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the murder of a black man and sentenced to death." While the trial and execution may have shocked the slave-owning communities in the
British West Indies, it does not appear to have had any immediate effect other than that on Hodge's plantation. There may have been other slave owners in the British West Indies who were as cruel as Hodge, but there does not seem to have been a move to put them on trial. And white slave owners do not appear to have voluntarily moderated their treatment of their black slaves after the trial. There appear to be no other records of any slave owners in the
2309:).) During the series of arguments, Martin went to Hodge's house on 3 January 1811 "and there most wantonly insulted and assaulted him" according to court records, before doing the same thing to Robertson later that day. Hodge then made "half-uttered threats of calling out", i.e. challenging him to a duel. Martin decided that "it better not to fight him, without first attempting to deliver himself from such a desperate enemy, by bringing him to public justice" since Hodge was known to be an excellent pistol shot and duellist.
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under the last better than an hour; he then got up and was carried up to the hill; and his master said he should be flogged again if he did not bring the other three shillings; he was tied to a tree the next day; and the flogging was repeated; he was licked so long that his head fell back, and he could not bawl out any longer; I supposed he was faint; I then went from the window, as I could not bear to see any more of it.
2296:. Elliot personally supervised the proceedings against Hodge, but since the trial was conducted before an independent judge with a sitting jury, it is unlikely he could have influenced its outcome. He was aware that the economy of the British Virgin Islands might collapse without slave labour. Nearly three years elapsed from the murder without anyone choosing to indict Hodge until Elliot was appointed governor.
2163:...the law makes no distinction between master and servant. God created white and he created black creatures; and as God makes no distinction in administering justice, and to Him each is alike, you will not, nor can you alter your verdict, if murder has been proved – whether on white persons or on black persons, the crime is equally the same with God and the law.
2211:. On the appointed day, he addressed certain individuals whom he singled out in the crowd and asked them to forgive him for injuries which they had received at his hands. He then addressed the crowd generally and asked them to forgive him. Then he was hanged. His body was then taken to his estate and buried, not far from the grave of Prosper.
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Years later the Hodge estate burned down, and son Henry Cecil Hodge remarked that he would be paying the price for his father's sins forever. Arthur Hodge had also two daughters Jane (b. 1801) and Ruth (b. 1806) with Ann
Hoggins. With Jane MacNamara he had a daughter Rosina Jane (b. 1795). With slave
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After delivering the verdict in his trial, all of the jurors swore that to their knowledge Arthur Hodge held no property in the
British Virgin Islands. This was patently not true, but allowed the court to avoid condemning his property, and allowed his estate to pass to his 7-year-old son, Henry Cecil
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The ramifications of the execution of Hodge are difficult to gauge. Some historians suggest that the "case stirred up feverish feelings in the islands, and even echoed to the outside world ... it was revolutionary for the times: this was an unprecedented trial, where a white man was proven guilty for
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The third reason is that the
British Virgin Islands were considered to be beset by lawlessness at the time. Elliot was reported to have been struck by the "state of irritation ... almost of anarchy" in the British Virgin Islands. Arresting a significant local figure like Hodge, putting him on trial,
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to stand by to support the civilian authorities if it was needed. Elliot may have been motivated by a concern for self-preservation, as he had been the primary proponent of the indictment of Hodge. White slaveowners might have been angry that a social peer could be sentenced to death for the murder
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As bad as I have been represented, or as bad as you may think me, I assure you that I feel support in my afflictions from entertaining a proper sense of religion. As all men are subject to wrong, I cannot but say that the principle is likewise inherent in me. I acknowledge myself guilty in regard
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for; he had not the money and came to borrow it of me, I had no more than three shillings; he said to his master that he had no more money; his master said he would flog him if he did not bring it; he was laid down and held by four negroes, on his face and belly, and flogged with a cartwhip; he was
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girl of about eight years of age, who was his offspring by his slave Peggy, was flogged and beaten by Hodge personally. Hodge also had the heads of several mulatto children, possibly also sired by him, held under water until they lost consciousness, then had them revived only to repeat the process.
