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1022:. The following period in opposition was one of great frustration. Like many Labor parliamentarians and union officials at the time, Calwell was a Roman Catholic. The Australian Catholic Church was in this period fiercely anti-communist and had in the 1940s encouraged Catholic trade unionists to oppose communists within their trade unions. The organisations that co-ordinated Catholic efforts were called Industrial Groups. Calwell had originally supported the Industrial Groups in Victoria and continued to do so until the early 1950s. After Chifley's death in 1951,
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immigration. Calwell overcame resistance to mass immigration by promoting it under the slogan "populate or perish". This drew attention to the need, particularly in light of the recent war in the
Pacific, to increase Australia's industrial and military capabilities through a massive increase in the population. In July 1947 he signed an agreement with the
1267:, he maintained a cordial relationship with Menzies. Menzies, for his part, never lost his respect and outright personal liking for Calwell. He attended Calwell's funeral, but (according to his biographer Allan W. Martin) became so overwhelmed by grief after arriving at the cathedral that he was unable to compose himself and leave his car.
919:. He died a month before polling day; as a result, no by-election was held in the Division of Melbourne. At the general election, Calwell easily retained the seat for the Labor Party. Due to his tenure as Victorian state president of the party and his long service as Maloney's secretary, he was already well known in federal parliament.
934:, and became well known for his tough attitude towards the Australian press and his strict enforcement of wartime censorship. This earned him the enmity of large sections of the Australian press, and he was dubbed "Cocky" Calwell by his political foes, cartoonists of the period depicting him as an obstinate Australian cockatoo.
814:. In later life Calwell said "I owe everything I have in life, under Almighty God and next to my parents, to the Christian Brothers." Calwell's mother died in 1913, aged 40, when her oldest son was 16 and her youngest child was only three months old. His father remarried, eventually dying in 1938 at the age of 69.
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Labor
Conference in Hobart in May 1955, the "Groupers" were expelled from the Labor Party and Calwell chose to stay within the party. Calwell's loyalty to the party was to cause him much personal and political anguish: he lost many of its oldest friends at this time, including the Archbishop of Melbourne,
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Calwell's first marriage was to
Margaret Mary Murphy in 1921. She died the following year in 1922, and ten years later, on 29 August 1932, he married Elizabeth (Bessie) Marren, a strong-willed, intelligent and well-read Irishwoman who was social editor (as "Cecilia") of the Catholic weekly newspaper,
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Calwell and his second wife had two children, Mary
Elizabeth (b. 1934) and Arthur Andrew (b. 1937). His son, known as Art, died of leukaemia in June 1948 at the age of eleven. Calwell was profoundly affected by his son's death, and subsequently wore only black neckties. His wife later recalled it as
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approached the passenger side of the vehicle and fired a sawn-off rifle at
Calwell at point-blank range. However, the closed window deflected the bullet, which lodged harmlessly in his coat lapel, and he sustained only minor facial injuries from broken glass. Reflecting his Catholic values, Calwell
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In his autobiography, Calwell said it was intended as a "jocose remark", and that it had been "so often misrepresented it has become tiresome". He attributed this to the press, stating that "because of some anti-Australian Asian journalist or perhaps because some
Australian pressman with a chip on
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It was clear by this time that
Calwell's awkward, tactless image was no match for that of his charismatic and ambitious young Deputy Leader, the urbane, middle-class, university-educated Whitlam. In particular, Whitlam's clear mastery of the media gave him a huge advantage over Calwell, who looked
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Calwell joined the Labor Party at about the age of 18. He was elected secretary of the
Melbourne branch in 1916, and from 1917 served as one of the Clerical Association's delegates to the state conference. He was elected to the state executive in the same year, and was state president of the party
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Ironically, this loyalty to the party did not prevent him from being deeply distrusted by the left-wing of the ALP, especially in his home state of
Victoria. For many years, he had a stormy relationship with the state Labor Party. He never favoured the communist philosophy and was eloquent in his
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Evatt's subsequent public attack on the "Groupers" and his insistence on their expulsion from the party placed
Calwell in a difficult position. He was made to choose between the Evatt-led official Labor Party and the "Groupers" (who were mainly Catholic and Victorian). During a specially convened
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I am proud of my white skin, just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-coloured. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatise the Australian community as
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to accept displaced persons from European countries ravaged by war. Calwell's enthusiasm and drive in launching the migration program was a notable feature of the second term of the Chifley government, and has been named by many historians as his greatest achievement (especially given the labour
1152:". The Liberals seized on it, issuing a leaflet accusing Calwell of taking direction from "36 unknown men, not elected to Parliament nor responsible to the people." At the election, Labor suffered a 10-seat swing. Many thought that Calwell should retire, but he was determined to stay and fight.
