokinetics in Rats" 1409:

After ingestion or injection, artemisinin and its derivatives (arteether, artemether, and artesunate) are all rapidly converted in the bloodstream to

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testing. Phase II testing in patients with malaria was not as successful as hoped, but the manufacturer decided to start Phase III testing anyway.

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Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, et al. (Artemisinin Resistance in Cambodia 1 (ARC1) Study Consortium) (2008).

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Cravo P, Napolitano H, Culleton R (August 2015). "How genomics is contributing to the fight against artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites".

7131: 6021: 5233: 4507: 4390: 3996: 3994: 3676: 1642: 660: 994:. In contrast, clinical practice shows that unlike other antimalarials, artemisinin is active during all life cycle stages of the parasite. 777: 4876: 3412:"Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies: A sword of Damocles in the path toward malaria elimination" 4789: 2086: 1775:

Artemisinin derivatives may suppress immune reactions, such as inflammation. One derivative, SM934, was approved in 2015 by the Chinese

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were made since 1976. Artesunate, arteether and artemether were first synthesized in 1986. Many derivatives have been produced of which

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InChI=1S/C15H22O5/c1-8-4-5-11-9(2)12(16)17-13-15(11)10(8)6-7-14(3,18-13)19-20-15/h8-11,13H,4-7H2,1-3H3/t8-,9-,10+,11+,13-,14-,15-/m1/s1

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Xiao SH (2005). "Development of antischistosomal drugs in China, with particular consideration to praziquantel and the artemisinins".

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Lam NS, Long X, Su XZ, Lu F (July 2018). "Artemisinin and its derivatives in treating helminthic infections beyond schistosomiasis".

1974: 1166:(13 steps, ~5% overall yield), and a concurrent synthesis by Zhou and coworkers at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry from ( 5664: 4663: 4610: 1371: 1218: 1205:

from a more plentiful biosynthetic precursor, artemisinic acid—in the latter case, including some very short and very high yielding

1141: 543: 1328:. Those efforts, conducted in 2007, 2012, and 2013–14, produced a 95–97% reduction in the number of malaria cases in the Comoros. 6872: 6097: 1397:, a fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy will be shipped to half a dozen African countries over the next few months. 929:, artemisone, SM735, SM905, SM933, SM934, and SM1044 are among the most powerful compounds. There are also simplified analogs in 1061:

resistance). The second is a change in the parasite target due to mutations in corresponding genes (like, at the cytosol level,

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A wide variety of further routes continue to be explored, from early days until today, including total synthesis routes from (

933:. Over 120 other derivatives have been prepared, but clinical testing has not been possible due to lack of financial support. 6554: 5893: 3917: 3347: 773: 1359: 1600:

saying that this herb should be steeped in cold water. This book contained the useful reference to the herb: "A handful of

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found in many parts of the world. In 1967, a plant screening research program, under a secret military program code-named "

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examples (of Roth and Acton, and Haynes et al., 3 steps, 30% yield), which again feature the singlet oxygen ene chemistry.

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ring is responsible for their antimalarial properties. Few other natural compounds with such a peroxide bridge are known.

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Leonardi E, Gilvary G, White NJ, Nosten F (2001). "Severe allergic reactions to oral artesunate: a report of two cases".

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Zhao YW, Ni FY, Song YL, Wang SY, Huang WZ, Wang ZZ, et al. (2014). "Chemical constituents from Artemisia annua".

7141: 6599: 6086: 6038: 4585: 1244: 1135: 372: 4638: 4268: 1548: 1305:. Alternative extraction methods have been proposed. The market price for artemisinin has fluctuated widely, between 4282: 4241:"Guilin Pharmaceutical ─ The world's first producer of WHO prequalified artesunate for injection for severe malaria" 7126: 7101: 7022: 6374: 6369: 4378: 4162: 3483: 1988: 1641:

for her role in the discovery and development of artemisinin. On October 5, 2015, she was awarded half of the 2015

1155: 760:, the WHO recommends three days of oral treatment with any of five artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): 4808: 2413:

Robert A, Benoit-Vical F, Liu Y, Meunier B (2019). "Small Molecules: The Past or the Future in Drug Innovation?".

1457:. Due to their rapid metabolism, artemisinin and its derivatives are relatively safe drugs with a relatively high 6857: 6404: 6243: 5737: 5306: 5225: 3574:

O'Neill PM, Posner GH (June 2004). "A medicinal chemistry perspective on artemisinin and related endoperoxides".

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As of 2018, the exact mechanism of action of artemisinins has not been fully elucidated. Artemisinin itself is a

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in southeast Asia was first reported in 2008, and was subsequently confirmed by a detailed study from western

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Ho WE, Peh HY, Chan TK, Wong WS (April 2014). "Artemisinins: pharmacological actions beyond anti-malarial".

4271:. World Health Organization. Global Malaria Programme. Position Statement (June 2012). Retrieved April 2020. 4003:"Sanofi and PATH announce the launch of large-scale production of semisynthetic artemisinin against malaria" 1736: 1683: 1613: 1438: 1324:

performed in China and southeast Asia, Artequick was used in large-scale malaria eradication efforts in the

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A Detailed Chronological Record of Project 523 and the Discovery and Development of Qinghaosu (Artemisinin)

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Acton N, Klayman DL (1985). "Artemisitene, a New Sesquiterpene Lactone Endoperoxide from Artemisia annua".

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gene on chromosome 13 appears to be a reliable molecular marker for clinical resistance in Southeast Asia.

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would lead to the demise of companies, which produce this substance conventionally through extraction of

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properties of artemisinin itself, such as poor bioavailability, limit its effectiveness, semisynthetic

4846:"[Antischistosomal action of some Qing Hao Su derivatives in infected mice (author's transl)]" 1091:

to the new artemisinin compounds involves a novel mechanism corresponding to a quiescence phenomenon.

6952: 6727: 6699: 6689: 6384: 6308: 6283: 5802: 5183: 4602: 4589: 4052: 3956: 3295: 2947: 2687: 2354:"Hepatitis Temporally Associated with an Herbal Supplement Containing Artemisinin — Washington, 2008" 1850: 1662: 1559:

leaders to provide assistance for their malaria-ridden army. In the course of this research in 1972,

1306: 1206: 1123: 812: 3155:"Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study" 1243:, a modified mevalonate pathway was used, and the yeast cells were engineered to express the enzyme 6723: 6529: 6429: 6353: 5369: 4877:"[Studies on the efficacy of artemether in experimental schistosomiasis (author's transl)]" 4716:"Artemisinin-resistant malaria: research challenges, opportunities, and public health implications" 3846:

Lévesque F, Seeberger PH (2012). "Continuous-flow synthesis of the anti-malaria drug artemisinin".

