52:
31:
609:
252:
The family
Arthoniaceae consists of lichens that are either lichenized or lichenicolous (living on other lichens), and sometimes lose their lichenized nature. The main body of these lichens, known as the
561:. They are known from arctic to tropical latitudes, as well as variating altitudes from sea level to alpine regions, distributed in both humid forests and dry habitats.
1632:
1684:
459:
to clavate. Often, one end of the spore is larger (macrocephalic), or in muriform spores, there is a single large cell. The spores are typically transparent (
1528:
1515:
635:
accepts 25 genera and 392 species in the family
Arthoniaceae. This is a list of the genera in the Arthoniaceae based on a 2020 review and summary of fungal
600:. They grow on leaves, bark, bryophytes, and rocks. Other species are lichenicolous (growing on other lichens), and a few species are known to be saprobic.
1776:
1606:
1645:
385:, it is densely packed, resembling a different type of fungal reproductive structure known as ascolocular ascomata. These structures can react to
1201:
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil
Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020).
1156:
1123:
443:, usually number eight per ascus but can sometimes be fewer, ranging from two to four or even one. These spores are segmented (transversely
211:
1118:. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin/Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 41–42.
482:(asexual spores) can vary in shape from simple, non-segmented forms to those with transverse segments, and can be oblong, rod-like (
1070:
Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Ertz, Damien; Grube, Martin (2014-08-28). "The
Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae".
432:) and an eye-like feature (ocular chamber). The asci may react to iodine in different ways: non-amyloid, hemiamyloid, or amyloid.
1733:
1781:
261:, meaning it forms a crust-like appearance on the surface it inhabits. In lichen-forming species of Arthoniaceae, the primary
1650:
1671:
1771:
51:
644:
408:, meaning they have a double wall that splits during spore release. They come in various shapes, from club-shaped (
207:
1689:
1766:
648:
640:
636:
508:
500:
492:
484:
472:
449:
437:
426:
418:
410:
402:
355:
344:
336:
328:
314:
306:
298:
267:
1468:
1111:
578:
1761:
558:
1725:
1738:
1699:
1554:
1025:
992:
854:
744:
574:
518:
162:
1598:
285:
279:
393:
reaction) in various ways: not at all (non-amyloid), partially (hemiamyloid), or fully (amyloid).
1049:
898:
843:
390:
375:
118:
46:
700:
1506:
1707:
1541:
1152:
1129:
1119:
1041:
1637:
1712:
1422:
1376:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1224:
1214:
1172:
1079:
1033:
632:
589:
154:
30:
553:
The species in
Arthoniaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are especially prevalent in
1367:
and related genera in
Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia".
1180:
1016:
Sundin, Rikard; Tehler, Anders (July 1998). "Phylogenetic
Studies of the Genus Arthonia".
788:
777:
597:
258:
93:
1585:
1029:
1593:
689:
522:
262:
1533:
974:
Grube, M. "A taxonomic survey of arthonioid fungi with reddish K+ reactive pigments".
1755:
1520:
952:
876:
766:
624:
538:
534:
1219:
1202:
1053:
799:
755:
711:
678:
656:
381:
369:
194:
188:
186:
which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is
608:
1546:
1176:
1676:
1619:
1500:
1426:
1248:, a new coelomycetous genus of Arthoniaceae (Arthoniales) for the lichenicolous
1244:
Diederich, P.; Lawrey, J.D.; Sikaroodi, M.; van den Boom, P.; Ertz, D. (2012). "
887:
832:
722:
345:
177:
173:
103:
1491:
1413:, a new genus for a unique species with spherical ascospores in Arthoniaceae".
1380:
1327:
1265:
909:
733:
585:
403:
363:
337:
334:. Typically, these structures lack distinct margins made of their own tissue (
322:
274:
221:
127:
83:
1133:
1045:
1580:
1567:
865:
821:
612:
530:
456:
356:
299:
237:
229:
225:
63:
1296:
1037:
473:
438:
329:
268:
1396:
Lichenes foliicolae quos legit O. Beccari annis 1866–1867 in insula Borneo
315:
1658:
1485:
810:
667:
620:
554:
542:
501:
493:
485:
467:
450:
293:
182:
166:
1116:
Syllabus of Plant
Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
509:
419:
411:
1363:
Frisch, Andreas; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Ertz, Damien; Thor, Göran (2015). "
1229:
526:
479:
460:
427:
254:
1624:
939:
570:
444:
386:
307:
158:
73:
1663:
1611:
1462:
1083:
1572:
1341:
Stirton, J. (1877). "Descriptions of recently discovered lichens".
