Albanian alphabet - Knowledge (XXG)

3667: 2369:(1741–1822). Vilaras is remembered primarily as a modern Greek poet and does not seem to have been a native Albanian speaker at all. He is the author of eighty-six pages of bilingual grammatical notes, dated 1801, which were designed no doubt to teach other Greek-speakers Albanian. The Albanian in question is a Tosk dialect written in an original alphabet of thirty letters based on Latin and to a lesser extent on Greek. The manuscript of the work was donated to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (supplément grec 251, f. 138–187) in 1819 by François Pouqueville (1770–1839), French consul in Janina during the reign of Ali Pasha Tepelena . Pouqueville was aware of the value of the work, noting: "Je possède un manuscrit, une grammaire grecque vulgaire et schype qui pourrait être utile aux philologues", but chose not to publish it in his travel narratives. Appendixed to the grammatical notes is also a letter dated 30 October 1801, written in Albanian in Vellara's handwriting from the village of 2344:(c. 1745 – c. 1825), known in Albanian as Kostandin Berati or Kostë Berati, who is thought to have been an Orthodox monk and writer from Berat. Constantine of Berat is reported to have possessed the manuscript from 1764 to 1822, although there is no indication that he was its author. The Codex of Berat contains various and sundry texts in Greek and Albanian: biblical and Orthodox liturgical texts in Albanian written in the Greek alphabet, all of them no doubt translated from Greek or strongly influenced by Greek models; a forty-four-line Albanian poem with the corresponding Greek text known as Zonja Shën Mëri përpara kryqësë (The Virgin Mary before the cross); two Greek-Albanian glossaries comprising a total of 1,710 entries; various religious notes; and a chronicle of events between 1764 and 1789 written in Greek. On page 104 of the codex, we find two lines of Albanian written in an original alphabet of 37 letters, influenced, as it would seem, by 783:

of culture in the southern Balkans, while intent on spreading Christian education and values, was never convinced of the utility of writing in the vernacular as a means of converting the masses, as the Catholic church in northern Albania had been, to a certain extent, during the Counter-Reformation. Nor, with the exception of the ephemeral printing press in Voskopoja, did the southern Albanians ever have at their disposal publishing facilities like those available to the clerics and scholars of Catholic Albania in Venice and Dalmatia. As such, the Orthodox tradition in Albanian writing, a strong cultural heritage of scholarship and erudition, though one limited primarily to translations of religious texts and to the compilation of dictionaries, was to remain a flower which never really blossomed.

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booklet was augmented to forty-eight pages in a now equally rare second edition entitled Faré i ri abétor shqip per djélm nismetore (A very new Albanian spelling book for elementary schoolboys). However, the resonance of this original alphabet, which reminds one at first glance of a type of cursive Armenian, was in fact limited, due in part to the author's premature death one year later and in part no doubt to financial and technical considerations. In the mid-nineteenth century, when publishing was making great strides even in the Balkans, a script requiring a new font for printing would have resulted in prohibitive costs for any prospective publisher. As such, although reasonably phonetic and confessionally neutral, the Veqilharxhi alphabet never took hold.

4146: 1500: 709: 4134: 5744: 5008: 4170: 5587: 5166: 5080: 4158: 6042: 5925: 877: 2378: 2340:). This 154-page manuscript, now preserved in the National Library of Tiranë, is in fact a simple paper manuscript and must not be envisaged as an illuminated parchment 'codex' in the Western tradition. It seems to have been the work of at least two hands and to have been written between the years 1764 and 1798. The manuscript is commonly attributed to one 2329:(1877–1958). The Todhri alphabet is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around Elbasan from the late eighteenth century on. It does not conform adequately to the Albanian language, certainly not as well as the alphabet of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript, to which it shows no relation 2168: 2274:. According to Robert Elsie, "The alphabet of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript is quite well suited to the Albanian language. Indeed, on the whole, one might regard it as better suited than the present-day Albanian alphabet, based on a Latin model. The Elbasan alphabet utilises one character per phoneme, with the exception of 2394:

developed and promoted a 33-letter alphabet which he had printed in an eight-page Albanian spelling book in 1844. This little spelling book was distributed throughout southern Albania, from Korçë to Berat, and was received, as it seems, with a good deal of enthusiasm. In the following year, 1845, the

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The predominance of Greek as the language of Christian education and culture in southern Albania and the often hostile attitude of the Orthodox church to the spread of writing in Albanian made it impossible for an Albanian literature in Greek script to evolve. The Orthodox church, as the main vehicle

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and the main purpose of the commission was the creation of a unique alphabet for all the Albanians. In January 1870 the commission ended its work of the standardisation of the alphabet, which was mainly in Latin letters. A plan on the creation of textbooks and spread of Albanian schools was drafted.

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This letter was not usually differentiated from ⟨e⟩, but when it was, it was usually done by means of diacritics: ⟨ė⟩ (Bogdani 1685, da Lecce 1716 and Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨e̊⟩ (Lepsius 1863), ⟨ẹ̄⟩ (Miklosich 1870) or by new letters ⟨ö⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨υ⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨œ⟩ (Dozon 1878), ⟨ε⟩ (Meyer

1477:

in 1912, there were two alphabets in use. Following the events of the Balkan wars and World War I, the Bashkimi variant dominated. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today. The digraphs of the Albanian alphabet are the letters Dh, Gj, Ll,

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The history of the later Albanian alphabet is closely linked with the influence of religion among Albanians. The writers from the North of Albania used Latin letters under the influence of the Catholic Church, those from the South of Albania under the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while

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Undeciphered Script from the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript. On the front page of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript itself is a drawing and about a dozen words, perhaps personal names, written in a script which differs completely from that of the rest of the manuscript. This writing system has as yet to be

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sparked interest in developing an Albanian alphabet in the 18th century. In his Universal Geography published in 1826 Malte-Brun mentions an Albanian "ecclesiastical alphabet, which consists of thirty letters." After him Johann Georg von Hahn, Leopold Geitler, Gjergj Pekmezi and others continued

2321:. The Todhri alphabet was discovered by Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), Austrian consul in Janina and the father of Albanian Studies. Hahn published what he regarded as 'the original' Albanian alphabet in his monumental Albanesische Studien (Jena 1854) and saw in it a derivative of ancient 777:

Although this commission had gathered and delivered an alphabet in 1870, the writers from the North still used the Latin-based alphabet, whereas in southern Albania writers used mostly the Greek letters. In southern Albania, the main activity of Albanian writers consisted in translating Greek

2306:. A spiritus lenis plus acute above the line, as in Greek, seems to be utilized on a sporadic basis to indicate word or phrase stress. On the whole, the writing system utilized in the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript is clear, relatively precise, and appears to be well thought out by its inventor." 2160:

Kelit i fali lala ńi mołə tə bukurə. Sá škoj nə špiə i þa Linəsə, sə moterəsə. „Ḱyr sá e bukurə âšt kəjo mołə! Eja e t’ a dájmə baškə.“ „Me kênə mã e mađe, i þa e motəra, kišimə me e daə baškə; por mbassi âšt aḱ e vogelə, haje vetə.“ „Ani ča? þa Keli, t’ a hámə baškə, se mə vjen mã e mirə.“

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Cuneus prophetarum de Christo Salvatore mundi et eius evangelica veritate, italice et epirotice contexta et in duas partes divisa a Petro Bogdano Macedone, sacr. congr. de prop. fide alumno, philosophiae et sacrae theologiae doctore, olim episcopo Scodrensi et administratore. Patavii, 1685

2355:, another original alphabet by Veso bey, who is one of the most prominent chiefs of Gjirokastër, from the family of Alizot Pasha. Veso Bey learned it in his youth from an Albanian hodja as a secret script which his family inherited, and used it himself for correspondence with his relatives. 765:

version of the New Testament. Nikolla Serreqi was also the propulsor for the use of the Latin script for the translation of the New Testament, which had already been used by the early writers of the Albanian literature; Kristoforidhi enthusiastically embraced the idea of a Latin alphabet.

