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Glyphosate was selected as the most appropriate product for specific considerations on efficacy, environmental safety, soil residual activity, operator safety, application timing, and cost-effectiveness. However, glyphosate is only effective in fall when plants are actively transporting nutrients to the root zone, and multiple retreatments are usually needed. Other herbicides registered for aquatic use can be very effective in controlling Arundo at other times of the year.
1542:
desertification. Recently research was carried out to evaluate, in the same pedological and climatic conditions, the impact of three long-term (14 years) agricultural systems, continuous giant reed, natural grassland, and cropping sequence, on the organic-matter characteristics and microbial biomass size in soil. The study pointed out that a long term Giant reed cropping system, characterized by low tillage intensity, positively affect the amount and quality of
88:
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63:
638:
44:
652:
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698:, where a temperate climate is characterized by warm and dry summer and mild winter, new shoots of giant reed emerge around March, growing rapidly in June and July and producing stems and leaves. From late July the lower leaves start to dry, depending on seasonal temperature patterns. Drying accelerates during autumn when
658:
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To remove giant reed at the end of the crop cycle, there are mainly two methods: mechanical or chemical. An excavator can be useful to dig out the rhizomes or alternatively a single late-season application of 3% glyphosate onto the foliar mass is efficient and effective with least hazardous to biota.
968:
as an "unwanted organism". Despite its invasive characteristics in regions around the world where it is not native, Arundo is being promoted by the energy industry as a bio-fuel crop. Some of the regions, such as the southeastern United States have natural disturbances, such as hurricanes and floods,
972:
It is among the fastest-growing terrestrial plants in the world (nearly 10 centimetres (3.9 in) per day). To present knowledge, Arundo does not provide any food sources or nesting habitats for wildlife. Replacement of native plant communities by Arundo results in low-quality habitat and altered
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An increased environmental concern is the health of soil system as one of the main factors affecting quality and productivity of agroecosystems. Around the world, several regions are subjected to a decline of fertility due to an increasing degradation of soils, loss of organic matter and increasing
1502:
will produce an average of three kilograms of biomass per square metre (12 tons per acre/year) once established. The total energy input needed for the growing of one ha increases from not fertilised (4 GJ ha−1) to fertilised (18 GJ ha−1) crops, while the maximum energy yield output was 496 GJ ha−1,
1550:
showed greater values than tilled management system for total soil organic carbon, light fraction carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon. Regarding the humification parameters, there were noticed any statistically differences between giant reed and a cropping sequence
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appears to be highly adapted to fires. It is highly flammable throughout the year, and during the drier months of the year (July to
October), it can increase the probability, intensity, and spread of wildfires through the riparian environment, changing the communities from flood-defined to
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fabric and low price of the raw material have been the main reasons that this technique has been used. However, in the last decades, the rural migration from the countryside to urban centres and the extensive exploitation of land has reduced its use.
2668:
Riffaldi, R., Saviozzi, A., Cardelli, A., Bulleri, F., and
Angelini, L. 2010. Comparison of Soil Organic-Matter Characteristics under the Energy Crop Giant Reed, Cropping Sequence and Natural Grass. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,
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increased in the environment and native species various efforts have been taken to reduce its population. It has few natural enemies in its introduced range. Several
Mediterranean insects have been imported into the United States as
601:
in late summer, bearing upright, feathery plumes 40 to 60 centimetres (16 to 24 in) long, that are usually seedless or with seeds that are rarely fertile. Instead, it mostly reproduces vegetatively by tough, fibrous underground
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does not reproduce by seeds, so removing its root structure can be effective at controlling it. Preventing it from getting sunlight will deplete the plant of its resources and eventually kill it. Systemic herbicides and
1959:
Lambert, A.M., Dudley, T.L. and
Saltonstall, K., 2010. Ecology and impacts of the large-statured invasive grasses Arundo donax and Phragmites australis in North America. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3(4), pp.
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are alternate, 30 to 60 centimetres (12 to 24 in) long and 2 to 6 centimetres (0.79 to 2.36 in) wide with a tapered tip, and have a hairy tuft at the base. Overall, the plant resembles an outsize common reed
576:
generally grows to 6 metres (20 ft) in height, or in ideal conditions can exceed 10 metres (33 ft). The hollow stems are 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter. The grey-green swordlike
1621:
Mature reeds are used in construction as raw material, given their excellent properties and tubular shape. Its resemblance to bamboo permits their combination in buildings, though Arundo is more flexible.
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may also have reduced canopy shading of the in-stream habitat, which may result in increased water temperatures. This may lead to decreased oxygen concentrations and lower diversity of aquatic animals.
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Lewandowski I, Scurlock JMO, Lindvall E, Christou M. 2003. The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and
Bioenergy. 25:335–61.
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in a roof could keep its mechanical properties for over 60 years. Its high silicon content allows the cane to keep its qualities through time. Its low weight, flexibility, good adherence of the
606:
that form knotty, spreading mats which penetrate deep into the soil, up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) deep. Stem and rhizome pieces less than 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and containing a single
1460:
enhanced the productive capacity in the initial years, but as the years go by and as the radical apparatus progressively deepens, the differences due to fertilizer decrease until disappearing.