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Calwell's friendship with many of the leaders of the Industrial Groups (known collectively as "Groupers") led Evatt to privately question his loyalty. The two men thus had an increasingly difficult working relationship. This culminated in Evatt drafting and delivering the Labor Platform for the
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Calwell entered the Victorian Public Service in 1913, as a junior clerk in the Department of Agriculture. He transferred to the Department of the Treasury in 1923, where he remained until winning election to parliament in 1940. As with most of his colleagues, Calwell joined the Victorian State
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at a time when many European refugees desired a better life far from their war-torn homelands, and he became famous for his relentless promotion of it. Calwell's advocacy of the program was crucial because of his links to the trade union movement, and his skillful presentation of the need for
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Calwell's remark in parliament in 1947 that "two Wongs don't make a White" was widely reported at the time, both in Australia and overseas. This statement is widely quoted as evidence of Calwell's racism. The remark referenced to a Chinese resident called Wong who was wrongly threatened with
842:. His residence was searched on one occasion, and his correspondence was routinely examined by censors. On two occasions there were moves to have him dismissed from the military for disloyalty, but Calwell denied the accusations and there was little proof that he had been actively disloyal.
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attacks on communists, whom he once called, "Pathological exhibits... human scum... paranoiacs, degenerates, morons, bludgers... pack of dingoes... industrial outlaws and political lepers... ratbags. If these people went to Russia, Stalin wouldn't even use them for manure."
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In economic policy, Calwell was not a great advocate of nationalisation. Gough Whitlam attributed this to Calwell's brand of socialism which was "an emotion rather than an ideology, a memory of the social deprivation he observed in Melbourne during the Depression years."
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supporting a multi-racial society, Calwell released a statement strongly opposing non-white migration to Australia, stating that he was "appalled" at the thought and was "opposed to the creation of a chocolate-coloured Australia". In a subsequent interview with
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At the 1972 election which brought Whitlam to the prime ministership, Calwell retired from Parliament. After a period of slow deterioration in his health, and a nearly four week stint in hospital, Calwell died on 8 July 1973. He was given a state funeral at
980:. While Europeans were welcomed to Australia, Calwell attempted to deport many Malayan, Indochinese and Chinese wartime refugees, some of whom had married Australian citizens and started families in Australia. The main instrument of deportation was the
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whose career was forged in the days of the raucous public meeting, had always come across badly on television, compared with the smooth, avuncular and rich-voiced Menzies and the suave Holt. Calwell was also regarded by 1966 as an aged relic of the
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to provide troops for the war, publicly saying that "a vote for Menzies was a blood vote". Unfortunately for Calwell, the war was initially very popular in Australia and continued to be so after Menzies retired in 1966. Menzies' successor,
794:, which permanently scarred his vocal chords and gave him a lifelong "raspish, nasal voice". Although his father was an Anglican, Calwell was raised in his mother's Catholic faith. He began his education at St Mary's College, the local
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would be allowed to settle in Australia, stating "it would be the grossest act of public indecency to permit any Japanese of either sex to pollute Australia" while relatives of deceased Australian soldiers were alive.
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leader, and Calwell became his Deputy. Under Evatt, Labor's attitude towards the Industrial Groups began to change, as Evatt suspected that one of their aims was to promote the Catholic element within the Labor Party.
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Service Clerical Association. He served as secretary and vice-president of that organisation, which in 1925 was reorganised into the state branch of Australian Public Service Association (a forerunner of the modern
1410:, when a questioner brought up his U.S. citizenship for consideration, Calwell responded "If we let in any U.S. citizen we will have to admit U.S. negroes. I don't think any mothers and fathers want to see that."
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racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive.
1425:, Calwell wrote: "If any people are homeless in Australia today, it is the Aboriginals. They are the only non-European descended people to whom we owe any debt. Some day, I hope, we will do justice to them."
1327:(following nomination by Australian cardinal Martin Toal) for his lifelong service to the church. This was despite much of the local hostility to Calwell by some Catholic bishops, who supported the splinter
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After this, however, Menzies was able to exploit divisions in the ALP over foreign policy and state aid for Catholic schools to recover his position. Calwell opposed the use of Australian troops in
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that "I am sure we don't want half-castes running over our country" and "if we let in any U.S. citizen, we will have to admit U.S. negroes. I don't think any mothers and fathers want to see that".
635:. Before entering parliament, Calwell held various positions in the Labor Party's organisation wing, serving terms as state president and as a member of the federal executive. He was elected to the
1356:, Calwell said "there are many Wongs in the Chinese community, but I have to say — and I am sure that the honorable Member for Balaclava will not mind doing so — that 'two Wongs do not make a White
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preferences were the primary reason why Labor came up two seats short of toppling the Coalition despite winning an 18-seat swing and a majority of the two-party vote. Ultimately, a narrow loss in
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and remained there until receiving an honourable discharge in 1926. Calwell joined the Young Ireland Society in 1914, and served as the organisation's secretary until 1916. His reputation as an
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899:. Maloney would remain in parliament until his death at the age of 85, and Calwell made no effort to force an early retirement, despite being widely seen as the heir apparent to the seat.