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On 30 April 1811, the jury retired to consider their verdict at about half past six in the morning. By eight o'clock, they returned with a guilty verdict. A majority of the jurors recommended mercy for Hodge. Such recommendations were not binding, and the presiding judge, Chief
Justice Robertson,
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Several slave uprisings occurred in the
British Virgin Islands before the trial, including a major one in May 1790 at the Pickering plantation. Hanging a notoriously cruel slave owner might have been intended to help maintain control of the remaining slave population, who had grown restless as a
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witnesses were
Stephen McKeough, a white man who inspected the Hodge estate, and Perreen Georges. Hodge tried to discredit both witnesses by alleging that McKeough was a drunk and Georges was a thief. Hodge did not try to impeach the reputation of the third prosecution witness, Daniel Ross, a
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And finally, personal feuds may have played a role in indicting Hodge. William Cox
Robertson was a young man who had returned to Tortola and become engaged in a three way exchange of insults between himself, Hodge and George Martin (Robertson's father may have been killed by Hodge in a
2621:"Image 14 of A report of the trial of Arthur Hodge, Esquire, (late one of the members of His Majesty's Council for the Virgin-Islands) at the island of Tortola, on the 25th April, 1811, and adjourned to the 29th of the same month, for the murder of his Negro man slave named Prosper"
2596:"Image 13 of A report of the trial of Arthur Hodge, Esquire, (late one of the members of His Majesty's Council for the Virgin-Islands) at the island of Tortola, on the 25th April, 1811, and adjourned to the 29th of the same month, for the murder of his Negro man slave named Prosper"
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application, Hodge's counsel argued that "A Negro being property, it was no greater offence for his master to kill him than it would be to kill his dog," but the court did not accept the submission. Indeed, the point was dismissed without any serious discussion.
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The witness, Daniel Ross, also testified that he could not remember all the names of the black slaves who had died as a result of Hodge's cruelty. Both Hodge's wife and daughter died prematurely. However, Hodge was never accused nor indicted for causing their
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The assaults took place on 2 October 1807 and the following day. Thirteen days later, on 15 October 1807, Prosper died of his wounds. Hodge was not indicted for three years, until 11 March 1811. He then fled from his estates and was arrested by warrant.
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2250:, had stood trial in England for murdering a slave but was acquitted; it was not suggested at Kimber's trial that it was lawful to kill a slave. Many cases dealing with the status of slaves are well documented and well considered (see generally,
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Hodge previously had over 100 healthy slaves on his plantation, but by the time his wife Ann died in 1808, it was testified that there were no longer enough slaves to dig a grave for her. One witness testified that, in three years at least sixty
2792:. There is no reason why a slave is not either a man, or under the Queen's peace. Although slaves were not allowed to marry, they were allowed to hold property of their own, other than slaves, and were in most other respects treated as persons.
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and disturbed man. Evidence was presented that he caused the deaths of other slaves in his estate, including: Cuffy, Else, Jupiter, Margaret, and Tom and Simon Boiler. Three male slaves—Jupiter, Tom Boiler and his brother Simon—were
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Trying Hodge affected the
British Virgin Island's finances. The British Virgin Islands spent nearly six hundred pounds sterling, and cost Hodge's estate nearly nine hundred pounds sterling, both extravagant sums for the time.
2775:, which proscribed fines for cruelty to slaves, but was silent as to whether other offences against slaves constitute crimes as if the person was a free man, so such a determination would have to be made as a matter of the
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2803:"The trial of Captain John Kimber, for the murder of two female Negro slaves, on board the Recovery, African slave ship : tried at the Admiralty Sessions, held at the Old Baily, the 7th of June, 1792"
2246:, and it does not seem implausible that slavery could be permitted under the common law on the one hand, but for it to constitute a crime to kill a slave on the other. In 1792 the captain of a slave ship,
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No white descendants of Hodge live in the
British Virgin Islands today, although many of the descendants of his former slaves still do so. There are Hodges of mixed race descended from white Hodges.