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bioenergy feedstock has an impressive potential for several conversion processes. Dried biomass has a direct combustion high heating value of 19,000 kJ/kg (8,000 BTU/lb). In
706:
stage moisture content falls significantly. In the low temperatures of winter giant reed stops its growth; regrowth occurs in springtime. Giant reed behaves as an annual in
2222:
Mariani C., R. Cabrini, A. Danin, P. Piffanelli, A. Fricano, S. Gomarasca, M. Dicandilo, F. Grassi and C. Soave. 2010 Origin, diffusion and reproduction of the giant reed (
905:
Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across the southern
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is a strong candidate for use as a renewable biofuel source because of its fast growth rate and its ability to grow in different soil types and climatic conditions.
3207:
2016:
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was found to be the better propagation method for this species, achieving better survival rate. In this field study, it was noticed how the lowest density (12,500
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3298:
2568:
Spencer, D.F., Tan, W., Liow, P., Ksander, G., Whitehand, L.C., Weaver, S., Olson, J., Newhauser, M., 2008. Evaluation of glyphosate for managing giant reed (
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2797:
1503:
obtained with 20,000 plants per ha and fertilisation; fertilisation brought a 15% increase in biomass. The biomass calorific mean value (technically, the
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is not affected by weed competition from the second year. An application of post-emergence treatment is usually recommended. Giant reed has few known
3119:
917:. Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce dense
3233:
3158:
1813:
850:
2213:
Bhanwra R.K., Choda S.P., Kumar S. 1982. Comparative embryology of some grasses. Proceedings of the Indian
National Science Academy, 48, 152–162.
1507:
obtained from combustion of biomass sample in an adiabatic system) of Giant reed is about 17 MJ kg−1 dry matter regardless of fertilizer usage.
941:
in the 1820s for roofing material and erosion control in drainage canals in the Los
Angeles area. Through spread and subsequent plantings as an
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sampled giant reed from 80 different sites, and demonstrated low gene diversity in this region as well. Results indicate the occurrence of post-
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3334:
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The US Department of
Homeland Security considers this plant invasive and in 2007 began researching biological controls. In 2015, Texas Senator
882:
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ecosystem functioning. For example, it damages
California's riparian ecosystems by outcompeting native species, such as willows, for water.
535:. It has been widely planted and naturalised in the mild temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres, especially in the
3557:
1120:. Biofuels derived from lignocellulosic plant material represent an important renewable energy alternative to transportation fossil fuels.
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1633:, consisting of rectangles of approximately 2 by 1 meters of woven reeds to which clay or plaster could be added. A properly insulated
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3000:
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crowds out native plants, reduces wildlife habitat, contributes to higher fire frequency and intensity, and modifies river hydrology.
3552:
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periods. Several field studies have highlighted the beneficial effect of giant reed crop on the environment due to its minimal soil
1662:
Diverse associations and collectives, such as CanyaViva, are pioneering in the research in combination with
Spanish universities.
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yields. In: Biomass for energy and industry: proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain, June 5–9, 2000. p. 1622–8.
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833:, which drastically limits genetic variability, is an obstacle for breeding programs which aim to increase the productivity and
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and is considered invasive in North America and Oceania. It forms dense stands on disturbed sites, sand dunes, in wetlands and
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2424:
3471:
3264:
3375:
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Albaladejo, J., and E. Díaz. 1990. Degradation and regeneration of the soil in a Mediterranean Spanish coastline: Trials in
3238:
2682:
L. (Gramineae), Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation," in the Journal of Medical Chemistry, vol. 12 (1969), p. 480.
2647:
project (Degradación y regeneración del suelo en el litoral mediterráneo español: Experiencias en el proyecto LUCDEME). In
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Recently, initiatives are being taken to recover the use of this material, combining ancient techniques from southern Iraq
3285:
717:
The base growth temperature reported for giant reed is 7 °C, with a maximum temperature of 30 °C. It has a high
2332:
Miles, D.Howard; Tunsuwan, Kwanjai; Chittawong, Vallapa; Kokpol, Udom; Choudhary, M.Iqbal; Clardy, Jon (November 1993).
1116:
are plants which are produced with the express purpose of using their biomass energetically and at the same time reduce
2002:
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3422:
3220:
2936:
2900:
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Kosinkova, Jana; Ramirez, Jerome; Jablonsky, Michal; Ristovski, Zoran; Brown, Richard; Rainey, Thomas (24 May 2017).
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Facchini 1941 La canna gentile per la Produzione Della cellulose mobile. L'impresa agricolo-Industriale di Torviscosa
1352:
were planted at 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) of soil depth, with a minimum plant density of 10,000 plants per
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Outside its native range, the interest as a biofuel crop needs to be balanced against its major invasive potential.
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has been cultivated throughout Asia, southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years.
