231:
243:
1228:
439:
1238:
107:
90:. They offer a different range of physical and chemical properties which can improve the reliability of a given product or application. Synthetic rubbers are superior to natural rubbers in two major respects: thermal stability, and resistance to oils and related compounds. They are more resistant to oxidizing agents, such as
429:
polymers. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations. Silicone rubbers are often one- or two-part polymers, and may contain fillers to improve properties or reduce cost. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and
760:, Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.;Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; & Crigglesworth, W. J., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F,
489:
than natural rubber. Natural rubber is sensitive owing to the double bonds in its chain structure, but some synthetic rubbers do not possess these bonds and so are more resistant to ozone cracking. Examples include
258:
controlled nearly all the world's limited supplies of natural rubber by mid-1942, following the
Japanese conquest of most of Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian colonies of
391:
or butyl rubber is commonly used in tyre inner tubes or linings owing to its resistance to diffusion of air through the lining. It is a much less resilient material than cis-
1103:
846:
548:
446:, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from different precursors by different chemical pathways.
693:: Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918–1950 Series I: Historical Studies Box 35: AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force, pp. 74–5, 81,
230:
615:
1282:
1272:
828:
803:
565:
625:
300:, Italy, synthetic rubber factory (near a river bridge) was bombed August 23, 1944. Three other synthetic rubber facilities were at
1110:
1083:
897:
690:
395:
which is frequently used in tyre sidewalls to minimize energy losses and heat build-up. It is so resilient that it is used in
863:
669:
1201:
1115:
776:
709:
381:
Many variations of these can be prepared with mixtures of monomers and with various catalysts that allow for control of
1196:
1098:
321:
242:
1267:
738:
408:
1287:
1130:
1065:
991:
333:
1176:
1009:
506:
129:
1120:
106:
614:
Edwards, Douglas C. (2001). "Chap. 5 – Liquid Rubber". In
Bhowmick, Anil K.; Stephens, Howard (eds.).
1191:
890:
277:
1277:
1029:
382:
168:
55:
1241:
1148:
1014:
459:
305:
184:
156:
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561:
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365:
267:
152:
79:
63:
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851:
553:
526:
374:
110:
1262:
1231:
953:
883:
420:
388:
600:
128:, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber. In 1909, a team headed by
1213:
1045:
948:
923:
486:
450:
370:
313:
289:
259:
51:
1256:
1078:
1055:
522:
392:
345:
293:
151:
Studies published in 1930 written independently by the
Russian Lebedev, the American
47:
179:, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery. The company
1143:
1093:
986:
933:
518:
499:
443:
438:
404:
352:
301:
281:
251:
823:. Contributions in Economics and Economic History. Greenwood Press. p. 32ff.
798:. Translated by Whiteside, Shaun (1st Ecco ed.). New York: Ecco. p. 45.
557:
46:
byproducts. About 32 million metric tons of rubbers are produced annually in the
17:
1138:
1073:
1019:
981:
976:
943:
255:
215:
195:
316:, in Nazi-occupied Poland, was under construction on March 5, 1944 operated by
585:
514:
396:
309:
235:
199:
83:
855:
1158:
725:
The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat
337:
317:
271:
250:
Production of synthetic rubber in the United States expanded greatly during
172:
137:
43:
35:
50:, and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Synthetic rubber, just like
292:(30,000, 17%), and the Kölnische Gummifäden Fabrik tire and tube plant at
1088:
938:
844:
Greve, Heinz-Hermann; Threadingham, Desmond (2000). "Rubber, 1. Survey".
468:
426:
361:
356:
285:
263:
207:
203:
194:
chemists synthesized the first of a series of synthetic rubbers known as
176:
160:
145:
87:
399:. An elastomer widely used for external sheet such as roof coverings is
1024:
758:
Plan for
Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive (Appendices C & F)
479:
475:
400:
341:
297:
191:
180:
159:
led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as
141:
71:
67:
39:
742:
274:) from where much of the global supply of natural rubber was sourced.
234:
Sheet of synthetic rubber coming off the rolling mill at the plant of
1186:
164:
91:
687:
AAFRH-19: The
Combined Bomber Offensive; April through December 1943
320:
and supplied with slave labor, by the SS, from the associated camp
918:
491:
454:
241:
229:
133:
105:
95:
546:
Threadingham, Desmond; Obrecht, Werner; Wieder, Wolfgang (2011).