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Cuvendi i arbenit o concilli provintiaalli mbelieδune viettit mije sctat cint e tre ndne schiptarin Clementin XI. pape pretemaδin. E duta sctamp. Conciliun albanum provinciale sive nationale habitum anno MDCCCIII. Clemente XI. pont. max. albano. Editio secunda, posteriorum constitutionum

623:("Though the Albanians have a language entirely their own and different from Latin, they nevertheless use Latin letters in all their books"). Scholars warn that this could mean Albanians also wrote in the Latin language, not necessarily just Albanian with a Latin script. 2444:

was variously written as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨chi⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨ky⟩, ⟨kj⟩, k with dot (Leake 1814) k with overline (Reinhold 1855), k with apostrophe (Miklosich 1870), and ⟨ḱ⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863). ⟨q⟩ was first used in Frashëri's Stamboll mix-alphabet in 1879 and also in the

2404:

Before the standardisation of the Albanian alphabet, there were several ways of writing the sounds peculiar to Albanian, namely ⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨dh⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨ll⟩, ⟨nj⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨rr⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨xh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨zh⟩. Also, ⟨j⟩ was written in more than one way.

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others used Arabic letters under the influence of Islam. There were also attempts for an original Albanian alphabet in the period of 1750–1850. The current alphabet in use among Albanians is one of the two variants approved in the

655:(1417–1470); it was written in Latin characters. It was a simple phrase that was supposed to be used by the relatives of a dying person if they could not make it to churches during the troubled times of the Ottoman invasion. 2373:, south of Berat, where the physician had been obliged to follow Veli during the latter's military campaign against Ibrahim of Berat. Part of the manuscript is also a list of proverbs, both in modern Greek and Albanian. 2678:

This sound was variously written as an overlined ζ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨sg⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨ž⟩, ⟨j⟩ (Dozon 1878), underdotted z, ⟨xh⟩ (Bashkimi), ⟨zc⟩. It was also written with a backward 3 in combination: 3gh and 3c.

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alphabet. Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it was essentially extinct over the following decades, due largely to its inconvenience in requiring new custom-made glyphs that Bashkimi did not.

599: 827:). This was called the "Istanbul alphabet" (also "Frashëri alphabet"). In 1905 this alphabet was in widespread use in all Albanian territory, North and South, including Catholic, Muslim and Orthodox areas. 4409:

T’ verteta t’ paa-sosme kaltsue prei sceitit Alfonso M. de’ Liguori e do divozione e msime tiera kθue n’ fial e n’ ghiù arbnore prei mesctarit scodran. Me sctampen t’ scêitit cuvèn t’ propàgands n’ Rom,

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The modern Latin-based Albanian alphabet is the result of long evolution. Before the creation of the unified alphabet, Albanian was written in several different alphabets, with several sub-variants:

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Leake first used ⟨z⟩ to represent this sound in 1814. Formerly, it was written variously as a backward 3, Greek zeta (ζ) (Reinhold 1855), ⟨x⟩ (Bashkimi) and a symbol similar to ⟨p⟩ (Altsmar).

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was originally written with a character similar to the Greek xi (ξ). This was doubled (ξξ) to write 'th'. These characters were used as late as 1895. Leake first used ⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ in 1814.

5547: 2325:. The study of this alphabet was subsequently taken up by Leopold Geitler (1847–1885) who regarded Todhri script as derived primarily from Roman cursive, and by the Slovenian scholar 5326: 1601:

aiming at more simplicity than its forerunners. It used digraphs for unique sounds of the Albanian language. It resembles the current alphabet with the differences being the use of

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Orthodox religious texts, and not in forming any kind of literature which could form a strong tradition for the use of Greek letters. As the albanologist Robert Elsie has written:

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Macrakis, Stavros M., "Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions" in Macrakis, 1996. Includes discussion of the Greek alphabet used for languages other than Greek.

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The earliest Albanian sources were written by people educated in Italy, as a consequence, the value of the letters were similar to those of the Italian alphabet. The present-day

4365:

Noctes pelasgicae vel symbolae ad cognoscendas dialectos Graeciae pelasgicas collatae cura Caroli Henrici Theodori Reinhold, classis regiae medici primarii. Athenis, 1855.

2365:(Alb: Jan Vellara). The son of a doctor, Vilaras studied medicine in Padua in 1789 and later lived in Venice. In 1801, he became a physician to Veli, son of the infamous 2429:

was also written as ⟨ts⟩ (Reinhold 1855 and Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨tz⟩ (Rada 1866) and ⟨zz⟩. It was first written as ⟨c⟩ in 1879 by Frashëri but also in 1908 by Pekmezi.

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was also written as ⟨tz⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ts̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ci⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨tš⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨tç⟩ (Dozon 1878), ⟨č⟩ (by Agimi) and ⟨ch⟩ (by Bashkimi).

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1888 and 1891, note Frasheri used ⟨ε⟩ for ⟨e⟩, and ⟨e⟩ to write ⟨ë⟩; the revision of 1908 swapped these letters) and ⟨ə⟩ (Alimi). Rada first used ⟨ë⟩ in 1870.

5209: 682:, all used a Latin alphabet for their Albanian books; this alphabet remained in use by writers in northern Albania until the beginning of the 20th century. 968:, Muslim clerics led a demonstration for the Arabic script, telling their congregations that using the Latin script would make them infidels. In 1911, the 4145: 4967: 4022: 2348:. On page 106, the author also gives an overview of the writing system he created. It, too, is not well devised and does not seem to occur anywhere else. 2602:

Blanchi first used ⟨rr⟩ to represent this sound. However, also used were Greek rho (ρ) (Miklosich 1870), ⟨ṙ⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨rh⟩ (Dozon 1878 and

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These two sounds were not usually differentiated in writing. They were variously written as ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨ghi⟩. When they were differentiated,

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was written as ⟨gi⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ḡ⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ǵ⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863), ⟨gy⟩ (Dozon 1878) and a modified ⟨g⟩ (Frasheri). The

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This sound was most commonly written as ⟨j⟩, but some authors (Leake 1814, Lepsius 1863, Kristoforidis 1872, Dozon 1878) wrote this as ⟨y⟩.

