794:
858:
850:
3068:
972:
3078:
1028:
3250:
1948:
42:
3088:
650:
3098:
1853:
61:
910:(deepest channel) of the waterway, as the official border, in exchange for which Iran ended its support of the Iraqi Kurds. The Algiers Accord was seen as a national humiliation in Iraq, causing much bitterness over what was seen as Iranian bullying. However, the Algiers Accord saw Iran cease supporting the
640:
forest in the world. In the mid-1970s, the region included 17–18 million date palms: an estimated one-fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. However, by 2002, more than 14 million of the palms had been wiped out by the combined factors of war, salt and pests; this count includes around 9 million
869:
in the late 1960s, Iran developed a strong military and took a more assertive stance in the Near East. In April 1969, Iran abrogated the 1937 treaty over the Shatt al-Arab and
Iranian ships stopped paying tolls to Iraq when they used the Shatt al-Arab. The Shah argued that the 1937 treaty was unfair
809:
that worked in Europe: the dividing line was a line drawn between the deepest points along the stream bed. In 1937, Iran and Iraq signed a treaty that settled the dispute over control of the Shatt al-Arab. The 1937 treaty recognized the
Iranian-Iraqi border as along the low-water mark on the eastern
834:
intended to protect the neutrality of Muslim nations if the world should be plunged into war again. In return for the Shatt al-Arab treaty, Iraq joined the
Saadabad pact and Iranian-Iraqi relations were friendly for decades afterward. The Saadabad pact ultimately brought together Turkey, Iraq, Iran
922:
the 1975 treaty and Iraq invaded Iran. The main thrust of the military movement on the ground was across the waterway which was the stage for most of the military battles between the two armies. The waterway was Iraq's only outlet to the
Persian Gulf, and thus, its shipping lanes were greatly
889:
claimed the frontier agreed to in 1937 was still the legitimate frontier. In response, Iran in the early 1970s became the main patron of Iraqi
Kurdish groups fighting for independence from Iraq. In 1974 with the open encouragement and support of Iran, the Iraqi Kurdish
914:
as the
Iranians closed the frontier, causing the Kurdish rebellion to promptly collapse. The British journalist Patrick Brogan wrote that "the Iraqis celebrated their victory in the usual manner, by executing as many of the rebels as they could lay their hands on".
1119:
surrounding the river mouth. They were tasked until 2007 to make sure that ships in the area were not being used to transport munitions into Iraq. British forces also trained Iraqi naval units to take over the responsibility of guarding their waterways after the
942:
Materialized which saw Al-Faw peninsula recaptured after three days of fighting. After retaking Al-Faw, the Iraqis began a sustained drive to clear the
Iranians out of all of southern Iraq. In May 1988, the Iraqis expelled the Iranians from Salamchech and took
822:(the deep water line) which gave Iraq control of almost the entire waterway; provided that all ships using the Shatt al-Arab fly the Iraqi flag and have an Iraqi pilot, and required Iran to pay tolls to Iraq whenever its ships used the Shatt al-Arab. Shah
725:
treaty. In general, the Treaty of Zuhab roughly re-established the common borders of the
Ottomans and Safavid Empires the way they had been in 1555. However, the treaty never demarcated a precise and fixed boundary regarding the frontier in the south.
878:) sailed down the Shatt al-Arab, and Iraq—being the militarily weaker state—did nothing. The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975.
902:). However, given Iran's greater military strength and population, the Iraqis decided against war, and chose to make concessions to Tehran to end the Kurdish rebellion. In March 1975, Vice President Saddam Hussein of Iraq and the Shah signed the
1096:. Since it is the only outlet to the Persian Gulf, its capture was important in delivering humanitarian aid to the rest of the country, and stopping the flow of operations trying to break the naval blockade against Iraq. The British
1396:
The Shatt al Arab river (or Arvand Rud in
Persian) is the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), which starts in the Iraqi town of Al-Qornah and after circa 120 miles flows into the Persian
2330:
1256:
874:, and because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian. Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but on 24 April 1969, an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships (
1140:
898:
fought a conventional war against Iraq, leading to very intense fighting. In the winter of 1974–75, Iran and Iraq almost went to war over Iran's support of the Kurds in Iraq (see
2359:
1139:
after purportedly straying into the
Iranian side of the waterway. After being initially threatened with prosecution, they were released after high-level conversations between
959:
During the 1988 battles, the Iranians seemed tired and worn out by the nearly eight years of the war, and "put up very little resistance" to the Iraqi offensives. After the
2629:
4586:
1825:
Shaw, Stanford (1991). "Iranian Relations with the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.).
2243:
1157:
became a major diplomatic crisis between the two nations. It was resolved after thirteen days when the Iranians unexpectedly released the captives under an "amnesty".
1112:
951:
Reports from the front, both at Faw and outside Basra, indicated that the Iranian resistance was surprisingly weak. The army that had shown such courage and
1154:
1136:
930:
was captured by the Iranians in 1986, Iraq's shipping activities virtually came to a halt and had to be diverted to other Arab ports such as Kuwait and even
3134:
1884:
2247:
4606:
4392:
2619:
1150:. The initial hardline approach came down to power struggles within the Iranian government. The British marines' weapons and boats were confiscated.