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Within the British Virgin Islands themselves, outside Hodge's estate, slaves were treated relatively well, which is not surprising in light of the growing value of slaves since the abolition of the
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While some slave owners prescribed rules of conduct for the disciplining of slaves to remove fear of arbitrary or excessive punishments, these rules were not binding in law. During his unsuccessful
2139:. Hodge called his sister, Penelope, and a witness described as an "old black woman" to give testimony to his innocence, but reports suggest that their evidence was not regarded as credible.
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2006:
2329:. While slaves would not be free until over twenty years had passed, enslaved people in the British Virgin Islands enjoyed greater protection from cruelty and injury by white slave owners.
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result of the passing of the Slave Trade Act. If this was the intent, it was not effective, as major rebellions broke out in 1823 and in 1830, and a planned uprising was uncovered in 1831.
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of many of my slaves, but I call God to witness to my innocence in respect to the murder of Prosper. I am sensible that the country thirsts for my blood, and I am ready to sacrifice it.
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leaving his estate to his son during the disputes with Musgrave and Martin which led to his execution, although there is no suggestion that he feared for his life at this time.
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to death. Cook Margaret and washerwoman Else died after boiling water was poured down their throats. Other slaves named Welcome, Gift and Violet were also
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were relatively casual in colonial courts, and much of the evidence seems to have focused upon acts of cruelty by Hodge towards slaves other than Prosper.
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2100:. The main evidence given at the trial relating to the death of Prosper was given by Perreen Georges, a free woman of colour. She testified that:
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pronounced that Hodge should be "hanged by the neck on Wednesday the 8 May following, until he was dead, on a spot near unto the common prison."
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Counsel for the prosecution averred that killing a slave had always been contrary to the common law, but cited no authority for this.
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legal systems, the defendant was allowed to address the jury before they retired to consider their verdict, and Hodge said this:
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Perversely, abolishing the slave trade actually made the existing slaves more valuable, as they could not then be replaced.
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every night from sunset to sunrise between the time of sentencing and the date of Hodge's execution. Finally, he ordered
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At the time of Hodge's trial, slavery was still legal, but the trade in African slaves had been abolished by the
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Evidence was further presented that Hodge was cruel to child slaves, including his own offspring. Bella, a small
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Hodge was allowed to "make his peace with God" in the following week. He was attended by two ministers of the
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and executing him was a decisive demonstration of authority in an attempt to restore better legal order.
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on 3 December 1782. One of his three wives, Ann Hoggins (1779–1808), was a sister-in-law of the
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for the murder of a single male slave, part of his estate, named Prosper. Restrictions on
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Under common law, murder requires that the defendant caused the death of a man under the
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to prevent reprisals "in a conjuncture so replete with party animosity." He also imposed
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One set of these rules, from Hannah's estate in Sea Cow Bay, still survives today.
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owner while also pursuing a political career, serving in both the colony's
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ruled that slave-holders could not be convicted for harming their slaves.
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The boundaries of the legality of slavery were barely explored under the
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of a black slave, who by the laws of the time was considered property.
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Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886
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which dropt off a tree, and which Mr Hodge said he should pay six
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The evidence against Hodge was strong and credible, and Hodge's
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The Hanging of Arthur Hodge: A Caribbean Anti-Slavery Milestone
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The Hanging of Arthur Hodge: A Caribbean Anti-Slavery Milestone
239:. Returning to Tortola in 1803, he settled down to a life as a
2515:"Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slave-ownership"
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Hodge may have been sentenced to hang for political reasons:
2904:
The Newgate Calendar – THE HONOURABLE ARTHUR WILLIAM HODGE
354:" had been buried, and only one had died a natural death.