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was also written using the Greek letter delta (δ), while Alimi used ⟨đ⟩ and Frasheri used a ⟨d⟩ with a hook on the top stem of the letter.

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The oldest surviving document with Albanian text is from the 15th century and written in the Latin script. Early Albanian writers such as

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Robert Elsie, "Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing",

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could be found on every typewriter, given its use in French. Other changes were more esthetic and as a way to combine the three scripts.

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However this plan was not realized, because the Ottoman government would not finance the expenses for the establishment of such schools.

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These two sounds were not consistently differentiated in the earliest versions of the Albanian alphabet. When they were differentiated,

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Frasheri first used ⟨x⟩ to represent this sound. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨ds⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨dz⟩, ⟨z⟩, and ⟨zh⟩.

5331: 4260: 4907: 4887: 4786: 2282:, for which there are three characters (two of which being restricted to specific Greek loanwords). The distinction between Albanian 615:

The earliest known mention of Albanian writings comes from a French Catholic church document from 1332. Written either by archbishop

6198: 6133: 6107: 5565: 5481: 5359: 5142: 4952: 4892: 4862: 3991: 4912: 4036: 3749: 842:, after the author's death. The dictionary had been drafted 25 years before its publication and was written in the Greek alphabet. 815:

created an alphabet. This was based on the principle of "one sound one letter" (although the revision of 1908 replaced the letter

621:

Licet Albanenses aliam omnino linguam a latina habeant et diversam, tamen litteram latinam habent in usu et in omnibus suis libris

6168: 5832: 5747: 4740: 519: 358: 4283:Из историје примене словенске писмености за албански језик (From the History of Using the Slavic Literacy for Albanian Language) 6644: 6361: 5913: 4190: 2531: 393: 3824: 2574:

was written as ⟨l⟩, ⟨li⟩, ⟨l’⟩ (Miklosich 1870 and Meyer 1888 and 1891), ⟨ĺ⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨lh⟩, ⟨gl⟩, ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨lj⟩.

940:. However, the Congress was unable to make a clear decision and opted for a compromise solution of using both the widely used 6429: 6153: 6148: 6102: 5707: 5125: 4867: 4376:

Standard Alphabet for reducing unwritten languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters,

379: 4133: 6419: 6399: 6138: 5989: 5647: 5465: 5354: 4947: 4781: 4720: 3810: 769:

In November 1869, a Commission for the Alphabet of the Albanian Language was gathered in Istanbul. One of its members was

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apostolicarum ad Epiri ecclesias spectantium appendice ditata. Romae. Typis s. congregationis de propaganda fide. 1868.

2646:(1887) first used ⟨xh⟩. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨gi⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨dš⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨dž⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨zh⟩. 2537: 547: 512: 442: 351: 337: 7254: 6593: 6143: 6117: 5856: 5765: 5720: 5702: 5610: 5522: 5405: 4993: 4922: 4872: 4796: 2543: 2223: 1470: 897: 636: 477: 421: 414: 4962: 3779: 979:

The modifications to the Bashkimi alphabet were made to include characters used in the Istanbul and Agimi alphabets.

4331: 3901: 2586:⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨n̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ń⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863), ⟨ṅ⟩ (Miklosich 1870), ⟨ñ⟩ (Dozon 1878). The 6434: 6409: 6286: 5851: 5737: 5692: 5687: 5630: 5625: 5590: 5537: 5294: 5088: 5050: 4957: 4117:(in German), vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Wien: Druck und Verlag der kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei 533: 526: 484: 7276: 4532:

Skendi, Stavro. 1960. The history of the Albanian alphabet: a case of complex cultural and political development.

7551: 7384: 6919: 6787: 6722: 5880: 5725: 5697: 5620: 5274: 5149: 5083: 5040: 4751: 3926: 2511: 575: 568: 554: 492: 31: 4342: 4169: 7546: 6829: 6296: 5615: 5045: 4932: 4791: 4432: 3968:"The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet" 2205: 696:. It is assumed that this is the alphabet used later for the "Gospel of Elbasan". Anastasios calls Kosmas the " 540: 4313: 4157: 4114:

Das Buch der Schrift enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker des Erdkreises

1473:(Bitola) was held in April 1910, which confirmed the decision taken in the first congress of Manastir. After 7502: 7345: 6792: 6631: 6451: 6439: 6424: 6333: 6238: 6163: 5954: 5841: 5785: 5460: 5341: 5227: 5073: 4983: 4937: 4877: 4826: 4811: 4771: 4715: 4704: 4592: 2352: 839: 770: 717: 435: 372: 365: 344: 4301: 3852:

Minaoglou Charalampos, "Anastasios Michael and the Speech about Hellenism", Athens, 2013, p. 37 and note 90

1499: 708: 7507: 7450: 7409: 7084: 6907: 6694: 6656: 6255: 6231: 5846: 5502: 5390: 5364: 5174: 5060: 4882: 4112: 2571: 2559: 2552: 2535: 648: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 1542: 913: 884:, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century, which used the old Bashkimi alphabet. 7525: 7216: 7007: 6819: 6561: 6523: 6503: 6498: 6250: 6193: 5964: 5949: 5507: 5385: 5314: 5232: 4352: 4084: 2510:

The older versions of the Albanian alphabet differentiated between two "h" sounds, one for one for the

2366: 846: 6041: 7517: 7417: 7074: 6989: 6879: 6797: 6779: 6666: 6075: 5979: 5866: 5657: 5309: 5184: 5137: 5016: 4806: 4371: 3683: 3678: 2341: 2318: 2271: 889: 871: 628: 400: 862:(compared to ten graphemes of the Istanbul alphabet which were either non-Latin or had diacritics). 7479: 7474: 7394: 7304: 7289: 7183: 7051: 7034: 6994: 6772: 6744: 6717: 6712: 6689: 6671: 6636: 6621: 6528: 6516: 6488: 6483: 6243: 5969: 5898: 5605: 5455: 5349: 5289: 5284: 5269: 5106: 4902: 4841: 4534:

Südost-Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kultur und Landeskunde Südosteuropas

4492: 4450: 2322: 679: 498: 428: 6353: 5928: 2606:

1887), ⟨r̄⟩ (Meyer 1888 and 1891), ⟨r̀⟩ (Alimi) and ⟨p⟩ (Frasheri, who used a modified ⟨p⟩ for ).

663: 7469: 7162: 7149: 7002: 6824: 6804: 6757: 6734: 6626: 6616: 6493: 6473: 6468: 6460: 6388: 6326: 6319: 6291: 5667: 5442: 5423: 5400: 5369: 5068: 4816: 4776: 4730: 4627: 4619: 3659:

Sample of Albanian language text, written in Cyrillic characters (central column). From the book

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deciphered, although Elbasan scholar Dhimitër Shuteriqi (b. 1915) has made an attempt to read it.