988:
Conflicting territorial claims and disputes over navigation rights between Iran and Iraq were among the main factors for the beginning of the
4646:
4641:
4596:
1935:
1166:
The river is also known in Iraq as the Dijla al-Awara (دجلة العوراء) and in Iran as the Arvand Rud (Persian: اروندرود, lit. 'Swift River').
761:
2371:
2278:
2273:
3358:
2263:
2228:
899:
4591:
3606:
3440:
2624:
2540:
1872:
1836:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1504:
184:
1197:
567:
4611:
2668:
1075:
598:
to 800 metres (2,600 ft) at its mouth. It is thought that the waterway formed relatively recently in geological time, with the
2337:
2325:
793:
2756:
2741:
2352:
1200:, the confluent of the Shatt al-Arab. Iranians also used this name specifically to designate the Shatt al-Arab during the later
1093:
3127:
2614:
2600:
2002:
2218:
835:
and Afghanistan in an alliance intended to protect their neutrality. In 1955, both Iran and Iraq were founding members of the
717:(r. 1588–1629) once again regained Shatt al-Arab. Control of the river was at last permanently ceded to the Ottomans with the
1053:
1049:
802:
4601:
1913:
3091:
2364:
1647:
4651:
4636:
4631:
4198:
2342:
947:. During the fighting in the spring of 1988, the Iranians showed all the signs of collapsing morale. Brogan reported:
857:
2913:
2678:
2641:
2573:
1380:
2258:
1038:
696:
gained most of what is present-day Iraq, including Shatt al-Arab. They later lost these territories to the expanding
4581:
3120:
2766:
2746:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2268:
2037:
692:
era, prior to the establishment of an independent Iraq in the 20th century. In the early 16th century, the Iranian
1057:
1042:
849:
3974:
2718:
2563:
2133:
1928:
1183:
318:(Period: 1971–2000)3,535 m/s (124,800 cu ft/s) (Period: 1977–2018)105.7 km/a (3,350 m/s)
4344:
2805:
2776:
2420:
903:
4545:
3984:
827:
4626:
4621:
3543:
3420:
3033:
2781:
2445:
2178:
1737:
939:
541:
4505:
3934:
3470:
3332:
2736:
2595:
2465:
2440:
2310:
2062:
875:
4436:
1366:
772:
can never be finally settled except by an arbitrary decision on the part of Great Britain and Russia". A
4616:
4482:
4362:
4123:
4070:
3858:
3616:
3503:
2840:
2708:
2320:
2193:
2172:
2092:
2052:
1089:
866:
4509:
3523:
760:
delegates. Even afterwards, backtracking and disagreements continued, until British Foreign Secretary,
583:
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4113:
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4017:
3999:
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3815:
3327:
3204:
3156:
2935:
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2713:
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2455:
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1921:
1302:
1268:
3547:
4555:
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4352:
4309:
4251:
4236:
4105:
4007:
3938:
3838:
3830:
3777:
3722:
3576:
3533:
3527:
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3450:
3322:
3314:
3299:
3289:
3273:
2877:
2835:
2761:
2636:
2558:
2087:
2057:
2042:
749:
738:
737:(1746), however, the Zuhab boundaries were restored, ceding the river to the Turks once again. The
553:
522:
4074:
3077:
1658:
752:
was signed by Ottoman Turkey and Qajar Iran in 1847 after protracted negotiations, which included
4462:
4452:
4376:
4037:
4027:
3968:
3926:
3895:
3873:
3586:
3566:
3558:
3513:
3480:
3392:
3352:
3337:
3269:
3008:
3003:
2988:
2950:
2925:
2862:
2723:
2658:
2293:
2102:
2017:
1284:
1205:
641:
palms in Iraq and 5 million in Iran. Many of the remaining 3–4 million trees are in poor health.
4011:
3208:
2283:
1864:
1100:
staged an amphibious assault to capture the key oil installations and shipping docks located at
989:
960:
4031:
3249:
4497:
4432:
4240:
4216:
4183:
4173:
4052:
3954:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3694:
3631:
3596:
3460:
3412:
3341:
3279:
3261:
3234:
3174:
3143:
3028:
2993:
2830:
2771:
2673:
2583:
2553:
2548:
2415:
2410:
2394:
2223:
2143:
2138:
2047:
1832:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1500:
805:(1920–1932), the British advisors in Iraq were able to keep the waterway binational under the
773:
733:(r. 1736–1747) succeeded in restoring Iranian control over Shatt al-Arab for a time. With the
714:
689:
579:
575:
4466:
4416:
3809:
3101:
1857:
4412:
4406:
4299:
4279:
4153:
3848:
3805:
3732:
3649:
3387:
3184:
2920:
2855:
2845:
2519:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2430:
2405:
1341:
1276:
1232:
1217:
1121:
1105:
927:
734:
532:
1869:
721:
in 1639. Control of the waterway was also temporarily lost by the Safavids to the Ottomans
4525:
4422:
4319:
4289:
4163:
3911:
3901:
3702:
3669:
3430:
3397:
3214:
3018:
2983:
2872:
2867:
2786:
2697:
2435:
2288:
2200:
2188:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2032:
2007:
1992:
1979:
1967:
1876:
1662:
1651:
1127:
On two separate occasions, Iranian forces operating on the Shatt al-Arab captured British
843:
722:
718:
701:
693:
513:
500:
484:
440:
243:
3988:
1826:
1409:
1272:
1111:
Following the end of the war, the UK was given responsibility, subsequently mandated by
842:
The Shatt al-Arab and the forest were depicted in the middle of the coat of arms of the
685:
3,000 years ago, the Persian Gulf was larger and the Shatt al-Arab had not then formed.