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1079:, owing to widespread discontent at Menzies' deflationary economic policies, as well as the unprecedented (and temporary) endorsement of the ALP by the usually pro-Liberal
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later forgave and visited Kocan in the mental hospital (where he was confined for ten years), and through a regular correspondence encouraged his eventual rehabilitation.
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721:, winning less than one-third of the total seats. He was 70 years old by that point, and resigned the leadership a few months later. He remained in parliament until the
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on the Vietnam issue. Labor suffered a crushing defeat, losing nine seats while the Coalition won the largest majority government in Australian history at the time.
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that showed him and Whitlam outside a Canberra hotel, waiting for word from Labor's Federal Conference as to the policies upon which they should fight the election.
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1093:, located in the DLP's heartland of Melbourne, ended any realistic chance of a Labor win, but the Coalition was not assured of another term in government until the
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and the establishment of American military communications bases in Australia. He also upheld the traditional Labor policy of denying state aid to private schools.
830:. After his second rejection in 1916 he made no further attempts to seek active service, being unwilling to join as an enlisted man; however, he was placed in the
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Notwithstanding Calwell's poor relations with the conservative press in Australia and his public battles against right-wing Catholics like Archbishop Mannix and
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742:. He was the oldest of seven children born to Margaret Annie (née McLoughlin) and Arthur Albert Calwell. His father worked as a police officer and retired as a
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990:– a Filipino man who had fought with the U.S. Army and had an Australian wife and children – caused an international incident with the Philippines. President
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1375:'s views on race, later describing the United Kingdom as having experienced a "black tragedy". In May 1972, in response to comments from customs minister
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In his final year in parliament, Calwell made several statements regarding non-white immigration to Australia. In March 1972 he publicly endorsed British
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678:, who had succeeded to the leadership upon Chifley's death. The two clashed on a number of occasions over the following decade, which encompassed the
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Sullivan, Rodney (1993). "'It had to happen': the Gamboas and Australian–Philippine interactions". In Reynaldo C Ileto & Rodney Sullivan (eds.).
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1298:"the cruellest blow Arthur has ever suffered. In fact, he has never been the same since that dreadful day". Calwell's daughter was described by
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was called for the Liberals hours later. Labor actually won 62 seats, the same as the Coalition. However, two of those seats were in the
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from 1930 to 1931 – at the time, the youngest person to have held the position. Calwell unsuccessfully sought Labor preselection for the
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expressed his disappointment "that our neighbour, to whom we looked for friendship, should exclude us because of our colour", and the
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on a number of occasions, and was elected to the party's federal executive in 1926. He was an assistant secretary to state MP
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passed a bill that would have excluded Australians from the country. Calwell remained unmoved, and told a rally prior to the
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in 1995 as his "most passionate defender and admirer". In 2013, she published a sympathetic biography of her father titled
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Calwell believed himself to be free of personal prejudice against people of other races while believing that they should
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without consulting Calwell. Labor was narrowly defeated at the polls, which deepened the rift between the two men.
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746:. Calwell's parents were both born in Australia. His maternal grandfather was Michael McLoughlin, who was born in
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in which he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia. He wrote:
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his shoulder, a Labor Party hater, the name of White was deliberately altered into a definition of colour".
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brought him to the attention of the military police, which suspected him of involvement in the more radical
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1675:"Traditionalists and Progressives: Labor, Race, and Immigration in Post-World War II Australia and Britain"
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1189:. Calwell resigned as Labor leader two months after the election, in January 1967; Whitlam succeeded him.
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1223:. As he was leaving the meeting, and just as his car was about to drive off, a 19-year-old student named
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Calwell made his strongest stand with his vehement opposition to Australia's military involvement in the
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750:, Ireland, and arrived in Melbourne in 1847 after jumping ship. He married Mary Murphy, who was born in
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1131:, Calwell hoped to build on his gains from two years earlier, but was severely damaged by a picture in
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despite his many conflicts with church leaders. He was made a Knight Commander with Star of the
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at the outbreak of World War I, and made two unsuccessful applications for a commission in the
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from 1960 to 1967. He led the party through three federal elections, losing each one in turn.
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1185:. He was still campaigning about socialism and nationalisation, and continued to defend the
1109:, and members from the territories then did not count for purposes of forming a government.
608:(28 August 1896 – 8 July 1973) was an Australian politician who served as the leader of the
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as the official organ of the Victorian Irish Association. Calwell had met Elizabeth at
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855:). He was elected as the new organisation's inaugural president, serving until 1931.
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J. Franklin, 'Calwell, Catholicism and the origins of multicultural Australia', 2009
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2421:. Vol. 195. Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 2948.