2061: 1742: 1730: 986: 804:. For children less than six years old, if injected artesunate is not available the WHO recommends 741: 692: 388: 227: 6153: 7111: 7002: 6757: 6558: 6323: 6128: 6089: 5782: 5564: 5105: 4039:

van Herpen TW, Cankar K, Nogueira M, Bosch D, Bouwmeester HJ, Beekwilder J (2010). Yang H (ed.).

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German PI, Aweeka FT (2008). "Clinical pharmacology of artemisinin-based combination therapies".

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Artemisinin may be potentially useful for treating symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

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to find an adequate treatment for malaria; the program and early clinical work were ordered by

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Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group (1979). "Antimalaria studies on Qinghaosu".

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Drug Development program (through an affiliation with OneWorld Health), with funding from the

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factory in China where production has received WHO prequalification. High-yield varieties of

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Fairhurst RM, Nayyar GM, Breman JG, Hallett R, Vennerstrom JL, Duong S, et al. (2012).

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Whirl-Carrillo M, McDonagh EM, Hebert JM, Gong L, Sangkuhl K, Thorn CF, et al. (2012).

1942: 1934: 1883: 1858: 1715: 1650: 1575: 1380: 1179: 1099: 884: 706: 590: 428: 75: 4283:"Sanofi launches malaria drug production to maintain stability in artemisinin availability" 301: 281: 236: 6669: 6564: 6444: 3075: 2793: 1707: 1486: 1434: 1426: 1256: 1248: 1095: 1003: 815:) of the drug. To be effective, it would have to be administered multiple times each day. 811:

Artemisinins are not used for malaria prevention because of the extremely short activity (

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A serendipitous discovery was made in China in the early 1980s while searching for novel

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Ariey F, Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, Beghain J, Langlois AC, Khim N, et al. (2014).

3079: 2951: 2691: 1854: 1665:, as well as showing efficacy against an expanding number of other parasitic diseases". 415: 392: 7017: 6937: 6807: 6664: 6519: 6484: 6143: 6032: 6003: 5691: 5542: 5373: 5151: 5124: 5050: 5023: 4790:"WHO calls for an immediate halt to provision of single-drug artemisinin malaria pills" 4740: 4715: 4562: 4537: 4481: 4456: 4432: 4407: 4355: 4330: 4075: 4040: 3637: 3610: 3551: 3524: 3500: 3467: 3436: 3411: 3387: 3362: 3316: 3283: 3259: 3234: 3179: 3154: 3130: 3105: 2968: 2935: 2876: 2849: 2822: 2797: 2655: 2628: 2589: 2566: 2539: 2515: 2490: 2466: 2441: 2148: 2123: 2087:"WHO calls for an immediate halt to provision of single-drug artemisinin malaria pills" 2038: 2013: 1947: 1922: 1679: 1658: 1384: 1175: 982: 922: 852: 808:

of artesunate, followed by referral to a facility with the resources for further care.

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Raffetin A, Bruneel F, Roussel C, Thellier M, Buffet P, Caumes E, et al. (2018).

4930: 4381:(2010). "Chapter 62 - Malaria". In Finch R, Greenwood D, Whitley R, Norrby SR (eds.). 3170: 2912: 2331: 891:. Mild blood abnormalities have also been noted. A rare but serious adverse effect is 7080: 6957: 6832: 6717: 6679: 6574: 6539: 6474: 6273: 6233: 6133: 6007: 5975: 5672: 5475: 5467: 5365: 5125:"Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of artemisinin and its derivatives" 5000: 4309:"Sanofi shipping new malaria treatment manufactured from 'semisynthetic artemisinin'" 3153:

Phyo AP, Nkhoma S, Stepniewska K, Ashley EA, Nair S, McGready R, et al. (2012).

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Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, et al. (2014).

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resistance) or an increased number of the gene copies (like pfmdr1 copy number in

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Artemisinin has proven to be the most effective anti-malarial drug ever produced.

5093: 4269:"Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Forms of Artemisia annua L. against malaria" 4065: 716:

Artemisinin and its derivatives have been used for the treatment of malarial and

7027: 6997: 6977: 6927: 6802: 6797: 6782: 6752: 6579: 6534: 6494: 6489: 6434: 6419: 6258: 6218: 5947: 5833: 5818: 5813: 5716: 5677: 5585: 5559: 5554: 5485: 5408: 5397: 4331:"Subsidising artemisinin-based combination therapy in the private retail sector" 3378: 2627:

Morris CA, Duparc S, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Jung D, Shin CS, Fleckenstein L (2011).

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Konstat-Korzenny E, Ascencio-Aragón JA, Niezen-Lugo S, Vázquez-López R (2018).

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or regionally used for which there is no evidence to recommend widespread use:

7007: 6967: 6912: 6902: 6842: 6827: 6812: 6792: 6767: 6762: 6742: 6737: 6694: 6684: 6649: 6624: 6604: 6569: 6548: 6504: 6479: 6263: 6228: 6213: 6208: 6177: 6138: 6118: 5939: 5870: 5798: 5777: 5762: 5655: 5601: 5575: 5490: 3627: 3541: 2936:"Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum" 2934:

Wang J, Zhang CJ, Chia WN, Loh CC, Li Z, Lee YM, et al. (December 2015).

2866: 2556: 2380: 1863: 1838: 1719: 1687: 1654: 1552: 1526: 1491: 1355: 1084: 1058: 978: 962: 938: 848: 801: 796: 673: 642: 455: 272: 5269: 5252: 5243: 4423: 3206: 2813: 2645: 2457: 1366:

plant materials, including tea, for the prevention and treatment of malaria.

6932: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6892: 6877: 6822: 6777: 6747: 6609: 6589: 6514: 6454: 6449: 6318: 6248: 6238: 6183: 5823: 5772: 5721: 5696: 5685: 5611: 5580: 5386: 5321: 5195: 5024:"Artemisinin and Its Synthetic Derivatives as a Possible Therapy for Cancer" 4792:(Press release). World Health Organization. January 19, 2006. Archived from 4620: 2540:"Design of Drug Delivery Systems Containing Artemisinin and Its Derivatives" 1805: 1560: 926: 896: 888: 864: 832: 656: 40: 33: 17: 5278: 5203: 5160: 5101: 5059: 5008: 4973: 4938: 4749: 4571: 4472: 4441: 4364: 4084: 4041:"Nicotiana benthamiana as a production platform for artemisinin precursors" 4017: 4002: 3976: 3867: 3859: 3818: 3783: 3740: 3646: 3595: 3560: 3509: 3445: 3396: 3325: 3284:"A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria" 3268: 3188: 3139: 3104:

Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, et al. (2009).

