576:, Italy. He inspired action by his colleagues on the DarkSide-20k Dark Matter physics experiment after recognizing the similarities between the requirements of a ventilator and those of particle physics experiments. McDonald led the Canadian team with members from TRIUMF laboratory, CNL Chalk River, SNOLAB and the McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute after strong positive response from the Directors of these institutions. The design, called the Mechanical Ventilator Milano, is based on the Manley ventilator but uses modern electronics wherever possible. The details, first published on March 23 by about 150 collaborators, were released under the
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suggested the advantages of using heavy water as a detector for solar neutrinos. Unlike previous detectors, using heavy water would make the detector sensitive to two reactions, one reaction sensitive to all neutrino flavours, the other sensitive to only the electron neutrino. Thus, such a detector
555:
The Arthur B. McDonald
Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute was inaugurally named the Canadian Particle Astrophysics Research Centre before renaming itself the Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute in May 2018, in recognition of Dr. Arthur B. McDonald's
491:
have repeatedly seen fewer than the expected number of neutrinos. Because neutrinos come in three varieties (electron, muon, and tau neutrinos), and because solar neutrino detectors have been primarily sensitive only to electron neutrinos, the preferred explanation over the years is that those
542:
Professor McDonald is now participating in research with the SNO+ and DEAP-3600 experiments at SNOLAB, an expanded underground laboratory at the original SNO underground site and with the DarkSide-20k collaboration developing an experiment at the underground laboratory near
463:
516:(SNO) collaboration to exploit this idea in 1984. SNO was to be a detector facility using 1000 tonnes of heavy water located 6,800 feet (2,100 m) underground in a mine outside Sudbury, Ontario. Chen died of leukemia in November 1987, however.
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523:, led by McDonald since 1989, reported observations that directly suggested electron neutrinos from the Sun were oscillating into muon and tau neutrinos. McDonald is a co-recipient of the 2007
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could measure neutrino oscillations directly. Chen, Professor George Ewan, Professor David
Sinclair, McDonald, and 12 other scientists formed the original
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Galbiati, C.; Abba, A.; Agnes, P.; Amaudruz, P.; Arba, M.; Ardellier-Desages, F.; Badia, C.; Batignani, G.; Bellani, G.; Bianchi, G.; Bishop, D. (2021).
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who anticipated an initial order of 30,000 to
Canadian hospitals from several suppliers. An order has been placed for 10,000 units with Vexos, Markham.
369:. McDonald cited a high school math teacher and his first-year physics professor at Dalhousie as his inspirations for going into the field of physics.
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at low cost. McDonald has stated that the project was initiated by
Princeton Professor Cristiano Galbiati who was locked down in
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have mass. Since the late 1960s, experiments have hinted that neutrinos may have mass. Theoretical models of the
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and the ensuing shortages, McDonald became one of the leaders of a project to mass-produce mechanical
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Chen, Herbert H. (September 1985). "Direct
Approach to Resolve the Solar-Neutrino Problem".
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1153:"U. physicist, colleagues develop ventilator prototype amidst national equipment shortage"
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1242:"Nobel Prize winner helping create simple ventilator for mass production in Canada"
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predict that neutrinos should be made in large numbers. Neutrino detectors on the
419:. He continues to be active in basic research in Neutrinos and Dark Matter at the
259:
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The
Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston
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Excitation energies and decay properties of T = 3/2 states in O, F and Na.
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and held the Gordon and
Patricia Gray Chair in Particle Astrophysics at
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1208:
1966:
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223:
551:
Arthur B. McDonald
Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute
1453:
National
Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected
1191:
556:
trailblazing work making Canada a leader in astroparticle physics.