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This sound was most commonly written as ⟨gn⟩ in Italian fashion. It was also written as italic ⟨

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Psalteri, këthyem mbas ebraishtesë vietërë shqip ndë gegënishte prei Konstantinit Kristoforidit

7427: 7422: 7337: 7024: 7014: 6967: 6962: 6854: 6841: 6739: 6661: 6608: 6598: 6583: 6566: 6478: 6265: 6221: 6203: 5974: 5893: 5805: 5800: 5790: 4801: 4766: 4725: 4554: 4293: 4266: 4245: 4224:

Trix, Frances. 1997. Alphabet conflict in the Balkans: Albanian and the congress of Monastir.

4066: 4016: 3907: 3785: 3755: 3708: 2345: 2270:(18th century); used to write the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript. Widely thought to be the work of 2258: 1523: 925: 831: 788: 745: 675: 387: 54: 42: 7350: 7327: 7266: 7261: 7232: 7206: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7079: 7066: 7056: 6981: 6941: 6887: 6864: 6849: 6814: 6809: 6767: 6704: 6681: 6551: 6538: 6511: 6342: 6188: 6032: 5819: 5810: 5743: 5730: 4857: 4831: 4401: 4384: 4212: 3938:

Dhimitër Shuteriqi (1978). Shkrimet Shqipe në vitet 1332–1850, Rilindja Prishtinë, pp. 151-3

3698: 3693: 3688: 2391: 2358: 1561: 796: 792: 4193:. Christo in turn says "Much of the above material was excerpted or otherwise derived from 7494: 7437: 7399: 7373: 7369: 7249: 7237: 7224: 7196: 7191: 7172: 7167: 7109: 7089: 7039: 7029: 6897: 6859: 6752: 6576: 6556: 6546: 6226: 6065: 6012: 5795: 5652: 4761: 4654: 4419: 3998: 3967: 3828: 2498:, but it was also used by Librandi (1897). Rada (1866) used ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩, ⟨gc⟩, and ⟨gk⟩ for 2387: 2362: 2333: 2237: 2214: 2197: 2192:

published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century (Macrakis, 1996).

1594: 64: 7244: 6727: 4527: 4514: 4427: 4404:

e per cura di lui e di Niccolò Jeno de’ Coronei ordinate e messe in luce. Firenze, 1866.

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studies on the same topic. Seven original Albanian alphabets have been discovered since.

2093: 652: 4504: 4487: 4477: 4454: 4445: 4392: 4040: 3660: 7322: 7284: 7201: 7157: 7134: 7114: 7044: 7019: 6869: 6649: 6571: 5395: 4821: 3116: 2693: 2370: 2337: 2326: 2267: 2245: 2241: 2181: 1527: 961: 921: 725: 667: 616: 595:

The letters are named simply by their sounds, followed by ë for consonants (e.g. shë).

505: 463: 456: 956:

to adopt an Arabic alphabet, as they considered the Latin script to be un-Islamic. In

7540: 7317: 7294: 7139: 6912: 6892: 6588: 6070: 5959: 4519: 4464: 4441: 4194: 2655: 2314: 2185: 917: 905: 692:) mentions an Albanian alphabet produced "recently" by Kosmas from Cyprus, bishop of 470: 4187: 7484: 7312: 6045: 5828: 5447: 4469: 3822: 3216: 3201: 3181: 3171: 3161: 3136: 3086: 3061: 2088: 1892: 1875: 1852: 1841: 1830: 1801: 1748: 1719: 1564:, combining Latin and Greek. This became widely used as it was also adopted by the 1531: 1511: 1461: 1450: 1433: 1428: 1394: 1377: 1354: 1343: 1332: 1303: 1250: 1221: 1210: 1205: 1110: 671: 50: 6050: 4405: 4321: 4308: 4186:

Van Christo, "The Long Struggle for the Albanian Alphabet", formerly available at

2381:

The letters of the Vithkuqi alphabet matched to their modern Albanian equivalents.

1534:

also used a Latin-based script, adding Greek characters to represent extra sounds.

17: 4548: 7389: 6936: 6384: 4298:

Dictionarium latino-epiroticum una cum nonnullis usitatioribus loquendi formulis

3131: 2530:

Three "l" sounds were distinguished in older Albanian alphabets, represented by

2361:

was used in southern Albania, named after the Greek doctor, lyricist and writer

1598: 1576: 1519: 969: 957: 953: 808: 685:

The Greek intellectual Anastasios Michael, in his speech to the Berlin Academy (

659: 2622:

was represented by ⟨sc⟩, ⟨ſc⟩, ⟨s̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ç⟩ (Dozon 1878) and ⟨š⟩.

856:

for being written on a French typewriter and includes no diacritics other than

6002: 5933: 4674: 4574: 4500: 4444:, Manuel de la langue chkipe ou albanaise, Imprimerie D. Bardin, Paris, 1878. 3947:

Robert Elsie (2017). Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented, Kindle Edition

3703: 2654:

This sound was written as ⟨y⟩ in 1828. Formerly it was written as ȣ (Cyrillic

1676: 1590: 909: 876: 812: 804: 758: 737: 197: 4070: 3927:

Malte Bruni dhe fillimi i studimeve mbi alfabetet origjinale të gjuhës shqipe

7361: 5778: 4897: 4694: 4669: 4636: 3903:

Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World

2689: 2377: 2332:

Another original script is found in Codex of Berat (not to be confused with

2189: 1550: 693: 6902: 6022: 6007: 5237: 4689: 4684: 4664: 4659: 3235: 1565: 740: 721: 631:

held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (

3929:. In Studimet për Shqiptarët në Francë, ASHAK Prishtina, pp. 568-71, 576 3806: 6931: 5997: 5888: 5007: 4679: 4649: 4644: 4615: 3713: 2209: 965: 4579: 2514:. The second sound was written as ⟨h⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and Greek khi ⟨χ⟩. 830:

One year earlier, in 1904 had been published the Albanian dictionary (

7379: 6924: 6055: 6017: 893: 712:

A table of the 'Istanbul' alphabet, which is not supported by Unicode

697: 632: 3881:

Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham, 15 (1991), p. 20-34.

2034: 4584: 4398:

Rapsodie d’un poema albanese, raccolte nelle colonie del Napoletano

6060: 4453:, Analyse de la langue albanaise, Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris 1879. 2376: 2046: 1672: 1546: 1498: 875: 733: 707: 1679:. It made use of diacritics instead of digraphs used by Bashkimi. 972:

dropped their opposition to the Latin script; finally, the Latin

5242: 3781:

Early Albania: a reader of historical texts, 11th-17th centuries

3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3440: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3071: 3051: 2421:

was written as ⟨c⟩ as late as 1895. Conversely, the present-day

2110: 2070: 2058: 2016: 1998: 1962: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1730: 1707: 1422: 1410: 1226: 858: 762: 754: 750: 658:

Also, the five Albanian writers of the 16th and 17th centuries (

6357: 4588: 6270: 4426:, Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 1870 964:, demonstrations took place favoring the Latin script, and in 4474:

Kurzgefasste albanische Grammatik mit Lesestücken und Glossar

4065:, Tirana: Academy of Sciences of PR of Albania, p. 151, 4238:

Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982).