379:, the hamathecium lacks a gelatinous matrix, while in others, like
1720:
607:
581:
397:
180:, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in
169:
940:
Encyclopedia of Life, consulted at september the seventeenth 2013
639:
244:
monophyletic, several genera have been described or resurrected.
1314:, a new genus of byssoid Arthoniaceae (lichenised Ascomycota)".
139:
1466:
466:
Arthoniaceae also produce asexual spores in structures called
1559:
569:
Collectively, the family have a highly variable ecology with
283:. Occasionally, they associate with other green algae, like
951:
Sundin, Rikard; Thor, Göran; Frisch, Andreas (2012-01-01).
651:
are used), year of publication, and the number of species:
361:, consists of branched and interconnected filaments called
320:(elongated and furrowed), or scattered. Some genera, like
619:(magnified 40x) showing roughly star-shaped clusters of
1151:. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 17–18.
1110:
Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; LĂĽcking, Robert;
976:
1358:
1356:
400:, which are the spore-producing cells, are typically
353:
The internal structure of the ascomata, known as the
1475:
1343:
Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow
424:), and contain a specialized cap structure (apical
694:Diederich, Ertz, Lawrey & van den Boom (2012)
584:. The majority of species are lichenized with a
296:) varies widely within this family. They can be
240:groups is an ongoing process. In order to make
8:
176:. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
416:) to sac-like (saccate) or even spherical (
1463:
993:"The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland"
29:
20:
1398:(in Latin). MĂĽnchen: Privately published.
1228:
1218:
292:The form of the reproductive structures (
224:of Arthoniaceae, and it is known to be a
1252:, with a key to this and similar taxa".
953:"A literature review of Arthonia s. lat"
435:The spores produced by the asci, called
326:, have a unique type of ascomata called
1203:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa"
925:
517:The family produces a diverse range of
463:) or brown and do not react to iodine.
1310:Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran (2009). "
1283:, a new genus of arthonioid lichens".
596:are lichenized with a photobiont from
7:
1726:B9846685-F268-A22D-F47C-70651F51BE21
1700:b4925f12-82b1-4d52-a282-1b99737e9650
1065:
1063:
987:
985:
935:
933:
931:
929:
212:Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach
870:Ertz, Kukwa & Sanderson (2018)
14:
447:) or have multiple compartments (
1777:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
782:Frisch, Ertz & G.Thor (2015)
749:Van den Broeck & Ertz (2016)
674:– ca. 50 + ca. 300 orphaned spp.
232:genus. The process of splitting
50:
623:. Found growing on the bark of
1114:(2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.).
859:Diederich & Scheid. (1996)
514:), and are typically hyaline.
1:
41:, member of the Arthoniaceae
1149:Fungal Families of the World
685:– 10 + ca. 100 orphaned spp.
541:. Some species also contain
455:), with shapes ranging from
1427:10.13158/heia.31.1.2018.695
1147:Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007).
1798:
738:Frisch & G.Thor (2010)
367:. In some genera, such as
1394:Krempelhuber, A. (1874).
1381:10.1017/S0024282915000201
1328:10.1007/s11557-009-0639-8
1266:10.1007/s13225-011-0105-1
1220:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
133:
126:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
771:Syd. & P.Syd. (1917)
647:the genus; standardized
39:Cryptothecia rubrocincta
1448:genera lichenum nova".
1409:Grube, Martin (2018). "
1279:Grube, Martin (2001). "
631:As of March 2021,
470:, and less commonly in
1782:Taxa described in 1841
1440:Nylander, W. (1862). "
1297:10.1006/lich.2001.0348
1038:10.1006/lich.1998.0155
826:Dufour ex Körb. (1855)
628:
611:
592:and a few species in
559:Mediterranean climate
537:, and derivatives of
519:secondary metabolites
506:), or sickle-shaped (
192:with 80 species, and
1316:Mycological Progress
1112:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten
649:author abbreviations
1772:Ascomycota families
1030:1998ThLic..30..381S
641:taxonomic authority
1450:Botanische Zeitung
957:Biblioth. Lichenol
815:(Ach.) Gray (1821)
629:
342:) or host tissue (
1749:
1748:
1708:Open Tree of Life
1469:Taxon identifiers
1369:The Lichenologist
1285:The Lichenologist
1158:978-0-85199-827-5
1125:978-3-443-01089-8
1018:The Lichenologist
643:(those who first
198:with 60 species.
147:
146:
122:
1789:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1677:NHMSYS0001474980
1667:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1254:Fungal Diversity
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:Species Fungorum
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1107:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1024:(4–5): 381–413.