1175:"The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic"
1054:"Neutrino Nobel winner Art McDonald nabs second big physics prize"
573:
488:
423:
underground
Laboratory and was a past member of the board of the
1798:
1131:"Nobel laureate leads push for simple made-in-Canada ventilator"
431:
397:
4119:
3853:
2342:
1529:
1020:"Early Development of the Underground SNO Laboratory in Canada"
484:
763:
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
4605:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
4545:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
759:"Past Winner 2003 NSERC Award of Excellence McDonald"
645:
2010, Canada Council Killam Prize in Natural Sciences
580:. The project received the support of Prime Minister
385:
from 1969 to 1982. He became professor of physics at
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3147:
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2004:
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in Fundamental Physics (with the SNO Collaboration)
254:
240:
222:
201:
191:
141:
130:
103:
74:
32:
4550:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
725:
479:Physicists have been investigating whether or not
398:European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
377:Art McDonald worked as a research officer at the
4515:Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
599:1998, Canada Council Killam Research Fellowship
1456:, News from the National Academy of Sciences,
875:
873:
4131:
3865:
2354:
1541:
641:Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame
389:from 1982 to 1989, leaving Princeton to join
333:Art McDonald was born on August 29, 1943, in
8:
1505:Arthur B. McDonald and Oscillating Neutrinos
539:and demonstrating that neutrinos have mass.
475:McDonald presenting himself and his research
393:where he was a professor from 1989 to 2013.
931:. Perimeter Institute. 2012. Archived from
664:2015, Nobel Prize in Physics (jointly with
425:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
317:from 2006 to 2013. He was awarded the 2015
301:P.Eng (born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian
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820:
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307:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration
63:
29:
4500:California Institute of Technology alumni
1933:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
1260:
1258:
1216:
1190:
533:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
396:McDonald was a visiting scientist at the
173:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
4535:Fellows of the American Physical Society
461:
1510:Arthur B. McDonald Quotes With Pictures
853:"Queen's professor awarded Nobel Prize"
717:
4540:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
740: ed.). A & C Black.
4575:Canadian fellows of the Royal Society
898:
896:
7:
1266:"Search Results: Arthur B. McDonald"
851:Gibson, Victoria (October 8, 2015).
832:. The Franklin Institute. 2014-01-15
780:
778:
69:McDonald in Stockholm, December 2015
4560:Members of the Order of Nova Scotia
1018:Ewan, G.T.; Davidson, W.F. (2005).
904:"Interview with Arthur B. McDonald"
3959:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
1402:"229781 Arthurmcdonald (2008 PS1)"
604:Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal
509:University of California at Irvine
367:California Institute of Technology
305:. McDonald is the director of the
119:California Institute of Technology
25:
4570:Companions of the Order of Canada
1355:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"
954:"Arthur B. McDonald Biographical"
881:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"
634:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
503:In 1984, McDonald's collaborator
4595:21st-century Canadian scientists
4590:20th-century Canadian scientists
689:in 2008, was named in his honor.
673:Companion of the Order of Canada
613:in Particle Physics, JINR, Dubna
564:In the spring of 2020, amid the
379:Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
321:jointly with Japanese physicist
4555:Members of the Order of Ontario
4505:People from Sydney, Nova Scotia
1052:Spears, Tom (9 November 2015).
699:2016, Foreign Associate of the
430:His visiting positions include
4036:(United Kingdom/United States)
1373:"Order of Canada Appointments"
727:"McDonald, Prof. Arthur Bruce"
440:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1460:, May 3, 2016, archived from
1129:Semeniuk, Ivan (2020-03-29).
535:in 2016 for the discovery of
4510:Princeton University faculty
1841:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
1458:National Academy of Sciences
1083:Knox, Melinda (2020-04-07).
745:UK public library membership
701:National Academy of Sciences
521:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
514:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
500:, then it must have a mass.
365:in physics in 1969 from the
4600:People associated with CERN
4585:Scientists from Nova Scotia
4530:Dalhousie University alumni
1765:Supernova Cosmology Project
1326:"Henry Marshall Tory Medal"
1305:"Arthur McDonald biography"
1240:Cousins, Ben (2020-04-07).
1085:"Easy=to-build ventilators"
997:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1534
606:for Science and Engineering
588:Selected honours and awards
496:, according to the laws of
4621:
4565:Nobel laureates in Physics
1381:Governor General of Canada
1291:"Order of Canada citation"
1151:Shen, Allan (2020-04-07).