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Sampson, a boy of ten years of age, was dipped in boiling
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I was present when he was laid down and flogged for a
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However, the jury were also charged with the words of
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After whom he presumably named his son "Henry Cecil".
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in 1811 for murdering one of his slaves. Born on the
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Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
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Tortolan-born planter, serial killer and politician
2831:at the time of the trial, and his brother-in-law,
3043:British Virgin Islands people convicted of murder
1871:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2957:A concise history of the British Virgin Islands
2885:A concise history of the British Virgin Islands
2578:"1811: Arthur William Hodge, brutal slaveowner"
2396:A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands
2161:
2148:
2102:
71:Tortola Prison, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
3068:People executed by British colonies by hanging
2718:. Vol. 4. J. Robins & Co. p. 28.
2159:, President of the Council of the Territory:
2077:
8:
2998:A report into the trial of Arthur Hodge, Esq
2823:Elliot was well connected. His brother, the
2322:being tried for the murder of their slaves.
1876:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2350:Peggy he had a girl named Bella (c. 1798).
283:in December 1781. He briefly served in the
2084:
2070:
361:
38:
27:
2712:Andrew Knapp and William Baldwin (1828).
2262:The case is also sometimes compared with
19:For other people named Arthur Hodge, see
2268:, 13 N.C. 167 (N.C. 1830), in which the
1881:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1746:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1726:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3003:Thumbnail of a portrait of Arthur Hodge
2971:A History of the British Virgin Islands
2387:
373:
317:Trial reports suggest that Hodge was a
3053:Executed British Virgin Islands people
2342:Hodge. Arthur Hodge had adopted a new
2096:Hodge had a reputation on Tortola for
3058:History of the British Virgin Islands
1768:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1445:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
263:Arthur William Hodge was born in the
7:
2431:. Oxford: Parker and Co – via
1960:Slave marriages in the United States
1564:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3083:People from the British West Indies
3038:British people convicted of torture
3033:British Virgin Islands slave owners
1299:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
1953:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3063:Law of the British Virgin Islands
914:Field slaves in the United States
781:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
255:to be executed for such a crime.
2915:Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860
2849:Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860
2758:Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860
2729:Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860
2539:Slaves and the Courts, 1740–1860
2184:, was compelled to commission a
791:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
786:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
615:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
385:
3048:Executed British serial killers
3028:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
2270:Supreme Court of North Carolina
2178:Governor of the Leeward Islands
1741:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1292:East, Southeast, and South Asia
346:until all his skin peeled off.
3078:Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
2455:. 30 November 1782. p. 1.
1440:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2926:Andrew, John (21 July 2000).
2487:Andrew, John (21 July 2000).
2223:. Enslaved Africans were not
267:, the son of Arthur Hodge of
197:
2130:was weak. The two strongest
1731:Temporary Slavery Commission
1392:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
2985:The Hanging of Arthur Hodge
2872:The Hanging of Arthur Hodge
2860:The Hanging of Arthur Hodge
2476:The Hanging of Arthur Hodge
2276:Motivations for prosecution
1751:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
796:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3099:
2229:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
1936:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1773:Anti-Slavery International
1538:North Africa and West Asia
287:and was commissioned as a
18:
2771:. Counsel also cited the
2689:U.S.) for a single mango.
2655:Scott (28 October 2013).
2550:Scott (28 October 2013).
2032:Emancipation Proclamation
1704:Opposition and resistance
1462:Sex trafficking in Europe
1450:Blackbirding in Polynesia
1013:Trans-Saharan slave trade
187:
96:
37:
1812:Compensated emancipation
1023:Indian Ocean slave trade
2932:. Xlibris Corporation.
2493:. Xlibris Corporation.
2290:British Leeward Islands
1736:1926 Slavery Convention
1492:Germany in World War II
1109:North and South America
631:Contract of manumission
330:to death. At least one
2839:in the House of Lords.
