170:
in April 1980, after finding that the real power lay with the FSLN National
Directorate, he joined the Junta as a replacement moderate on May 18. He too became frustrated with his impotence, but agreed to leave gracefully by becoming ambassador to the United States. The arrangement was announced on
220:. However, with Calero's FDN comprising the great majority of UNO's forces, he found himself in another figurehead position. He continually threatened to resign unless he and Robelo were given real power. Despite Calero's eventual resignation in February 1987, he quit anyway on March 9.
73:(FSLN) era. After repeatedly resigning from positions in protest, opinion divided between those who lauded him as a statesman and man of principle, and those who derided him as an ineffectual hand-wringer.
223:
In 1999, he issued a statement asking the United States and
Honduran governments to release all information about the death of his nephew, David Arturo Báez Cruz, a naturalized American citizen and former
105:. Cruz participated in a 1947 coup plot against Somoza, for which he was imprisoned for four months. After joining the April Rebellion of 1954, together with his brother-in-law, Adolfo Báez Bone, and
174:
Cruz continued to clash with
Sandinista policies, and resigned as ambassador in November 1981, returning to the IADB. However, he was a major ghostwriter for the speech delivered by Sandinista hero
97:, despite the family's traditional Liberal loyalties. Cruz graduated from the military academy in 1944, but refused his commission rather than serve Somoza's dictatorship. He went on to attend
384:
204:. He was a primary drafter of the San José Declaration of March 1, 1985, signed by many rebel leaders. The declaration evolved into the formation of the rebel umbrella group
379:
394:
254:
399:
178:
at his press conference of April 15, 1982, in which
Pastora declared his break with the FSLN National Directorate. Pastora's speech helped convince his son,
186:
193:, saying it would not be free and fair. Years later he admitted that his decision not to run was a mistake and that he was on the payroll of the
288:
185:
When the
Sandinistas announced in January 1984 that they would hold elections in November, the right-wing opposition umbrella group, the
225:
113:
in their
November 1960 rising, which included an attack on the Jinotepe barracks. He would avoid rebel politics for nearly two decades.
110:
106:
47:
167:
117:
404:
374:
109:, he was jailed again for about a year, while Báez was executed. However, his wife persuaded him not to join Edmundo and
205:
182:, who was not then aware of his father's role, to also move from supporting the Sandinistas to joining Pastora's camp.
213:
258:
94:
159:
135:
90:
98:
369:
364:
292:
228:
who returned to
Nicaragua to serve in Sandinista military intelligence, and died while acting as a
389:
328:
Dreams of the Heart: The
Autobiography of President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua
229:
190:
121:
189:, settled on Cruz as the only candidate acceptable to all factions. However, in the end he
179:
62:
278:
Cruz, Jr.: 34 says fourteen months, but Kinzer:224 and another source says eleven months.
175:
342:
Memoirs of a
Counter-Revolutionary: Life With the Contras, the Sandinistas, and the CIA
209:
17:
358:
217:
139:
102:
147:
28:
131:
70:
233:
163:
143:
86:
66:
142:
convinced many
Nicaraguans that the FSLN's appeal had broadened beyond its
126:
82:
46:
201:
130:, the Group of Twelve establishment figures who voiced support for the
32:
124:
There, he was approached by the FSLN in 1977. He became a member of
69:
banker and technocrat. He became prominent in politics during the
45:
200:
Afterwards, Cruz drifted deeper into the politics of the rebel
194:
315:
The fall and rise of the market in Sandinista Nicaragua
317:, Canada, McGill-Queens University Press, p. 153
57:(December 18, 1923 – July 9, 2013), sometimes called
146:
roots, and moved the country towards the full-scale
39: and the second or maternal family name is
385:Ambassadors of Nicaragua to the United States
8:
349:Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua
116:In 1969, Cruz became an official at the
380:Presidents of Central Bank of Nicaragua
257:. Nicaraguadispatch.com. Archived from
245:
162:in post-Somoza Nicaragua. When the non-
150:that toppled the régime in July 1979.
395:National Opposition Union politicians
187:Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense
7:
138:. Their backing of the Sandinistas'
400:People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
335:Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family
291:. November 9, 2019. Archived from
25:
168:Junta of National Reconstruction
255:"Arturo Cruz Porras dies at 89"
158:Cruz was appointed head of the
118:Inter-American Development Bank
107:Pedro JoaquĂn Chamorro Cardenal
326:Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de.
1:
289:"Banco Central de Nicaragua"
206:United Nicaraguan Opposition
166:moderates resigned from the
111:Fernando "El Negro" Chamorro
61:to distinguish him from his
31:, the first or paternal
214:Nicaraguan Democratic Force
421:
253:Rogers, Tim (2013-07-04).
134:struggle against dictator
26:
160:Central Bank of Nicaragua
136:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
330:. Simon & Schuster.
208:(UNO) on June 12, with
95:Anastasio Somoza GarcĂa
55:Arturo José Cruz Porras
18:Arturo José Cruz Porras
191:boycotted the election
51:
405:Nicaraguan economists
99:Georgetown University
49:
375:Nicaraguan diplomats
333:Christian, Shirley.
295:on November 9, 2019.
154:Sandinista opponent
91:Arturo Cruz Sánchez
313:Phil Ryan (1995),
52:
347:Kinzer, Stephen.
340:Cruz, Arturo Jr.
50:Arturo Cruz, 1981
16:(Redirected from
412:
319:
318:
310:
303:
297:
296:
285:
279:
276:
270:
269:
267:
266:
250:
230:military advisor
122:Washington, D.C.
81:Cruz grew up in
21:
420:
419:
415:
414:
413:
411:
410:
409:
355:
354:
323:
322:
312:
305:
304:
300:
287:
286:
282:
277:
273:
264:
262:
252:
251:
247:
242:
180:Arturo Cruz Jr.
171:March 4, 1981.
156:
79:
77:Somoza opponent
59:Arturo Cruz Sr.
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
418:
416:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
357:
356:
353:
352:
345:
338:
331:
321:
320:
307:New York Times
298:
280:
271:
244:
243:
241:
238:
232:with Honduran
210:Alfonso Robelo
155:
152:
78:
75:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
417:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
324:
316:
308:
302:
299:
294:
290:
284:
281:
275:
272:
261:on 2013-07-15
260:
256:
249:
246:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
221:
219:
218:Adolfo Calero
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
172:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:popular front
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:United States
100:
96:
92:
89:. His father
88:
84:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
348:
344:. Doubleday.
341:
334:
327:
314:
309:, 8 Jan 1988
306:
301:
293:the original
283:
274:
263:. Retrieved
259:the original
248:
222:
199:
184:
176:Edén Pastora
173:
157:
148:insurrection
125:
115:
80:
58:
54:
53:
40:
36:
29:Spanish name
370:2013 deaths
365:1923 births
226:Green Beret
359:Categories
337:. Vintage.
311:quoted in
265:2013-07-11
240:References
234:guerrillas
132:Sandinista
71:Sandinista
67:Nicaraguan
351:. Putnam.
164:communist
144:communist
93:despised
87:Nicaragua
212:and the
127:Los Doce
83:Jinotepe
65:, was a
27:In this
390:Contras
202:Contras
101:in the
33:surname
41:Porras
37:Cruz
216:'s
195:CIA
120:in
63:son
35:is
361::
236:.
197:.
85:,
268:.
43:.
20:)
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