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
989:
980:
979:
971:
965:
964:
948:
942:
937:
915:
904:
893:
882:
871:
860:
849:
848:A.Massal. (1855)
838:
827:
816:
805:
794:
783:
772:
761:
750:
739:
728:
717:
706:
695:
684:
683:A.Massal. (1852)
673:
662:
633:Species Fungorum
617:Arthonia radiata
590:Trentepohliaceae
511:
503:
495:
490:), needle-like (
487:
475:
452:
440:
429:
421:
413:
405:
358:
347:
339:
331:
317:
309:
301:
273:), is usually a
270:
117:
55:
54:
33:
21:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1767:Lichen families
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1471:
1461:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1421:(p1): 695–699.
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1250:Phoma cytospora
1243:
1242:
1238:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1181:Catalog of Life
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1091:
1084:10.12705/634.20
1069:
1068:
1061:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
983:
973:
972:
968:
950:
949:
945:
938:
927:
923:
913:
902:
891:
880:
869:
858:
847:
836:
825:
814:
803:
792:
789:Helicobolomyces
781:
778:Glomerulophoron
770:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
682:
671:
660:
606:
598:Chlorococcaleae
567:
551:
523:lichen products
513:
505:
497:
489:
477:
454:
442:
431:
423:
415:
407:
360:
349:
346:thalline margin
341:
333:
319:
311:
303:
277:from the genus
272:
250:
206:The family was
204:
143:
137:
116:
94:Arthoniomycetes
49:
17:
16:Family of fungi
12:
11:
5:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1497:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1432:
1401:
1386:
1375:(4): 233–256.
1352:
1333:
1322:(2): 281–303.
1302:
1291:(6): 491–502.
1271:
1246:Briancoppinsia
1236:
1193:
1177:"Arthoniaceae"
1164:
1157:
1139:
1124:
1089:
1078:(4): 727–744.
1059:
1008:
981:
966:
943:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
906:
903:A.L.Sm. (1926)
895:
884:
873:
862:
851:
840:
829:
818:
807:
796:
785:
774:
763:
752:
741:
730:
719:
708:
697:
690:Briancoppinsia
686:
675:
664:
637:classification
605:
602:
566:
563:
550:
547:
535:anthraquinones
507:
499:
491:
483:
471:
448:
436:
425:
417:
409:
401:
354:
343:
335:
327:
313:
305:
297:
266:
263:photosynthetic
249:
246:
203:
200:
145:
144:
138:
131:
130:
124:
123:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1213:: 1060–1456.
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
941:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
920:
912:
911:
907:
905:– ca. 25 spp.
901:
900:
896:
890:
889:
885:
881:Frisch (2015)
879:
878:
877:Sporodophoron
874:
868:
867:
863:
857:
856:
852:
846:
845:
841:
837:Kremp. (1874)
835:
834:
830:
824:
823:
819:
813:
812:
808:
804:Tobler (1937)
802:
801:
797:
793:Matzer (1995)
791:
790:
786:
780:
779:
775:
769:
768:
767:Eremothecella
764:
760:Stirt. (1876)
758:
757:
753:
747:
746:
742:
736:
735:
731:
725:
724:
720:
714:
713:
709:
703:
702:
698:
692:
691:
687:
681:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
659:
658:
654:
653:
652:
650:
646:
645:circumscribed
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
575:lichenicolous
572:
564:
562:
560:
557:areas with a
556:
548:
546:
544:
540:
539:pulvinic acid
536:
532:
528:
525:), including
524:
520:
515:
512:
504:
496:
488:
481:
476:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
446:
441:
433:
430:
422:
414:
406:
404:fissitunicate
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
365:
359:
351:
348:
340:
338:proper margin
332:
325:
324:
318:
310:
302:
295:
290:
288:
287:
286:Chrosonothrix
282:
281:
276:
271:
265:partner (the
264:
260:
256:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
213:
209:
208:circumscribed
201:
199:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:in the order
171:
168:
164:
163:lichenicolous
160:
156:
152:
141:
136:
132:
129:
125:
120:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
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72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:Arthoniaceae
22:
19:
1762:Arthoniaceae
1507:Arthoniaceae
1477:Arthoniaceae
1476:
1453:
1452:(in Latin).