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2028:. Vol. LXV, no. 4124. Victoria, Australia. 1 September 1932. p. 24
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1075:, with Gough Whitlam as his deputy. Calwell very nearly defeated Menzies at the
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Evatt retired in 1960, and Calwell was acting leader before he succeeded him as
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682:. In 1960, Evatt retired and Calwell was chosen as his successor, thus becoming
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and sounded substantially older than his 70 years. Calwell, an old-fashioned
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with minor injuries, and finally led his party to a landslide defeat at the
658:, overseeing government censorship and propaganda during World War II. When
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Despite Kelly working with her for years, her name is mis-spelled "Marron".
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I Am Bound To Be True: The Life and Legacy of Arthur A. Calwell, 1896–1973
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Calwell (centre) at the 1933 ALP Federal Conference in Sydney, along with
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1260:. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth and his daughter Mary Elizabeth.
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1831:"Digital Collections - Books - Item 1: Mr. Calwell and the Faceless Men"
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and was the first life member of the club. He was always devoted to the
1308:, hoping to "correct what she believes is the maligning of his legacy".
725:, which saw Whitlam become prime minister, and died the following year.
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in Melbourne, and retained an interest in and fluency in the language.
674:. In 1951, he was elected deputy leader of the Labor Party in place of
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Discovering Australasia: Essays on Philippine-Australian Interactions
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Knights Commander with Star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great
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Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration (2 December 1947).
1943:"Labor leader Arthur Calwell survived a bullet but not the polls"
1722:"Guarding the Flood Gates: The Removal of Non-Europeans, 1945–49"
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Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Melbourne
2057:. Vol. LXXX, no. 4791. Victoria, Australia. p. 21
790:
Calwell grew up in West Melbourne. As a young boy he contracted
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2169:. No. 25, 628. Victoria, Australia. 7 June 1937. p. 1
1393:. This is reflected by Calwell's comments in his 1972 memoirs
1055:, and was, for a time, denied Communion at his parish church.
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Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
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Outside of the political arena, Calwell was a devotee of the
1203:
Calwell was only the second victim of an attempted political
766:. He married Elizabeth Lewis, a Welshwoman, and settled near
623:. After leaving school, he began working as a clerk for the
926:, Calwell was appointed as Minister for Information in the
915:
Maloney announced he would not run for another term at the
701:, a stance that was not electorally popular at the time,
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Calwell and the Labor Party came close to victory at the
2340:. No. 31, 593. Victoria. 3 December 1947. p. 9
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By the time Calwell's political career ended he was the
2522:"Mr Calwell will not allow Japs 'to pollute Australia'"
1978:
Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
754:. Calwell's paternal grandfather Davis Calwell was an
1912:"Failed assassin Peter Kocan wins top literary award"
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in 1868). On 21 June 1966, Calwell addressed an anti-
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movement's hostility to earlier migration programs).
697:. Calwell was one of the most prominent opponents of
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became prime minister in 1945, Calwell was also made
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4140:Members of the Australian House of Representatives
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958:. Thus, he was the chief architect of Australia's
666:. He oversaw the creation of Australia's expanded
4215:People educated at St Joseph's College, Melbourne
1348:, in addition to being a wordplay on the saying "
806:school. One of his closest friends at school was
1597:
1581:
1565:
1549:
1533:
1517:
1501:
1485:
1469:
1014:when the Chifley government was defeated by the
895:, the long-serving Labor member for the federal
2389:. New South Wales. 30 September 1948. p. 2
950:succeeded Curtin, Calwell became the inaugural
2655:The Minister for Information, Mr. A.A. Calwell
2368:. New South Wales. 18 December 1947. p. 2
762:, who arrived in Australia in 1853 during the
3047:
2858:
1240:Calwell's grave at Melbourne General Cemetery
1085:. It is generally accepted that unfavourable
293:21 September 1943 – 19 December 1949
8:
1413:In 1948, Calwell announced that no Japanese
401:21 September 1940 – 2 November 1972
2605:Calwell: A Personal and Political Biography
2470:"Calwell is critical of coloured migration"
2268:. Melbourne University Press. p. 456.
2081:. Ballarat Heritage Services. p. 116.
1740:
1738:
1447:Calwell: A Personal and Political Biography
3771:
3054:
3040:
3032:
2865:
2851:
2843:
2675:
2397:– via National Library of Australia.
2376:– via National Library of Australia.
2348:– via National Library of Australia.
2327:– via National Library of Australia.
2306:– via National Library of Australia.
2177:– via National Library of Australia.
2112:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2065:– via National Library of Australia.
2036:– via National Library of Australia.