2685:sterling, or about 50
2658:The History of Torture
2553:The History of Torture
2292:, Hugh Elliot, was an
2265:North Carolina v. Mann
2165:
2153:
2115:
2098:cruelty towards slaves
1217:British Virgin Islands
769:Circassian slave trade
735:Safavid imperial harem
730:Ottoman Imperial Harem
265:British Virgin Islands
225:British Virgin Islands
151:British Virgin Islands
58:British Virgin Islands
2805:. Library of Congress
2773:Amelioration Act 1798
2422:"Hodge, Arthur"
2252:slavery at common law
1456:Europe and North Asia
1416:Australia and Oceania
1116:Pre-Columbian America
688:Slave raid of Suðuroy
620:Slavery in al-Andalus
542:Black Sea slave trade
471:21st-century jihadism
312:similar fact evidence
293:23rd Regiment of Foot
237:23rd Regiment of Foot
2837:Slave Trade Act 1807
2715:The Newgate Calendar
2377:List of slave owners
2288:The Governor of the
2221:Slave Trade Act 1807
2157:Richard Hetherington
2137:Justice of the Peace
1911:Indentured servitude
1839:Underground Railroad
1639:United Arab Emirates
1028:Zanzibar slave trade
995:By country or region
808:Atlantic slave trade
710:Ma malakat aymanukum
594:Venetian slave trade
249:Legislative Assembly
203:– 8 May 1811) was a
194:Arthur William Hodge
81:Execution by hanging
68:8 May 1811 (aged 48)
32:Arthur William Hodge
3073:People from Tortola
2835:, had proposed the
2625:Library of Congress
2600:Library of Congress
2327:African slave trade
2320:British West Indies
2258:Other jurisdictions
2142:As is customary in
1997:Slave Route Project
1128:Americas indigenous
1018:Red Sea slave trade
1008:Contemporary Africa
871:Topics and practice
641:Crimean slave trade
636:Bukhara slave trade
589:Genoese slave trade
466:Contemporary Africa
446:Forced prostitution
306:In 1811, Hodge was
227:, Hodge studied at
221:executed by hanging
139:Span of crimes
77:Cause of death
2955:Vernon Pickering,
2883:Vernon Pickering,
2452:The London Gazette
2394:Vernon Pickering,
1778:Blockade of Africa
1085:Somali slave trade
1001:Sub-Saharan Africa
693:Turkish Abductions
651:Khivan slave trade
646:Khazar slave trade
599:Balkan slave trade
557:Prague slave trade
297:Marquess of Exeter
2094:
2093:
2044:Freedmen's Bureau
1866:Third Servile War
1861:International law
1428:Human trafficking
1190:Human trafficking
865:Thirteen colonies
683:Sack of Baltimore
451:Human trafficking
289:second lieutenant
245:Executive Council
191:
190:
3090:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2829:Viceroy of India
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2368:(c. 1840 – 1868)
2205:Methodist church
2086:
2079:
2072:
2056:Emancipation Day
1889:
1856:Slave Trade Acts
547:Byzantine Empire
389:
362:
271:. He studied at
202:
199:
179:Date apprehended
168:
158:
115:Criminal penalty
105:
42:
28:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3008:
3007:
2969:Isaac Dookhan,
2952:
2947:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2359:
2339:
2315:
2278:
2260:
2217:
2209:St Christophers
2174:
2124:
2090:
2061:
2060:
1965:Slave narrative
1921:Fugitive slaves
1901:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1851:Slave rebellion
1706:
1696:
1695:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1466:United Kingdom
1402:Yankee princess
996:
988:
987:
715:Avret Pazarları
661:Avret Pazarları
530:Medieval Europe
496:
486:
485:
424:Forced marriage
399:
360:
261:
253:British subject
200:
180:
166:
156:
140:
101:
87:Criminal status
72:
69:
60:
51:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2981:
2967:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2918:
2907:
2896:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2841:
2816:
2794:
2781:
2761:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2721:
2704:
2691:
2674:
2667:
2647:
2637:
2612:
2587:
2582:Executed Today
2569:
2562:
2542:
2531:
2506:
2499:
2479:
2467:
2458:
2438:
2417:Foster, Joseph
2408:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2372:William Pitman
2369:
2358:
2355:
2338:
2335:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2259:
2256:
2225:formally freed
2216:
2213:
2173:
2170:
2123:
2120:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1943:List of slaves
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Dutch Republic
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
958:
954:
953:
948:
946:Child soldiers
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
911:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
873:
872:
868:
867:
862:
857:
855:Spanish Empire
852:
847:
842:
837:
835:Middle Passage
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
810:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
656:Ottoman Empire
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
617:
611:
610:
604:
603:
602:
601:
591:
586:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
532:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
504:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
476:Sexual slavery
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
436:
434:Child marriage
431:
421:
416:
411:
409:Child soldiers
406:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
382:
381:
371:
370:
359:
356:
332:free black man
303:at Belle Vue.