965:
798:
3303:
2605:"Energy and chemical conversion of five Australian lignocellulosic feedstocks into bio-crude through liquefaction"
3259:
2803:
1527:
1449:
1138:
945:, and for use as reeds in woodwind instruments, it has become naturalised throughout warm coastal freshwaters of
789:. The quite toxic quaternary methylated salt of DMT, bufotenidine, has been found in the flowers, and the cyclic
785:, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT. The flowers are also known to have DMT and the 5-methoxylated N-demethylated analogue, also
662:
3542:
3537:
3339:
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Lambert, A.M., Dudley, T.L., Saltonstall, K., 2010. Ecology and impacts of the large-statured invasive grasses
2172:
1613:
1117:
87:
3414:
1846:
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Use of constructed wetland systems with Arundo and Sarcocornia for polishing high salinity tannery wastewater
3096:
2286:
Ecology and management of Arundo donax and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in southern California
1897:
CABI, 2020. Arundo donax (giant reed). In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
1309:
1044:
718:
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1941:
1360:, with two or more nodes, can be planted 10–15 centimetres (3.9–5.9 in) deep. In order to ensure good
861:
coverage of the markers used in this study. The molecular data strongly point to a single genetic clone of
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2823:
830:
611:
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2951:
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Heaton, E., Voigt, T., and Long, S.P. 2004. A quantitative review comparing the yields of two candidate C
1928:
Perdue, R.E. Arundo donax—Source of musical reeds and industrial cellulose. Econ Bot 12, 368–404 (1958).
790:
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perennial biomass crops in relation to nitrogen, temperature and water. Biomass and Bioenergy. 27:21–30.
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204:
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Christou M, Mardikis M, Alexopoulou E. 2000. Propagation material and plant density effects on the
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grown in Australia was demonstrated as potential feedstock for producing advanced biofuels through
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Other remedies like using mechanical force have also been employed, since outside its native range
894:
626:
536:
532:
52:
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Angelini, L.G., Ceccarinia, L., and Bonarib E.; European Journal of Agronomy, 22, 2005, pp 375-389
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as the most productive and lowest impact of all energy biomass crops (see FAIR REPORT E.U. 2004).
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along riparian corridors. Fire events thus push the system further toward mono-specific stands of
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3401:
3083:
2010:
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Due to its high growth rate and superior resource-capture capacity (light, water and nutrients),
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814:
778:
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228:
82:
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Coffman, G., Ambrose, R., Rundel, P., 2010. Wildfire promotes dominance of invasive giant reed (
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dry matter in the second year were reached, a comparable result with others results obtained in
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Arundo is a highly invasive plant in southwestern North American rivers, and its promotion as a
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1993:
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rhizomes can resprout quickly, outgrowing native plants, which can result in large stands of
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Owen, S.M., Boissard, C., and Hewitt, C. N. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2001, pp 5393–5409
1434:). Several reports underlined that it is more economical to grow giant reed under moderate
1240:
was used in one instance from 1937 to 1962 on a large-scale industrial basis for paper and
3347:
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1476:
1341:
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are not produced. It is reported that sterility of giant reed results from failure of the
475:
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Saltonstall, K., Lambert, A., Meyerson, L.A., 2010. Genetics and reproduction of common (
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2620:
1344:, immediately before planting, by a pass with a double-disk harrowing and a pass with a
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have a great ability to sprout after removal from mother plant and both can be used for
1244:. This interest was stimulated primarily by the desire of the dictatorship, just before
3388:
3383:
2779:
The Power in Plants: Biofuels and the Giant Cane Debate (UNC News21: Powering A Nation)
1912:
Global Invasive Species Database (2020) Species profile: Arundo donax. Downloaded from
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may have some effect on it, but are unlikely to be useful in keeping it under control.
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112:
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stems and leaves contain a variety of harmful chemicals, including silica and various
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fibres and the desire for an export product. According to historical records made by
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953:
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870:
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857:-based markers. Giant reed exhibited no molecular genetic variation despite the wide
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in other regions is of great concern to environmental scientists and land managers.
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produced during the first growing season are unbranched and photosynthetic. In the
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17:
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uptake ranged from 19.8 to 36.7 μmol/s·m under natural conditions, depending on
151:
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species with unusually high photosynthetic capacity. Botanica Acta. 111:216–21.
1517:
Its ability to grow for 20 to 25 years without replanting is also significant.
637:
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1694:("flute"). At the time, the best cane for flutes came from the banks of river
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Degradación y regeneración del suelo en condiciones ambientales medíterráneas
2649:
Soil degradation and rehabilitation in Mediterranean environmental conditions
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1720:
consist of ten or more pipes made from the cane. The ancient end-blown flute
1625:
In rural regions of Spain, for centuries there has existed a technique named
531:
grows in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline, and is native to the
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In the UK it is considered suitable for planting in and around water areas.
1209:
978:
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826:
786:
651:
644:
548:
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L.) a promising weedy energy crop. Annals of Applied Biology. 157: 191–202.
1774:
is readily browsed by ruminants, but it becomes unpalatable when maturing.
3352:
3225:
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to evaluate and identify best management practices for maximizing biomass
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The dried rhizome with the stem removed has been found to contain 0.0057%
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1755:
1735:
1717:
1602:
1442:
1407:
1349:
1329:
1317:
1313:
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910:
802:
711:
699:
552:
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Sanderson K. 2006. US biofuels: A field in ferment. Nature 444: 673-676.
747:
and leaf age. Carbon dioxide exchange is regulated by leaf conductance.
618:
clumps, spreading the pieces, which may sprout and colonise downstream.
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in southern France contains the best-known supply of instrument reeds.