636:of the UK and Commonwealth
578:CERN Open Hardware Licence
407:In 2013 McDonald became a
4043:
736:. Vol. 2015 (online
654:Henry Marshall Tory Medal
595:American Physical Society
250:
184:
157:Henry Marshall Tory Medal
62:
4525:Canadian Nobel laureates
4520:Canadian astrophysicists
4469:William, Prince of Wales
1155:. The Daily Princetonian
436:University of Washington
353:in physics in 1965 from
4580:Scientists from Ontario
4005:(Ireland/United States)
3901:(Sweden/United Kingdom)
2259:Shankar Balasubramanian
1995:Alexander Zamolodchikov
1927:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
1330:Royal Society of Canada
977:Physical Review Letters
786:"CV Arthur B. McDonald"
738:Oxford University Press
650:Royal Society of Canada
624:Benjamin Franklin Medal
525:Benjamin Franklin Medal
361:. He then obtained his
149:Benjamin Franklin Medal
27:Canadian astrophysicist
4049:Nobel Prize recipients
3995:Physiology or Medicine
3913:(Turkey/United States)
2374:Nobel Prize in Physics
2273:Clifford P. Brangwynne
2106:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1483:"Order of Nova Scotia"
611:Bruno Pontecorvo Prize
529:Nobel Prize in Physics
476:
341:. He graduated with a
319:Nobel Prize in Physics
165:Nobel Prize in Physics
136:solar neutrino problem
1777:High-Z Supernova Team
1427:"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"
1110:Department of Physics
679:229781 Arthurmcdonald
616:2006, Officer of the
537:neutrino oscillations
527:in Physics, the 2015
474:
277:Arthur Bruce McDonald
79:Arthur Bruce McDonald
18:Arthur Bruce McDonald
2216:Virginia Man-Yee Lee
2080:Alexander Varshavsky
1899:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1797:and contributors to
1133:. The Globe and Mail
1106:"Cristiano Galbiati"
929:"Board of Directors"
826:"Arthur B. McDonald"
707:Order of Nova Scotia
705:2016, Member of the
687:Vallemare di Borbona
658:2012, Member of the
593:1983, Fellow of the
519:In August 2001, the
448:University of Oxford
444:University of Hawaii
387:Princeton University
355:Dalhousie University
209:Princeton University
111:Dalhousie University
4351:Henning Sirringhaus
4003:William C. Campbell
3935:Svetlana Alexievich
2200:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2090:Charles David Allis
1775:and members of the
1763:and members of the
1431:Minor Planet Center
1406:Minor Planet Center
1201:2021PhFl...33c7122A
1064:on 14 November 2015
989:1985PhRvL..55.1534C
910:on 17 November 2007
671:2015, Promotion to
494:neutrino oscillates
96:Sydney, Nova Scotia
4453:Steven D. Tanksley
4329:Richard Passingham
4312:Arthur B. McDonald
4265:Christopher Hunter
3984:Arthur B. McDonald
2293:Masashi Yanagisawa
2204:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2134:Stephen J. Elledge
2086:Alim Louis Benabid
1973:Charles H. Bennett
1923:Daniel Z. Freedman
1873:Charles L. Bennett
1837:Arthur B. McDonald
1825:KĹŤichirĹŤ Nishikawa
1755:John Henry Schwarz
1745:Alexander Polyakov
1723:Michel Della Negra
1642:Daniel A. Spielman
1557:Breakthrough Prize
1517:on Nobelprize.org
1515:Arthur B. McDonald
1359:www.nobelprize.org
1033:: 339–346, 347–350
694:Breakthrough Prize
477:
452:Queen's University
413:Queen's University
409:professor emeritus
391:Queen's University
311:Queen's University
268:/arthur-b-mcdonald
214:Queen's University
34:Arthur B. McDonald
4477:
4476:
4433:Roger D. Kornberg
4423:H. Robert Horvitz
4380:Jonathan Tennyson
4289:Dimitris Kioussis
4113:
4112:
4026:Economic Sciences
3847:
3846:
2336:
2335:
2315:Fredrick Van Goor
2208:Arthur L. Horwich
2182:Adrian R. Krainer
2076:Richard P. Lifton
2034:Napoleone Ferrara
2014:Cornelia Bargmann
1863:Andrew Strominger
1859:Joseph Polchinski
1669:Nima Arkani-Hamed
1618:Vincent Lafforgue
1608:Christopher Hacon
1209:10.1063/5.0044445
1179:Physics of Fluids
1087:. Queen's Gazette
1027:Physics in Canada
983:(14): 1534–1536.