1862:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1406:Speaking regarding the incident involving
903:Curtin and Chifley governments (1941–1949)
699:Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War
670:, at the same time strictly enforcing the
351:1 February 1971 – 2 November 1972
48:
27:
1199:Attempted assassination of Arthur Calwell
1010:Calwell left ministerial office from the
798:school. In 1909, he won a scholarship to
705:being then 21. In 1966, Calwell survived
2311:"Malays with two wives. Calwell's Claim"
2298:. Queensland. 3 December 1947. p. 3
2235:"Calwell's daughter corrects his legacy"
1729:The Great Mistakes of Australian History
239:13 July 1945 – 19 December 1949
146:Acting leader: 9 February – 7 March 1960
2360:"Asia "didn't relish" Minister's crack"
2199:
2187:
1434:
770:, eventually becoming president of the
738:Calwell was born on 28 August 1896, in
524: 1921; died 1922)
143:7 March 1960 – 8 February 1967
77:7 March 1960 – 8 February 1967
2780:Father of the House of Representatives
2214:"Calwell: an icon in search of a bust"
2104:"Calwell, Arthur Augustus (1896–1973)"
1246:Father of the House of Representatives
976:Calwell was a staunch advocate of the
4220:Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery
4175:Australian people of American descent
4155:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party
4125:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
3853:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
3833:History of the Australian Labor Party
2874:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party
2332:"Malays must go, but Wong may remain"
1974:"Arthur Calwell: A Catholic Forgives"
1967:
1965:
1963:
780:Pennsylvania House of Representatives
654:, Calwell was elevated to cabinet as
7:
4205:People from West Melbourne, Victoria
1069:Leader of the Australian Labor Party
1063:Leader of the Opposition (1960–1967)
193:20 June 1951 – 7 March 1960
4185:Public servants of Victoria (state)
4160:20th-century Australian politicians
4145:Members of the Cabinet of Australia
2212:Abjorensen, Norman (28 June 1995).
1991:Hollinsworth, Harry (9 July 1973).
1910:Romei, Stephen (24 November 2010).
1791:"What Calwell Thinks of Communists"
1116:Calwell as Leader of the Opposition
996:Philippine House of Representatives
965:United Nations Refugee Organisation
4180:Australian people of Welsh descent
4170:Australian people of Irish descent
2109:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1859:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1148:wrote that Labor was ruled by "36
983:War-time Refugees Removal Act 1949
14:
2432:Calwell, Arthur Augustus (1972).
1972:Rhodes, Campbell (21 June 2016).
1254:St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
853:Community and Public Sector Union
2584:Calwell, Mary Elizabeth (2012).
2381:"Criticism Of 'White Australia'"
1854:"Edinburgh, Duke of (1844–1900)"
1638:The Whitlam Government 1972-1975
1168:, seized on this and fought the
181:Deputy Leader of the Labor Party
2661:, 18 April 1947, archived from
2418:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2233:Bramston, Troy (15 June 2013).
1340:deportation, and a Liberal MP,
541:
521:
2114:Australian National University
1864:Australian National University
1673:Kirk, Neville (1 March 2008).
1207:in Australia (the first being
881:Victorian Legislative Assembly
822:Calwell was an officer in the
800:St Joseph's College, Melbourne
1:
2488:"Parties reject Calwell view"
1941:Lennon, Troy (21 June 2016).
1679:Australian Historical Studies
1449:. Thomas Nelson. p. 11.
1350:two wrongs don't make a right
1321:Order of St Gregory the Great
1313:North Melbourne Football Club
3678:Australian Capital Territory
2319:. 3 December 1947. p. 4
1993:"In the Herald: 9 July 1973"
1614:Young, Sally (4 June 2023).
1282:. In 1933 they launched the
1103:Australian Capital Territory
627:. He became involved in the
2290:"Two 'Wongs' And a 'White'"
2047:Frank Kelly (28 May 1947).
960:post-war immigration scheme
859:Early political involvement
734:Birth and family background
668:post-war immigration scheme
4236:
4210:Politicians from Melbourne
4130:Australian Roman Catholics
3878:Norfolk Island Labor Party
2079:Hidden Ireland in Victoria
2049:"A Reporter's Reflections"
1797:. Melbourne. 3 August 1949
1727:. In Martin Crotty (ed.).
1258:Melbourne General Cemetery
1196:
1140:In an accompanying story,
840:Irish National Association
774:. Davis Calwell's father,
760:Union County, Pennsylvania
631:as an officeholder in the
625:Victorian state government
484:Melbourne General Cemetery
18:
3744:Australian Fabian Society
2880:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2697:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2625:; Nolan, Gerry O (2023).
2316:The Sydney Morning Herald
1769:. James Cook University.
1746:"No Harlem For Australia"
1691:10.1080/10314610701837235
828:Australian Imperial Force
633:public-sector trade union
596:
429:
394:
344:
286:
232:
186:
136:
131:Leader of the Labor Party
70:
59:
47:
2797:Party political offices
2718:Leader of the Opposition
2691:Minister for Immigration
2561:Calwell, Arthur (1972).