3061: 3012: 2977: 2920: 2885: 2831: 2770: 2762: 2707: 2664: 2575: 2524: 2475: 2426: 2388: 2339: 2296: 2157: 2047: 1956: 1923:"Recent advances in artemisinin production through heterologous expression" 5294: 5141: 5040: 4892: 4861: 3810: 3732: 3523:

Zhao L, Zhu Y, Jia H, Han Y, Zheng X, Wang M, et al. (October 2022).

3250: 3121: 2613: 1839:"Artemisinin, the Magic Drug Discovered from Traditional Chinese Medicine" 1604:

immersed with two litres of water, wring out the juice and drink it all."

937:

similar trioxolane structure (a ring containing three oxygen atoms) named

6837: 6817: 6787: 6659: 6619: 6469: 6459: 6333: 5531: 4700: 3052: 3035: 2506: 2029: 1810: 1332: 1011: 1007: 5322:"BBC World Service - Witness History, China's breakthrough malaria cure" 3968: 3705: 3307: 2959: 2699: 1343:

are being produced by the Centre for Novel Agricultural Products at the

48: 7047: 7032: 6962: 6424: 6148: 5965: 5606: 1608: 1597: 1505: 1325: 1225:. The project began in 2004, and initial project partners included the 1163: 1019: 1015: 954: 828: 646: 490: 247: 3902: 3775: 3587: 2605: 1271:

Commercial production of semisynthetic artemisinin is now underway at

1140: 4875:

Le WJ, You JQ, Yang YQ, Mei JY, Guo HF, Yang HZ, et al. (1982).

4137: 1446: 1442: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1302: 1272: 880: 876: 352: 3611:"Synthetic Strategies for Peroxide Ring Construction in Artemisinin" 2275:

Taylor WR, White NJ (2004). "Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review".

1657:, "the derivatives of which have radically lowered the incidence of 1026:, central Myanmar and northeastern Cambodia in 2014. The parasite's 728:

properties, and high cost. Moreover, use of the drug by itself as a

3235:"Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria" 321: 3609:

Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Ilovaisky AI, Terent'ev AO (January 2017).

2320:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

1837:

Wang J, Xu C, Wong YK, Li Y, Liao F, Jiang T, et al. (2019).

736:, as there have been signs that malarial parasites are developing 695: 478: 469: 332: 3762:

Zhu C, Cook SP (2012). "A concise synthesis of (+)-artemisinin".

2270: 2268: 1350:

Using seed supplied by Action for Natural Medicine (ANAMED), the

1037:

Artemisinins can be used alone, but this leads to a high rate of

4625:素：...5. 带有根本性质的物质 'substance with the fundamental properties of' 3671:. Vol. 10. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 90–6. 1540: 1450: 1449:, are responsible for this process. DHA is also removed through 1217:

The partnership to develop semisynthetic artemisinin was led by

1023: 974: 904:

malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives tend to be higher.

312: 6059: 5338: 3036:"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia" 2850:"Drug resistance genomics of the antimalarial drug artemisinin" 2105:"Urgent action needed to stop spread of drug-resistant malaria" 5326: 1694:, artemisinin-piperaquine base, and artemisinin/naphthoquine. 1512:, a botanist and medical researcher in the fourth century BC. 1232:

In 2006, a team from UC Berkeley reported they had engineered

611: 5253:"Artemisinin Bioactivity and Resistance in Malaria Parasites" 3692:

Schmid G, Hofheinz W (1983). "Total Synthesis of qinghaosu".

3525:"From Plant to Yeast-Advances in Biosynthesis of Artemisinin" 3363:"WHO ultimatum on artemisinin monotherapy is showing results" 4664:"Lasker Award Rekindles Debate Over Artemisinin's Discovery" 4406:

Fu C, Shi H, Chen H, Zhang K, Wang M, Qiu F (January 2021).

2798:"Artemisinin Action and Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum" 1437:, after which they are excreted through the urine or feces. 1034:

community health workers in reducing malaria in the region.

596: 377: 78: 4639:"Nobel Prize winner scoured ancient texts for malaria cure" 1678:

The WHO notes four additional ACTs that are in preliminary

1118:

The biosynthesis of artemisinin is believed to involve the

1286:

reported they had engineered a close relative of tobacco,

4455:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014).

4385:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 809–22. 4018:"Semisynthetic artemisinin achieves WHO prequalification" 3106:"Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria" 1358:, ICRAF is working together with a medical organization, 1292:, that can also produce the precursor, artemisinic acid. 623: 617: 602: 105: 99: 93: 84: 6098: 1975:"Artemisinin and a new generation of antimalarial drugs" 1508:

and, more specifically, may have been named after Queen

5251:

Talman AM, Clain J, Duval R, Ménard R, Ariey F (2019).

4538:"Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden" 3410:

Ouji M, Augereau JM, Paloque L, Benoit-Vical F (2018).

1094:

As of 2020 future resistance research will make use of

574: 4601:] (in Chinese) (3rd (revised) ed.). Beijing: 4156:"Report of the Artemisinin Enterprise Conference 2008" 3080:"Drug-resistant malaria can infect African mosquitoes" 2173:, "Artemisin, the Front-Line Compound against Malaria. 2170: 2014:"Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine" 1594:

The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments

1022:

in 2014. Emerging resistance was reported in southern

4720:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3207:"Call for 'radical action' on drug-resistant malaria" 2491:"Qinghaosu (artemisinin): chemistry and pharmacology" 2369:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

1904: 1902: 1900: 698:, which is much more efficient than using the plant. 626: 620: 614: 593: 108: 102: 96: 4100:"Investing in Global Health: Botanical Extracts Ltd" 2195: 2193: 2191: 1474:

Artemisinin is an antimalarial lactone derived from

985:

