1197:
Constitution, the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former. They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws, rather than by those which are not fundamental. It can be of no weight to say that the courts, on the pretense of a repugnancy, may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional intentions of the legislature. This might as well happen in the case of two contradictory statutes; or it might as well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute. The courts must declare the sense of the law; and if they should be disposed to exercise will instead of judgement, the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body. The observation, if it prove any thing, would prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body.
1370:
776: (1929)), the Court declared that Article I courts "may be created as special tribunals to examine and determine various matters, arising between the government and others, which from their nature do not require judicial determination and yet are susceptible of it." Other cases, such as bankruptcy cases, have been held not to involve judicial determination, and may therefore go before Article I courts. Similarly, several courts in the District of Columbia, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, are Article I courts rather than Article III courts. This article was expressly extended to the
964: (1911), the Supreme Court denied jurisdiction to cases brought under a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suit against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands. Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the federal Treasury. The Supreme Court held that, though the United States was a defendant, the case in question was not an actual controversy; rather, the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation. Thus the Court's ruling would be nothing more than an
55:
1242:
1290:
party, for power, and the privilege of their corps ... Their power the more dangerous as they are in office for life, and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. The
Constitution has erected no such single tribunal, knowing that to whatever hands confided, with the corruptions of time and party, its members would become despots. It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves.
1607:
420:
1300:
1593:
432:
444:
912:
maritime
Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
720:, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. The Supreme Court has interpreted this provision as enabling Congress to create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The
1460:
they have adopted the very words of the
Statute of Treason of Edward the Third; and thus by implication, in order to cut off at once all chances of arbitrary constructions, they have recognized the well-settled interpretation of these phrases in the administration of criminal law, which has prevailed
854:
The
Constitution provides that judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour." The term "good behaviour" is interpreted to mean that judges may serve for the remainder of their lives, although they may resign or retire voluntarily. A judge may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by
1479:
As treason may be committed against the United States, the authority of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it. But as new-fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines by which violent factions, the natural offspring of free government, have usually wreaked their alternate
1311:
cases, must be tried before a jury, unless the defendant waives their right. Also, the trial must be held in the state where the crime was committed. If the crime was not committed in any particular state, then the trial is held in such a place as set forth by the
Congress. The United States Senate
1265:
posed a difficult problem for the court, which was then led by Chief
Justice John Marshall, the same person who had neglected to deliver the commissions when he was the Secretary of State. If Marshall's court commanded James Madison to deliver the commissions, Madison might ignore the order, thereby
1186:
The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution, is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative
1436:
Under
English law effective during the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, there were several species of treason. Of these, the Constitution adopted only two: levying war and adhering to enemies. Omitted were species of treason involving encompassing (or imagining) the death of the king, certain
1398:
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their
Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall
1415:
The
Constitution defines treason as specific acts, namely "levying War against , or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law, whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or "violating" the Queen, were punishable as
1196:
Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the judicial to the legislative power. It only supposes that the power of the people is superior to both; and that where the will of the legislature, declared in its statutes, stands in opposition to that of the people, declared in the
595:
Section 3 of
Article Three defines treason and empowers Congress to punish treason. Section 3 requires that at least two witnesses testify to the treasonous act, or that the individual accused of treason confess in open court. It also limits the ways in which Congress can punish those convicted of
517:
Section 1 of Article Three vests the judicial power of the United States in "one supreme Court", as well as "inferior courts" established by Congress. Section 1 authorizes the creation of inferior courts, but does not require it; the first inferior federal courts were established shortly after the
1187:
body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.
1100:
in cases affecting ambassadors, ministers and consuls, and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party; the Court has held that the latter requirement is met if the United States has a controversy with a state. In other cases, the
911:
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and
1289:
You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy. Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so. They have, with others, the same passions for
915:
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such
642:
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times,
1191:
Hamilton goes on to counterbalance the tone of "judicial supremacists," those demanding that both Congress and the Executive are compelled by the Constitution to enforce all court decisions, including those that, in their eyes, or those of the People, violate fundamental American principles:
1484:
have, with great judgment, opposed a barrier to this peculiar danger, by inserting a constitutional definition of the crime, fixing the proof necessary for conviction of it, and restraining the Congress, even in punishing it, from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its
1135:
held that Congress can neither expand nor restrict the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. However, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different. The Court's appellate jurisdiction is given "with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make."
984:
in their respective states. They were free to diverge from English precedents and from each other on the vast majority of legal issues which had never been made part of federal law by the Constitution, and the U.S. Supreme Court could do nothing, as it would ultimately concede in
1929:, 19 U.S. 264 (1821): "he original jurisdiction of the Supreme court, in cases where a state is a party, refers to those cases in which, according to the grant of power made in the preceding clause, jurisdiction might be exercised, in consequence of the character of the party."
919:
Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have
1569: (1947), however, the Supreme Court found that two witnesses are not required to prove intent, nor are two witnesses required to prove that an overt act is treasonable. The two witnesses, according to the decision, are required to prove only that the overt act occurred (
1580:
Punishment for treason may not "work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person" so convicted. The descendants of someone convicted for treason could not, as they were under English law, be considered "tainted" by the treason of their ancestor.
565:
issues. Section 2 states that the federal judiciary's power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws, federal treaties, controversies involving multiple states or foreign powers, and other enumerated areas. Section 2 gives the Supreme Court
3962:
4879:
1266:
indicating the weakness of the court. Similarly, if the court denied William Marbury's request, the court would be seen as weak. Marshall held that appointee Marbury was indeed entitled to his commission. However, Justice Marshall contended that the
761: (1856)), the Court held that "there are legal matters, involving public rights, which may be presented in such form that the judicial power is capable of acting on them," and which are susceptible to review by an Article III court. Later, in
522:. Section 1 also establishes that federal judges do not face term limits, and that an individual judge's salary may not be decreased. Article Three does not set the size of the Supreme Court or establish specific positions on the court, but
1902:
was that there had been an "act of congress requiring the institution of this suit". With a few narrow exceptions, courts have held that Congress controls access to the courts by the United States and its agencies and officials. See, e.g.,
4754:
4177:
4169:
1173:
Though the Constitution does not expressly provide that the federal judiciary has the power of judicial review, many of the Constitution's Framers viewed such a power as an appropriate power for the federal judiciary to possess. In
4137:
1075:
on February 7, 1795. It prohibits the federal courts from hearing "any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State".