743:(Subscription or
566:COVID-19 pandemic
560:Humanitarian work
498:quantum mechanics
472:
315:Kingston, Ontario
274:
273:
246:Charles A. Barnes
186:Scientific career
123:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4612:
4374:Jesper Svejstrup
4357:Maurice Skolnick
4283:Jonathan Keating
4271:Graham Hutchings
4244:Nicholas Harberd
4174:Ross J. Anderson
4169:Robert Ainsworth
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2512:
2504:
2502:Kamerlingh Onnes
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2404:
2392:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2327:Andrew Singleton
2277:Anthony A. Hyman
2247:Jeffery W. Kelly
2242:
2234:Richard J. Youle
2178:C. Frank Bennett
2172:Don W. Cleveland
2146:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2072:Robert S. Langer
2060:James P. Allison
2022:Lewis C. Cantley
1963:Hidetoshi Katori
1943:Jens H. Gundlach
1853:Super-Kamiokande
1735:Joseph Incandela
1719:Fabiola Gianotti
1681:Maxim Kontsevich
1636:Takuro Mochizuki
1578:Maxim Kontsevich
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1332:. Archived from
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:Killam Laureates
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1008:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
956:. Nobel Media AB
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
906:. Archived from
900:
891:
890:
888:
887:
877:
868:
867:
865:
863:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
811:
810:
808:
807:
801:
795:. Archived from
790:
782:
773:
772:
770:
769:
755:
749:
748:
741:
729:
722:
683:Vincenzo Casulli
681:, discovered by
660:Order of Ontario
639:2009, Member of
626:in Physics with
473:
417:Kingston, Canada
300:
270:
267:
265:
263:
261:
242:Doctoral advisor
236:
177:
169:
161:
153:
121:
113:
92:
88:
86:
67:
57:
30:
21:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4457:
4443:Joseph Stiglitz
4406:
4368:Malcolm Stevens
4341:Wolfram Schultz
4224:James Gimzewski
4199:Michel Chrétien
4179:Michael Ashfold
4157:
4144:
4114:
4109:
4047:
4039:
4020:
3989:
3964:
3940:
3916:
3907:(United States)
3905:Paul L. Modrich
3885:
3878:
3848:
3843:
3827:
3811:
3795:
3779:
3763:
3747:
3731:
3715:
3703:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3647:
3635:
3619:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3563:
3547:
3531:
3515:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3470:
3458:
3442:
3433:Cohen-Tannoudji
3426:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3342:
3326:
3310:
3298:
3282:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3242:
3226:
3214:
3198:
3182:
3166:
3154:
3143:
3127:
3115:
3099:
3083:
3075:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3015:
2999:
2983:
2975:
2963:
2955:
2943:
2927:
2915:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2629:
2621:
2610:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2337:
2332:
2323:Ellen Sidransky
2303:Michel Sadelain
2289:Emmanuel Mignot
2263:David Klenerman
2236:
2226:Catherine Dulac
2138:Harry F. Noller
2116:Karl Deisseroth
2102:Jennifer Doudna
2068:Michael N. Hall
2054:Bert Vogelstein
2050:Shinya Yamanaka
2046:Robert Weinberg
2042:Charles Sawyers
2000:
1977:Gilles Brassard
1957:Steven Weinberg
1939:Eric Adelberger
1849:YĹŤichirĹŤ Suzuki
1761:Saul Perlmutter
1727:Tejinder Virdee
1711:Stephen Hawking
1660:
1653:
1574:Simon Donaldson
1560:
1554:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1307:. Royal Society
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
952:
951:
947:
938:
936:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
902:
901:
894:
885:
883:
879:
878:
871:
861:
859:
857:Queen's Journal
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
814:
805:
803:
799:
788:
784:
783:
776:
767:
765:
757:
756:
752:
742:
724:
723:
719:
715:
677:2016, asteroid
618:Order of Canada
590:
562:
553:
462:
460:
450:(2003, 2009),
375:
373:Academic career
331:
280:
258:
234:
218:
180:
175:
167:
159:
151:
126:
104:Alma mater
99:
93:
90:
89:August 29, 1943
84:
82:
81:
80:
70:
58:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:Rashid Sunyaev
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Thomas Kailath
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4335:Guy Richardson
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4296:Stephen Larter
4292:
4285:
4280:
4277:Peter Isaacson
4273:
4268:
4261:
4259:Christine Holt
4256:
4254:Brian Hemmings
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3978:Takaaki Kajita
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3825:
3809:
3793:
3777:
3761:
3745:
3729:
3713:
3701:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3645:
3633:
3617:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3561:
3545:
3529:
3513:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3468:
3456:
3440:
3424:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3340:
3324:
3308:
3296:
3280:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3240:
3224:
3212:
3196:
3180:
3169:P. W. Anderson
3164:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3125:
3113:
3097:
3081:
3073:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3013:
2997:
2990:Goeppert Mayer
2981:
2973:
2961:
2953:
2941:
2925:
2913:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2865:
2853:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2717:
2714:C. D. Anderson
2705:
2697:
2690:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2405:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2311:Paul Negulescu
2296:
2281:Demis Hassabis
2270:
2251:Katalin KarikĂł
2244:
2219:
2197:
2190:Xiaowei Zhuang
2175:
2164:Kazutoshi Mori