260:
257:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3095:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:0-7388-1930-1
2990:
2986:
2983:John Andrew,
2982:
2980:
2979:0-85935-026-6
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:88-85047-12-2
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2939:9780738819310
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:88-85047-12-2
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:Lord Auckland
2830:
2826:
2825:Earl of Minto
2820:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:Queen's peace
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2668:9781136191602
2664:
2661:. Routledge.
2660:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:. 8 May 2020.
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2563:9781136191602
2559:
2556:. Routledge.
2555:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2520:
2519:www.ucl.ac.uk
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2500:9780738819310
2496:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:John Andrew,
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2419:(1888–1892).
2418:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:0-934139-05-9
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2313:Ramifications
2312:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:The execution
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Slave catcher
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Forced labour
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:Abolitionists
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:comfort women
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:Chukri System
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Latin America
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:interregional
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:prison labour
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:United States
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:White slavery
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Slave raiding
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
909:Corvée labour
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
806:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Abbasid harem
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
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229:Oriel College
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183:11 March 1811
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3018:1760s births
2984:
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2899:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
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2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2797:
2784:
2764:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2724:
2714:
2707:
2698:West Indian
2694:
2677:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
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2581:
2572:
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2545:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
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2470:
2461:
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2441:
2426:
2411:
2395:
2390:
2363:Samuel Hodge
2352:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2303:
2294:abolitionist
2279:
2263:
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2218:
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2175:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
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2116:
2103:
2095:
1992:Slave patrol
1829:Freedom suit
1805:Sierra Leone
1795:Colonization
1711:Abolitionism
1691:Baháʼí Faith
1664:Christianity
1614:Saudi Arabia
1470:Penal Labour
1435:Blackbirding
1341:Debt bondage
1329:penal system
1155:Contemporary
1145:Field slaves
1133:U.S. Natives
1092:South Africa
963:Galley slave
936:Slave market
926:House slaves
899:Blackbirding
877:Conscription
801:21st century
764:Umm al-walad
608:Muslim world
577:Emancipation
481:Wage slavery
461:Penal labour
439:Wife selling
429:Bride buying
414:Conscription
404:Child Labour
397:Contemporary
348:
336:
316:
305:
285:British Army
262:
193:
192:
143:Unknown–1811
25:
21:Arthur Hodge
3023:1811 deaths
2809:8 September
2447:"No. 12393"
2337:Descendants
2248:John Kimber
2190:martial law
2182:Hugh Elliot
2132:prosecution
2007:court cases
1884: [
1834:Slave Power
1822:Manumission
1669:Catholicism
1544:Afghanistan
1285:Puerto Rico
1197:The Bahamas
1175:Slave codes
978:Shanghaiing
968:Impressment
860:Slave Coast
740:Qajar harem
700:Concubinage
673:slave trade
201: 1763
157:Location(s)
3012:Categories
2950:References
2777:common law
2702:for beaten
2433:Wikisource
2406:, page 48.