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1578:. Its stiff stems are also used as support for climbing plants or for
1570:, perhaps the reason for their durability, and have been used to make
1368:, sufficient moisture is needed immediately after planting. Pre-plant
650:
643:
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1929:
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where soil temperatures are low, due to poor freeze tolerance of the
702:
occurs from the beginning of October to the end of November. In this
598:
589:
181:
161:
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2385:
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1348:. Giant reed has the possibility of adopting low plant density. The
3199:
3026:
2727:
Heuzé V., Tran G., Giger-Reverdin S., Lebas F., 2015. Giant reed (
2580:
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1713:
1679:
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1612:
1419:
1233:
1173:
990:
822:
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657:
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99:
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1822:
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2786:, University of California Center for Invasive Species Research
985:
and deter wildlife from feeding on it. Grazing animals such as
1721:
1452:
demand was evaluated in a 6-year field study conducted at the
1269:
614:
appears well adapted to floods, which may break up individual
2033:
National Audubon Society field guide to the Pacific Northwest
1464:
time and plant density were found to not affect the biomass
1856:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
1324:) resulted in taller and thicker plants compared to denser
881:
alterations in the ovule and pollen developmental pathway.
754:
compounds, but there are more indications of the plants in
2748:." Journal of environmental management 95.1 (2012): 66-71.
2387:
Arundo Donax Workshop proceedings : November 19, 1993
2237:
Molecular evidence for a single genetic clone of invasive
1184:
of Europe and Africa, where it has shown advantages as an
2800:. Lists general information and resources for Giant Reed.
2678:
S. Ghosal, S. K. Dutta, A. K. Sanyal, and Bhattacharya, "
869:, although multiple introductions of this plant into the
610:
could sprout readily under a variety of conditions. This
525:
are respectively the old Latin and Greek names for reed.
2731:). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
2593:
BS 7370-5 Recommendations for maintenance of water areas
2374:) in riparian ecosystems. Biol. Invasions 12, 2723-2734.
2260:
in North America. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 3, 489-494.
1483:, but in intensive cultivation, no pesticides are used.
1134:
because of their high productivity, low (no) demand for
1062:
were registered in the US as biological control agents.
837:
quality for energy conversion. A total of 185 clones of
889:
origin of giant reed and suggest that it originated in
2235:
Ahmad R., Liow P.S., Spencer D.F., Jasieniuk M. 2008.
2542:
Cosentino et al. 2006 First results on evaluation of
2425:"New Carrizo Eradication Effort Reignites Old Debate"
1441:
In order to evaluate different management practices,
1054:
are known to have some effect in damaging the plant.
873:
have been documented. Another study conducted in the
2717:. New York, New York: Chappell & Co. p. 40.
2443:"New Zealand imports insects to fight plant invader"
2133:
Rossa B, TuAers AV, Naidoo G, von Willert DJ. 1998.
1566:
wrapped their dead in the leaves. The canes contain
1081:
passed legislation to create a program to eradicate
2830:
750:Studies have found this plant to be rich in active
2467:McAllister (2011). "Ecological impact of invasive
1585:This plant may have been used in combination with
1300:Establishment is a critical point of cultivation.
1141:consequent to the recycling of nutrients by their
2074:"Environmental effects on asexual reproduction in
1593:) to create a brew similar to the South American
1280:have been carried out by several universities in
1212:needs. Furthermore, it offers protection against
2796:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1380:at a rate of 80–100 kilograms (180–220 lb)/
1268:), reaching the average annual production of 35
1914:http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=112
721:, associated with absence of light saturation.
485:species. It has several common names including
2715:Handbook for making and Adjusting Single Reeds
2655:), ed. J. Albaladejo et al., 191–214. Madrid:
2555:Jackson 1998, Chemical control of giant reed (
2471:populations in New Zealand: a 10 year study".
1832:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164340A1043245.en
1510:Studies in the European Union have identified
2116:Spencer, D.F., Ksander, G.G., 2006. Estimate
1643:
1635:
1627:
1551:(cereals-legumes cultivated conventionally).
1390:maintains a high productive aptitude without
8:
2334:"Boll weevil antifeedants from Arundo donax"
1706:tuned differently and tied together, made a
682:is a tall, perennial grass in the subfamily
2798:United States National Agricultural Library
2015:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2818:
2813:in Guide to Invasive and Hegemonic Grasses
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1730:is still the principal source material of
1248:, to be independent of foreign sources of
725:exchange rates are high compared to other
61:
42:
31:
2628:
2204:). Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 3, 495-505.
1924:
1922:
1830:
1019:A waterside plant community dominated by
937:was introduced from the Mediterranean to
2124:based equation. Aquat. Bot. 85, 282–288.
1372:is distributed according to the initial
1172:Giant reed is one of the most promising
952:It has also been planted widely through
2735:Last updated on December 7, 2015, 17:39
2559:) and salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima).
2546:(L.) clones collected in Southern Italy
2001:. Richmond, CA: The Watershed Project:
1899:https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/1940
1814:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1795:
1130:display several positive attributes as
1004:fire-defined communities. After fires,
969:that could widely disperse this plant.