2153:
2131:
2109:
2083:
2057:
2030:Titia de Lange
2018:David Botstein
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1919:Sergio Ferrara
1912:
1902:
1892:
1885:Lyman Page Jr.
1881:Norman Jarosik
1870:
1856:
1845:Takaaki Kajita
1802:
1801:project (2016)
1780:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1704:
1693:Nathan Seiberg
1689:Juan Maldacena
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1612:James McKernan
1605:
1599:
1593:
1590:Richard Taylor
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1499:External links
1497:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1464:on May 6, 2016
1443:
1418:
1393:
1364:
1346:
1317:
1296:
1282:
1254:
1232:
1165:
1143:
1121:
1097:
1075:
1058:Ottawa Citizen
1044:
1010:
967:
945:
920:
892:
869:
843:
812:
793:www.queensu.ca
774:
750:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
703:
697:
690:
675:
669:
666:Takaaki Kajita
662:
656:
646:
643:
637:
630:
620:
614:
607:
600:
597:
589:
586:
582:Justin Trudeau
561:
558:
552:
549:
459:
456:
446:(2004, 2009),
374:
371:
330:
327:
323:Takaaki Kajita
303:astrophysicist
272:
271:
256:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
226:
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
205:
203:
199:
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193:
189:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
170:
162:
154:
145:
143:
139:
138:
132:
131:Known for
128:
127:
125:
124:
116:
107:
105:
101:
100:
94:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Living people
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:Angela McLean
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Chris Goodnow
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Richard Ellis
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Peter Buneman
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Michael Batty
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:Royal Society
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:Satoshi ĹŚmura
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:Tomas Lindahl
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
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3743:
3739:
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3730:
3727:
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3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3702:
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3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3674:
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3667:
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3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
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3607:
3602:
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3590:
3587:
3583:
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3571:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3555:
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3543:
3539:
3535:
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3527:
3523:
3519:
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3507:
3503:
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3497:
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3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3421:R. Richardson
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:Chandrasekhar
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
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3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2954:
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2935:
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2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2726:G. P. Thomson
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:O. Richardson
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:Van der Waals
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:J. J. Thomson
2438:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Thomas Gasser
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:Sabine Hadida
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Drew Weissman
2252:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Angelika Amon
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Roeland Nusse
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:Edward Boyden
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Victor Ambros
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Mahlon DeLong
2061:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2006:Life sciences
2003:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:Peter W. Shor
1982:
1981:David Deutsch
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:Blayne Heckel
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:David Spergel
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Atsuto Suzuki
1814:
1813:Daya Bay team
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Ronald Drever
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Brian Schmidt
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:Michael Green
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Guido Tonelli
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:Edward Witten
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:Alexei Kitaev
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1648:Simon Brendle
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:Martin Hairer
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:Jean Bourgain
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1336:on 2012-03-11
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:. 2018-06-11.