1003:
doctrine. That is, their highest courts have always possessed plenary power to impose a uniform nationwide common law upon all lower courts and never adopted the strong American distinction between federal and state common law.
979:
and subsequent acts never granted the U.S. Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state supreme courts on pure issues of state law. It is this silence which tacitly made state supreme courts the final expositors of the
2777:
330:
1139:
Often a court will assert a modest degree of power over a case for the threshold purpose of determining whether it has jurisdiction, and so the word "power" is not necessarily synonymous with the word "jurisdiction".
638:, which vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts, requires the supreme court, allows inferior courts, requires good behavior tenure for judges, and prohibits decreasing the salaries of judges.
2595:
4590:
2532:
4935:
4839:
2633:
1281:, expressed the view that the Courts hold only the power of words, and not the power of compulsion upon those other two branches of government, upon which the Supreme Court is itself dependent. Then in 1820,
655:"The Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such Inferior Courts as shall, when necessary, from time to time, be constituted by the Legislature of the United States".
1441:
wrote the original draft of this section, and he was involved as a defense attorney for some accused of treason against the Patriot cause. The two forms of treason adopted were both derived from the English
4582:
3002:
1120:
1085:
754:
971:
A significant omission is that although Clause 1 provides that federal judicial power shall extend to "the laws of the United States," it does not also provide that it shall extend to the laws of the
4185:
2772:
935:
Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only. Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical, or which are proscribed due to
3870:
3719:
4542:
4534:
3734:
777:
1214:, the Federalists "retired into the judiciary as a stronghold". In the four months following the elections, the outgoing Congress created several new judgeships, which were filled by President
406:
4161:
3862:
2605:
2489:
2289:
2221:
273:
119:
1513:. As James Madison noted, the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for 'adhering to enemies , giving them aid and comfort.'"
5074:
2475:
265:
3253:
2460:
2450:
250:
238:
3978:
5271:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2445:
1170:, or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute, a treaty, or the Constitution itself, is an implied power derived in part from Clause 2 of Section 2.
474:
260:
255:
245:
233:
2425:
553:
restricts the judiciary's power to actual cases and controversies, meaning that federal judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical, or which are proscribed due to
211:
1552: (1945), the Supreme Court ruled that "very act, movement, deed, and word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of two witnesses." In
741:
2435:
2430:
2399:
2394:
1364:
1344:
223:
218:
196:
191:
4967:
3846:
2440:
2420:
2404:
1559:
1542:
1452:
954:
766:
228:
206:
201:
4518:
4209:
2997:
2371:
1056:
1013:
746:
181:
5276:
4847:
3248:
2376:
2340:
1423:
1324:
1112:
1029:
186:
159:
3830:
3652:
2345:
2325:
2315:
1206:
involved a highly partisan set of circumstances. Though Congressional elections were held in November 1800, the newly elected officers did not take power until March. The
164:
144:
134:
4446:
4023:
3092:
3057:
2787:
2355:
2350:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2310:
1962:
1320:
174:
169:
154:
149:
139:
129:
4959:
4015:
399:
4462:
1895:
5281:
3178:
2279:
2214:
2039:
1620:
109:
4225:
3663:
3102:
2269:
2264:
679:
99:
94:
4558:
4366:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3052:
3032:
2977:
2274:
2254:
2249:
1238:, which in English law had been used to force public officials to fulfill their ministerial duties. Here, Madison would be required to deliver the commissions.
671:
539:
535:
523:
104:
84:
79:
1754:
Epstein, Lee; Walker, Thomas G. (2007). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
1437:
types of counterfeiting, and finally fornication with women in the royal family of the sort which could call into question the parentage of royal successors.
510:. Article Three empowers the courts to handle cases or controversies arising under federal law, as well as other enumerated areas. Article Three also defines
4566:
4193:
3838:
3470:
2522:
1625:
467:
310:
612:
the legislative, executive and judicial powers. Article III separates and places the judicial power in the judiciary. This idea is most often attributed to
3183:
2982:
4257:
4040:
2718:
2244:
2207:
71:
36:
838:
took office. When Jefferson became president, the Congress abolished several of these courts and made no provision for the judges of those courts. The
4470:
2957:
2927:
2713:
2678:
2658:
1912:
1481:
819:, its central and most controversial provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court for every
342:
337:
320:
5039:
4951:
2962:
1433: (1807), the Supreme Court ruled that "there must be an actual assembling of men, for the treasonable purpose, to constitute a levying of war."
1308:
904:
860:
812:
4035:
3173:
1017:
804:
800:
702:
499:
460:
385:
376:
4738:
3767:
3263:
2932:
2810:
1369:
495:
1274:. The ruling thereby established that the federal courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch.
4217:
3986:
3882:
3485:
2575:
2570:
2497:
2177:
1759:
1506:
281:
4983:
4478:
4322:
3218:
3012:
1153:
583:
4057:
1985:
1907:, 514 U.S. 122 ("Agencies do not automatically have standing to sue for actions that frustrate the purposes of their statutes"). Also see
5196:
4105:
3901:
3594:
3213:
2805:
1340:
729:
721:
947:
issues. Generally, a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have a genuine interest at stake in the case. In
4871:
4273:
3814:
3776:
2850:
693:
Proposals have been made at various times for organizing the Supreme Court into separate panels; none garnered wide support, thus the
675:
527:
503:
354:
5129:
3193:
2555:
2230:
1654:
1358:
511:
62:
44:
1365:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion
1270:
was unconstitutional, since it purported to grant original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in cases not involving the States or
1105:, which may be regulated by the Congress. The Congress may not, however, amend the Court's original jurisdiction, as was found in
4233:
3698:
3693:
3037:
2017:
1669:
4574:
4265:
3793:
3042:
3027:
1064:
789:
349:
1959:
4911:
4863:
4201:
4113:
3449:
1438:
683:
1945:(U. Mich. 1995): "Every denial of jurisdiction on the part of a court is an assertion of the power to determine jurisdiction
709:
wrote, "the Constitution does not appear to authorize two or more Supreme Courts functioning in effect as separate courts."