4515:
4442:
4402:
4382:
4372:
4259:
4226:
4143:
4133:
4090:
3944:
3891:
3881:
3785:
3762:
3712:
3679:
3659:
3424:
3224:
3112:
2998:
2973:
2253:
2183:
1147:
882:
757:
753:
697:
611:
255:
938,173 km (362,231 sq mi) to 884,000 km (341,000 sq mi)
4575:
4329:
4206:
4060:
3736:
3639:
3347:
3164:
3071:
3023:
3013:
2978:
2930:
2907:
2882:
2850:
2646:
2475:
2347:
2148:
1997:
1288:
1097:
944:
886:
831:
657:
The Shatt al-Arab is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at
4549:
4535:
4486:
4366:
4333:
4263:
4220:
3819:
3706:
3507:
3194:
2897:
2663:
2460:
2168:
2163:
2153:
1987:
1742:
1201:
1116:
1003:
999:
971:
919:
836:
815:
674:
662:
591:
480:
436:
344:
306:
233:
170:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
4519:
4386:
4273:
4230:
4117:
4084:
4021:
3862:
3766:
3362:
3081:
3043:
2892:
2728:
2653:
2450:
2012:
1227:
1027:
797:
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932–1959 depicting the Shatt and the forest
787:
587:
155:
1434:
4559:
4476:
4456:
4356:
4313:
3842:
3726:
3620:
3537:
3454:
3293:
3228:
2158:
1644:
1143:
1128:
994:
906:
in which Iraq recognized a series of straight lines closely approximating the
742:
730:
563:
41:
1899:
1886:
606:
originally emptying into the Persian Gulf via a channel further to the west.
199:
186:
4187:
4157:
3590:
3570:
3517:
3484:
3464:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3238:
3198:
2968:
2940:
2887:
2425:
2117:
2077:
1345:
1222:
1171:
823:
658:
637:
622:
603:
571:
428:
237:
106:
649:
594:. The Shatt al-Arab varies in width from about 232 metres (761 ft) at
1852:
1329:
625:
which joins the waterway from the Iranian side, deposits large amounts of
4426:
4177:
4137:
4127:
3958:
3756:
3600:
3303:
3178:
2485:
2315:
2298:
2072:
2067:
1101:
777:
630:
17:
870:
to Iran because almost all river borders around the world ran along the
780:
in 1913, which declared that the Ottoman-Persian frontier run along the
4303:
4283:
4041:
3852:
3799:
3795:
3653:
3580:
3377:
3188:
2945:
2902:
2082:
2027:
1280:
963:, both sides agreed to once again treat the Algiers Accord as binding.
806:
782:
60:
4529:
4323:
4293:
4167:
3948:
3915:
3905:
3673:
3444:
3283:
3218:
2825:
2480:
1011:
935:
811:
769:
765:
666:
607:
599:
134:
87:
562:
about 200 kilometres (120 mi) in length that is formed at the
4446:
4396:
4147:
4094:
3885:
3789:
3716:
3683:
3663:
3610:
3434:
3382:
3038:
2022:
1007:
976:
970:
931:
894:
rebelled against Iraq, and instead of waging a guerrilla war, the
856:
848:
792:
670:
648:
618:
595:
559:
528:
488:
386:
47:
1303:"Global Climate Change Impacts on Tigris Euphrates Rivers Basins"
4210:
4064:
3643:
3168:
3147:
2233:
2210:
1953:
1947:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
955:
early in the war now broke in a rout, and fled before the Arabs.
709:
626:
432:
390:
348:
83:
79:
51:
3116:
2803:
2695:
2517:
2392:
1965:
1917:
764:, was moved to comment in 1851 that "the boundary line between
360:(Period: 1971–2000)3,531.6 m/s (124,720 cu ft/s)
4539:
1021:
453:(Period: 1971–2000)2,531.8 m/s (89,410 cu ft/s)
402:(Period: 1971–2000)2,782.8 m/s (98,270 cu ft/s)
885:
attempts to intervene and mediate the dispute were rebuffed.
3248:
1706:
1704:
1673:
1671:
1685:
1683:
1131:
sailors who they claim trespassed into their territory:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1542:
1540:
1655:
1257:"Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait"
546:
242:
3,596 km (2,234 mi) total length including
1497:
Iran's Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami
998:
was restored. The Iranian cities and major ports of
776:
between the Ottomans and the Persians was signed in
707:
In the early 17th century, the Safavids under king (
4496:
4343:
4250:
4197:
4104:
4051:
3998:
3925:
3872:
3829:
3776:
3693:
3630:
3557:
3494:
3411:
3313:
3260:
3155:
2961:
2816:
2209:
2126:
1978:
494:
474:
466:
461:
447:
422:
414:
396:
380:
372:
354:
338:
330:
312:
299:
291:
277:
267:
259:
251:
225:
215:
176:
164:
154:
140:
130:
112:
102:
93:
75:
70:
34:
1135:In 2004, several British servicemen were held for
1330:"General assessment of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq"
1250:
1248:
1092:, the waterway was a key military target for the
992:that lasted from 1980 to 1988, when the pre-1980
826:of Iran together with his close friend President
1470:
582:. The southern end of the river constitutes the
1759:Dougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2013).