breaks the endoperoxide ring. This process produces

599: 81: 6352: 6096: 5992: 5964: 5938: 5902: 5855: 5846: 5791: 5751: 5730: 5707: 5663: 5654: 5620: 5594: 5541: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5466: 5448: 5423: 5407: 5396: 5385: 1504:. The genus name is derived from the Greek goddess 1201:, as well as routes better described as partial or 917:of artemisinin have been developed. Derivatives of 671:malaria as well as malaria due to other species of 608: 605: 509: 499: 489: 467: 454: 427: 422: 403: 371: 351: 331: 311: 291: 271: 246: 226: 165: 140: 128: 120: 90: 87: 69: 64: 973:. As the drug molecules come in contact with the 4809:"'America's Nobel' awarded to Chinese scientist" 1884:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015" 1309:120 and $ 1,200 per kilogram from 2005 to 2008. 1014:was reported in 2012, and in northern Cambodia, 667:(ACTs) are now standard treatment worldwide for 260: 5075:"Use of artesunate in non-malarial indications" 4844:Le WJ, You JQ, Mei JY, Wang GF, Xie RR (1981). 691:. A precursor compound can be produced using a 235: 1639:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award 1498:specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his 6071: 5350: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 3831:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 3466:Wicht KJ, Mok S, Fidock DA (September 2020). 1479: 8: 3468:"Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in 2122:Pelfrene E, Pinheiro MH, Cavaleri M (2015). 1921:Arsenault PR, Wobbe KK, Weathers PJ (2008). 1878: 1876: 1874: 867:and ASAQ is associated with liver toxicity. 39: 6354: 4765:"For Intrigue, Malaria Drug Gets the Prize" 4335:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2792:Tilley L, Straimer J, Gnädig NF, Ralph SA, 1674:New artemisinin-based combination therapies 1583: 1320:drug marketed as Artequick. In addition to 1077:resistance or, at the mitochondrion level, 7137:Commercialization of traditional medicines 6405:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) 6078: 6064: 6056: 5852: 5660: 5538: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5420: 5404: 5393: 5357: 5343: 5335: 3891:Organic Process Research & Development 1832: 1830: 990:active in the intraerythrocytic stages of 795:treatment with the artemisinin derivative 414: 391: 280: 56: 47: 5268: 5150: 5140: 5049: 5039: 4850:Yao Xue Xue Bao=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 4739: 4637:Katie Hunt and Shen Lu (6 October 2015). 4561: 4480: 4431: 4354: 4074: 4064: 3636: 3626: 3550: 3540: 3499: 3435: 3386: 3340:"Drugs immunity 'may' fail malaria fight" 3315: 3258: 3200: 3198: 3178: 3129: 3051: 2967: 2875: 2865: 2821: 2654: 2644: 2565: 2555: 2514: 2465: 2440:Woodrow CJ, Haynes RK, Krishna S (2005). 2147: 2037: 1946: 1862: 1130:can also contribute 5-carbon precursors ( 300: 210:)-Octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12 6103:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor 3764:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3694:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1777:National Medical Products Administration 1563:discovered artemisinin in the leaves of 1525: 1045:Two main mechanisms of resistance drive 701:Artemisinin and its derivatives are all 5222:Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria 3918:"Man Made: A History of Synthetic Life" 3799:China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 3669:The Total Synthesis of Natural Products 3228: 3226: 2408: 2406: 2007: 2005: 1826: 1710:that artemisinin was effective against 665:Artemisinin-based combination therapies 548: 528: 505:152 to 157 °C (306 to 315 °F) 387: 179: 6858:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 6244:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 4150: 4148: 3824: 2729:Unnikrishnan CH (September 21, 2007). 2089:. WHO. 19 January 2006. Archived from 2018:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1316:created a combination artemisinin and 1264:gives the resulting artemisinic acid. 405: 38: 2731:"Blow to Ranbaxy drug research plans" 1968: 1966: 1643:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1347:using molecular breeding techniques. 1301:extracted using a solvent, typically 1145:Figure 1. Biosynthesis of Artemisinin 687:(sweet wormwood) an herb employed in 661:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 360: 340: 7: 4218:. University of York. Archived from 2062:"Development of Novel Antimalarials" 778:artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine 153: 7122:Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings 5123:Shi C, Li H, Yang Y, Hou L (2015). 4831: 4329:Opiyo N, Yamey G, Garner P (2016). 4212:"Artemisinin combination therapies" 3492:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115546 3239:The New England Journal of Medicine 3110:The New England Journal of Medicine 3040:The New England Journal of Medicine 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2182: 1908: 1779:for a clinical trial as a drug for 1637:In 2011, Tu Youyou was awarded the 1607:Tu's team subsequently isolated an 1223:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 1126:(FDP). It is not clear whether the 320: 251: 27:Group of drugs used against malaria 4098:ole-MoiYoi K, Rodriguez W (2011). 1284:Wageningen University and Research 1227:University of California, Berkeley 1002:Clinical evidence for artemisinin 863:. The combination of the HIV drug 25: 5082:Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 4931:10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.07.010 2913:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.007 1213:Synthesis in engineered organisms 732:is explicitly discouraged by the 5293: 5001:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.001 3451: 3346:. April 23, 2011. Archived from 3005:10.2165/00003088-200847020-00002 2289:10.2165/00002018-200427010-00003 1611:. Results were published in the 1383:. The reaction is followed by a 1379:at UC Berkeley and optimized by 1331:After negotiation with the WHO, 589: 439: 74: 4989:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4599:Contemporary Chinese Dictionary 655:. It was discovered in 1972 by 556:Key:BLUAFEHZUWYNDE-NNWCWBAJSA-N 6410:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 5894:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin 4807:Weise E (September 12, 2011). 4347:10.1002/14651858.cd009926.pub2 4107:Global Health Delivery Project 3576:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2594:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1490:or sweet wormwood). In 1596, 774:dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine 445: 433: 214:-pyrano-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3 1: 7065:Receptor/signaling modulators 7023:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate 6873:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile 5458:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 4311:. Fierce Pharma Manufacturing 3476:Annual Review of Microbiology 3171:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60484-X 2848:, Manary MJ (November 2014). 2332:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90157-9 1590:traditional Chinese medicines 1122:(MVA) and the cyclization of 1010:. Resistance in neighbouring 981:of the red blood cells), the 845:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 7132:Traditional Chinese medicine 5856:Fixed-dose (co-formulated) 5094:10.1016/j.medmal.2018.01.004 4763:Neil DM (January 17, 2012). 