1505:
of the federal government. He also stated that by defining treason in the U.S. Constitution and placing it in Article III "
4943:
4672:
4297:
4281:
3970:
3163:
2752:
987:
4975:
4887:
4358:
4081:
4007:
3713:
3511:
2942:
2815:
2620:
2502:
2302:
1701:
1316:
816:
713:
361:
288:
3998:
4656:
4097:
4073:
3727:
3631:
3589:
3584:
2987:
2673:
2638:
1528:. The English law did not require both witnesses to have witnessed the same overt act; this requirement, supported by
1048:
579:
1772:
574:
in all other areas to which the federal judiciary's jurisdiction extends. Section 2 also gives Congress the power to
5212:
4414:
4289:
3893:
3760:
3681:
3128:
3097:
2947:
2820:
2585:
2580:
2072:
1060:
930:
635:
550:
491:
1726:
5023:
4382:
3429:
3309:
3108:
2840:
2663:
2540:
2386:
605:
392:
366:
670:
Article III authorizes one Supreme Court, but does not set the number of justices that must be appointed to it.
54:
5244:
5015:
4664:
4454:
4422:
4129:
3909:
3398:
3268:
3132:
2992:
2757:
2747:
2615:
949:
4550:
1226:
took office as Secretary of State, several commissions remained undelivered. Bringing their claims under the
690:
was enacted, the number of justices has been fixed at nine: one chief justice, and eight associate justices.
5228:
5220:
5157:
4799:
4438:
4430:
4249:
3946:
3188:
3136:
3062:
2890:
2767:
2762:
2698:
2668:
2610:
1537:
739:
In certain types of cases, Article III courts may exercise appellate jurisdiction over Article I courts. In
733:
717:
665:
1727:"Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis, and Interpretation – Centennial Edition – Interim"
883:
The compensation of judges may not be decreased, but may be increased, during their continuance in office.
643:
receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
4991:
4709:
4406:
4145:
4089:
4065:
3822:
3351:
3223:
2870:
2795:
2742:
2693:
2517:
1554:
1332:
1102:
1091:
1052:
896:
575:
571:
570:
when ambassadors, public officials, or the states are a party in the case, leaving the Supreme Court with
507:
305:
5098:
4999:
4831:
4526:
4510:
4486:
4390:
4350:
3753:
3558:
2937:
2905:
2736:
2565:
2512:
1563:
1546:
1427:
1267:
1227:
1116:
1097:
1033:
976:
958:
892:
839:
827:
808:
770:
750:
725:
687:
567:
519:
298:
3703:
3258:
2972:
2967:
2922:
2895:
2845:
2590:
2129:
2092:
1612:
706:
609:
543:
424:
4815:
4791:
4701:
4648:
4334:
4121:
3805:
3686:
3475:
3203:
3067:
2855:
2800:
2703:
2560:
1343:
the right to a jury in the Sixth Amendment to individuals facing trial in state courts through the
1040:
1024:
648:
1865:
1682:
Engdahl, David E. (1991). "What's in a Name? The Constitutionality of Multiple "Supreme" Courts".
732:
courts, which are also known as "legislative courts", consist of regulatory agencies, such as the
5204:
5090:
5047:
4903:
4783:
4684:
4502:
4342:
4241:
3937:
3388:
3372:
3233:
3047:
3022:
3007:
2917:
2885:
2875:
2835:
2825:
1925:
1574:
1251:
1202:
1179:
1107:
1044:
618:
588:
891:
Section 2 delineates federal judicial power, and brings that power into execution by conferring
1982:
807:, was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by President
5236:
5104:
5082:
5066:
5031:
5007:
4762:
4598:
4494:
4398:
4049:
3917:
3854:
3708:
3454:
3439:
3419:
3293:
3168:
3147:
2911:
2723:
2550:
2173:
1755:
1650:
1529:
1502:
1466:
1159:
868:
785:
698:
694:
3963:
Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
17:
5141:
4606:
4153:
3925:
3330:
3077:
2952:
2880:
2865:
2600:
2545:
2507:
2193:
1525:
1510:
1443:
1418:
1408:
1336:
1282:
1211:
1207:
965:
835:
826:
The Constitution is silent when it comes to judges of courts which have been abolished. The
293:
1241:
5188:
5149:
4895:
4855:
4807:
4374:
3745:
3615:
3563:
3444:
3403:
3314:
3238:
3142:
3124:
2860:
2830:
2688:
1989:
1966:
1938:
1497:
1383:
1256:
1231:
1149:
968:; therefore, the court dismissed the suit for failing to present a "case or controversy."
864:
631:
578:
of appellate jurisdiction, and establishes that all federal crimes must be tried before a
531:
448:
1299:
4919:
4880:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
4823:
4774:
4746:
4627:
3954:
3553:
3532:
3516:
3480:
3424:
3393:
3208:
1566:
961:
936:
872:
843:
773:
554:
846:
and transferred the circuit courts authority and jurisdiction to the district courts.
758:
443:
5265:
4730:
4693:
3658:
3579:
3537:
3506:
3434:
3356:
3228:
3198:
3114:
3017:
2728:
2683:
2169:
2124:
1549:
1521:
1491:
1472:
1246:
1223:
1219:
1124:
1036:
781:
2199:
2013:
1430:
1222:
had neglected to deliver 17 of the commissions to their respective appointees. When
4927:
1447:
724:
courts, which are also known as "constitutional courts", were first created by the
616:. Although not the progenitor, Montesquieu's writing on the separation of power in
1524:, to convict for treason. This rule was derived from another English statute, the
4178:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
3610:
3490:
2161:
1592:
1489:
Based on the above quotation, it was noted by the lawyer William J. Olson in an
793:
613:
431:
4755:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
1843:
3335:
3119:
1821:
1798:
1598:
1588:
1378:
1373:
1328:
1323:
enumerates the rights of individuals when facing criminal prosecution and the
1271:
1215:
1072:
981:
900:
831:
436:
4170:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
1516:
Section 3 also requires the testimony of two different witnesses on the same
4138:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
3243:
1517:
1404:
1400:
992:
820:
1386:
were two Japanese Americans who were tried for treason after World War II.