1113:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723
949:
3128:
1929:
1780:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1328:Safaa, Al-Asadi; Abdulzahra, Alhello (2019).
1255:Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022).
1191:
1115:, to patrol the waterway and the area of the
629:into the river; this necessitates continuous
232:200 km (120 mi) from confluence of
8:
741:(1823) concluded between Ottoman Turkey and
1865:ICE case: Iran–Iraq War and Waterway rights
1731:
1729:
1458:
1056:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
688:Dispute over the river occurred during the
3135:
3121:
3113:
2813:
2800:
2692:
2514:
2389:
1975:
1962:
1936:
1922:
1914:
918:In 1980, President Saddam Hussein of Iraq
59:
2244:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1155:seizure of fifteen more British personnel
1076:Learn how and when to remove this message
4587:Disputed territories in the Persian Gulf
2068:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
1870:The Iran–Iraq border, 1639–1992, archive
1801:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
1006:and the Iraqi cities and major ports of
923:affected by continuous Iranian attacks.
65:Drainage basin and two major tributaries
1244:
861:Evening atmosphere on the Shatt al-Arab
853:Arab ferryman on the Shatt al-Arab 1958
1828:The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7)
1816:Potts, D. T. (2004). "SHATT AL-ARAB".
31:
1531:
7:
3097:
3039:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1482:
1410:"Iraq – Major Geographical Features"
1054:adding citations to reliable sources
810:side of the Shatt al-Arab except at
614:is part of the Shatt al-Arab delta.
3087:
1723:, London: Bloomsbury, 1989, p. 253.
1628:, London: Bloomsbury, 1989, p. 260.
1519:
1192:
536:
517:
1204:, and continue to do so since the
636:The area used to hold the largest
25:
1745:. – Retrieved on 18 October 2007.
1611:Bulloch, John and Morris, Harvey
830:of Turkey had been promoting the
818:where the frontier ran along the
3096:
3086:
3076:
3067:
3066:
2372:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
1946:
1851:
1799:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
1367:"Tigris Euphrates Delta-Coastal"
1026:
40:
4607:Landforms of Khuzestan province
2851:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2274:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2264:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2003:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1797:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
1763:(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press.
1615:, London: Methuen, 1989, p. 37.
1602:, London: Osprey, 2002, pp. 7–8
1385:Oxford Public International Law
1014:are situated along this river.
590:, where it discharges into the
2134:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1831:. Cambridge University Press.
1665:, Retrieved on March 16, 2009.
1334:International Journal of Water
1108:at the onset of the conflict.
900:1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict
178: • coordinates
1:
1761:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
1576:, London: Osprey, 2002 page 8
1550:, London: Osprey, 2002 page 7
1499:. Routledge. pp. 1–272.
1176:
1146:and Iranian Foreign Minister
94:Physical characteristics
4647:Territorial disputes of Iraq
4642:Territorial disputes of Iran
4597:International rivers of Asia
2630:in ISIL-controlled territory
1589:, London: Osprey, 2002 page7
1495:Marschall, Christin (2003).
1471:Dougherty & Ghareeb 2013
1124:left Iraq in December 2011.
558:'Swift River') is a
283:1,500 m (4,900 ft)
217: • elevation
142: • elevation
114: • elevation
46:Shatt al-Arab pictured near
2541:Council of Representatives
2279:Weapons of mass destruction
1600:The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988
1587:The Iran–Iraq War 1980–1988
1574:The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988
1548:The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988
568:Euphrates and Tigris rivers
547:
424: • location
382: • location
340: • location
301: • location
166: • location
4668:
3246:
2269:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1182:) and many other works of
449: • average
398: • average
356: • average
314: • average
279: • maximum
269: • minimum
229:204 km (127 mi)
4592:District capitals of Iraq
4199:al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
3975:al-Mejar Al-Kabi District
3062:
2812:
2799:
2704:
2691:
2526:
2513:
2401:
2388:
1974:
1961:
1184:Middle Persian literature
1141:British Foreign Secretary
940:Operation Ramadan Mubarak
457:
410:
406:
368:
364:
326:
322:
287:
200:30.4043306°N 48.1510000°E
150:
126:
122:
98:
58:
39:
4612:National symbols of Iraq
4345:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2620:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2531:Administrative divisions
1875:25 December 2018 at the
1677:Brogan, Patrick page 298
750:Second Treaty of Erzurum
745:, resulted in the same.