4461:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4142:and literature cited therein 4066:10.1371/journal.pone.0014222 2446:Postgraduate Medical Journal 1781:systemic lupus erythematosus 1501:Compendium of Materia Medica 1431:smooth endoplasmic reticulum 1260:. A three-step oxidation of 689:Chinese traditional medicine 531:O=C3O4O1(OO42(CC1)(C)CC23C)C 6600:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 6359:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor 6087:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor 4586:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4383:Antibiotic and Chemotherapy 4307:Palmer E (19 August 2014). 3379:10.1136/bmj.332.7551.1176-b 2415:Metal Ions in Life Sciences 1927:Current Medicinal Chemistry 1162:in Basel starting from (−)- 1087:resistance). Resistance of 957:of the biologically active 843:people, the combination of 7158: 4966:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.025 4732:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0025 4554:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024 3205:Briggs M (July 30, 2014). 2495:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1989:Royal Society of Chemistry 1939:10.2174/092986708786242813 1519: 1494:recommended tea made from 1158:by Schmid and Hofheinz at 965:undergoes cleavage of its 895:. One case of significant 709:bridge. This endoperoxide 423:Chemical and physical data 31: 7097:Experimental cancer drugs 7056: 6016: 5738:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine 5226:World Health Organization 5129:Mediators of Inflammation 4457:"Etymologia: Artemisinin" 3628:10.3390/molecules22010117 3542:10.3390/molecules27206888 2993:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2867:10.1186/s13059-014-0544-6 2557:10.3390/molecules22020323 2381:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.547 1864:10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.011 1787:Polycystic ovary syndrome 1579: 1480: 1352:World Agroforestry Centre 1156:stereoselective synthesis 754:World Health Organization 734:World Health Organization 718:parasitic worm (helminth) 645:used in the treatment of 564: 539: 519: 170: 55: 46: 6983:Testosterone isocaproate 6898:Reverse triiodothyronine 5270:10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.005 4954:Pharmacological Research 4593: 4536:Miller LH, Su X (2011). 4424:10.1021/acsomega.0c05465 3428:10.1051/parasite/2018021 2814:10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.010 2646:10.1186/1475-2875-10-263 2458:10.1136/pgmj.2004.028399 2140:10.1093/inthealth/ihv017 1549:People's Liberation Army 1439:Glucuronosyltransferases 1360:Médecins Sans Frontières 1235:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 32:Not to be confused with 6375:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 6370:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 5889:artesunate/pyronaridine 5866:artemether/lumefantrine 5196:10.1126/science.adk5382 4689:Chinese Medical Journal 4281:Peplow M (April 2013). 3813:(inactive 2024-03-10). 1684:artesunate/pyronaridine 1614:Chinese Medical Journal 931:preclinical development 800:artemisinin derivative 762:artemether/lumefantrine 124:Artemisinine, qinghaosu 7107:Sesquiterpene lactones 5877:artesunate/amodiaquine 5224:(3 ed.). Geneva: 4473:10.3201/eid2007.ET2007 4247:. 2010. Archived from 4216:CNAP Artemisia Project 3860:10.1002/anie.201107446 2802:Trends in Parasitology 2763:10.1002/anie.201802015 2538:Aderibigbe BA (2017). 1980:Education in Chemistry 1755:Opisthorchis viverrini 1533: 1425:, which belong to the 1254:(CYP71AV1), both from 1146: 1128:non-mevalonate pathway 766:artesunate/amodiaquine 705:containing an unusual 703:sesquiterpene lactones 693:genetically engineered 659:, who shared the 2015 6114:6,7-Dimethylesculetin 5911:artesunate/mefloquine 5883:artesunate/mefloquine 5307:"Defeating the Curse" 5041:10.3390/medsci6010019 4796:on November 16, 2006. 4287:Chemistryworld Online 3811:10.4268/cjcmm20142423 3733:10.1055/s-2007-969543 3470:Plasmodium falciparum 3251:10.1056/NEJMoa1314981 3122:10.1056/NEJMoa0808859 2940:Nature Communications 2093:on November 16, 2006. 1725:Schistosoma japonicum 1596:written in 340 CE by 1547:", was set up by the 1529: 1510:Artemisia II of Caria 1429:group present in the 1337:Guilin Pharmaceutical 1289:Nicotiana benthamiana 1282:In 2010, a team from 1245:amorphadiene synthase 1144: 1098:to discover relevant 977:(associated with the 806:rectal administration 787:, the WHO recommends 770:artesunate/mefloquine 758:uncomplicated malaria 742:Combination therapies 652:Plasmodium falciparum 6701:Hypericum perforatum 6690:Hetacillin potassium 5923:quinine/tetracycline 5595:4-Methanolquinolines 5370:antiprotozoal agents 5302:at Wikimedia Commons 4662:Hao C (2011-09-29). 4603:The Commercial Press 4591:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 3053:10.1056/NEJMc0805011 2507:10.1038/aps.2012.104 2128:International Health 2030:10.1038/clpt.2012.96 1663:lymphatic filariasis 1312:The Chinese company 1296:Production and price 1207:biomimetic synthesis 1124:farnesyl diphosphate 495:1.24 ± 0.1 g/cm 7117:Oxygen heterocycles 7092:Chinese discoveries 7087:Antimalarial agents 6530:Cyproterone acetate 6430:Amlodipine besylate 5920:quinine/doxycycline 5917:quinine/clindamycin 5905:(not co-formulated) 5188:2024Sci...384k5382L 5142:10.1155/2015/435713 4496:Jianfang Z (2006). 4057:2010PLoSO...514222V 3969:10.1038/nature04640 3961:2006Natur.440..940R 3706:10.1021/ja00341a054 3361:Rehwagen C (2006). 3308:10.1038/nature12876 3300:2014Natur.505...50A 3078:(20 October 2015). 2960:10.1038/ncomms10111 2952:2015NatCo...610111W 2700:10.1038/nature02779 2692:2004Natur.430..900V 2068:. September 6, 2010 1855:2019Engin...5...32W 1743:Clonorchis sinensis 1647:William C. Campbell 1039:return of parasites 949:Mechanism of action 859:is associated with 663:for her discovery. 43: 7142:Chinese inventions 7003:Thonzonium bromide 6758:Methylprednisolone 6559:prasterone sulfate 6043:Never to phase III 5903:Other combinations 5783:dihydroartemisinin 5565:hydroxychloroquine 5182:(6701): eadk5382. 4588:, ed. (Nov 1999). 4502:. Strategic Book. 4193:. January 25, 2014 2796:(September 2016). 2171:Talman et al. 2019 1886:. Nobel Foundation 1771:Autoimmune disease 1714:, the human blood 1555:at the request of 1534: 1411:dihydroartemisinin 1345:University of York 1262:amorpha-4,11-diene 1199:2-cyclohexen-1-one 1150:Chemical synthesis 1147: 1120:mevalonate pathway 959:dihydroartemisinin 941:showed promise in 919:dihydroartemisinin 897:liver inflammation 7127:ATPase inhibitors 7102:Organic peroxides 7074: 7073: 6708:Indinavir sulfate 6415:Alpha-Lipoic acid 6390:Δ-Androstenedione 6380:Δ-Androstenedione 6053: 6052: 5988: 5987: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5842: 5841: 5747: 5746: 5650: 5649: 5499: 5498: 5425:Cryptosporidiosis 5298:Media related to 5235:978-92-4-154912-7 4509:978-1-62212-164-9 4392:978-0-7020-4064-1 3903:10.1021/op4003196 3848:Angewandte Chemie 3805:(24): 4816–4821. 3776:10.1021/ja3061479 3678:978-0-470-12962-3 3588:10.1021/jm030571c 3582:(12): 2945–2964. 2757:(27): 8293–8296. 2751:Angewandte Chemie 2606:10.1021/jm980529v 2262:, pp. 55–56. 2238:, pp. 50–51. 2226:, pp. 49–50. 2214:, pp. 78–79. 