849:and genetically fingerprinted with the
241:
2008:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1891:
1402:, a trial was carried out testing the
1256:, giant reed was established on 6 300
1085:using herbicides and the Arundo wasp.
813:In most areas where giant reed grows (
2572:). InvasivePlantSci.Manage.1,248–254.
2327:
2325:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2067:
2065:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1276:. Today several screening studies on
949:, and its range continues to spread.
7:
3477:bdfd61f5-e8fb-48b3-8f2c-1bf7e86cc76c
3327:435a0510-a99c-4e3c-967c-b43cd11a6bba
2390:. Berkeley Digital Library Project.
1992:Harrington, C. 1; Hayes, A. (2004).
1955:
1953:
1951:
1617:Construction of the roof using reeds
1364:stand and adequate contact with the
1074:are also used as chemical remedies.
981:, which protect it from most insect
3523:IUCN Red List least concern species
2733:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/502
1712:. Giant reed has been used to make
1153:, multiple products, adaptation to
758:having these compounds than in the
1930:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860024
1659:(reed houses) with new materials.
1292:and assess environmental impacts.
25:
2773:, Fire Effects Information System
2384:Arundo Donax Workshop (c. 1994).
2003:California Invasive Plant Council
1678:Ancient Greeks used cane to make
1597:, and may trace its roots to the
481:. It is one of several so-called
449:(P.Beauv.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
3415:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:390837-1
2744:Calheiros, Cristina SC, et al. "
2096:10.1046/j.1365-3180.1999.00129.x
1376:, but usually an application of
1340:preparation is conducted in the
893:, spreading from there into the
86:
2775:, United States Forest Service
2423:Aguilar, Julian (2016-04-05).
2243:. Aquatic Botany. 88: 113–120.
1878:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
2790:Species Profile- Giant Reed (
1724:is made from the same reeds.
793:has been found in the roots.
2350:10.1016/0031-9422(91)80015-s
1674:Sets of free reef aerophones
1216:, one of the most important
829:mother cell to divide. This
3558:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1042:, the Arundo scale insect,
925:Invasiveness and management
3579:
2072:Boose; Holt (April 1999).
1995:The Weed Workers' Handbook
1854:Plants of the World Online
1782:for wastewater treatment.
1716:for over 5,000 years. The
966:National Pest Plant Accord
799:volatile organic compounds
592:(subfamily Bambusoideae).
2713:Opperman, Kalman (1956).
2311:. Biosecurity New Zealand
2283:Bell, Gary P. (c. 1997).
1528:hydrothermal liquefaction
1036:agents. The Arundo wasp,
797:is also known to release
234:
227:
210:
203:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
3553:Plants described in 1753
2761:Project on influence of
2120:ramet recruitment using
1942:"Catalogue of Life 2008"
1196:, and resistant to long
1188:(already adapted to the
1060:Rhizaspidiotus donacisis
425:(L.) Asch. & Graebn.
1803:Lansdown, R.V. (2013).
1118:carbon dioxide emission
964:it is listed under the
719:photosynthetic capacity
1778:has also been used in
1675:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1618:
1426:) as well as in South
1048:, and the Arundo fly,
1045:Rhizaspidiotus donacis
774:have also been found.
671:
655:
648:
641:
634:
612:vegetative propagation
565:
446:Scolochloa arundinacea
2692:"The Egyptian Reed",
2030:Alden, Peter (1998).
1969:(Johnson et al. 2006)
1825:. e.T164340A1043245.
1673:
1616:
1182:Mediterranean climate
661:
654:
647:
640:
624:
561:
2258:Phragmites australis
2241:in the United States
2198:Phragmites australis
1780:constructed wetlands
1537:Carbon sequestration
1161:, and resistance to
1147:carbon sequestration
841:were collected from
630:(golden bamboo) and
585:Phragmites australis
2806:, AquaPlant Profile
2621:2017RSCAd...727707K
2615:(44): 27707–27717.
1876:The Names of Plants
1666:Musical instruments
1544:soil organic matter
1145:, exceptional soil
1094:northernmost region
895:Mediterranean Basin
791:dehydrobufotenidine
739:species; maximum CO
686:, characterised by
627:Phyllostachys aurea
533:Greater Middle East
507:Colorado river reed
270:Arundo bambusifolia
53:Conservation status
3563:Grasses of Lebanon
2630:10.1039/C7RA02335A
2473:Journal of Ecology
2200:) and giant reed (
1874:Gledhill D. 1985.
1676:
1619:
1454:University of Pisa
1406:performance of 39
1310:clonal propagation
1058:and more recently
1034:biological control
875:Mediterranean area
815:Mediterranean area
809:Genetic background
672:
656:
649:
642:
635:
566:
406:Donax arundinaceus
294:Arundo coleotricha
278:Arundo bengalensis
3510:
3509:
3361:Open Tree of Life
2824:Taxon identifiers
2702:, 1 December 1890
2695:The Musical Times
1884:978-0-5213-6675-5
1758:instruments. The
1564:Ancient Egyptians
1410:, and an average
1396:semi-arid climate
1178:energy production
1027:As the impact of
688:C3 photosynthesis
467:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
414:Donax bengalensis
410:
402:
394:
390:Arundo versicolor
386:
378:
374:Arundo scriptoria
370:
362:
354:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
262:Arundo aegyptiaca
258:
250:
249:(Retz.) J.F.Gmel.