496: • right
273:250 m (820 ft)
3544:Suq al-Shuyukh District
3421:Abu Al-Khaseeb District
2179:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2053:First Babylonian Empire
1710:Brogan, Patrick, p. 265
1698:Brogan, Patrick, p. 264
1435:"UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls"
1346:10.1504/IJW.2019.106049
1206:1979 Iranian Revolution
739:First Treaty of Erzurum
476: • left
3935:Ali Al-Gharbi District
3471:Shatt Al-Arab District
3254:
2338:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2259:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2063:Middle Assyrian Empire
1661:7 October 2014 at the
1169:The Persian epic poem
980:
957:
876:Joint Operation Arvand
862:
854:
846:, from 1932 to 1959.
798:
654:
633:to keep it navigable.
205:30.4043306; 48.1510000
4546:al-Nu'maniya District
4483:Sulaymaniyah District
4363:Darbandikhan District
4124:al-Hamdaniya District
4071:al-Manathera District
3985:Qal'at Saleh District
3859:Ain Al-Tamur District
3617:al-Miqdadiya District
3504:al-Chibayish District
3252:
2625:in post-invasion Iraq
2331:U.S. troop withdrawal
2093:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1900:30.40722°N 48.15167°E
1860:at Wikimedia Commons
1818:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1778:Kia, Mehrdad (2017).
1689:Karsh, Efraim page 57
1090:2003 invasion of Iraq
1018:Gulf War and Iraq War
984:Iranian–Iraqi dispute
974:
867:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
860:
852:
828:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
796:
665:south of the city of
661:, and flows into the
652:
305:Shatt al-Arab Delta,
146:4 m (13 ft)
118:4 m (13 ft)
27:River in Western Asia
4506:Al-Aziziyah District
4081:al-Meshkhab District
4018:al-Rumaitha District
4000:Muthanna Governorate
3965:al-Maimouna District
3328:al-Istiqlal District
2574:Council of Ministers
2456:Mesopotamian Marshes
1738:Encyclopædia Iranica
1050:improve this section
938:. On 17 April 1988,
790:canceled all plans.
221:0 m (0 ft)
4652:Rivers in Mandaeism
4637:Geography of Kuwait
4632:Shatt al-Arab basin
4556:al-Suwaira District
4473:Sharbazher District
4353:Chamchamal District
4310:al-Shirqat District
4252:Saladin Governorate
4237:al-Shamiya District
4106:Nineveh Governorate
4008:al-Khidhir District
3839:al-Hindiya District
3831:Karbala Governorate
3778:Halabja Governorate
3723:Koy Sinjaq District
3534:al-Shatrah District
3496:Dhi Qar Governorate
3451:al-Midaina District
3333:al-Mada'in District
3323:Abu Ghraib District
3315:Baghdad Governorate
3300:al-Musayab District
3290:al-Mahawil District
2836:Mesopotamian Arabic
2642:Freedom of religion
2088:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2058:Old Assyrian Period
2043:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1896: /
1273:2022QuRes.109...16R
1261:Quaternary Research
975:Shatt al-Arab near
462:Basin features
196: /
4463:Sharazoor District
4453:Saidsadiq District
4038:al-Samawa District
4028:al-Salman District
3927:Maysan Governorate
3874:Kirkuk Governorate
3587:al Khalis District
3567:Balad Ruz District
3559:Diyala Governorate
3524:al-Rifa'i District
3514:Nasiriyah District
3481:al-Zubair District
3353:al-Tarmia District
3338:Mahmudiya District
3270:Hashimiya District
3255:
3150:and their capitals
2767:Telecommunications
2742:Foreign Investment
2679:Wars and conflicts
2615:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2579:Presidency Council
2365:2019–2021 protests
2294:Invasion of Kuwait
2118:Sassanid Asorestan
2113:Parthian Babylonia
2108:Seleucid Babylonia
2103:Achaemenid Assyria
2018:Jemdet Nasr period
1905:30.40722; 48.15167
1650:2009-08-08 at the
1281:10.1017/qua.2022.3
1180: 977–1010 CE
981:
863:
855:
799:
669:. It receives the
655:
527:'River of the
4582:Basra Governorate
4569:
4568:
4498:Wasit Governorate
4433:Qaradagh District
4217:Diwaniya District
4184:Tel Kaif District
4174:Tel Afar District
4114:al-Ba'aj District
4053:Najaf Governorate
3955:al-Kahla District
3753:Shaqlawa District
3743:Mergasor District
3695:Erbil Governorate
3632:Duhok Governorate
3597:Khanaqin District
3461:al-Qurna District
3413:Basra Governorate
3280:Al-Hilla District
3262:Babil Governorate
3235:ar-Rutba District
3205:al-Qa'im District
3175:Fallujah District
3157:Anbar Governorate
3110:
3109:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3044:Mandaean New Year
2795:
2794:
2687:
2686:
2669:Political parties
2564:Foreign relations
2509:
2508:
2416:Lower Mesopotamia
2411:Upper Mesopotamia
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2144:Abbasid Caliphate
2139:Umayyad Caliphate
2048:Isin-Larsa period
1856:Media related to
1175:(written between
1086:
1085:
1078:
807:thalweg principle
576:Basra Governorate
557:
545:
526:
506:
505:
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4602:Iran–Iraq border
4413:Penjwen District
4300:Samarra District
4280:al-Daur District
4154:Shekhan District
3979:Al-Mejar Al-Kabi
3849:Kerbala District
3806:Khurmal District
3796:Halabja District
3733:Makhmur District
3650:Amadiya District
3577:Ba'quba District
3185:Haditha District
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3100:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3070:
3069:
2814:
2801:
2732:
2693:
2544:
2515:
2501:Sinjar Mountains
2491:Zagros Mountains
2431:Hamrin Mountains
2390:
2353:Mosul liberation
2326:Iraqi insurgency
2248:National Command
2237:
2073:Simurrum culture
1976:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1855:
1842:
1821:
1812:
1793:
1774:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1719:Brogan, Patrick
1717:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1642:
1629:
1624:Brogan, Patrick
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:Mikaberidze 2015
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:country-data.com
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1325:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1252:
1233:Wildlife of Iraq
1218:Arvand Free Zone
1195:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1122:Coalition Forces
1106:al-Faw peninsula
1094:coalition forces
1081:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1030:
1022:
928:Al-Faw peninsula
735:Treaty of Kerden
584:Iran–Iraq border
552:
550:
540:
538:
521:
519:
497:
477:
450:
425:
399:
383:
357:
341:
315:
302:
280:
270:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
201:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
143:
115:
63:
44:
32:
21:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4526:al-Hai District
4492:
4423:Pshdar District
4339:
4320:Tikrit District
4290:Dujail District
4246:
4193:
4164:Sinjar District
4100:
4047:
3994:
3921:
3912:Kirkuk District
3902:Hawija District
3868:
3825:
3816:Sirwan District
3772:
3703:Choman District
3689:
3670:Simele District
3626:
3553:
3490:
3441:al-Faw District
3431:Basrah District
3407:
3357:
3309:
3256:
3244:
3215:Ramadi District
3151:
3141:
3111:
3106:
3050:
3034:Public holidays
2957:
2808:
2791:
2730:
2700:
2683:
2542:
2522:
2505:
2436:Iraqi Kurdistan
2426:Euphrates river
2397:
2376:
2343:War (2014–2017)
2289:Operation Opera
2235:
2205:
2201:Arab Federation
2189:Kingdom of Iraq
2122:
2098:Fall of Babylon
2033:Akkadian Empire
2008:Samarra culture
1993:Hassuna culture
1970:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:Wayback Machine
1849:
1839:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1734:
1727:
1721:World Conflicts
1718:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1663:Wayback Machine
1652:Wayback Machine
1643:
1632:
1626:World Conflicts
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1598:Karsh, Efraim,
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:, p. xxxi.
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1389:
1387:
1381:"Shatt al Arab"
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1214:
1179:
1164:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1047:
1031:
1020:
986:
969:
844:Kingdom of Iraq
803:Mandate of Iraq
762:Lord Palmerston
719:Treaty of Zuhab
702:Peace of Amasya
690:Ottoman-Safavid
683:
647:
570:in the town of
495:
475:
448:
435:(confluence of
423:
397:
381:
355:
339:
313:
300:
278:
268:
218:
204:
202:
198:
195:
190:
187:
185:
183:
182:
179:
167:
141:
113:
66:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Rivers of Iraq
4624:
4622:Rivers of Iran
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4516:Badra District
4513:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4460:
4450:
4443:Ranya District
4440:
4430:
4420:
4410:
4403:Mawat District
4400:
4393:Kifri District
4390:
4383:Kalar District
4380:
4373:Dokan District
4370:
4360:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4270:Balad District
4267:
4260:Baiji District
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4227:Hamza District
4224:
4214:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4144:Mosul District
4141:
4134:Hatra District
4131:
4121:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:Najaf District
4088:
4078:
4068:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4025:
4015:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3945:Amara District
3942:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3892:Dibis District
3889:
3882:Daquq District
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3786:Byara District
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:Soran District
3760:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3713:Erbil District
3710:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:Zakho District
3677:
3667:
3660:Duhok District
3657:
3647:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3607:Kifri District
3604:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3548:Suq Al-Shoyokh
3541:
3531:
3521:
3511:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3428:
3425:Abu Al-Khaseeb
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3225:Rawah District
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:Transportation
2769:
2764:
2762:Stock Exchange
2759:
2757:Reconstruction
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Infrastructure
2734:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2596:Prime Minister
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:1991 uprisings
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Saddam Hussein
2251:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2184:Mandatory Iraq
2181:
2176:
2173:Mamluk dynasty
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Gutian dynasty
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1848:
1847:External links
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:978-0857451842
1837:
1822:
1813:
1808:978-1442241466
1807:
1794:
1789:978-1610693899
1788:
1775:
1770:978-0810879423
1769:
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1747:
1725:
1712:
1700:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1585:Karsh, Efraim
1578:
1572:Karsh, Efraim
1552:
1546:Karsh, Efraim
1536:
1524:
1512:
1506:978-1134429905
1505:
1487:
1485:, p. 309.
1475:
1473:, p. 681.