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1281:Coniarthonia
1280:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1167:
1148:
1142:
1115:
1075:
1071:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
997:www.nhbs.com
996:
975:
969:
960:
956:
946:
908:
897:
892:Grube (2018)
886:
875:
864:
853:
842:
831:
820:
809:
800:Herpothallon
798:
787:
776:
765:
756:Cryptothecia
754:
743:
732:
721:
716:Grube (2001)
712:Coniarthonia
710:
699:
688:
679:Arthothelium
677:
666:
657:Amazonomyces
655:
630:
616:
615:specimen of
593:
568:
552:
549:Distribution
516:
465:
434:
395:
382:Arthothelium
380:
374:
370:Cryptothecia
368:
362:
352:
321:
291:
284:
280:Trentepohlia
278:
251:
241:
238:monophyletic
233:
230:paraphyletic
226:polyphyletic
217:
216:
205:
195:Cryptothecia
193:
189:Arthothelium
187:
181:
151:Arthoniaceae
150:
148:
134:
114:Arthoniaceae
113:
38:
18:
1620:iNaturalist
1501:Wikispecies
1446:Parathelium
1411:Staurospora
1260:(1): 1–12.
1230:10481/61998
914:Nyl. (1862)
888:Staurospora
855:Reichlingia
844:Pachnolepia
833:Myriostigma
745:Cryptophaea
723:Coniocarpon
672:Ach. (1806)
661:Bat. (1964)
357:hamathecium
300:apothecioid
248:Description
178:Arthoniales
174:Arthoniales
104:Arthoniales
1756:Categories
1456:: 278–279.
1442:Tylophoron
1349:: 156–164.
1312:Crypthonia
1207:Mycosphere
1002:2018-03-14
963:: 257–290.
921:References
910:Tylophoron
734:Crypthonia
727:DC. (1805)
705:Fr. (1821)
701:Coniangium
586:photobiont
571:lichenized
531:depsidones
474:campylidia
439:ascospores
364:paraphyses
330:mazaediate
323:Tylophoron
304:(open and
275:green alga
269:photobiont
222:type genus
159:lichenized
128:Type genus
84:Ascomycota
80:Division:
1581:FloraBase
1529:AusLichen
1134:429208213
1046:1096-1135
916:– 11 spp.
899:Stirtonia
866:Snippocia
822:Leprantha
740:– 16 spp.
718:– 12 spp.
613:Herbarium
543:xanthones
457:ellipsoid
376:Stirtonia
316:lirellate
214:in 1841.
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
1659:MycoBank
1594:Fungorum
1534:30016189
1521:60013302
1516:AusFungi
1492:Q2864921
1486:Wikidata
1415:Herzogia
1365:Inoderma
1186:18 March
1054:86125904
883:– 4 spp.
861:– 4 spp.
839:– 7 spp.
817:– 4 spp.
811:Inoderma
806:– ca. 50
795:– 2 spp.
784:– 2 spp.
773:– 8 spp.
762:– ca. 65
751:– 1 spp.
729:– 6 spp.
707:– 4 spp.
668:Arthonia
663:– 2 spp.
621:ascomata
594:Arthonia
579:saprobic
555:tropical
527:depsides
502:filiform
494:acicular
486:bacillar
468:pycnidia
451:muriform
312:-like),
294:ascomata
259:crustose
242:Arthonia
234:Arthonia
218:Arthonia
202:Taxonomy
183:Arthonia
167:saprobic
135:Arthonia
110:Family:
60:Domain:
1026:Bibcode
894:– 1 sp.
872:– 1 sp.
828:– 1 sp.
696:– 1 sp.
625:red oak
565:Ecology
510:falcate
480:conidia
461:hyaline
445:septate
420:globose
412:clavate
391:amyloid
255:thallus
220:is the
100:Order:
90:Class:
1739:147574
1713:124625
1697:NZOR:
1651:500091
1638:110492
1625:117928
1573:1ARTNF
1155:
1132:
1122:
1052:
1044:
850:–1 sp.
604:Genera
478:. The
428:tholus
387:iodine
155:family
153:are a
142:(1806)
121:(1841)
1734:WoRMS
1721:Plazi
1690:39678
1664:80472
1633:IRMNG
1599:80472
1586:23432
1072:Taxon
1050:S2CID
588:from
582:fungi
257:, is
236:into
170:fungi
119:Rchb.
74:Fungi
1685:NCBI
1646:ITIS
1612:8363
1607:GBIF
1568:EPPO
1560:5584
1188:2021
1153:ISBN
1130:OCLC
1120:ISBN
1042:ISSN
577:and
398:asci
396:The
373:and
308:disc
228:and
165:and
149:The
140:Ach.
1672:NBN
1555:EoL
1547:6RD
1542:CoL
1444:et
1423:doi
1377:doi
1324:doi
1293:doi
1262:doi
1225:hdl
1215:doi
1080:doi
1034:doi
961:108
350:).
210:by
157:of
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1488::
1454:20
1419:31
1417:.
1373:47
1371:.
1355:^
1347:10
1345:.
1318:.
1289:33
1287:.
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1092:^
1076:63
1074:.
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978:.
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521:(
498:-
389:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