4721:
4639:
2093:"Case 1:12-cv-00331-KBF Document 29-2 Filed 04/16/12 AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF"
1235:
944:
940:
815:. Although the bill aimed generally to overhaul and modernize the entire
562:
558:
1960:
Undermining and Unintwining: The Right to a Jury Trial and Rule 12(b)(1)
1509:
intended the power to be checked by the judiciary, ruling out trials by
582:. Section 2 does not expressly grant the federal judiciary the power of
3278:
2708:
1994:
1870:
1570:
1391:
1285:
expressed his deep reservations about the doctrine of judicial review:
1163:
4591:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
1068:
796:, created in 1900, to an Article III federal judicial district court.
1167:
996:
991:(1938). By way of contrast, other English-speaking federations like
916:
Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
4936:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
4840:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
1532:, was added to the draft Constitution by a vote of 8 states to 3.
1368:
1298:
1240:
1218:. In the last-minute rush, however, Federalist Secretary of State
1127: (1803) (the same decision which established the principle of
875:, chose to resign rather than go through the impeachment process.
586:, but the courts have exercised this power since the 1803 case of
549:
Section 2 of Article Three delineates federal judicial power. The
1822:"Judges of the United States Courts – English, George Washington"
1039: (1793), the Supreme Court ruled that Article III, Section 2
1736:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 639
5176:
5127:
4625:
4583:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
4320:
3791:
3749:
2203:
1086:
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States
716:
that is explicitly established by the Constitution. During the
4186:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
830:
increased the number of courts to permit Federalist President
784:
through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President
3871:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
4543:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
4535:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
899:
upon the Supreme Court. Additionally, this section requires
778:
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
697:
of such a division is unknown. In a 1937 letter (to Senator
27:
Portion of the US Constitution regarding the judicial branch
4162:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
3863:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
2132:
1787: The Journal of the Constitutional Convention, Part II
1307:
Clause 3 of Section 2 provides that Federal crimes, except
502:. Under Article Three, the judicial branch consists of the
5075:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3979:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
1649:. Blackman, Josh. New York: Aspen Publishing. p. 17.
1335:
cases. It also inhibits courts from overturning a jury's
1096:
Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has
887:
Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury
1973:, Volume 33, page 1247, text accompanying note 82 (2003).
2900:
1773:"Feb 05, 1937: Roosevelt announces "court-packing" plan"
1399:
have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no
660:
Clause 1: Vesting of judicial power and number of courts
1799:"Judges of the United States Courts – Delahay, Mark W."
1315:
Two of the Constitutional Amendments that comprise the
2112:
This rule was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1945.
1844:"Judges of the United States Courts – Kent, Samuel B."
4968:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
3847:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
1453:
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States
742:
Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.
4519:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
4210:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3831:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
1866:"Annotation 1 – Eleventh Amendment – State Immunity"
1014:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
823:
justice over the age of 70, up to a maximum of six.
622:
was immensely influential on the U.S. Constitution.
5058:
4848:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
4773:
4720:
4683:
4638:
4034:
3997:
3936:
3881:
3804:
3672:
3644:
3624:
3603:
3572:
3546:
3525:
3499:
3463:
3412:
3381:
3365:
3344:
3323:
3302:
3286:
3277:
3156:
2786:
2651:
2531:
2488:
2413:
2385:
2364:
2301:
2288:
2237:
4447:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
3653:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1234:, petitioned the Supreme Court for the issue of a
1210:had lost the elections. In the words of President
4463:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
4024:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
1158:The power of the federal judiciary to review the
542:, Article Three's Vesting Clause establishes the
4960:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
4016:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
2086:
2084:
2042:, Letter to William Jarvis (September 28, 1820).
834:to appoint a number of Federalist judges before
5272:Article Three of the United States Constitution
2100:Friedman, Harfenist, Kraut & Perlstein, PPC
1621:United States constitutional criminal procedure
1477:
1458:
1411:except during the Life of the Person attainted.
1396:
1287:
1194:
1184:
1008:Eleventh Amendment and state sovereign immunity
909:
728:, and are the only courts with judicial power.
653:
640:
4226:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
3664:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1345:Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
4559:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
4367:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
3761:
2215:
1347:, but has refused to do so with the Seventh.
1312:has the sole power to try impeachment cases.
1080:Clause 2: Original and appellate jurisdiction
468:
8:
4567:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
4194:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
3839:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1905:Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co.
1670:Proof Copy of the Committee of Detail Report
1626:List of current United States circuit judges
1053:disputes between private citizens and States
1704:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center
546:between the three branches of government.
5277:Articles of the United States Constitution
5173:
5124:
4635:
4622:
4471:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
4317:
4258:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
3801:
3788:
3768:
3754:
3746:
3283:
2298:
2294:
2222:
2208:
2200:
1702:"Landmark Legislation: Circuit Judgeships"
1647:Constitutional law : cases in context
518:ratification of the Constitution with the
475:
461:
31:
1721:
1719:
1456:of the authors of the Constitution that:
788:in 1966. This transformed the article IV
5040:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
4952:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
3720:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
2008:
2006:
2004:
2166:A People's History of the Supreme Court
1637:
1577:investigating the crime, for example).
1501:that the Treason Clause was one of the
1327:establishes an individual's right to a
1303:A nineteenth-century painting of a jury
1055:. This decision was overturned by the
1018:Sovereign immunity in the United States
801:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
375:
319:
118:
61:
43:
5282:Federal judiciary of the United States
1983:"The Establishment of Judicial Review"
4218:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
3987:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
2194:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 3
2020:from the original on October 29, 2006
2014:"The Federalist Papers : No. 78"
506:, as well as lower courts created by
7:
4984:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
4479:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
2102:. lawandfreedom.com. pp. 15–16.
2091:Olson, William J. (April 16, 2012).