76:
18:Arundo scriptoria
16:(Redirected from
3570:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3444:
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3418:
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3291:NBNSYS0200001831
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3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2819:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:Novello & Co
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2344:(5): 1277–1279.
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2142:
2137:L. (Poaceae)—a C
2131:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2038:Knopf Publishing
2027:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1989:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1800:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1356:), while mature
1346:field cultivator
1218:land degradation
1167:abiotic stresses
1056:Tetramesa romana
1039:Tetramesa romana
943:ornamental plant
456:
454:Scolochloa donax
448:
441:(Mill.) P.Beauv.
440:
438:Donax versicolor
432:
424:
417:(Retz.) P.Beauv.
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
358:Arundo latifolia
352:
344:
332:
320:
308:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
246:Aira bengalensis
216:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3543:Flora of Europe
3538:Flora of Africa
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3462:
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3387:
3382:
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3359:
3351:
3348:Observation.org
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3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3175:
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3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
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3095:
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3082:
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3007:
2999:
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2859:
2854:
2845:
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2826:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2642:
2638:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
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2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
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2466:
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2461:
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2282:
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2264:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2111:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1768:
1668:
1611:
1591:Peganum harmala
1557:
1539:
1505:calorific value
1493:
1398:conditions. In
1298:
1242:dissolving pulp
1186:indigenous crop
1111:
1106:
927:
903:
885:data support a
811:
801:(VOCs), mainly
742:
737:
730:
677:
571:
463:
382:Arundo triflora
254:Arundo aegyptia
240:
239:
223:
218:
212:
199:
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3545:
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3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:wfo-0000850932
3491:
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3458:
3445:
3432:
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3406:
3393:
3380:
3370:
3357:
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3256:
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3116:
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3080:
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3054:
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3018:
3005:
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2755:External links
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2338:Phytochemistry
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2090:(2): 117–127.
2061:
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1971:
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1918:
1916:on 12-01-2020.
1902:
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1764:
1700:Attica, Greece
1667:
1664:
1610:
1607:
1576:walking sticks
1556:
1553:
1538:
1535:
1492:
1489:
1400:Southern Italy
1374:soil fertility
1297:
1294:
1284:as well as in
1228:environments.
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
926:
923:
902:
899:
847:South Carolina
810:
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723:Carbon dioxide
708:Central Europe
676:
673:
570:
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543:, the western
491:elephant grass
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345:(Mill.) Beetle
335:
333:(Mill.) Stokes
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286:Arundo bifaria
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3533:Flora of Asia
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3528:Arundinoideae
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2765:in California
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2430:
2429:Texas Tribune
2426:
2419:
2416:
2412:. 2009-07-07.
2411:
2410:"Razing Cane"
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2083:Weed Research
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2047:0-679-44679-6
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1312:. The use of
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1222:Mediterranean
1220:processes in
1219:
1215:
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1203:
1199:
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1079:Carlos Uresti
1075:
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954:South America
950:
948:
947:North America
944:
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936:
932:
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922:
920:
916:
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908:
907:United States
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
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871:United States
868:
867:United States
864:
860:
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852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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806:
804:
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788:
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760:United States
757:
753:
748:
746:
738:
731:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:Mediterranean
693:
689:
685:
684:Arundinoideae
681:
674:
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669:
665:
660:
653:
646:
639:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
617:
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564:
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537:Mediterranean
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
455:
452:
447:
444:
439:
436:
431:
430:Donax sativus
428:
423:
420:
415:
412:
407:
404:
399:
398:Cynodon donax
396:
391:
388:
383:
380:
375:
372:
367:
366:Arundo sativa
364:
359:
356:
351:
350:Arundo glauca
348:
343:
339:
338:Arundo donax
336:
331:
327:
326:Arundo donax
324:
319:
315:
314:Arundo donax
312:
307:
303:
302:Arundo donax
300:
297:(Hack.) Honda
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
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247:
244:
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242:
233:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
196:A. donax
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
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118:
117:
114:
113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3548:Energy crops
3089:Arundo donax
3001:Arundo_donax
2962:arundo-donax
2919:arundo-donax
2862:Arundo donax
2832:Arundo donax
2831:
2811:Arundo donax
2810:
2804:"Giant Reed"
2792:Arundo donax
2791:
2771:Arundo donax
2770:
2763:Arundo donax
2762:
2740:
2729:Arundo donax
2728:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2680:Arundo donax
2679:
2674:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2612:
2609:RSC Advances
2608:
2598:
2589:
2570:Arundo donax
2569:
2564:
2557:Arundo donax
2556:
2551:
2544:Arundo donax
2543:
2538:
2531:Arundo donax
2530:
2525:
2516:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2469:Arundo donax
2468:
2462:
2451:. Retrieved
2449:. 2017-01-19
2446:
2437:
2428:
2418:
2404:
2386:
2379:
2372:Arundo donax
2371:
2366:
2341:
2337:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:"Giant reed"
2303:
2285:
2257:
2254:Arundo donax
2253:
2248:
2239:Arundo donax
2238:
2231:
2224:Arundo donax
2223:
2218:
2209:
2202:Arundo donax
2201:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2175:Arundo Donax
2174:
2168:
2160:Arundo Donax
2159:
2135:Arundo donax
2134:
2129:
2118:Arundo donax
2117:
2112:
2087:
2081:
2076:Arundo donax
2075:
2032:
2025:
1994:
1965:
1936:
1875:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1853:
1849:Arundo donax
1848:
1841:
1818:
1812:
1807:Arundo donax
1806:
1798:
1775:
1771:
1770:When young,
1769:
1754:, and other
1727:
1726:
1707:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1609:Construction
1590:
1584:
1572:fishing rods
1560:Arundo donax
1559:
1558:
1548:Arundo donax
1547:
1540:
1532:
1524:Arundo donax
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1496:Arundo donax
1495:
1494:
1485:
1481:insect pests
1472:
1470:
1440:
1387:
1386:
1384:is applied.