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1220:
1213:
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1202:Pahlavi period
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1159:
1158:
1151:
1148:Kamal Kharrazi
1084:
1083:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1016:
985:
982:
968:
965:
904:Algiers Accord
883:United Nations
700:following the
682:
679:
646:
643:
612:Bubiyan Island
504:
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227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4664:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4331:
4330:Tooz District
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4207:Afak District
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4061:Kufa District
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:Ali Al-Gharbi
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3640:Akre District
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:Shatt al-Arab
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Taji District
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:Al Hashimiyah
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:Anah District
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:Iraqi Turkmen
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2543:(legislative)
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Syrian Desert
2474:
2472:
2471:Shatt al-Arab
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Faw peninsula
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Fall of Mosul
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:U.S. invasion
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Iran–Iraq War
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Buyid dynasty
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Halaf culture
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:Shatt al-Arab
1854:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1522:, p. 21.
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:. p. 55.
1304:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:use the name
1185:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Royal Marines
1095:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1066:November 2022
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:This section
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
990:Iran–Iraq War
983:
978:
973:
966:
964:
962:
961:Iran–Iraq War
956:
954:
948:
946:
945:Majnun Island
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
921:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
887:Baathist Iraq
884:
879:
877:
873:
868:
859:
851:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:Saadabad pact
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
795:
791:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
644:
642:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:southern Iraq
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
549:
543:
534:
530:
524:
515:
511:
510:Shatt al-Arab
502:
499:
493:
490:
486:
485:Alswaib canal
482:
479:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
392:
388:
385:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
350:
346:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
308:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:
228:
224:
220:
214:
209:
188:30°24′15.59″N
181:
175:
172:
169:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
69:
62:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
35:Shatt al-Arab
33:
30:
19:
4617:Persian Gulf
4550:Al-Nu'maniya
4536:Kut District
4487:Sulaymaniyah
4367:Darbandikhan
4334:Tuz Khurmatu
4221:Al Diwaniyah
4075:Al-Manathera
3989:Qal'at Saleh
3621:Al-Miqdadiya
3508:Al-Chibayish
3474:
3253:Flag of Iraq
3195:Hit District
2936:Christianity
2818:Demographics
2752:Oil reserves
2747:Oil Industry
2714:Central Bank
2610:Human rights
2536:Constitution
2481:Tigris river
2470:
2461:Persian Gulf
2169:Ottoman Iraq
2154:Qara Qoyunlu
1988:Ubaid period
1881:
1850:
1827:
1817:
1798:
1782:. ABC-CLIO.
1779:
1760:
1736:
1735:M. Kasheff,
1720:
1715:
1694:
1625:
1620:
1613:The Gulf War
1612:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1547:
1527:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1395:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1337:
1333:
1297:
1264:
1260:
1187:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1126:
1117:Persian Gulf
1110:
1087:
1072:
1063:
1048:Please help
1036:
1004:Khorramshahr
993:
987:
958:
952:
950:
925:
917:
911:
907:
895:
891:
880:
871:
864:
841:
837:Baghdad Pact
819:
816:Khorramshahr
800:
781:
747:
728:
708:
706:
687:
684:
675:Khorramshahr
663:Persian Gulf
656:
635:
616:
592:Persian Gulf
586:down to its
509:
507:
307:Persian Gulf
191:48°09′3.60″E
171:Persian Gulf
29:
4510:Al-Aziziyah
4241:Al-Shamiya
4085:Al-Meshkhab
4022:Al-Rumaitha
3969:Al-Maimouna
3863:Ayn al-Tamr
3363:New Baghdad
3092:WikiProject
2893:Marsh Arabs
2878:Circassians
2559:Foreign aid
2451:Mesopotamia
2013:Uruk period
1903: /
1444:28 November
1419:28 November
1340:: 360-375.
1153:In 2007, a
1088:During the
865:Under Shah
801:During the
788:World War I
467:Tributaries
203: /
4576:Categories
4560:Al-Suwaira
4477:Sharbazher
4457:Said Sadiq
4357:Chamchamal
4314:Al-Shirqat
4012:Al-Khidhir
3843:Al-Hindiya
3727:Koy Sanjaq
3538:Al-Shatrah
3455:Al-Midaina
3294:Al-Mahawil
3009:Television
2989:Literature
2951:Irreligion
2926:Secularism
2863:Minorities
2731:(currency)
2724:Corruption
2569:Government
2360:Insurgency
2159:Aq Qoyunlu
1980:Chronology
1891:48°09′06″E
1888:30°24′26″N
1743:Arvand-Rud
1532:Potts 2004
1239:References
1196:) for the
1144:Jack Straw
1129:Royal Navy
995:status quo
979:city, Iraq
839:alliance.
743:Qajar Iran
731:Nader Shah
564:confluence
548:Arvand Rud
252:Basin size
131:2nd source
4188:Tel Keppe
4158:Ain Sifni
4032:Al-Salman
3591:Al Khalis
3571:Balad Ruz
3528:Al-Rifa'i
3518:Nasiriyah
3485:Al-Zubair
3465:Al-Qurnah
3403:Sadr City
3393:Al Rashid
3373:Kadhimiya
3368:Adhamiyah
3342:Mahmudiya
3239:Ar-Rutbah
3144:Districts
3029:Squatting
2994:Education
2941:Mandaeism
2910:/Turkoman
2888:Mandaeans
2873:Assyrians
2868:Armenians
2831:Languages
2719:Companies
2674:Judiciary
2584:President
2554:Elections
2549:Democracy
2395:Geography
2311:Sanctions
2229:2003–2011
2224:1968–2003
2219:1958–1968
2078:Babylonia
1483:Shaw 1991
1289:248250022
1267:: 16–38.