1475:wrote regarding the Treason Clause:
1154:Judicial review in the United States
1128:
975:or individual states. In turn, the
5197:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
4739:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
4106:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
3902:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3687:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3214:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
855:congressional vote (hence the term
651:report reads slightly differently:
4872:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
4274:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
3815:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
2778:Drafting and ratification timeline
2523:District of Columbia Voting Rights
504:Supreme Court of the United States
331:Drafting and ratification timeline
25:
4058:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
2231:Constitution of the United States
2051:U.S. Constitution, Art. I, sec. 3
1520:, or a confession by the accused
1359:Treason laws in the United States
1319:contain related provisions. The
925:Clause 1: Cases and controversies
811:shortly after his victory in the
4234:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
2634:Convention to propose amendments
2135:(edited by G. Hunt), pp. 249–250
2040:The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
1605:
1591:
1277:However, Alexander Hamilton, in
861:this has occurred fourteen times
672:Article One, Section 3, Clause 6
442:
430:
418:
53:
4575:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
4266:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
1943:Narrative, Violence and the Law
790:United States territorial court
703:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill
4912:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
4864:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
4202:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
4114:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
3249:Separation of church and state
903:in all criminal cases, except
712:The Supreme Court is the only
684:President of the United States
630:Section 1 is one of the three
120:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
4944:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
4673:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
4282:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
3971:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
2753:Virginia Ratifying Convention
988:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
18:Article 3 (U.S. Constitution)
4888:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
4082:Schillinger v. United States
4008:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
3714:National Constitution Center
3512:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2811:Assemble and Petition Clause
1846:Federal Judicial Center. n.d
1801:Federal Judicial Center. n.d
1230:, the appointees, including
678:(who shall preside over the
526:establishes the position of
4657:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
4098:United States v. Wunderlich
3585:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2639:State ratifying conventions
2576:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2571:Electoral College abolition
2498:Congressional Apportionment
1394:and limits its punishment.
1059:, which was passed by the
386:Preamble and Articles I–VII
282:Congressional Apportionment
5298:
5213:Mistretta v. United States
4439:Burton v. United States II
4415:City of St. Louis v. Myers
4290:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
3894:Murdock v. City of Memphis
1645:Barnett, Randy E. (2021).
1362:
1356:
1147:
1089:
1083:
1011:
931:Case or Controversy Clause
928:
813:1936 presidential election
663:
636:United States Constitution
551:Case or Controversy Clause
492:United States Constitution
5183:
5172:
5136:
5123:
5024:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
4634:
4621:
4431:Burton v. United States I
4383:United States v. Jackalow
4359:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
4329:
4316:
3800:
3787:
3038:Privileges and Immunities
2851:Congressional enforcement
2773:Rhode Island ratification
2664:Articles of Confederation
2629:
2606:Parental Rights amendment
2297:
1988:January 15, 2013, at the
1824:. Federal Judicial Center
1480:malignity on each other,
1339:. The Supreme Court has
1063:on March 4, 1794, 1
718:Constitutional Convention
626:Section 1: Federal courts
606:Articles of Confederation
367:Reconstruction Amendments
5245:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
5016:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4665:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4455:Muskrat v. United States
4423:Barrett v. United States
4130:United States v. Stanley
3910:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
3885:independent state ground
3269:Unitary executive theory
3043:Privileges or Immunities
2758:New York Circular Letter
2748:Massachusetts Compromise
1909:United States v. Mattson
1295:Clause 3: Federal trials
950:Muskrat v. United States
803:, frequently called the
425:United States portal
35:This article is part of
5229:United States v. Hatter
5221:Peretz v. United States
5158:Cramer v. United States
4800:Massachusetts v. Mellon
4551:Thomas v. Union Carbide
4250:United States v. Bormes
3999:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
3947:United States v. Hudson
3189:Dormant Commerce Clause
3033:Presidential succession
2768:Fayetteville Convention
2763:Hillsborough Convention
2699:Three-fifths Compromise
2679:Philadelphia Convention
2669:Mount Vernon Conference
2556:Campaign finance reform
1538:Cramer v. United States
1101:Supreme Court has only
1051:federal courts to hear
763:Ex parte Bakelite Corp.
734:United States Tax Court
705:debate), Chief Justice
666:Judicial Vesting Clause
576:strip the Supreme Court
500:U.S. federal government
4992:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
4710:Nixon v. United States
4407:United States v. Klein
4298:Trump v. United States
4146:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
4090:Feres v. United States
4066:Mississippi v. Johnson
3823:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
3352:William Samuel Johnson
3224:Nondelegation doctrine
2796:Admission to the Union
2743:Anti-Federalist Papers
2694:Connecticut Compromise
2121:Madison, James (1902)
1958:Di Trolio, Stefania. "
1900:United States v. Texas
1892:United States v. Texas
1555:Haupt v. United States
1487:
1463:
1413:
1403:of Treason shall work
1387:
1304:
1292:
1259:
1199:
1189:
1103:appellate jurisdiction
1092:Jurisdiction stripping
922:
897:appellate jurisdiction
863:. Three other judges,
657:
645:
608:, the US Constitution
572:appellate jurisdiction
5150:United States v. Burr
5099:Rucho v. Common Cause
5000:Texas v. Pennsylvania
4976:Bond v. United States
4832:Sierra Club v. Morton
4527:Arizona v. New Mexico
4511:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
4487:Wisconsin v. Illinois
4391:Ex parte Vallandigham
4351:United States v. More
4041:presidential immunity
3559:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3028:Presidential Electors
3003:Original Jurisdiction
2943:Full Faith and Credit
2816:Assistance of Counsel
2737:The Federalist Papers
2566:Crittenden Compromise
1971:Seton Hall Law Review
1965:July 5, 2011, at the
1376:(pictured), known as
1372:
1302:
1268:Judiciary Act of 1789
1244:
1228:Judiciary Act of 1789
1098:original jurisdiction
977:Judiciary Act of 1789
893:original jurisdiction
840:Judicial Code of 1911
828:Judiciary Act of 1801
809:Franklin D. Roosevelt
726:Judiciary Act of 1789
688:Judiciary Act of 1869
568:original jurisdiction
520:Judiciary Act of 1789
407:Unratified Amendments
274:Unratified Amendments
63:Preamble and Articles
4074:United States v. Lee
3728:A More Perfect Union
3704:Constitution Gardens
3625:Convention Secretary
3287:Convention President
3259:Symmetric federalism
3254:Separation of powers
2988:Necessary and Proper
2983:Natural-born citizen
2928:Freedom of the Press
2866:Copyright and Patent
2856:Contingent Elections
2674:Annapolis Convention
1898:(1892). A factor in
1613:United States portal
1511:military commissions
1071:and ratified by the
817:federal court system
707:Charles Evans Hughes
544:separation of powers
47:of the United States
4816:Altvater v. Freeman
4792:Fairchild v. Hughes
4702:Goldwater v. Carter
4649:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4335:Chisholm v. Georgia
4122:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
3735:Worldwide influence
3476:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3204:Executive privilege
3184:Criminal sentencing
3107:Title of Nobility (
3098:Taxing and Spending
2998:Oath or Affirmation
2958:House Apportionment
2821:Case or Controversy
2704:Committee of Detail
2596:"Liberty" amendment
2561:Christian amendment
2038:Jefferson, Thomas.