2448:: Lloyd O'Neil Pty Ltd.
2054:The Advocate (Melbourne)
2025:The Advocate (Melbourne)
1159:and the introduction of
1073:Leader of the Opposition
952:Minister for Immigration
744:superintendent of police
715:an assassination attempt
684:Leader of the Opposition
664:Minister for Immigration
656:Minister for Information
637:House of Representatives
473:East Melbourne, Victoria
456:West Melbourne, Victoria
281:Minister for Information
227:Minister for Immigration
65:Leader of the Opposition
19:Not to be confused with
4200:20th-century memoirists
3749:Chifley Research Centre
2736:Parliament of Australia
1720:Neumann, Klaus (2006).
1193:Attempted assassination
603:Arthur Augustus Calwell
443:Arthur Augustus Calwell
4195:Australian monarchists
3739:Australian Young Labor
3064:Australian Labor Party
2833:Australian Labor Party
2813:Australian Labor Party
2603:Kiernan, Colm (1978).
1423:Indigenous Australians
1404:
1329:Democratic Labor Party
1241:
1187:White Australia Policy
1117:
1039:
1006:Opposition (1949–1960)
978:White Australia Policy
928:Second Curtin Ministry
912:
875:
824:Australian Army Cadets
812:Archbishop of Adelaide
772:Bungaree Shire Council
707:a leadership challenge
672:White Australia policy
4190:Australian memoirists
3883:The light on the hill
2811:Deputy Leader of the
2337:The Argus (Melbourne)
2102:Freudenberg, Graham.
1998:Sydney Morning Herald
1751:The Australian Worker
1399:
1317:Roman Catholic Church
1306:I Am Bound to Be True
1239:
1115:
1082:Sydney Morning Herald
1077:1961 federal election
1045:1954 federal election
1037:
917:1940 federal election
910:
897:Division of Melbourne
866:
846:Public service career
645:Division of Melbourne
641:1940 federal election
383:Australian Parliament
16:Australian politician
2565:Be Just and Fear Not
2543:Be Just and Fear Not
2507:Be Just and Fear Not
2436:Be just and fear not
1395:Be Just and Fear Not
1256:, and was buried at
1232:Later life and death
1183:Great Depression era
873:William Forgan Smith
33:The Right Honourable
3863:Federal Labor (NSW)
3729:National Conference
3628:Beazley (1996–2001)
2386:The Daily Telegraph
2365:The Daily Telegraph
2077:Noone, Val (2012).
1947:The Daily Telegraph
1754:. 28 November 1949.
1391:exist in separation
1290:classes run by the
1134:The Daily Telegraph
764:Victorian gold rush
621:St Joseph's College
615:Calwell grew up in
567:St Joseph's College
339:Father of the House
3734:National Executive
3722:Party institutions
3688:Northern Territory
2837:1960 – 1967
2817:1951 – 1960
2784:1971 – 1972
2757:1940 – 1972
2679:Political offices
2492:The Canberra Times
2474:The Canberra Times
2266:Acts of Parliament
2219:The Canberra Times
1819:, 11 February 1960
1817:The Canberra Times
1383:The Canberra Times
1301:The Canberra Times
1242:
1118:
1107:Northern Territory
1040:
956:Chifley government
913:
876:
804:Christian Brothers
643:, standing in the
4097:
4096:
3888:Tree of Knowledge
3873:Industrial Groups
3821:
3820:
3792:Independent Labor
3759:John Curtin House
3713:Western Australia
3643:Beazley (2005–06)
3613:Whitlam (1975–77)
3608:Whitlam (1967–72)
3029:
3028:
2841:
2840:
2820:Succeeded by
2787:Succeeded by
2760:Succeeded by
2725:Succeeded by
2698:Succeeded by
2607:. Thomas Nelson.
2123:978-0-522-84459-7
1873:978-0-522-84459-7
1604:, pp. 33–36.
1588:, pp. 31–33.
1572:, pp. 24–31.
1524:, pp. 16–18.
1492:, pp. 11–12.
1476:, pp. 13–15.
1344:, the Member for
600:
599:
564:St Mary's College
4227:
3897:Leadership votes
3772:
3670:
3355:Anthony Albanese
3218:Anthony Albanese
3109:Matthew Charlton
3075:
3065:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2802:Preceded by
2770:Preceded by
2742:Preceded by
2708:Preceded by
2676:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2631:. Connor Court.
2618:
2599:
2588:. Mosaic Press.
2580:
2569:. Lloyd O'Neil.
2568:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2530:. 10 March 1948.
2518:
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2477:
2476:. 21 March 1972.
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2295:The Courier-mail
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2161:"Family Notices"
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2020:"Calwell-Marren"
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1556:, pp. 9–10.