2188:

starting in about 1500 (Elsie, 1991). The printing press at

952:

During 1909 and 1910 there were movements by members of the

1783: 1285: 928:. There was much debate and the contending alphabets were 3211: 3206: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3126: 3121: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3041: 3036: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2104: 2098: 2082: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2022: 2010: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1956: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1886: 1880: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1835: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1795: 1789: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1724: 1713: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1455: 1444: 1438: 1416: 1404: 1388: 1382: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1348: 1337: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1297: 1291: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1215: 1199: 1193: 4378:

Williams & Norgate, London, W. Hertz, Berlin, 1863.

1401:

Manastir alphabet (modified Bashkimi, current alphabet):

4389:

Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese

4320:, Stamperia della Sag. cong. di prop. fede, Roma, 1716 3666: 2486:

was written as ⟨g⟩ or (by Liguori 1867) as ⟨gh⟩, while

4526:, Verlag des Albanischen Vereines "Dija", Wien, 1908. 3754:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 111. 1675:("Dawn") Literary Society in 1901, and spearheaded by 4349:, Andreäischen Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1835. 3026:

Older versions of the alphabet in Cyrillic characters

2298:

is created by a dot over the character. A dot over a

2165:

Kəndime pər škołə tə para tə Šḱypəniəsə: Pjesa e parə

3839: 3732: 944:, with minor changes, and a modified version of the 619:

or the monk Brocardus Monacus the report notes that

30:

For the alphabet formerly used in the Caucasus, see

7516: 7493: 7459: 7436: 7408: 7359: 7336: 7303: 7275: 7215: 7181: 7148: 7065: 6980: 6950: 6878: 6840: 6703: 6680: 6607: 6537: 6459: 6450: 6279: 6212: 6181: 6126: 6095: 6088: 6031: 5988: 5942: 5865: 5827: 5818: 5777: 5764: 5675: 5666: 5598: 5574: 5530: 5521: 5495: 5474: 5435: 5422: 5378: 5340: 5302: 5256: 5192: 5183: 5118: 5105: 5059: 5028: 5015: 4976: 4840: 4739: 4703: 4635: 4626: 4484:

Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache

4435:, Kater unġilat’ e zotit..., Konstantinopol, 1872. 4337:

Pun t’ nevoiscem me u dytun per me scelbue scpjrtin

4241:

Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students

3805:Joseph, Brian; Costanzo, Angelo; Slocum, Jonathan. 4511:Grammatica albanese con la poesie rare di Variboba 4226:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 4086:International journal of the sociology of language 3906:, University of South Carolina Press, p. 76, 2685:Older versions of the alphabet in Greek characters 2400:Older versions of the alphabet in Latin characters 976:alphabet was adopted, and is still in use today. 904:("unity") club, and prominent delegates included 720:, an Albanian scholar and translator, drafted in 4391:, Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, Livorno, 1864. 801:Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings 757:dialects. He was helped by Nikolla Serreqi from 4318:Osservazioni grammaticali nella lingua albanese 780: 647:The first certain document in Albanian is the " 854:Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language 6369: 4600: 3661:"Речник од три језика (Rečnik od tri jezika)" 1569:Society for the Printing of Albanian Writings 8: 4289:(in Serbian), vol. 1, Priština: Baština 2417:was written with a ⟨z⟩, and the present-day 329: 195: 62: 4300:, Sac. congr. de propag. fide, Roma, 1635. 4191:The Long Struggle for the Albanian Alphabet 3773: 3771: 3743: 3741: 2566:⟩, ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨ł⟩. Blanchi (1635) first used 787:The turning point was the aftermath of the 6456: 6376: 6362: 6354: 6092: 5824: 5774: 5770: 5672: 5527: 5432: 5428: 5189: 5115: 5111: 5025: 5021: 4632: 4607: 4593: 4585: 4347:Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkiptaren 4199:The Albanian National Awakening: 1878–1912 3665: 2437:itself was first used by Frasheri (1879). 2278:, for which there are two characters, and 704:National awakening 19th-century endeavours 4550:Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented 4476:, Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig, 1888. 1482:Other alphabets used for written Albanian 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3029: 2698: 1682: 993: 651:" (1462) (baptismal formula), issued by 607:to the pronunciation of the 36 letters. 59: 4938:Albanian resistance during World War II 4129: 3725: 2702:Albanian written in the Greek alphabet 2138: 5924: 4021:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4014: 2618:was represented by ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩, while 2146: 2144: 2142: 892:was held by Albanian intellectuals in 4486:, Karl J. Trübner, Strassburg, 1891. 7: 4201:, Princeton University Press, 1967". 2240:; a primer was published in 1861 in 2218:was published by scholar and writer 730:Memorandum for the Albanian language 4463:, Trübner & Co., London, 1887. 2662:⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ü⟩, ⟨ṳ⟩, and ⟨ε⟩. 2157:Sample text in the Agimi alphabet: 4206:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 4063:Shkrimet Shqipe ne Vitet 1332–1850 3840:Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti 1982 3733:Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti 1982 736:, where he stayed until 1860 in a 25: 4878:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 4863:Provisional Government of Albania 4524:Grammatik der albanischen Sprache 4497:Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct 1587:literary society Bashkimi (Unity) 900:. The Congress was hosted by the 643:Alphabet used in early literature 491: 407: 386: 6040: 5923: 5742: 5586: 5585: 5165: 5164: 5079: 5078: 5006: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 3784:. Harrassowitz. pp. 28–30. 2626:was first used by Rada in 1866. 823:digraph to avoid confusion with 4553:. Centre for Albanian Studies. 4513:, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano, 1897. 4359:, Friedrich Mauke, Jena, 1854. 4217:Christophoridēs, Kōnstantinos, 3751:The Albanian national awakening 2425:was written as ⟨c⟩ until 1868. 743:, finishing the translation of 6261:Orders, decorations and medals 4868:Albania during the Balkan Wars 2317:(18th century), attributed to 592:The vowels are shown in bold. 1: 4908:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 4782:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 4244:. Stanford University Press. 3811:University of Texas at Austin 2257:The Franco-Danish geographer 686: 678:) who form the core of early 57:. It consists of 36 letters: 4913:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 4888:Autonomous Province of Korçë 4575:Albanian alphabet on YouTube 4151:Albanian "Istanbul alphabet" 4061:Shuteriqi, Dhimiter (1976), 3446: 3233: 3031: 2562:was written as ⟨λ⟩, italic ⟨ 2222:, a prominent figure of the 1585:, developed by the Albanian 1478:Nj, Rr, Sh, Th, Xh, and Zh. 7245:Ethiopian Semitic languages 4948:Orthography Congress (1972) 4943:Communist Albania (1946–91) 4923:Italian invasion of Albania 4873:Republic of Central Albania 4853:Declaration of Independence 4797:Albanian National Awakening 3447: 3234: 3032: 2692:in Greece used the altered 2390:(1844). From 1824 to 1844, 2224:Albanian National Awakening 1899:Agimi alphabet (reordered): 1898: 1685: 1471:second congress at Manastir 1400: 1189: 1109: 996: 898:Republic of North Macedonia 880:1905 issue of the magazine 791:(1878) events when in 1879 27:Alphabets used for Albanian 7568: 6645:Phonology & ortography 4918:Union with Italian kingdom 4343:Joseph Ritter von Xylander 4262:Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes 4083:Straehle, Carolin (1974). 3807:"Introduction to Albanian" 2914: 2701: 1514:used various conventions: 869: 29: 6395: 6313: 5773: 5431: 5114: 5024: 5004: 2512:Voiceless velar fricative 2169:Albanian National Library 1661:have swapped places with 1381: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1313: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1243: 1237: 1220: 1214: 1198: 1192: 32:Caucasian Albanian script 4933:The Holocaust in Albania 4792:Uprising of Dervish Cara 4580:Albanian Language Portal 4433:Konstantin Kristoforidis 4314:Francesco Maria da Lecce 4280:Stanišić, Vanja (1990), 4265:. Logos-A. p. 191. 4163:Albanian Arabic alphabet 4139:Modern Albanian alphabet 2206:Ottoman Turkish alphabet 2198:Ottoman-derived alphabet 1571:, which in 1879 printed 190: 187: 182: 179: 176: 173: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 96: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 71: 4772:Islamization of Albania 4762:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 4716:Principality of Arbanon 4259:Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). 4221:, Constantinople, 1872. 4175:Albanian Greek alphabet 4111:Faulmann, Carl (1880), 3748:Skendi, Stavro (1967). 2231:Arabic-derived alphabet 840:Kostandin Kristoforidhi 836:Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe 771:Kostandin Kristoforidhi 718:Kostandin Kristoforidhi 4953:Post-Communist Albania 4928:German Nazi occupation 4883:World War I in Albania 4752:Skanderbeg's rebellion 4547:Elsie, Robert (2017). 4424:Albanische Forschungen 4326:William Martin-Leake, 3778:Elsie, Robert (2003). 2696:to write in Albanian. 2502:, and ⟨gki⟩ for ⟨gj⟩. 2409:⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨k⟩, and ⟨q⟩ 2382: 2212:. Last version called 2175:Greek-derived alphabet 1507: 1495:Latin-derived alphabet 1190:Old Bashkimi alphabet: 885: 835: 785: 713: 49:) is a variant of the 46: 6728:Classical orthography 6562:Standard Written Form 6251:Epitaph of Gllavenica 4357:Albanesischen Studien 4353:Johann Georg von Hahn 3900:H. T. Norris (1993), 2380: 2150:in foreign words only 1575:, the first Albanian 1502: 1475:Albanian independence 896:, in what is now the 879: 711: 6798:Montenegrin alphabet 5683:Archaeological sites 5193:Vetting Institutions 4893:Italian protectorate 4807:Congress of Manastir 4787:Revolts of 1833–1839 4372:Karl Richard Lepsius 4328:Researches in Greece 4089:. Mouton. p. 5. 3684:Theodhor Haxhifilipi 2555:was written as ⟨l⟩. 2342:Constantine of Berat 2319:Theodhor Haxhifilipi 890:Congress of Manastir 872:Congress of Manastir 866:Congress of Manastir 852:was designed by the 629:Congress of Manastir 5904:Research institutes 5466:State Supreme Audit 4903:Republic of Mirdita 4461:Grammaire albanaise 3925:Yll Rugova (2022). 2644:Grammaire albanaise 2604:Grammaire albanaise 2588:Grammaire albanaise 2492:Grammaire albanaise 2447:Grammaire albanaise 1671:, developed by the 997:Alphabetical order: 680:Albanian literature 649:Formula e pagëzimit 5721:Adriatic Sea Coast 5648:Telecommunications 5355:Capital punishment 5248:Prosecutor General 4817:Malissori uprising 4777:Albanian Pashaliks 4731:House of Kastrioti 4721:Kingdom of Albania 4509:Vicenzo Librandi, 4233:writingsystems.net 4197:'s excellent book 3854:In Greek language. 