1777:This Day in History
1684:Indiana Law Journal
1405:Corruption of Blood
1245:Secretary of State
1025:Chisholm v. Georgia
649:Committee of Detail
449:Politics portal
400:Amendments XI–XXVII
5205:Forrester v. White
5091:Vieth v. Jubelirer
5048:Murthy v. Missouri
4904:Diamond v. Charles
4784:Bailiff v. Tipping
4685:Political question
4503:Colegrove v. Green
4343:Marbury v. Madison
4242:Samantar v. Yousuf
4036:Sovereign immunity
3938:Federal common law
3777:U.S. Supreme Court
3389:William Livingston
3373:Alexander Hamilton
3179:Criminal procedure
3174:Constitutional law
3109:Foreign Emoluments
3073:State of the Union
3058:Self-Incrimination
3048:Recess appointment
2841:Compulsory Process
2503:Titles of Nobility
1926:Cohens v. Virginia
1779:. A&E Networks
1390:Section 3 defines
1388:
1351:Section 3: Treason
1305:
1260:
1252:Marbury v. Madison
1203:Marbury v. Madison
1180:Alexander Hamilton
1108:Marbury v. Madison
1057:Eleventh Amendment
1045:sovereign immunity
999:never adopted the
879:Clause 3: Salaries
805:court-packing plan
619:The Spirit of Laws
589:Marbury v. Madison
311:D.C. Voting Rights
289:Titles of Nobility
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5237:Stern v. Marshall
5168:
5167:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5105:Benisek v. Lamone
5083:Davis v. Bandemer
5032:Biden v. Nebraska
5008:Trump v. New York
4763:Trump v. New York
4617:
4616:
4599:Bowles v. Russell
4495:Crowell v. Benson
4399:Ex parte McCardle
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4050:Little v. Barreme
3918:Harrison v. NAACP
3855:Younger v. Harris
3743:
3742:
3709:Constitution Week
3694:Independence Mall
3682:National Archives
3640:
3639:
3455:Gouverneur Morris
3440:Thomas Fitzsimons
3420:Benjamin Franklin
3294:George Washington
3194:Enumerated powers
3169:Concurrent powers
3164:Balance of powers
2993:No Religious Test
2933:Freedom of Speech
2724:Independence Hall
2647:
2646:
2551:Bricker amendment
2484:
2483:
2196:, law.cornell.edu
2179:978-0-14-303738-5
2073:Story, J. (1833)
1760:978-1-933116-81-5
1672:, August 4-5 1787
1530:Benjamin Franklin
1503:enumerated powers
1325:Seventh Amendment
1279:Federalist No. 78
1176:Federalist No. 78
1160:constitutionality
869:George W. English
786:Lyndon B. Johnson
695:constitutionality
680:impeachment trial
530:. Along with the
485:
484:
16:(Redirected from
5289:
5174:
5142:Ex parte Bollman
5125:
4636:
4623:
4607:Patchak v. Zinke
4318:
4154:Clinton v. Jones
3926:Michigan v. Long
3802:
3789:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3699:Constitution Day
3590:Charles Pinckney
3399:William Paterson
3331:Nathaniel Gorham
3284:
3063:Speech or Debate
2891:Equal Protection
2601:Ludlow amendment
2586:Flag Desecration
2581:Federal Marriage
2546:Blaine amendment
2508:Corwin Amendment
2299:
2295:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2183:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2123:The Writings of
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:(9th Cir. 1979).
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1526:Treason Act 1695
1444:Treason Act 1351
1419:Ex Parte Bollman
1337:findings of fact
1283:Thomas Jefferson
1236:writ of mandamus
1212:Thomas Jefferson
1208:Federalist Party
966:advisory opinion
850:Clause 2: Tenure
836:Thomas Jefferson
494:establishes the
477:
470:
463:
447:
446:
435:
434:
423:
422:
421:
57:
32:
21:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5189:Stuart v. Laird
5179:
5164:
5132:
5111:
5054:
4896:Allen v. Wright
4856:Warth v. Seldin
4808:Ex parte Levitt
4769:
4716:
4679:
4630:
4613:
4375:Sheldon v. Sill
4325:
4304:
4039:
4030:
3993:
3932:
3884:
3877:
3796:
3783:
3774:
3744:
3739:
3674:
3668:
3636:
3632:William Jackson
3620:
3616:Abraham Baldwin
3599:
3568:
3564:Hugh Williamson
3542:
3521:
3495:
3486:Richard Bassett
3459:
3445:Jared Ingersoll
3408:
3404:Jonathan Dayton
3377:
3361:
3340:
3319:
3315:Nicholas Gilman
3298:
3273:
3239:Reserved powers
3219:Judicial review
3152:
2948:General Welfare
2871:Double Jeopardy
2782:
2709:List of Framers
2689:New Jersey Plan
2643:
2625:
2621:Victims' Rights
2541:Balanced budget
2527:
2480:
2409:
2381:
2360:
2284:
2233:
2228:
2190:
2180:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1990:Wayback Machine
1981:
1977:
1967:Wayback Machine
1957:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1498:Hedges v. Obama
1384:Tomoya Kawakita
1367:
1361:
1353:
1321:Sixth Amendment
1297:
1257:judicial review
1232:William Marbury
1156:
1150:Judicial review
1148:Main articles:
1146:
1144:Judicial review
1129:judicial review
1094:
1088:
1082:
1020:
1012:Main articles:
1010:
933:
927:
889:
881:
865:Mark W. Delahay
852:
676:"Chief Justice"
668:
662:
632:vesting clauses
628:
602:
584:judicial review
532:Vesting Clauses
496:judicial branch
481:
441:
429:
419:
417:
371:
315:
271:
270:
114:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5067:Hayburn's Case
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4920:Raines v. Byrd
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4824:Flast v. Cohen
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4747:Laird v. Tatum
4743:
4735:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4628:Justiciability
4626:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3955:Swift v. Tyson
3951:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3573:South Carolina
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:William Blount
3550:
3548:
3547:North Carolina
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3517:Daniel Carroll
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:John Dickinson
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Thomas Mifflin
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:David Brearley
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:Taxation power
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:Implied powers
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3157:Interpretation
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Recommendation
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Fugitive Slave
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2906:Excessive Bail
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Appropriations
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:Single subject
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2387:Reconstruction
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:Bill of Rights
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:External links
2186:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2114:
2105:
2080:
2065:
2053:
2044:
2031:
2000:
1975:
1951:
1931:
1917:
1913:600 F. 2d 1295
1884:
1857:
1835:
1820:staff (n.d.).