1292:
1286:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1185:(3): 037122.
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
955:
949:
946:
935:on 2015-10-07
934:
930:
924:
921:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
882:
876:
874:
870:
858:
854:
847:
844:
831:
827:
821:
819:
817:
813:
802:on 2021-01-07
798:
794:
787:
781:
779:
775:
764:
760:
754:
751:
746:
739:
735:
734:
728:
721:
718:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
670:
667:
663:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
644:
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638:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
596:
592:
591:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
550:
548:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
490:
486:
482:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:northwest of
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
269:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
232:
231:
227:
225:
221:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
174:
171:
166:
163:
158:
155:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
120:
117:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
97:
91:(age 81)
77:
73:
66:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
19:
4418:John Holdren
4396:John Vederas
4394:
4372:
4355:
4333:
4321:
4311:
4307:David MacKay
4294:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4229:David Glover
4209:Michael Duff
4079:
4034:Angus Deaton
3983:
3709:
3277:von Klitzing
3269:Van der Meer
2267:Pascal Mayer
2212:David Julius
2194:Zhijian Chen
2160:Peter Walter
2156:Joanne Chory
2128:Svante Pääbo
2026:Hans Clevers
1952:
1914:
1905:Charles Kane
1894:
1877:Gary Hinshaw
1836:
1795:Rainer Weiss
1782:
1741:(LHC) (2013)
1706:
1685:Andrei Linde
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1466:, retrieved
1462:the original
1452:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1329:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1299:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1246:. Retrieved
1235:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1030:
1026:
1013:
980:
976:
970:
958:. Retrieved
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
923:
912:. Retrieved
908:the original
884:. Retrieved
862:December 25,
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
804:. Retrieved
797:the original
792:
766:. Retrieved
762:
753:
731:
720:
628:Yoji Totsuka
563:
554:
541:
518:
502:
478:
429:
406:
395:
376:
349:in 1964 and
332:
276:
275:
228:
202:Institutions
196:Astrophysics
185:
134:Solving the
4490:1943 births
4438:Yakov Sinai
4390:Burt Totaro
4363:Karen Steel
4346:Keith Shine
4302:David Leigh
4204:Jenny Clack
4189:Martin Buck
3911:Aziz Sancar
3882:Nobel Prize
3321:Steinberger
3237:K. Siegbahn
3229:Bloembergen
2950:Chamberlain
2683:Schrödinger
2593:M. Siegbahn
2522:W. H. Bragg
2518:W. L. Bragg
2285:John Jumper
2237: [
2222:David Baker
2168:Kim Nasmyth
2150:Huda Zoghbi
2124:Helen Hobbs
2098:Gary Ruvkun
2038:Eric Lander
1909:Eugene Mele
1867:Cumrun Vafa
1855:team (2016)
1809:Kam-Biu Luk
1805:Yifang Wang
1715:Peter Jenni
1659:Fundamental
1586:Terence Tao
1582:Jacob Lurie
1566:Mathematics
1386:31 December
1037:13 December
570:ventilators
359:Nova Scotia
339:Nova Scotia
4484:Categories
4323:David Owen
4249:John Hardy
4239:Wendy Hall
4219:Jeff Ellis
3922:Literature
3838:L'Huillier
3802:Hasselmann
3758:Strickland
3726:Kosterlitz
3650:Perlmutter
3389:Brockhouse
3094:Schrieffer
2966:Hofstadter
2918:C. N. Yang
2675:Heisenberg
2652:De Broglie
2120:John Hardy
1991:John Cardy
1791:Kip Thorne
1773:Adam Riess
1737:(CMS) and
1697:Ashoke Sen
1624:Alex Eskin
1488:2016-12-08
1468:2016-05-14
1340:2012-09-21
1311:2015-10-09
1248:2020-04-29
1244:. CTV News
1192:2003.10405
1159:2020-04-29
1137:2020-04-29
1115:2023-09-05
1091:2020-04-29
1068:9 November
939:2015-10-09
914:2007-11-02
886:2016-12-15
830:www.fi.edu
806:2015-10-13
768:2012-09-21
747:required.)