3827:2017-12-22 at the 2590:(1887) first used 2494:(1887) first used 2383: 2367:Ali Pasha Tepelena 2253:Original alphabets 2246:Mullah Daut Boriçi 1508: 886: 732:. He then went to 714: 53:used to write the 18:Arvanitic alphabet 7534: 7533: 6976: 6975: 6825:Cyrillic alphabet 6788:Cyrillic alphabet 6718:Cyrillic alphabet 6567:Kernowek Standard 6389:world's languages 6351: 6350: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6177: 6176: 6084: 6083: 6076:Cognac Skënderbeu 5883: 5835: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5748:Images of Albania 5716: 5715: 5575:Natural resources 5566:Hydropower plants 5561: 5560: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5223: 5222: 5160:Political parties 5155:Foreign relations 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5002: 5001: 4958:1997 Civil Unrest 4802:League of Prizren 4726:Despotate of Arta 4560:978-1-5442-9409-4 4294:Francisco Blanchi 4272:978-9989-58-268-4 4251:978-0-8047-1129-6 3913:978-0-87249-977-5 3791:978-3-447-04783-8 3761:978-1-4008-4776-1 3709:Albanian language 3679:Gregory of Durrës 3657: 3656: 3023: 3022: 2388:Vithkuqi alphabet 2353:Veso Bey alphabet 2346:Glagolitic script 2323:Phoenician script 2272:Gregory of Durrës 2259:Conrad Malte-Brun 2135: 2134: 1686:Current alphabet: 1593:with the help of 1558:Istanbul alphabet 1539:Catholic alphabet 1504:Istanbul alphabet 1490:Derived alphabets 1467: 1466: 926:Gjergj D. Qiriazi 803:. Sami Frashëri, 789:League of Prizren 746:The New Testament 590: 589: 55:Albanian language 39:Albanian alphabet 16:(Redirected from 7559: 7552:Albanian scripts 6457: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6093: 6044: 5927: 5926: 5879: 5831: 5825: 5775: 5771: 5746: 5726:Ionian Sea Coast 5673: 5589: 5588: 5528: 5482:Shopping centers 5451: 5433: 5429: 5406:Border crossings 5280:Cities and towns 5190: 5168: 5167: 5116: 5112: 5082: 5081: 5026: 5022: 5010: 4832:Kimza Government 4633: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4564: 4402:Girolamo de Rada 4385:Demetrio Camarda 4330:, London, 1814. 4290: 4288: 4276: 4255: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4039:. Archived from 4033: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4003: 3997:. Archived from 3996: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3963: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3699:Albanian Braille 3689:Naum Veqilharxhi 3669: 3030: 2915:Modern Albanian 2699: 2573: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2457:The present-day 2440:The present-day 2392:Naum Veqilharxhi 2184:; used to write 2151: 2148: 1683: 994: 983:was chosen over 914:Mit'hat Frashëri 691: 688: 606: 605: 604: 602: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 495: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 424: 417: 411: 403: 396: 390: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 60: 21: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7547:Latin alphabets 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7512: 7489: 7462:Native American 7455: 7432: 7404: 7355: 7332: 7299: 7271: 7211: 7177: 7144: 7061: 6972: 6946: 6874: 6836: 6784:Serbo-Croatian 6699: 6676: 6603: 6594:Scottish Gaelic 6577:Unified Cornish 6557:Kernewek Kemmyn 6533: 6446: 6391: 6382: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6301: 6287:Public holidays 6275: 6208: 6173: 6122: 6080: 6027: 5984: 5938: 5861: 5814: 5752: 5712: 5662: 5653:Posta Shqiptare 5594: 5570: 5557: 5517: 5491: 5470: 5449: 5410: 5396:Organized crime 5374: 5336: 5298: 5252: 5219: 5179: 5093: 5089:Protected areas 5055: 5011: 4998: 4972: 4963:NATO membership 4846: 4844: 4836: 4757:League of Lezhë 4745: 4743: 4735: 4709: 4707: 4699: 4622: 4613: 4571: 4561: 4546: 4543: 4420:Franz Miklosich 4286: 4279: 4273: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4183: 4176: 4173: 4164: 4161: 4152: 4149: 4140: 4137: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3992:"Archived copy" 3990: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966:Elise, Robert. 3965: 3964: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863:Lloshi pp.14-15 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3829:Wayback Machine 3815: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3735:, pp. 9–11 3731: 3727: 3722: 3675: 3028: 2687: 2402: 2363:Ioannis Vilaras 2334:Codex Beratinus 2255: 2238:Arabic alphabet 2155: 2154: 2149: 2140: 1492: 1484: 874: 868: 706: 689: 645: 637:North Macedonia 613: 600: 598: 597: 596: 65:Capital letters 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7565: 7563: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7503:Haitian Creole 7499: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6830:Latin alphabet 6827: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6793:Latin alphabet 6790: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6723:Latin alphabet 6720: 6709: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6632:Istro-Romanian 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6572:Modern Cornish 6569: 6564: 6559: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5871: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Noble families 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5735: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5599:Infrastructure 5596: 5595: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5360:Assassinations 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5275:Municipalities 5272: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5150:Prime Minister 5147: 5135: 5122: 5120: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4845:(1912–present) 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4827:Revolt of 1912 4824: 4822:Taksim meeting 4819: 4814: 4812:Revolt of 1910 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Arbëni Council 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4741:Ottoman period 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4569:External links 4567: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4517: 4507: 4490: 4482:Gustav Meyer, 4480: 4467: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400:, tradotte da 4395: 4382: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4340: 4334: 4324: 4311: 4304: 4291: 4277: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4202: 4189:; archived at 4182: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4103: 4100:Albanian-Greek 4092: 4075: 4053: 4028: 3983: 3973:. Robert Elise 3949: 3940: 3931: 3918: 3912: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3797: 3790: 3767: 3760: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2694:Greek alphabet 2686: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2667: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2631: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2580: 2579: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2507: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2455: 2454: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2375: 2374: 2359:Vellara script 2356: 2349: 2330: 2327:Rajko Nahtigal 2311: 2307: 2268:Elbasan script 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2242:Constantinople 2228: 2227: 2215:Elifbaja shqip 2194: 2193: 2182:Greek alphabet 2153: 2152: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1666: 1580: 1554: 1535: 1524:Pjetër Bogdani 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 989:c with cedilla 922:Shahin Kolonja 870:Main article: 867: 864: 845:The so-called 726:Ottoman Empire 705: 702: 676:Pjetër Bogdani 644: 641: 617:Guillaume Adam 612: 609: 588: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 334: 333: 327: 326: 323: 320: 315: 312: 309: 306: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 229: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 203: 202: 193: 192: 189: 186: 181: 178: 175: 172: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 95: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 69: 68: 51:Latin alphabet 47:alfabeti shqip 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7564: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7150:Tungus—Manchu 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452:Indo-European 6449: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Orthographies 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385:Orthographies 6379: 6374: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6298: 6297:Copyright law 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Sign language 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182:Entertainment 6180: 6170: 6169:Indoor arenas 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134:Weightlifting 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:National team 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5980:Sworn virgins 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138:Head of state 5136: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5009: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Georg Pekmezi 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493:Giacomo Jungg 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4451:Louis Benloew 4449: 4447: 4443: 4442:Auguste Dozon 4440: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4339:, Roma, 1828. 