1812:
1790:
1764:
1747:
1715:
1693:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1586:
1583:
1575:federal agents
1482:the convention
1357:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1317:Bill of Rights
1296:
1293:
1145:
1142:
1084:Main article:
1081:
1078:
1009:
1006:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
888:
885:
880:
877:
873:Samuel B. Kent
851:
848:
844:circuit riding
699:Burton Wheeler
664:Main article:
661:
658:
627:
624:
601:
598:
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
465:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
439:
437:Law portal
427:
412:
411:
410:
409:
403:
402:
396:
395:
393:Amendments I–X
389:
388:
380:
379:
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
362:Bill of Rights
358:
357:
352:
346:
345:
340:
334:
333:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
296:
291:
285:
284:
278:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
75:
74:
66:
65:
59:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5294:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5171:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:Poe v. Ullman
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:Baker v. Carr
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Jacob Shallus
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:Pierce Butler
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:John Rutledge
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3538:James Madison
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:James McHenry
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:George Clymer
3433:
3431:
3430:Robert Morris
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:Roger Sherman
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:Massachusetts
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:New Hampshire
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Plenary power
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Equal footing
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Trial by Jury
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Ineligibility
2971:
2969:
2968:Import-Export
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Free Exercise
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:Ex Post Facto
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Establishment
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Confrontation
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Syng inkstand
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Virginia Plan
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:School Prayer
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2170:Penguin Books
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2125:James Madison
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1939:Cover, Robert
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1735:
1734:S. Doc. 112-9
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1656:9781543838794
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:in open court
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:amicus curiae
1486:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1473:James Madison
1471:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:wrote in his
1449:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:James Madison
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:James Madison
1221:
1220:John Marshall
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
983:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
932:
924:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
901:trial by jury
898:
894:
886:
884:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:U.S. Congress
779:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:federal court
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
686:). Since the
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
659:
656:
652:
650:
644:
639:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
593:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:chief justice
525:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Article Three
478:
473:
471:
466:
464:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:
433:
428:
426:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
378:
374:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:Republicanism
353:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
328:
326:
325:
322:
318:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
121:
117:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5103:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4928:FEC v. Akins
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4323:Jurisdiction
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3883:Adequate and
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3779:
3726:
3718:
3651:
3450:James Wilson
3413:Pennsylvania
3310:John Langdon
3068:Speedy Trial
2910:
2801:Appointments
2735:
2518:Equal Rights
2414:20th century
2259:
2168:. New York:
2165:
2162:Irons, Peter
2155:Bibliography
2144:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2075:Commentaries
2074:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
1993:
1978:
1970:
1954:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:143 U.S. 621
1891:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:September 1,
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1750:
1740:September 1,
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1708:September 1,
1706:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1579:
1571:eyewitnesses
1553:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1507:the founders
1496:
1495:in the case
1490:
1488:
1478:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1448:Joseph Story
1439:James Wilson
1435:
1417:
1416:treason. In
1414:
1397:
1389:
1377:
1354:
1314:
1306:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1106:
1095:
1043:the States'
1023:
1021:
1000:
986:
972:
970:
948:
934:
918:
914:
910:
890:
882:
856:
853:
825:
798:
762:
740:
738:
711:
692:
674:refers to a
669:
654:
646:
641:
629:
617:
603:
594:
587:
548:
516:
487:
486:
306:Equal Rights
272:
89:
45:Constitution
29:
3780:Article III
3611:William Few
3491:Jacob Broom
3471:George Read
3345:Connecticut
3279:Signatories
3129:Legislative
3103:Territorial
3023:Presentment
3008:Origination
2963:Impeachment
2918:Extradition
2886:Engagements
2876:Due Process
2826:Citizenship
2513:Child Labor
2024:October 28,
1331:in certain
1309:impeachment
1272:ambassadors
1255:, but lost
905:impeachment
859:behavior);
794:Puerto Rico
722:Article III
701:during the
614:Montesquieu
604:Unlike the
540:Article Two
536:Article One
524:Article One
299:Child Labor
5266:Categories
3806:Abstention
3794:Federalism
3723:(painting)
3675:and legacy
3533:John Blair
3382:New Jersey
3336:Rufus King
3234:Preemption
3148:War Powers
3083:Suspension
2901:Exceptions
2591:Human Life
2490:Unratified
2290:Amendments
1762:., at 451.
1632:References
1599:Law portal
1468:Federalist
1409:Forfeiture
1379:Tokyo Rose
1374:Iva Toguri
1363:See also:
1329:jury trial
1249:, who won
1216:John Adams
1090:See also:
1049:authorized
982:common law
842:abolished
832:John Adams
600:Background
350:Federalism
338:Convention
3244:Saxbe fix
3133:Executive
3088:Take Care
3078:Supremacy
2953:Guarantee
2881:Elections
2652:Formation
2365:1795–1804
2077:sec. 1793
1690:(2): 475.
1518:overt act
1461:for ages.
1401:Attainder
1041:abrogated
993:Australia
920:directed.
895:and also
821:incumbent
730:Article I
610:separated
596:treason.
377:Full text
4775:Standing
4722:Ripeness
4640:Mootness
3782:case law
3526:Virginia
3500:Maryland
3464:Delaware
3366:New York
3143:Vicinage
3137:Judicial
2861:Contract
2831:Commerce
2719:Printing
2533:Proposed
2245:Preamble
2238:Articles
2164:(1999).
2130:vol. 4,
2063:, at 126
2018:Archived
1986:Archived
1963:Archived
1585:See also
1341:extended
1061:Congress
945:ripeness
941:mootness
937:standing
563:ripeness
559:mootness
555:standing
508:Congress
72:Preamble
37:a series
5130:Treason
3673:Display
3645:Related
3604:Georgia
3125:Vesting
3093:Takings
2978:Militia
2836:Compact
2788:Clauses
2714:Signing
2659:History
2147:, at 34
2061:Bollman
1995:Findlaw
1871:FindLaw
1850:July 2,
1828:July 2,
1805:July 2,
1485:author.