1299:
1278:energy crops
1254:Snia Viscosa
1246:World War II
1238:Arundo donax
1237:
1229:
1214:soil erosion
1171:
1159:saline water
1155:saline soils
1132:energy crops
1114:Energy crops
1112:
1098:Arundo donax
1097:
1087:
1083:Arundo donax
1082:
1076:
1067:Arundo donax
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1029:Arundo donax
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:Arundo donax
1000:
999:
974:
971:
951:
935:Arundo donax
934:
928:
904:
887:monophyletic
862:
838:
812:
794:
776:
768:bufotenidine
749:
716:
704:phenological
680:Arundo donax
679:
678:
667:
663:
631:
625:
615:
595:
594:
583:
574:Arundo donax
573:
572:
563:Arundo donax
562:
529:Arundo donax
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:Spanish cane
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
471:Arundo donax
470:
469:
468:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
401:(L.) Raspail
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
337:
329:
325:
317:
313:
306:angustifolia
305:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
214:Arundo donax
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
36:Arundo donax
35:
29:
3273:NatureServe
3172:iNaturalist
2856:Wikispecies
2669:41:173–180.
2479:(9): 62–67.
2177:Info Page 3
2162:Info Page 1
1760:Var country
1734:makers for
1690:("cane") +
1682:, known as
1555:Ethnobotany
1296:Cultivation
1192:), durable
1190:environment
1151:switchgrass
1125:rhizomatous
1109:Energy crop
1090:New Zealand
1051:Cryptonevra
962:New Zealand
958:Australasia
569:Description
457:(L.) Gaudin
422:Donax donax
152:Commelinids
126:Angiosperms
3517:Categories
3389:kew-396629
3384:Plant List
2949:Calflora:
2784:Giant Reed
2453:2017-01-21
2315:2009-01-13
2122:degree-day
1786:References
1766:Other uses
1740:saxophones
1704:kalamauloi
1702:. Several
1684:kalamaulos
1458:Fertilizer
1446:fertilizer
1436:irrigation
1414:of 22.1 t/
1392:irrigation
1370:fertilizer
1326:plantation
1262:Torviscosa
1206:fertilizer
1072:glyphosate
983:herbivores
939:California
915:California
843:California
821:), viable
783:bufotenine
752:tryptamine
745:irradiance
668:versicolor
555:habitats.
541:California
515:giant reed
487:giant cane
474:is a tall
342:versicolor
330:versicolor
318:lanceolata
3146:GrassBase
3102:200024889
3076:200024889
3058:FloraBase
2959:Cal-IPC:
2358:0031-9422
2104:0043-1737
2011:cite book
1736:clarinets
1718:pan pipes
1696:Cephissus
1595:ayahuasca
1408:genotypes
1210:pesticide
1122:Perennial
979:alkaloids
919:monotypic
831:sterility
827:megaspore
787:5-MeO-NMT
781:, 0.026%
549:Caribbean
511:wild cane
476:perennial
190:Species:
96:Kingdom:
3472:VicFlora
3454:25509170
3449:Tropicos
3278:2.151208
3213:10684381
3200:390837-1
3151:imp01043
2996:eFloraSA
2926:BioLib:
2841:Wikidata
2447:BBC News
2396:44509994
2295:44494430
2056:37696259
1960:489–494.
1776:A. donax
1772:A. donax
1756:woodwind
1752:bagpipes
1748:bassoons
1728:A. donax
1512:A. donax
1500:A. donax
1477:diseases
1473:A. donax
1443:nitrogen
1430:(19.0 t/
1422:(22.5 t/
1388:A. donax
1350:rhizomes
1330:rhizomes
1328:(25,000
1318:rhizomes
1314:rhizomes
1230:A. donax
1143:rhizomes
1136:nutrient
1021:A. donax
1014:A. donax
1010:A. donax
1006:A. donax
975:A. donax
921:stands.
911:Maryland
863:A. donax
839:A. donax
803:isoprene
795:A. donax
766:such as
712:rhizomes
700:anthesis
664:A. donax
632:A. donax
616:A. donax
604:rhizomes
596:A. donax
553:riparian
547:and the
409:P.Beauv.