1153:
495:
288:(50,000 tons/yr) plant and the Hüls synthetic rubber plant near
125:
75:
59:
879:
509:
which can be moulded easily unlike conventional natural rubber
124:
The expanded use of bicycles, and particularly their pneumatic
696:
SECRET ... Classification
Cancelled ... JUN 10 1959
171:. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as
425:
Silicone rubber is also a synthetic elastomer composed of
183:
applied their name to a competing type of rubber based on
875:
664:. Institute for National Strategic Studies. p. 115.
819:
Herbert, Vernon; Bisio, Attilio (December 11, 1985).
1169:
1129:
1064:
1038:
1002:
969:
911:
1104:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
791:
620:(First ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 135.
98:which can reduce the life of products like tires.
246:World War II poster about synthetic rubber tires
821:Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed
210:in alternating sequence. Other brands included
847:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
549:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
891:
485:Some synthetic rubbers are less sensitive to
8:
411:can also be used for electrical insulation.
222:, which Soviet researchers created in 1940.
525:or by amorphous domains in the case of SBS
898:
884:
876:
662:Mobilizing U. S. Industry in World War II
650:1940, "SEMON, WALDO LONSBURY" pp. 723–724
601:"Destination Germany: A Poor Substitute"
437:
756:Williamson, Charles C. (5 March 1944),
538:
505:A new class of synthetic rubber is the
478:, is made from various petroleum-based
332:The most prevalent synthetic rubber is
768:
727:, New York: Bonanza Books, p. 215
701:
617:Handbook of Elastomers, Second Edition
312:(5,000). A synthetic rubber plant at
148:, making the first synthetic rubber.
7:
1237:
741:. February 11, 2009. Archived from
513:. Their structure is stabilized by
348:. Other synthetic rubbers include:
296:on the east bank of the Rhine. The
25:
739:"Army Air Forces in World War II"
685:Stormont, John W. (March 1946) ,
1236:
1227:
1226:
1111:Rubber Manufacturers Association
1084:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
364:, prepared by polymerization of
355:, prepared by polymerization of
691:Eisenhower Presidential Library
1:
1283:U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program
790:Steinbacher, Sybille (2005).
558:10.1002/14356007.a23_239.pub5
474:Synthetic rubber, like other
114:
1202:Persistent organic pollutant
1116:United States Rubber Company
434:Natural vs. synthetic rubber
373:made from cyanobutadiene or
144:, succeeded in polymerizing
62:, door and window profiles,
1197:Great Pacific garbage patch
1099:Rubber industry in Malaysia
582:The Moving Powers of Rubber
308:(reclamation, 20,000), and
102:History of synthetic rubber
1304:
442:Chemical structure of cis-
418:
1273:Polymer structural groups
1222:
660:Gropman, Alan L. (1996).
599:Michalovic, Mark (2000).
407:. Synthetic rubbers like
334:styrene-butadiene rubbers
163:, which was developed at
155:and the German scientist
992:Micronized rubber powder
856:10.1002/14356007.a23_221
775:: CS1 maint: location (
763:DECLASSIFIED ... 4/24/74
708:: CS1 maint: location (
507:thermoplastic elastomers
322:Auschwitz III (Monowitz)
27:Any artificial elastomer
1177:Airfield rubber removal
1010:Biodegradable additives
850:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
584:, Leverkusen, Germany:
552:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
336:(SBR) derived from the
218:developed in 1935, and
167:under the direction of
54:, has many uses in the
1121:List of tire companies
603:. The Story of Rubber.
447:
247:
239:
206:were made up from two
121:
1192:Environmental hazards
723:Gurney, Gene (1962),
441:
403:or chlorosulphonated
245:
233:
109:
794:Auschwitz: a history
745:on 11 February 2009.