4338: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4195:Stavro Skendi 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4043:on 2013-12-15 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4004:on 2019-06-15 4000: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694:Sami Frashëri 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033:Modern Latin: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2453:⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ 2452: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315:Todhri script 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2208:, favored by 2207: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1562:Sami Frashëri 1560:, created by 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Gjergj Fishta 903: 899: 895: 891: 888:In 1908, the 883: 878: 873: 865: 863: 861: 860: 855: 851: 849: 843: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Naim Frashëri 794: 793:Sami Frashëri 790: 784: 779: 775: 772: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 710: 703: 701: 700:of Albania". 699: 695: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Lekë Matrënga 661: 656: 654: 650: 642: 640: 638: 634: 630: 624: 622: 618: 610: 608: 603: 593: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 560: 558: 553: 551: 546: 544: 539: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 494: 490: 488: 483: 481: 476: 474: 469: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 410: 406: 404: 399: 397: 392: 389: 385: 383: 378: 376: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 336: 335: 332: 328: 324: 321: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 201: 199: 194: 185: 171: 142: 116: 99: 94: 74: 70: 67: 66: 61: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7446:Massachusett 7410:Austronesian 6957: 6524:West Frisian 6430:Prepositions 6404: 6334:Bibliography 6241: 6239:Coat of arms 6229: 6127:Other sports 5950:Folk beliefs 5914:Universities 5874: 5842:Architecture 5786:Demographics 5728: 5638: 5487:Supermarkets 5461:Trade unions 5342:Human rights 5317: 5258:Subdivisions 5228:Constitution 5140: 5128: 5074:Biodiversity 4968:EU Accession 4842:Independence 4549: 4541:Bibliography 4533: 4523: 4510: 4496: 4483: 4473: 4470:Gustav Meyer 4460: 4423: 4413: 4397: 4388: 4375: 4356: 4346: 4336: 4327: 4317: 4297: 4282: 4261: 4240: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4205: 4198: 4113: 4106: 4095: 4085: 4078: 4062: 4056: 4045:. Retrieved 4041:the original 4031: 4006:. Retrieved 3999:the original 3986: 3975:. Retrieved 3943: 3934: 3921: 3902: 3895: 3890:Lloshi p. 9. 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3814:. Retrieved 3800: 3780: 3750: 3728: 3664: 3658: 2688: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2659: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2610:⟨sh⟩ and ⟨s⟩ 2603: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2529: 2526:⟨ll⟩ and ⟨l⟩ 2521: 2509: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2478:⟨gj⟩ and ⟨g⟩ 2472: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:and between 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2256: 2230: 2229: 2213: 2196: 2195: 2174: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2156: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1582: 1572: 1538: 1532:Frang Bardhi 1512:Latin script 1510:Albanian in 1509: 1506:for Albanian 1494: 1493: 1485: 1468: 988: 984: 980: 978: 973: 951: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 901: 887: 881: 857: 847: 844: 829: 824: 820: 816: 786: 781: 776: 768: 744: 729: 715: 684: 672:Frang Bardhi 657: 653:Pal Engjëlli 646: 625: 620: 614: 594: 591: 330: 317: 303: 274: 248: 231: 226: 206: 196: 183: 169: 140: 114: 97: 92: 72: 63: 38: 36: 7518:Constructed 7277:Niger–Congo 7217:Afroasiatic 7075:Azerbaijani 7008:orthography 6773:orthography 6758:orthography 6517:orthography 6420:Determiners 6400:Phonologies 5847:Photography 5833:(galleries) 5708:Lighthouses 5581:Oil and gas 5503:Agriculture 5303:Legislature 5175:Visa policy 5061:Environment 4744:(1385–1912) 4708:(1190–1385) 4705:Middle Ages 4536:19:263-284, 4211::20 (1991) 3872:Lloshi p.18 3842:, p. 3 2658:), italic ⟨ 2302:creates an 2220:Rexhep Voka 1599:Franciscans 1597:clergy and 1577:abecedarium 1528:Pjetër Budi 1520:Gjon Buzuku 970:Young Turks 962:Gjirokastër 954:Young Turks 809:Pashko Vasa 799:formed the 690: 1707 668:Pjetër Budi 660:Gjon Buzuku 7541:Categories 7508:Papiamento 7395:Vietnamese 7362:East Asian 6999:Hungarian 6908:Hindustani 6880:Indo-Aryan 6745:Macedonian 6713:Belarusian 6695:Lithuanian 6657:Portuguese 6415:Adjectives 6194:Television 6154:Volleyball 6149:Basketball 6003:Fustanella 5965:Secularism 5934:Albanology 5919:Publishers 5899:Literature 5641:structures 5508:Healthcare 5450:(currency) 5332:Opposition 5233:Corruption 5126:Government 4675:Dassaretii 4181:References 4047:2013-12-15 4008:2018-03-23 3977:2016-07-13 3704:Yll Rugova 3448:Alternate: 2171:, f. 100. 1677:Ndre Mjeda 1573:Alfabetare 918:Sotir Peçi 910:Ndre Mjeda 813:Jani Vreto 805:Koto Hoxhi 738:Protestant 694:Dyrrachium 198:Lower case 7526:Esperanto 7475:Inuktitut 7385:Mongolian 7328:Malayalam 7305:Dravidian 7035:Mordvinic 6920:Maldivian 6820:Ukrainian 6735:Bulgarian 6617:Aromanian 6504:Norwegian 6499:Icelandic 6469:Afrikaans 6139:Athletics 6051:Tavë kosi 5943:Tradition 5909:Libraries 5867:Education 5676:Monuments 5658:Squatting 5636:Highrises 5531:Operators 5513:Companies 5370:Ombudsman 5310:Elections 5185:Judiciary 5119:Executive 5036:Mountains 5029:Landscape 5017:Geography 4898:Vlora War 4695:Taulantii 4670:Bylliones 4637:Illyrians 4528:full text 4515:full text 4505:full text 4488:full text 4478:full text 4465:full text 4455:full text 4446:full text 4428:full text 4393:full text 4380:full text 4367:full text 4361:full text 4332:full text 4322:full text 4309:full text 4302:full text 4228:128:1-23. 4071:252881121 3720:Footnotes 2690:Arvanites 2449:of 1887. 2190:Voskopojë 1551:Albanians 1543:Arbëreshë 819:with the 761:with the 331:IPA value 7470:Cherokee 7423:Hawaiian 7418:Filipino 7351:Okinawan 7346:Japanese 7255:Biblical 7229:Aramaic 7207:Georgian 7184:European 7025:Livonian 7015:Karelian 7003:alphabet 6990:Estonian 6963:Armenian 6958:Albanian 6903:Gurmukhi 6898:Gujarati 6780:Silesian 6768:alphabet 6764:Russian 6753:alphabet 6667:Sicilian 6662:Romanian 6650:alphabet 6512:alphabet 6508:Swedish 6461:Germanic 6435:Pronouns 6410:Grammars 6343:Category 6266:Passport 6244:armorial 6222:Heraldry 6164:Olympics 6159:Swimming 6118:Stadiums 6096:Football 6023:Xhamadan 6008:Xhubleta 5990:Costumes 5970:Religion 5929:Proverbs 5894:Language 5875:Alphabet 5857:Theatres 5806:Diaspora 5703:Churches 5621:Railways 5611:Aviation 5606:Highways 5496:Industry 5456:Taxation 5386:Military 5379:Security 5350:Abortion 5320:speakers 5315:Assembly 5290:Villages 5285:Communes 5270:Counties 5238:EURALIUS 5170:Treaties 5131:agencies 5107:Politics 4994:Archives 4989:Timeline 4977:See also 4690:Parthini 4685:Labeatae 4665:Balaites 4660:Amantini 4620:articles 4017:cite web 3825:Archived 3673:See also 3363:кї, кј, 3291:гї, гј, 3236:Cyrillic 2371:Vokopolë 1595:Catholic 1583:Bashkimi 1566:Istanbul 1541:used by 974:Bashkimi 946:Bashkimi 942:Istanbul 934:Bashkimi 930:Istanbul 902:Bashkimi 850:alphabet 848:Bashkimi 832:Albanian 741:seminary 722:Istanbul 716:In 1857 43:Albanian 7480:Nahuatl 7370:Chinese 7338:Japonic 7323:Kannada 7262:Maltese 7233:Aramaic 7125:Turkmen 7120:Turkish 7085:Crimean 7080:Bashkir 6995:Finnish 6932:Marathi 6888:Bengali 6865:Persian 6855:Kurdish 6850:Avestan 6842:Iranian 6815:Sorbian 6810:Slovene 6749:Polish 6690:Latvian 6672:Spanish 6637:Italian 6622:Catalan 6609:Romance 6552:Cornish 6529:Yiddish 6489:Faroese 6484:English 6387:of the 6320:Outline 6292:Smoking 6214:Symbols 6144:Cycling 6113:Players 6033:Cuisine 5998:Qeleshe 5889:Abetare 5881:scripts 5852:Museums 5820:Culture 5766:Society 5738:Beaches 5731:riviera 5693:Mosques 5688:Castles 5668:Tourism 5631:Tunnels 5626:Bridges 5443:Banking 5436:Finance 5424:Economy 5401:Prisons 5327:Members 5084:Habitat 5069:Climate 5051:Islands 4984:Origins 4680:Enchele 4655:Amantes 4650:Albanoi 4645:Ardiaei 4628:History 4616:Albania 4501:Sckoder 4459:P. 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