1392:treason
1263:Marbury
1182:wrote,
1164:statute
1133:Marbury
973:several
907:cases.
780:by the
682:of the
634:of the
512:treason
498:of the
490:of the
343:Signing
321:History
5248:(2016)
5240:(2011)
5232:(2001)
5224:(1991)
5216:(1989)
5208:(1988)
5200:(1824)
5192:(1803)
5178:Others
5161:(1945)
5153:(1807)
5145:(1807)
5108:(2019)
5094:(2004)
5086:(1986)
5078:(1985)
5070:(1792)
5059:Others
5051:(2024)
5043:(2024)
5035:(2023)
5027:(2021)
5019:(2021)
5011:(2020)
5003:(2020)
4995:(2016)
4987:(2013)
4979:(2011)
4971:(2011)
4963:(2007)
4955:(2007)
4947:(2006)
4939:(2000)
4931:(1998)
4923:(1997)
4915:(1992)
4907:(1986)
4899:(1984)
4891:(1983)
4883:(1982)
4875:(1978)
4867:(1977)
4859:(1975)
4851:(1974)
4843:(1973)
4835:(1972)
4827:(1968)
4819:(1943)
4811:(1937)
4803:(1923)
4795:(1922)
4787:(1805)
4766:(2020)
4758:(1985)
4750:(1972)
4742:(1967)
4734:(1961)
4713:(1993)
4705:(1979)
4697:(1962)
4676:(2023)
4668:(2021)
4660:(2016)
4652:(1974)
4610:(2018)
4602:(2007)
4594:(2005)
4586:(2002)
4578:(1995)
4570:(1986)
4562:(1986)
4554:(1985)
4546:(1982)
4538:(1977)
4530:(1976)
4522:(1974)
4514:(1962)
4506:(1946)
4498:(1932)
4490:(1929)
4482:(1926)
4474:(1921)
4466:(1916)
4458:(1911)
4450:(1908)
4442:(1906)
4434:(1905)
4426:(1898)
4418:(1885)
4410:(1871)
4402:(1869)
4394:(1864)
4386:(1862)
4378:(1850)
4370:(1828)
4362:(1816)
4354:(1805)
4346:(1803)
4338:(1793)
4301:(2024)
4293:(2020)
4285:(2019)
4277:(2019)
4269:(2015)
4261:(2014)
4253:(2012)
4245:(2010)
4237:(2008)
4229:(2007)
4221:(2006)
4213:(2005)
4205:(2004)
4197:(2003)
4189:(2003)
4181:(2001)
4173:(1999)
4165:(1998)
4157:(1997)
4149:(1993)
4141:(1991)
4133:(1987)
4125:(1982)
4117:(1978)
4109:(1964)
4101:(1951)
4093:(1950)
4085:(1894)
4077:(1882)
4069:(1867)
4061:(1812)
4053:(1804)
4027:(2005)
4019:(1983)
4011:(1923)
3990:(1943)
3982:(1938)
3974:(1938)
3966:(1928)
3958:(1842)
3950:(1812)
3929:(1983)
3921:(1959)
3913:(1935)
3905:(1896)
3897:(1875)
3874:(1983)
3866:(1976)
3858:(1971)
3850:(1964)
3842:(1962)
3834:(1959)
3826:(1943)
3818:(1941)
3731:(film)
3115:Treaty
3018:Postal
3013:Pardon
2176:
2145:Cramer
1947:
1877:May 4,
1758:
1653:
1470:No. 43
1382:, and
1168:treaty
1162:of a
1123:)
1121:Cranch
1073:states
1067:
997:Canada
871:, and
757:)
294:Corwin
39:on the
2096:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1562:
1545:
1426:
1407:, or
1333:civil
1115:
1065:Stat.
1032:
957:
943:, or
769:
749:
561:, or
266:XXVII
246:XXIII
219:XVIII
2174:ISBN
2026:2006
1949:..."
1879:2013
1852:2009
1830:2009
1807:2009
1785:2018
1756:ISBN
1742:2018
1710:2018
1651:ISBN
1573:and
1564:U.S.
1547:U.S.
1428:U.S.
1152:and
1117:U.S.
1047:and
1034:U.S.
1016:and
1001:Erie
995:and
959:U.S.
857:good
799:The
771:U.S.
755:How.
753:(18
751:U.S.
647:The
580:jury
538:and
261:XXVI
251:XXIV
239:XXII
212:XVII
192:XIII
165:VIII
4038:and
2280:VII
2260:III
1969:",
1567:631
1560:330
1543:325
1535:In
1465:In
1166:or
1131:).
1125:137
1119:(1
1069:402
1037:419
1022:In
962:346
955:219
792:in
774:438
767:279
759:272
534:of
256:XXV
234:XXI
224:XIX
207:XVI
197:XIV
187:XII
160:VII
140:III
110:VII
90:III
5268::
5102:/
3135:/
3131:/
2476:27
2471:26
2466:25
2461:24
2456:23
2451:22
2446:21
2441:20
2436:19
2431:18
2426:17
2421:16
2405:15
2400:14
2395:13
2377:12
2372:11
2356:10
2275:VI
2265:IV
2255:II
2172:.
2128:,
2098:.
2083:^
2016:.
2003:^
1992:.
1941:.
1911:,
1894:,
1868:.
1775:.
1732:.
1718:^
1688:66
1686:.
1558:,
1541:,
1446:.
1431:75
1422:,
1178:,
1111:,
1028:,
953:,
939:,
867:,
747:59
736:.
592:.
557:,
514:.
229:XX
202:XV
182:XI
170:IX
155:VI
145:IV
135:II
105:VI
95:IV
85:II
3769:e
3762:t
3755:v
3139:)
3127:(
3111:)
2351:9
2346:8
2341:7
2336:6
2331:5
2326:4
2321:3
2316:2
2311:1
2270:V
2250:I
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
2182:.
2028:.
1998:.
1881:.
1854:.
1832:.
1809:.
1787:.
1744:.
1712:.
1659:.
1550:1
1424:8
1113:5
1030:2
765:(
745:(
476:e
469:t
462:v
277::
175:X
150:V
130:I
100:V
80:I
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