713:References
547:, Italy.
545:Gran Sasso
531:, and the
329:Early life
114:(BSc, MSc)
85:1943-08-29
4402:John Wood
4385:John Todd
4015:Tu Youyou
3961:(Tunisia)
3937:(Belarus)
3891:Chemistry
3884:laureates
3822:Zeilinger
3642:Novoselov
3610:Kobayashi
3534:Abrikosov
3381:J. Taylor
3361:de Gennes
3353:R. Taylor
3245:K. Wilson
3193:R. Wilson
3177:Van Vleck
3148:1976–2000
3138:Rainwater
3134:Mottelson
3110:Josephson
3058:Gell-Mann
3022:Schwinger
3010:Prokhorov
2970:Mössbauer
2930:Cherenkov
2922:T. D. Lee
2846:Cockcroft
2837:1951–1975
2636:C. Wilson
2615:1926–1950
2561:Guillaume
2450:Michelson
2410:Becquerel
2381:1901–1925
2370:Laureates
2299:Carl June
2230:Dennis Lo
1739:Lyn Evans
1721:(ATLAS),
1673:Alan Guth
1559:laureates
1436:28 August
1411:28 August
1275:31 August
960:March 31,
836:6 October
733:Who's Who
505:Herb Chen
481:neutrinos
404:in 2004.
4153:elected
3986:(Canada)
3830:Agostini
3718:Thouless
3710:McDonald
3698:Nakamura
3666:Wineland
3598:GrĂĽnberg
3554:Politzer
3538:Ginzburg
3526:Giacconi
3506:Ketterle
3461:'t Hooft
3445:Laughlin
3437:Phillips
3417:Osheroff
3345:Friedman
3317:Schwartz
3313:Lederman
3233:Schawlow
3209:Weinberg
3018:Tomonaga
2910:Brattain
2902:Shockley
2811:Blackett
2803:Appleton
2795:Bridgman
2742:Lawrence
2722:Davisson
2702:Chadwick
2585:Millikan
2569:Einstein
2458:Lippmann
2426:Rayleigh
2418:M. Curie
2414:P. Curie
1851:and the
1839:and the
1827:and the
1819:and the
1811:and the
1596:Ian Agol
1227:33897243
1005:10031848
458:Research
454:(1988).
442:(1981),
438:(1978),
266:/physics
262:.queensu
98:, Canada
4411:Foreign
4162:Fellows
4155:in 2009
4149:of the
4147:Fellows
4017:(China)
4011:(Japan)
3980:(Japan)
3970:Physics
3818:Clauser
3782:Penrose
3766:Peebles
3722:Haldane
3690:Akasaki
3678:Englert
3670:Haroche
3654:Schmidt
3614:Maskawa
3566:Glauber
3558:Wilczek
3542:Leggett
3522:Koshiba
3502:Cornell
3493:present
3477:Kroemer
3473:Alferov
3465:Veltman
3449:Störmer
3369:Charpak
3349:Kendall
3333:Dehmelt
3301:Bednorz
3201:Glashow
3189:Penzias
3185:Kapitsa
3157:Richter
3130:A. Bohr
3106:Giaever
3086:Bardeen
3050:Alvarez
3034:Kastler
3026:Feynman
2906:Bardeen
2870:Zernike
2862:Purcell
2632:Compton
2577:N. Bohr
2466:Marconi
2398:Lorentz
2390:Röntgen
2372:of the
1953:Special
1915:Special
1895:Special
1821:KamLAND
1783:Special
1707:Special
1661:physics
1218:8060010
1197:Bibcode
985:Bibcode
507:at the
347:physics
255:Website
3834:Krausz
3828:2023:
3814:Aspect
3812:2022:
3806:Manabe
3798:Parisi
3796:2021:
3786:Genzel
3780:2020:
3774:Queloz
3764:2019:
3754:Mourou
3750:Ashkin
3748:2018:
3742:Thorne
3738:Barish
3732:2017:
3716:2016:
3706:Kajita
3704:2015:
3688:2014:
3676:2013:
3664:2012:
3648:2011:
3636:2010:
3620:2009:
3604:2008:
3592:2007:
3582:Mather
3580:2006:
3574:Hänsch
3564:2005:
3548:2004:
3532:2003:
3516:2002:
3510:Wieman
3500:2001:
3471:2000:
3459:1999:
3443:1998:
3427:1997:
3413:D. Lee
3411:1996:
3405:Reines
3399:1995:
3387:1994:
3375:1993:
3367:1992:
3359:1991:
3343:1990:
3329:Ramsey
3327:1989:
3311:1988:
3305:MĂĽller
3299:1987:
3293:Rohrer
3289:Binnig
3283:1986:
3275:1985:
3265:Rubbia
3263:1984:
3257:Fowler
3251:1983:
3243:1982:
3227:1981:
3217:Cronin
3215:1980:
3199:1979:
3183:1978:
3167:1977:
3155:1976:
3128:1975:
3122:Hewish
3116:1974:
3100:1973:
3090:Cooper
3084:1972:
3076:1971:
3066:Alfvén
3064:1970:
3056:1969:
3048:1968:
3040:1967:
3032:1966:
3016:1965:
3002:Townes
3000:1964:
2994:Jensen
2986:Wigner
2984:1963:
2978:Landau
2976:1962:
2964:1961:
2958:Glaser
2956:1960:
2944:1959:
2928:1958:
2916:1957:
2900:1956:
2888:1955:
2876:1954:
2868:1953:
2856:1952:
2850:Walton
2844:1951:
2827:Powell
2825:1950:
2819:Yukawa
2817:1949:
2809:1948:
2801:1947:
2793:1946:
2785:1945:
2777:1944:
2769:1943:
2740:1939:
2732:1938:
2720:1937:
2708:1936:
2700:1935:
2681:1933:
2673:1932:
2658:1930:
2650:1929:
2642:1928:
2630:1927:
2624:Perrin
2622:1926:
2601:Franck
2599:1925:
2591:1924:
2583:1923:
2575:1922:
2567:1921:
2559:1920:
2551:1919:
2545:Planck
2543:1918:
2537:Barkla
2535:1917:
2516:1915:
2508:1914:
2500:1913:
2492:1912:
2484:1911:
2476:1910:
2464:1909:
2456:1908:
2448:1907:
2440:1906:
2434:Lenard
2432:1905:
2424:1904:
2408:1903:
2402:Zeeman
2396:1902:
2388:1901:
2329:(2024)
2295:(2023)
2269:(2022)
2243:(2021)
2218:(2020)
2196:(2019)
2174:(2018)
2152:(2017)
2130:(2016)
2108:(2015)
2082:(2014)
2056:(2013)
1997:(2024)
1987:(2023)
1969:(2022)
1967:Jun Ye
1959:(2021)
1949:(2021)
1935:(2020)
1929:(2019)
1911:(2019)
1901:(2018)
1891:(2018)
1869:(2017)
1843:team,
1835:team,
1823:team,
1779:(2015)
1757:(2014)
1747:(2013)
1703:(2012)
1650:(2024)
1644:(2023)
1638:(2022)
1632:(2021)
1626:(2020)
1620:(2019)
1614:(2018)
1604:(2017)
1598:(2016)
1592:(2015)
1225:
1215:
1003:
692:2016,
648:2011,
632:2009,
622:2007,
609:2005,
602:2003,
421:SNOLAB
402:Geneva
383:Ottawa
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1388:2015
1277:2021
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864:2017
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685:at
652:'s
485:Sun
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