1801:Artemisia (genus) 1749:Fasciola hepatica 1586: 1459:therapeutic index 1322:clinical research 1241:synthetic biology 1160:Hoffmann-La Roche 1100:molecular markers 893:allergic reaction 837:neonatal jaundice 819:Contraindications 677:. Artemisinin is 582: 581: 480:Interactive image 373:CompTox Dashboard 16:(Redirected from 7149: 6993:Thiamylal sodium 6728:γ-linolenic acid 6724:α-Linolenic acid 6722:Linolenic acid: 6713:Lasalocid sodium 6703:(St John's wort) 6595:Docusate calcium 6525:Cyclophosphamide 6400:Allopregnanediol 6385:Δ-Androstenediol 6360: 6356: 6314:Ethinylestradiol 6164:Cyclophosphamide 6104: 6100: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6057: 5853: 5661: 5539: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5421: 5405: 5394: 5376:antiparasitics ( 5359: 5352: 5345: 5336: 5331: 5330:. 11 March 2019. 5317: 5297: 5282: 5272: 5257:Trends Parasitol 5247: 5208: 5207: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5144: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5079: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5043: 5028:Medical Sciences 5019: 5013: 5012: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4895:. Archived from 4872: 4866: 4865: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4605:. p. 1204. 4582: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4533: 4514: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4435: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4161:. Archived from 4160: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4138:10.1039/b922001a 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4068: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4016:Pantjushenko E. 4013: 4007: 4006: 4001:Pantjushenko E. 3998: 3989: 3988: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3630: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3350:on 4 March 2016. 3344:The Jakarta Post 3336: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3165:(9830): 1960–6. 3150: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3031: 3025: 3024: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2869: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2648: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2569: 2559: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2151: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2111:. July 29, 2024. 2109:Voice of America 2101: 2095: 2094: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1973:Brown G (2006). 1970: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1918: 1912: 1911:, pp. 9–11. 1906: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1880: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1834: 1653:for discovering 1587: 1584: 1581: 1557:North Vietnamese 1483: 1482: 1441:, in particular 1193:)-(+)-pulegone, 1180:photooxygenation 1111:Biosynthesis in 969:ring inside the 885:loss of appetite 855:treatments, and 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 578: 577: 570: 482: 462: 447: 441: 435: 418: 407: 396: 395: 381: 379: 364: 344: 324: 304: 284: 264: 254: 253: 239: 157: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 60: 51: 44: 42: 21: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7052: 6953:Suberoylanilide 6670:Fluorometholone 6565:Dibunate sodium 6445:Aurothioglucose 6358: 6348: 6284:3,17β-Estradiol 6102: 6092: 6084: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6033:Clinical trials 6012: 5995: 5984: 5967: 5952: 5926: 5904: 5898: 5848: 5838: 5787: 5754: 5743: 5726: 5703: 5665:DHFR inhibitors 5646: 5616: 5590: 5543:Aminoquinolines 5533: 5523: 5495: 5462: 5444: 5412: 5399: 5388: 5381: 5363: 5320: 5305: 5290: 5285: 5250: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5214:Further reading 5211: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5021: 5020: 5016: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4925:(2–3): 153–67. 4916: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4881:Yao Xue Xue Bao 4874: 4873: 4869: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4613: 4595: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4535: 4534: 4517: 4510: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4341:(3): CD009926. 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4126:Green Chemistry 4119: 4118: 4114: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3955:(7086): 940–3. 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3916:Ball P (2016). 3915: 3914: 3910: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3823: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3770:(33): 13577–9. 3761: 3760: 3756: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3046:(24): 2619–20. 3033: 3032: 3028: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2686:(7002): 900–4. 2677: 2676: 2672: 2633:Malaria Journal 2626: 2625: 2621: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1933:(27): 2886–96. 1920: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1797: 1789: 1773: 1764: 1708:schistosomiasis 1700: 1680:clinical trials 1676: 1671: 1659:river blindness 1565:Artemisia annua 1537:Artemisia annua 1531:Artemisia annua 1524: 1518: 1487:Artemisia annua 1472: 1467: 1435:glucuronidation 1427:cytochrome P450 1407: 1298: 1257:Artemisia annua 1249:cytochrome P450 1215: 1152: 1116: 1113:Artemisia annua 1108: 1096:transgenic mice 1004:drug resistance 1000: 951: 910: 873: 871:Adverse effects 835:and can worsen 821: 750: 726:pharmacokinetic 722:bioavailability 684:Artemisia annua 681:from the plant 641:are a group of 592: 588: 573: 571: 568:(what is this?) 565: 560: 557: 552: 547: 546: 535: 532: 527: 526: 485: 460: 450: 444: 438: 399: 375: 367: 347: 327: 307: 287: 267: 250: 242: 222: 219: 178: 177: 161: 131: 77: 73: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018:Troleandomycin 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6938:Spironolactone 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6808:Norelgestromin 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:Flucloxacillin 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:Corticosterone 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:Chlorpromazine 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:17-Androstanol 6301: 6299:3β-Androstanol 6296: 6294:3α-Androstenol 6291: 6289:3α-Androstanol 6286: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Chlorpromazine 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004:Blastocystosis 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5732: 5731:Co-formulation 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5692:chlorproguanil 5681: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5402: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5374:Chromalveolata 5366:Antiparasitics 5364: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5303: 5289: 5288:External links 5286: 5284: 5283: 5263:(12): 953–63. 5248: 5234: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5166: 5115: 5065: 5014: 4995:(1): 126–139. 4979: 4944: 4909: 4867: 4836: 4824: 4799: 4781: 4769:New York Times 4755: 4706: 4679: 4654: 4629: 4611: 4577: 4515: 4508: 4488: 4447: 4418:(1): 889–899. 4398: 4391: 4370: 4321: 4299: 4273: 4261: 4232: 4203: 4178: 4144: 4124:methodology". 4112: 4090: 4051:(12): e14222. 4031: 4008: 3990: 3939: 3908: 3881: 3838: 3789: 3754: 3711: 3684: 3677: 3652: 3601: 3566: 3515: 3484:Annual Reviews 3458: 3402: 3373:(7551): 1176. 3353: 3331: 3294:(7481): 50–5. 3274: 3222: 3194: 3145: 3096: 3067: 3026: 2983: 2926: 2891: 2854:Genome Biology 2837: 2808:(9): 682–696. 