229:Synonyms
168:Family:
139:Monocots
73:IUCN 3.1
3464:5389785
3312:NTFlora
3260:MoBotPF
3125:2703041
3014:1114777
2983:Ecocrop
2847:Q161114
2645:Lucdeme
2617:Bibcode
2173:Erowid
2158:Erowid
1860:12 July
1688:kalamos
1686:, from
1491:Biofuel
1462:Harvest
1338:Seedbed
1306:rhizome
1250:textile
1202:tillage
1198:drought
1180:in the
1128:grasses
960:and in
931:biofuel
901:Ecology
879:meiotic
865:in the
859:genomic
835:biomass
772:gramine
675:Biology
599:flowers
588:) or a
545:Pacific
495:carrizo
433:C.Presl
361:Salisb.
273:Hook.f.
265:E.Vilm.
178:Genus:
172:Poaceae
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
3461:uBio:
3441:1259-1
3397:PLANTS
3366:659304
3353:123779
3324:NZOR:
3265:285183
3252:164340
3112:arudon
3109:FoIO:
3050:arudon
3047:FEIS:
3040:191920
2942:120965
2929:127666
2914:ARKive
2906:102906
2890:APDB:
2870:AoFP:
2394:
2356:
2293:
2102:
2054:
2044:
1882:
1714:flutes
1709:syrinx
1680:flutes
1656:mudhif
1645:cañizo
1637:cañizo
1629:cañizo
1587:harmal
1574:, and
1568:silica
1466:yields
1428:Greece
1412:yields
1404:yields
1394:under
1342:spring
1290:yields
1282:the US
1194:yields
1163:biotic
1139:inputs
993:, and
987:cattle
764:Toxins
690:. The
590:bamboo
579:leaves
519:Arundo
513:, and
499:arundo
353:Bubani
257:Delile
183:Arundo
162:Poales
3484:WoI:
3436:SANBI
3402:ARDO4
3373:PFI:
3335:NZPCN
3304:35708
3239:41450
3208:IRMNG
3184:IPA:
3177:64017
3084:FoAO2
3035:EUNIS
3027:ABKDO
2893:51568
2880:APA:
1999:(PDF)
1791:Notes
1744:oboes
1698:, in
1692:aulos
1580:vines
1450:input
1420:Spain
1358:stems
1266:Udine
1234:Italy
1174:crops
1149:– 4X
995:goats
991:sheep
909:from
823:seeds
756:India
692:stems
523:donax
393:Mill.
385:Roxb.
289:Retz.
281:Retz.
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
3428:1675
3410:POWO
3376:7646
3340:3474
3317:4250
3299:NCBI
3247:IUCN
3234:ITIS
3226:1940
3195:IPNI
3187:3009
3164:4439
3159:GRIN
3133:GISD
3120:GBIF
3022:EPPO
2975:H3L8
2937:BOLD
2901:APNI
2883:4688
2873:1867
2657:CSIC
2392:OCLC
2354:ISSN
2291:OCLC
2289:. .
2256:and
2100:ISSN
2052:OCLC
2042:ISBN
2017:link
1880:ISBN
1862:2020
1823:IUCN
1732:reed
1603:lore
1599:Soma
1448:and
1366:soil
1362:root
1304:and
1302:Stem
1224:and
1208:and
1176:for
1165:and
1157:and
1104:Uses
956:and
891:Asia
883:AFLP
853:and
851:SRAP
817:and
770:and
732:and
666:var
608:node
521:and
483:reed
479:cane
369:Lam.
328:var.
321:Döll
316:var.
309:Döll
304:var.
238:List
3495:WFO
3487:225
3423:RHS
3286:NBN
3221:ISC
3138:112
3097:FoC
3071:FNA
3063:226
3009:EoL
2988:465
2970:CoL
2952:732
2625:doi
2346:doi
2092:doi
1851:L."
1827:doi
1819:208
1722:ney
1601:of
1479:or
1336:).
1260:in
1092:'s
1088:In
913:to
845:to
779:DMT
3519::
3497::
3474::
3451::
3438::
3425::
3412::
3399::
3386::
3363::
3350::
3337::
3314::
3301::
3288::
3275::
3262::
3249::
3236::
3223::
3210::
3197::
3174::
3161::
3148::
3135::
3122::
3099::
3086::
3073::
3060::
3037::
3024::
3011::
2998::
2985::
2972::
2939::
2916::
2903::
2858::
2843::
2698:,
2623:.
2611:.
2607:.
2577:^
2477:53
2475:.
2445:.
2427:.
2352:.
2342:34
2340:.
2336:.
2324:^
2265:^
2146:^
2098:.
2088:39
2086:.
2080:.
2064:^
2050:.
2040:.
2036:.
2013:}}
2009:{{
1974:^
1950:^
1921:^
1905:^
1890:^
1821:.
1817:.
1811:.
1750:,
1746:,
1742:,
1738:,
1605:.
1582:.
1546:.
1530:.
1468:.
1456:.
1438:.
1432:ha
1424:ha
1416:ha
1382:ha
1354:ha
1334:ha
1322:ha
1286:EU
1274:ha
1258:ha
1236:,
1226:US
1204:,
1169:.
1096:,
1016:.
989:,
897:.
855:TE
819:US
805:.
762:.
714:.
539:,
517:.
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
377:L.
340:f.
221:L.
148::
135::
122::
109::
2794:)
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