2244:common law
2227:until the
2144:common law
2022:J.Q. Adams
2012:Washington
1982:Slave name
1931:convention
1906:Common law
1279:Encomienda
1075:Seychelles
1060:Mauritania
983:Slave ship
850:Panyarring
845:New France
494:Historical
301:plantation
259:Early life
241:plantation
213:politician
2874:, p. 105.
2862:, p. 102.
2683:new pence
2122:The trial
2110:shillings
2017:Jefferson
1674:Mormonism
1609:Palestine
1423:Australia
1353:Indonesia
1244:Lei Áurea
1227:Code Noir
1207:Caribbean
1180:Treatment
919:Treatment
892:Devshirme
754:Odalisque
572:In Russia
513:Babylonia
501:Antiquity
358:The crime
167:Target(s)
2357:See also
2049:Iron bit
2039:40 acres
2002:breeding
1817:Freedman
1652:Religion
1512:Portugal
1397:Thailand
1387:Maldives
1382:Malaysia
1375:Kwalliso
1319:Booi Aha
1271:Restavek
1251:Colombia
1222:Trinidad
1212:Barbados
1102:Zanzibar
1050:Ethiopia
931:Saqaliba
825:Database
776:Saqaliba
537:Ancillae
367:a series
365:Part of
319:sadistic
308:indicted
247:and its
219:who was
205:Tortolan
91:Executed
2645:deaths.
2215:The law
2186:militia
2128:defence
2027:Lincoln
1900:Related
1800:Liberia
1686:Judaism
1624:Tunisia
1599:Morocco
1589:Lebanon
1554:Bahrain
1549:Algeria
1517:Romania
1482:Denmark
1475:Slavery
1409:Vietnam
1080:Somalia
1070:Nigeria
1045:Comoros
973:Pirates
882:Ghilman
815:Bristol
705:history
678:pirates
567:History
456:Peonage
379:slavery
352:Negroes
339:mulatto
328:flogged
324:whipped
291:in the
269:Tortola
209:planter
161:Tortola
148:Country
130:Victims
125:Details
54:Tortola
2991:
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2891:
2827:, was
2700:patois
2665:
2630:13 May
2605:13 May
2560:
2524:13 May
2497:
2402:
2196:Cygnet
1948:owners
1584:Kuwait
1579:Jordan
1532:Sweden
1522:Russia
1507:Poland
1502:Norway
1324:Laogai
1309:Brunei
1304:Bhutan
1266:revolt
1239:Brazil
1202:Canada
1165:partus
1150:female
1035:Angola
904:Coolie
887:Mamluk
840:Nantes
820:Brazil
749:Cariye
584:Thrall
552:Kholop
518:Greece
344:liquor
277:Oxford
233:Oxford
207:-born
172:Slaves
109:Murder
2687:cents
2383:Notes
2106:mango
1975:songs
1970:films
1888:]
1844:songs
1681:Islam
1659:Bible
1634:Yemen
1629:Qatar
1619:Syria
1594:Libya
1559:Egypt
1527:Spain
1497:Malta
1370:Korea
1358:Japan
1336:India
1314:China
1261:Haiti
1121:Aztec
1097:Sudan
1065:Niger
957:Naval
830:Dutch
759:Qiyan
745:Jarya
720:Harem
562:Serfs
508:Egypt
119:Death
2989:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2811:2022
2663:ISBN
2632:2019
2607:2019
2558:ISBN
2526:2019
2495:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2344:will
2307:duel
2236:bail
2194:HMS
2176:The
1926:laws
1788:U.S.
1783:U.K.
1721:U.S.
1716:U.K.
1604:Oman
1574:Iraq
1569:Iran
1256:Cuba
1160:maps
1055:Mali
1040:Chad
626:Baqt
523:Rome
419:Debt
377:and
215:and
65:Died
50:1763
47:Born
2207:at
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