2784: 2740: 2721: 2670: 2619: 2581: 2530: 2481: 2442:"Artemisinins" 2432: 2402: 2359: 2345: 2310: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2114: 2096: 2078: 2053: 2001: 1962: 1913: 1896: 1870: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1737:S. haematobium 1699: 1696: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1406: 1403: 1297: 1294: 1214: 1211: 1176:singlet oxygen 1151: 1148: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1042:artemisinins. 999: 996: 983:iron(II) oxide 950: 947: 923:artelinic acid 909: 906: 872: 869: 853:antiretroviral 820: 817: 785:severe malaria 749: 746: 711:1,2,4-trioxane 580: 579: 562: 561: 559: 558: 555: 553: 550: 542: 541: 540: 537: 536: 534: 533: 530: 522: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 487: 486: 484: 483: 475: 473: 465: 464: 458: 452: 451: 448: 442: 436: 431: 425: 424: 420: 419: 409: 401: 400: 398: 397: 384: 382: 369: 368: 366: 365: 357: 355: 349: 348: 346: 345: 337: 335: 329: 328: 326: 325: 317: 315: 309: 308: 306: 305: 297: 295: 289: 288: 286: 285: 277: 275: 269: 268: 266: 265: 257: 255: 244: 243: 241: 240: 232: 230: 224: 223: 221: 220: 181: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 146: 144: 138: 137: 134: 132:administration 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7154: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Sulfisoxazole 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833:Phenobarbital 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6718:Levothyroxine 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Guggulsterone 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Dicloxacillin 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:Dexamethasone 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475:Cephaloridine 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274:Valproic acid 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Phenobarbital 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134:Carbamazepine 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6008:metronidazole 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5981: 5977: 5976:Balantidiasis 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5914:artesunate/SP 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5753:Sesquiterpene 5750: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:pyrimethamine 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:pyrimethamine 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5468:Toxoplasmosis 5465: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5415:Coccidiostats 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088:(4): 238–49. 5087: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4899:on 2019-08-28 4898: 4894: 4890: 4887:(3): 187–93. 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4834:, p. 94. 4833: 4828: 4825: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726:(2): 231–41. 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4695:(12): 811–6. 4694: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4612:7-100-01777-7 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4251:on 2016-10-22 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4222:on 2012-10-05 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4192: 4191:The Economist 4188: 4182: 4179: 4168:on 2014-06-17 4164: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4132:(2): 241–51. 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3927: 3923: 3922:Distillations 3919: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3897:(3): 417–22. 3896: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3854:(7): 1706–9. 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Planta Medica 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245:(5): 411–23. 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116:(5): 455–67. 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999:(2): 91–102. 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:(9): 1141–6. 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489:Li Y (2012). 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452:(952): 71–8. 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375:(4): 547–55. 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2250:, p. 52. 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2202:, p. 72. 2201: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185:, p. 34. 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:(4): 239–46. 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1816:Pharmacognosy 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:anthelmintics 1698:Helminthiasis 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:Satoshi Ōmura 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1477: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1385:photochemical 1382: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1252:monooxygenase 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1203:semisyntheses 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1089:P. falciparum 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075:pyrimethamine 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 992:P. falciparum 988: 987:free radicals 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 946: 944: 940: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 907: 905: 903: 902:P. falciparum 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 816: 814: 809: 807: 803: 798: 794: 793:intramuscular 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 745: 743: 740:to the drug. 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 694: 690: 686: 685: 680: 676: 675: 670: 669:P. falciparum 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 640: 637: 636:semisynthetic 631: 586: 576: 569: 563: 554: 549: 545: 538: 529: 525: 518: 514: 512: 511:Boiling point 508: 504: 502: 501:Melting point 498: 494: 492: 488: 481: 477: 476: 474: 471: 466: 459: 457: 453: 432: 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 410: 408: 406:ECHA InfoCard 402: 394: 390: 389:DTXSID2040652 386: 385: 383: 374: 370: 363: 359: 358: 356: 354: 350: 343: 339: 338: 336: 334: 330: 323: 319: 318: 316: 314: 310: 303: 299: 298: 296: 294: 290: 283: 279: 278: 276: 274: 270: 263: 259: 258: 256: 249: 245: 238: 234: 233: 231: 229: 225: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 169: 164: 156: 151: 148: 147: 145: 143: 139: 135: 133: 127: 123: 119: 113: 72: 70:Pronunciation 68: 65:Clinical data 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 35: 30: 19: 7063: 7043:Ketoconazole 7040:Antagonists: 7039: 7013:Troglitazone 6988:Tetracycline 6943:Spiroxatrine 6888:Quingestrone 6883:Progesterone 6868:Pregnenolone 6863:Pregnanolone 6853:Pregnanediol 6848:Prednisolone 6773:Mifepristone 6700: 6675:Griseofulvin 6655:Fenbendazole 6640:Famprofazone 6635:Erythromycin 6630:Epothilone B 6615:Eburnamonine 6510:Clotrimazole 6500:Clofenvinfos 6439: 6435:Antimycotics 6366: 6329:Okadaic acid 6281:Antagonists: 6280: 6269:Troglitazone 6204:Mifepristone 6199:Methoxychlor 6194:Griseofulvin 6189:Ellagic acid 6169:Cypermethrin 6159:Clotrimazole 6123: 6110: 5980:tetracycline 5873:/piperaquine 5857: 5829:pyronaridine 5809:tetracycline 5767: 5709:Sulfonamides 5684: 5642:halofantrine 5633:+ artemether 5628:lumefantrine 5505:Aconoidasida 5481:sulfadiazine 5450:Isosporiasis 5439:nitazoxanide 5432: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5260: 5256: 5221: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5031: 5027: 5017: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4922: 4919:Acta Tropica 4918: 4912: 4901:. Retrieved 4897:the original 4884: 4880: 4870: 4856:(8): 561–3. 