278:Operation Pointblank
1030:Polymer stabilizers
280:bombing targets of
185:ethylene dichloride
56:automotive industry
1149:Rubberized asphalt
1015:Filler (materials)
939:Chloroprene rubber
460:Hevea brasiliensis
448:
302:Ludwigshafen/Oppau
248:
240:
157:Hermann Staudinger
122:
1250:
1249:
1209:Tire-derived fuel
1051:Rubber technology
1039:Rubber processing
959:Styrene-butadiene
648:Current Biography
511:vulcanized rubber
463:, is mainly poly-
366:2-chlorobutadiene
268:Dutch East Indies
153:Wallace Carothers
132:, working at the
42:synthesized from
34:is an artificial
18:Artificial rubber
16:(Redirected from
1295:
1268:Organic polymers
1240:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1182:Rubber pollution
1025:Polymer additive
970:Mechanical types
929:Synthetic rubber
900:
893:
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590:
589:
578:
572:
571:
543:
527:block copolymers
375:2-propenenitrile
338:copolymerization
119:
116:
111:John Boyd Dunlop
32:synthetic rubber
21:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
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1288:Rubber industry
1253:
1252:
1251:
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1165:
1125:
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1034:
998:
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954:Silicone rubber
907:
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579:
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568:
545:
544:
540:
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521:in the case of
436:
423:
421:Silicone rubber
417:
415:Silicone rubber
389:Polyisobutylene
383:stereochemistry
330:
228:
117:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1301:
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1214:Tire recycling
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1046:Rubber tapping
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949:Nitrile rubber
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924:Natural rubber
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912:Chemical types
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830:978-0313246340
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567:978-3527306732
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531:
487:ozone cracking
453:, coming from
451:Natural rubber
435:
432:
430:temperatures.
419:Main article:
416:
413:
379:
378:
371:nitrile rubber
368:
359:
329:
326:
306:Hanover/Limmer
290:Recklinghausen
260:British Malaya
227:
224:
202:, meaning the
136:laboratory in
103:
100:
52:natural rubber
26:
24:
14:
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1056:Vulcanization
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627:0-8247-0383-9
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523:polyurethanes
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515:cross-linking
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406:
402:
398:
394:
393:polybutadiene
390:
386:
384:
377:and butadiene
376:
372:
369:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
351:
350:
349:
347:
346:1,3-butadiene
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:included the
283:
279:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
237:
232:
225:
223:
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201:
198:. These were
197:
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182:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Fritz Hofmann
127:
112:
108:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:United States
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1144:Rubber mulch
1094:Rubber Board
987:Crumb rubber
934:Butyl rubber
928:
845:
839:
820:
814:
793:
785:
762:
761:
757:
751:
743:the original
733:
724:
718:
695:
694:
689:, Dwight D.
686:
680:
661:
655:
647:
643:
631:. Retrieved
616:
609:
594:
581:
576:
547:
541:
519:crystallites
504:
500:butyl rubber
484:
473:
464:
458:
449:
444:polyisoprene
424:
405:polyethylene
387:
380:
353:polyisoprene
331:
282:Nazi Germany
276:
252:World War II
249:
226:World War II
219:
211:
196:Buna rubbers
189:
169:E. K. Bolton
150:
123:
31:
29:
1139:Rubber band
1074:Bridgestone
1020:Plasticizer
982:Foam rubber
977:Cold rubber
944:EPDM rubber
397:super balls
256:Axis powers
216:Waldo Semon
118: 1915
38:. They are
1278:Elastomers
1257:Categories
865:3527306730
671:0788136461
633:8 February
586:LANXESS AG
533:References
310:Leverkusen
304:(15,000),
266:) and the
254:since the
200:copolymers
1003:Additives
318:IG Farben
272:Indonesia
190:In 1935,
138:Elberfeld
44:petroleum
36:elastomer
1232:Category
1131:Products
1089:Michelin
1066:Industry
771:citation
704:citation
494:rubber,
480:monomers
476:polymers
469:isoprene
427:silicone
362:neoprene
357:isoprene
314:Oświęcim
286:Schkopau
264:Malaysia
236:Goodrich
220:Sovprene
214:, which
212:Koroseal
208:monomers
204:polymers
177:gasoline
161:neoprene
146:isoprene
88:flooring
66:such as
40:polymers
1242:Commons
1187:Dioxins
401:Hypalon
342:styrene
298:Ferrara
181:Thiokol
142:Germany
84:matting
72:gaskets
68:O-rings
1263:Rubber
1079:Dunlop
906:Rubber
862:
827:
802:
668:
624:
564:
238:(1941)
192:German
165:DuPont
92:oxygen
86:, and
1170:Waste
1159:codes
1154:Tires
919:Latex
492:Viton
455:latex
328:Types
294:Deutz
270:(now
262:(now
134:Bayer
126:tires
96:ozone
80:belts
76:hoses
64:seals
60:tires
860:ISBN
825:ISBN
800:ISBN
777:link
710:link
666:ISBN
635:2015
622:ISBN
588:: 20
562:ISBN
498:and
496:EPDM
344:and
175:and
94:and
70:and
58:for
852:doi
554:doi
517:by
465:cis
457:of
409:EPR
340:of
173:oil
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779:)
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556::
467:-
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113:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