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1359:
1352:". According to
1265:B. A. Santamaria
1087:Democratic Labor
954:in the post-war
836:Irish republican
709:from his deputy
680:1955 party split
545:
543:
534:Elizabeth Marren
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434:Personal details
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3601:Shadow cabinets
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3360:Tanya Plibersek
3260:Arthur Blakeley
3250:Albert Gardiner
3235:Gregor McGregor
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2668:on 5 April 2012
2665:
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2649:
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2623:Franklin, James
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2555:Further reading
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1038:Calwell in 1951
1008:
992:Elpidio Quirino
974:
972:White Australia
944:
911:Calwell in 1940
905:
893:William Maloney
889:Tom Tunnecliffe
861:
848:
820:
808:Matthew Beovich
788:
736:
731:
629:labour movement
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544: 1932)
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490:Political party
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3754:Federal Caucus
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3228:Deputy leaders
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3140:Arthur Calwell
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3858:Faceless men
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3315:Paul Keating
3310:Lionel Bowen
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3240:Billy Hughes
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2391:. Retrieved
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2300:. Retrieved
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2244:. Retrieved
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2200:Kiernan 1978
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2171:. Retrieved
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2002:. Retrieved
1996:
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1950:. Retrieved
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1857:
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1833:. Nla.gov.au
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1799:. Retrieved
1795:Weekly Times
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1685:(1): 53–71.
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1405:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1373:Enoch Powell
1369:Conservative
1366:
1362:
1342:Thomas White
1338:
1335:Racial views
1325:Pope Paul VI
1310:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1284:Irish Review
1283:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1213:conscription
1202:
1178:stump orator
1174:
1161:conscription
1154:
1150:faceless men
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1080:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1009:
981:
975:
945:
936:
924:World War II
921:
914:
877:
869:Gordon Brown
849:
832:Army Reserve
821:
789:
752:County Clare
748:County Laois
737:
688:
649:
614:
602:
601:
468:(1973-07-08)
419:Succeeded by
396:
369:Succeeded by
346:
332:Howard Beale
327:Succeeded by
288:
269:Succeeded by
262:New position
261:
234:
217:Succeeded by
188:
171:Succeeded by
138:
121:Succeeded by
72:
25:
4115:1973 deaths
4110:1896 births
3782:Labor Right
3374:Governments
3335:Simon Crean
3325:Kim Beazley
3300:Frank Crean
3275:H. V. Evatt
3270:Frank Forde
3186:Kim Beazley
3181:Mark Latham
3176:Simon Crean
3171:Kim Beazley
3152:Bill Hayden
3135:H. V. Evatt
3129:Ben Chifley
3122:John Curtin
3104:Frank Tudor
2805:H. V. Evatt
2773:John McEwen
2751:Member for
2711:H. V. Evatt
2701:Harold Holt
1837:26 February
1640:. Penguin.
1323:(KC*SG) by
1225:Peter Kocan
1166:Harold Holt
1157:Vietnam War
1026:became the
1024:H. V. Evatt
948:Ben Chifley
942:Immigration
871:(left) and
818:World War I
810:, a future
796:Mercedarian
713:, survived
676:H. V. Evatt
660:Ben Chifley
610:Labor Party
475:, Australia
466:8 July 1973
458:, Australia
407:Preceded by
362:John McEwen
357:Preceded by
320:Bill Ashley
315:Preceded by
308:Frank Forde
304:John Curtin
274:Harold Holt
257:Preceded by
250:Ben Chifley
211:H. V. Evatt
207:Preceded by
201:H. V. Evatt
165:H. V. Evatt
161:Preceded by
114:H. V. Evatt
109:Preceded by
92:Harold Holt
4104:Categories
4084:2013 (Oct)
4079:2013 (Jun)
4074:2013 (Mar)
4049:2003 (Dec)
4044:2003 (Jun)
4029:1991 (Dec)
4024:1991 (Jun)
4009:1977 (Dec)
4004:1977 (May)
3848:1955 split
3843:1931 split
3838:1916 split
3813:Lang Labor
3801:Historical
3787:Labor Left
3693:Queensland
3465:Ministries
3350:Wayne Swan
3320:Brian Howe
3295:Jim Cairns
3206:Kevin Rudd
3192:Kevin Rudd
2722:1960-1967
2695:1945–1949
2685:New office
2614:0170051854
2576:0855503521
2173:16 October
2061:16 October
2032:16 October
1776:0864434618
1456:0170051854
1429:References
1415:war brides
792:diphtheria
729:Early life
703:voting age
650:After the
589:Politician
573:Profession
449:1896-08-28
3577:Gillard 1
3562:Keating 1
3527:Whitlam 1
3517:Chifley 1
3158:Bob Hawke
2790:Fred Daly
2763:Ted Innes
2753:Melbourne
2541:Calwell,
2505:Calwell,
2132:1833-7538
1882:1833-7538
1707:205684458
1699:1031-461X
1598:Kiernan,
1582:Kiernan,
1566:Kiernan,
1550:Kiernan,
1534:Kiernan,
1518:Kiernan,
1502:Kiernan,
1486:Kiernan,
1470:Kiernan,
1377:Don Chipp
1346:Balaclava
1215:rally at
1146:Telegraph
1142:Alan Reid
1018:, led by
786:Childhood
617:Melbourne
561:Education
424:Ted Innes
397:In office
389:Melbourne
374:Fred Daly
347:In office
289:In office
235:In office
189:In office
139:In office
73:In office
3768:Factions
3708:Victoria
3703:Tasmania
3658:Albanese
3592:Albanese
3502:Curtin 1
3477:Fisher 1
3456:Albanese
3386:Fisher I
3305:Tom Uren
3020:Albanese
2911:Charlton
2446:Victoria
2442:Hawthorn
2393:25 April
2372:25 April
2344:25 April
2323:25 April
2302:25 April
2264:(1988).