4853: 4849: 4839: 4827: 4816:. Retrieved 4812: 4802: 4794:the original 4784: 4772:. Retrieved 4768: 4758: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4671:. Retrieved 4667: 4657: 4646:. Retrieved 4642: 4632: 4624: 4598: 4590: 4580: 4548:(6): 855–8. 4545: 4541: 4498: 4491: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4382: 4373: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4313:. Retrieved 4302: 4291:. Retrieved 4286: 4276: 4264: 4253:. Retrieved 4249:the original 4244: 4235: 4224:. Retrieved 4220:the original 4215: 4206: 4195:. Retrieved 4190: 4181: 4170:. Retrieved 4163:the original 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4093: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4011: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3930:. Retrieved 3925: 3921: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3827:cite journal 3802: 3798: 3792: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3727:(5): 441–2. 3724: 3720: 3714: 3700:(3): 624–5. 3697: 3693: 3687: 3668: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3535:(20): 6888. 3532: 3528: 3518: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3348:the original 3343: 3334: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3242: 3238: 3214:. Retrieved 3210: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3087:. Retrieved 3083: 3070: 3043: 3039: 3029: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2904: 2901:Acta Tropica 2900: 2894: 2857: 2853: 2840: 2805: 2801: 2787: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2735:livemint.com 2734: 2724: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2600:(2): 300–4. 2597: 2593: 2584: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2418: 2414: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2348: 2326:(2): 182–3. 2323: 2319: 2313: 2283:(1): 25–61. 2280: 2276: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2178: 2166: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2091:the original 2081: 2070:. Retrieved 2066:MalariaWorld 2065: 2056: 2024:(4): 414–7. 2021: 2017: 1993:. Retrieved 1984: 1978: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1888:. Retrieved 1846: 1842: 1790: 1774: 1765: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1722:, including 1712:schistosomes 1701: 1677: 1636: 1632: 1628:pyronaridine 1620:lumefantrine 1612: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1455:glucuronides 1408: 1399: 1389: 1377:Jay Keasling 1368: 1363: 1349: 1340: 1330: 1311: 1299: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1255: 1233: 1231: 1216: 1190: 1188: 1184:ene reaction 1167: 1153: 1117: 1112: 1093: 1088: 1080:cytochrome b 1078: 1066: 1062: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1018:and eastern 1001: 991: 971:erythrocytes 967:endoperoxide 952: 942: 935: 911: 901: 874: 851:-containing 841:HIV-positive 822: 810: 782: 751: 715: 700: 682: 672: 668: 650: 584: 583: 572: 566: 362:ChEMBL567597 342:CHEBI:223316 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 29: 18:Artemisinins 7028:Zafirlukast 6998:Thiothixene 6978:Terconazole 6928:Simvastatin 6803:Nisoldipine 6798:Nilvadipine 6783:Nicardipine 6753:Metacycline 6580:Dimercaprol 6535:Demecolcine 6495:Clindamycin 6490:Ciglitazone 6440:Artemisinin 6420:Ambrisentan 6324:Nigramide J 6259:Telmisartan 6219:Nicardipine 6129:Benfuracarb 6124:Artemisinin 6029:from market 5948:clindamycin 5834:piperaquine 5819:clindamycin 5814:doxycycline 5803:+ proguanil 5768:artemisinin 5717:sulfadoxine 5678:cycloguanil 5656:Antifolates 5586:tafenoquine 5560:chloroquine 5555:amodiaquine 5522:Individual 5486:clindamycin 5434:thiazolides 5409:Conoidasida 5311:BBC Horizon 5300:Artemisinin 4467:(7): 1217. 4187:"Cure all?" 3486:: 431–454. 2860:(11): 544. 2846:Winzeler EA 2277:Drug Safety 1849:(1): 32–9. 1843:Engineering 1692:piperaquine 1624:piperaquine 1545:Project 523 1539:– a common 1522:Project 523 1318:piperaquine 1197:, and even 1195:isomenthene 1178:-utilizing 1172:citronellal 1071:sulfadoxine 1055:chloroquine 915:derivatives 900:with acute 861:neutropenia 825:clindamycin 789:intravenous 748:Medical use 730:monotherapy 639:derivatives 585:Artemisinin 463: g·mol 412:100.110.458 166:Identifiers 121:Other names 41:Artemisinin 7081:Categories 7008:Tianeptine 6973:Tenylidone 6968:Tacrolimus 6913:Rimexolone 6903:Rifampicin 6843:Plicamycin 6828:Paclitaxel 6813:Omeprazole 6793:Nifedipine 6768:Mevastatin 6763:Metyrapone 6743:Lovastatin 6738:Loratadine 6695:Hyperforin 6685:Haloprogin 6650:Felodipine 6625:Enzacamene 6605:Dronabinol 6570:Diclazuril 6549:prasterone 6505:Chloroxine 6480:Cephradine 6450:Bile acids 6264:Tolnaftate 6229:Permethrin 6214:Nevirapine 6209:Nefazodone 6178:prasterone 6139:Carvedilol 6119:Amiodarone 6090:modulators 5940:Babesiosis 5871:arterolane 5799:atovaquone 5778:artesunate 5763:artemether 5686:biguanides 5602:mefloquine 5576:primaquine 5534:inhibitors 5491:atovaquone 5135:: 435713. 4960:: 77–100. 4903:2017-04-30 4818:2011-09-12 4673:2014-01-07 4648:2021-10-22 4315:2014-09-14 4293:2013-04-19 4255:2016-10-22 4226:2011-07-12 4197:2016-10-22 4172:2011-07-12 4024:8 February 3928:(1): 15–23 3621:(1): 117. 3216:2013-07-30 3089:20 October 2639:(1): 263. 2550:(2): 323. 2072:2016-10-22 1995:2018-03-09 1890:2020-10-12 1822:References 1731:S. mansoni 1720:trematodes 1688:arterolane 1655:avermectin 1553:Mao Zedong 1492:Li Shizhen 1405:Metabolism 1356:Mozambique 1164:isopulegol 1085:atovaquone 1059:mefloquine 1047:Plasmodium 998:Resistance 979:hemoglobin 963:metabolite 849:zidovudine 802:artemether 797:artesunate 738:resistance 674:Plasmodium 634:) and its 515:decomposes 468:3D model ( 456:Molar mass 302:9RMU91N5K2 273:ChemSpider 237:63968-64-9 228:CAS Number 175:IUPAC name 7112:Trioxanes 6933:Sirolimus 6923:Ritonavir 6918:Riodipine 6908:Rifaximin 6893:Reserpine 6878:Proadifen 6823:Oxatomide 6778:Nafcillin 6748:Meclizine 6610:Droxidopa 6590:Docetaxel 6515:Colforsin 6465:Bumecaine 6455:Bithionol 6367:Agonists: 6344:T-0901317 6319:Meclizine 6249:Reserpine 6239:Phenytoin 6224:Octicizer 6184:Efavirenz 6111:Agonists: 6039:Phase III 6027:Withdrawn 5824:mepacrine 5773:artemotil 5722:sulfalene 5697:proguanil 5612:quinidine 5581:pamaquine 5244:908628497 5034:(1): 19. 4813:USA Today 4412:ACS Omega 4122:ab initio 3615:Molecules 3529:Molecules 3076:Morelle R 2946:: 10111. 2794:Fidock DA 2590:Posner GH 2544:Molecules 2421:: 17–48. 1806:Artemisin 1572:qinghaosu 1561:Tu Youyou 1516:Discovery 1470:Etymology 1453:as minor 1341:Artemisia 1314:Artepharm 1106:Synthesis 939:RBx-11160 927:artemotil 908:Chemistry 889:dizziness 865:efavirenz 833:bilirubin 813:half-life 679:extracted 657:Tu Youyou 130:Routes of 34:Artemisin 7060:See also 6948:SR-12813 6838:Piperine 6818:Orlistat 6788:Nicotine 6660:Fentanyl 6645:Febantel 6620:Ecopipam 6585:Dinaline 6470:Cafestol 6460:Bosentan 6334:PK-11195 5994:Stramen- 5755:lactones 5532:Hemozoin 5279:31699532 5228:. 2015. 5204:38870290 5161:25960615 5110:46753659 5102:29422423 5060:29495461 5009:24316259 4974:29727708 4939:16112072 4832:WHO 2015 4774:20 April 4750:22855752 4621:41467509 4572:21907397 4442:33458540 4379:White NJ 4365:26954551 4085:21151979 4045:PLOS ONE 3977:16612385 3932:20 March 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