1223:al-Qurnah
1172:Shahnameh
1037:does not
967:Conflicts
920:abrogated
912:peshmerga
896:peshmerga
892:peshmerga
824:Reza Shah
704:(1555).
659:Al-Qurnah
645:Geography
638:date palm
623:tributary
604:Euphrates
572:al-Qurnah
542:romanized
501:Euphrates
441:Euphrates
429:Al-Qurnah
415:Discharge
373:Discharge
331:Discharge
292:Discharge
244:Euphrates
238:Euphrates
107:Euphrates
18:Arvandrud
4437:Qaradagh
4427:Qaladiza
4178:Tal Afar
4138:Al-Hadar
4128:Qaraqosh
4118:Al-Ba'aj
3959:Al-Kahla
3757:Shaqlawa
3747:Mergasor
3601:Khanaqin
3304:Musayyib
3209:Al-Qa'im
3179:Fallujah
3072:Category
2921:Religion
2898:Persians
2782:Railways
2777:Airlines
2659:Military
2520:Politics
2496:Wildlife
2486:Umm Qasr
2316:Iraq War
2299:Gulf War
2211:Republic
2164:Safavids
2127:638–1958
1873:Archived
1659:Archived
1648:Archived
1520:Kia 2017
1439:unep.net
1390:23 April
1212:See also
1137:two days
1102:Umm Qasr
778:Istanbul
774:protocol
698:Ottomans
694:Safavids
631:dredging
537:اروندرود
518:شط العرب
71:Location
4467:Zarayan
4417:Penjwen
4304:Samarra
4284:Ad-Dawr
4042:Samawah
3853:Karbala
3810:Khurmal
3800:Halabja
3737:Makhmur
3654:Amadiya
3581:Baqubah
3388:Mansour
3378:Karrada
3359:Baghdad
3189:Haditha
3102:Commons
3019:Smoking
2984:Culture
2979:Cuisine
2962:General
2946:Yazidis
2903:Solluba
2856:Persian
2846:Kurdish
2841:Aramaic
2806:Society
2787:Tourism
2698:Economy
2446:Islands
2421:Borders
2246: (
2236:present
2171:(incl.
2083:Assyria
2028:Subartu
1968:History
1753:Sources
1269:Bibcode
1104:on the
1058:removed
1043:sources
908:thalweg
872:thalweg
820:thalweg
783:thalweg
758:Russian
754:British
729:Later,
723:in this
715:Abbas I
681:History
574:in the
566:of the
556:
544::
533:Persian
531:';
525:
443:rivers)
76:Country
4530:Al-Hay
4324:Tikrit
4294:Dujail
4168:Sinjar
3949:Amarah
3916:Kirkuk
3906:Hawija
3820:Sirwan
3707:Choman
3674:Simele
3445:al-Faw
3398:Rusafa
3284:Hillah
3219:Ramadi
3082:Portal
3024:Sports
2999:Health
2974:Cinema
2826:Iraqis
2729:Dinar
2664:Police
2466:Places
1956:topics
1835:
1805:
1786:
1767:
1645:Abadan
1503:
1287:
1198:Tigris
1188:Arvand
1162:Naming
1012:Al-Faw
1000:Abadan
936:Jordan
812:Abadan
786:, but
770:Persia
766:Turkey
667:Al-Faw
608:Kuwait
600:Tigris
514:Arabic
481:Tigris
470:
437:Tigris
418:
376:
345:Abadan
334:
295:
263:
234:Tigris
226:Length
160:
135:Tigris
103:Source
88:Kuwait
4520:Badra
4447:Ranya
4407:Mawat
4397:Kifri
4387:Kalar
4377:Dokan
4274:Balad
4264:Baiji
4231:Hamza
4148:Mosul
4095:Najaf
3896:Dibis
3886:Daquq
3790:Byara
3767:Soran
3717:Erbil
3684:Zakho
3664:Duhok
3611:Kifri
3435:Basra
3383:Karkh
3229:Rawah
3014:Music
3004:Media
2931:Islam
2883:Kurds
2709:Banks
2647:Women
2441:Lakes
2234:2011–
2194:Kings
2023:Sumer
1656:Sajed
1397:Gulf.
1306:(PDF)
1285:S2CID
1228:Shafi
1193:اروند
1008:Basra
977:Basra
932:Aqaba
926:When
671:Karun
619:Karun
596:Basra
588:mouth
560:river
529:Arabs
489:Karun
387:Basra
260:Width
156:Mouth
48:Basra
4211:Afak
4065:Kufa
3644:Akre
3169:Anah
3148:Iraq
2914:Jews
2637:LGBT
2601:List
2589:List
1954:Iraq
1833:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1446:2015
1421:2015
1392:2022
1041:any
1039:cite
1010:and
1002:and
953:élan
881:All
814:and
768:and
756:and
748:The
710:shah
627:silt
621:, a
617:The
602:and
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508:The
439:and
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391:Iraq
349:Iran
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2969:Art
2654:Law
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