2145:25 April
2140:70677943
1952:25 April
1923:25 April
1895:25 April
1890:70677943
1636:(1985).
1445:(1978).
1095:Brisbane
883:and the
768:Ballarat
758:born in
553:Children
3826:History
3775:Current
3653:Shorten
3542:Hawke 1
3497:Scullin
3451:Rudd II
3446:Gillard
3436:Keating
3426:Whitlam
3421:Chifley
3406:Scullin
3074:Leaders
3014:Shorten
3001:Gillard
2988:Beazley
2973:Beazley
2967:Keating
2948:Whitlam
2942:Calwell
2931:Chifley
2917:Scullin
2673:
2246:23 June
2166:The Age
1600:Calwell
1584:Calwell
1568:Calwell
1552:Calwell
1536:Calwell
1520:Calwell
1504:Calwell
1488:Calwell
1472:Calwell
1354:Hansard
1279:Tribune
1144:of the
1127:At the
1099:Moreton
922:During
639:at the
546:
538:
526:
518:
514:
500:Spouses
3638:Latham
3618:Hayden
3587:Rudd 2
3572:Rudd 1
3492:Hughes
3472:Watson
3441:Rudd I
3411:Curtin
3401:Hughes
3381:Watson
2983:Latham
2954:Hayden
2924:Curtin
2900:Hughes
2893:Fisher
2886:Watson
2635:
2611:
2592:
2573:
2545:(1972)
2509:(1972)
2452:
2272:
2138:
2130:
2120:
2085:
2004:9 July
1888:
1880:
1870:
1801:4 June
1773:
1705:
1697:
1644:
1602:(1978)
1586:(1978)
1570:(1978)
1554:(1978)
1538:(1978)
1522:(1978)
1506:(1978)
1490:(1978)
1474:(1978)
1453:
1221:Sydney
1217:Mosman
1122:Malaya
885:Senate
198:Leader
152:Deputy
98:Deputy
3633:Crean
3623:Hawke
3512:Forde
3431:Hawke
3416:Forde
2978:Crean
2960:Hawke
2937:Evatt
2906:Tudor
2666:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1703:S2CID
1091:Bruce
1028:Labor
540:(
536:
520:(
516:
494:Labor
4089:2019
4069:2012
4064:2010
4059:2006
4054:2005
4039:2001
4034:1996
4019:1983
4014:1982
3999:1976
3994:1968
3989:1967
3984:1966
3979:1960
3974:1959
3969:1956
3964:1954
3959:1951
3954:1945
3949:1935
3944:1931
3939:1928
3934:1922
3929:1920
3924:1916
3919:1915
3914:1913
3909:1907
3904:1901
3648:Rudd
3008:Rudd
2994:Rudd
2633:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2395:2019
2374:2019
2346:2019
2325:2019
2304:2019
2270:ISBN
2248:2019
2175:2022
2147:2019
2136:OCLC
2128:ISSN
2118:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2063:2022
2034:2022
2006:2019
1954:2019
1925:2019
1897:2019
1886:OCLC
1878:ISSN
1868:ISBN
1839:2012
1803:2023
1771:ISBN
1695:ISSN
1642:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1276:the
1105:and
1071:and
802:, a
463:Died
439:Born
387:for
3396:III
1687:doi
1421:Of
1371:MP
1360:".
4106::
3391:II
2524:.
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1995:.
1976:.
1962:^
1945:.
1933:^
1914:.
1884:.
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1701:.
1693:.
1683:39
1681:.
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1331:.
686:.
647:.
606:KC
542:m.
522:m.
41:KC
3582:2
3567:2
3557:4
3552:3
3547:2
3537:3
3532:2
3522:2
3507:2
3487:3
3482:2
3055:e
3048:t
3041:v
2866:e
2859:t
2852:v
2641:.
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23:.
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