Askold and Dir - Knowledge (XXG)

427: 992: 902: 980: 556:Поиде Ѡлгъ поємъ вои свои многы . Варѧгы Чюдь. Словѣны . Мѣрю . Весь . Кривичи . и приӕ городъ и посади в нє мужь свои . ѿтуда поиде внизъ . и пришєдъ взѧ Любечь . и посади мужь свои . и прдоста къ горамъ Києвьскымъ . и оувидѣ Ѡлгъ . ӕко Ѡсколдъ и Диръ кнжита . и похорони вои въ лодьӕхъ . а другыӕ назади ѡстави . а самъ при . носѧ Игорѧ молод(а) и приступль . по Оугорьскоє . похоронивъ вои свои . и посла къ Асколду . и Диру гл҃ѧ . ӕко гостьє єсмы . идемъ въ Грѣкы ѿ Ѡлга . и ѿ Игор кнѧжича . да приид(е)та к роду своєму к нам(ъ.) Асколдъ же и Диръ прид(о)ста . и выскакаша вси из лодѣи . и ре Ѡлгъ къ Асколодови . и Дирови . в(ы) неста кнѧзѧ ни роду к(н)жѧ . но азъ єсмь роду к(н)жа . и вынесоша Игорѧ . сь сн҃ъ Рюриковъ . и оубиша Асколода . и Дира . и несоша на гору .єже с(ѧ) нн҃ѣ зоветь Оугорьско(є) . Ѡлминъ дворъ . на то(и) могилѣ поставилъ божницю ст҃го Николы . а Дирова могила за ст҃(о)ю Ѡриною . и сѣде Ѡлегъ . кнѧжа в Кыєвѣ . и реѠлегъ . се буди мт҃(и) городо Рускымъ . и бѣша оу него Словѣни . и В(а)рѧзи . и прочии прозвашасѧ Русью . се же Ѡлегъ нача городы стави . и оустави дани Словѣн(о) 1276:

Dnieper and reached the hills of Kiev, and behold the city of Kiev, and asked who ruled it; They found out it was ruled by two brothers, Askold and Dir. Igor and Oleg, pretending to be passing through, quietly hid their boats, and with a small squad landed on the shore, pretending to be Hungarian guests, and called for Askold and Dir. When they came down, other Igor's warriors leaped out of the boats to the shore; and Igor said to Askold, 'You are not a prince, nor of princely lineage, but I am the prince, and it is fitting for me to rule.' And they killed Askold and Dir, and carrying up the hill, they buried Askold on the hill which is now called as Hungarian, where the Olma's court is; on that mound (grave) placed Olma the church to Saint Nicholas, and Dir's grave is behind Saint Irene's. And settled Igor to rule in Kiev; and he had Varangian men with him, Slavs, and the others who from then on called themselves as

1467: 1004: 798:

captured Lyubech, where he also set up a garrison. He then came to the hills of Kiev and saw how Askold and Dir reigned there. He hid his warriors in the boats, left some others behind, and went forward himself bearing the child Igor'. He thus came to the foot of the Hungarian hill, and after concealing his troops, he sent messengers to Askold and Dir, representing himself as a stranger on his way to Greece on an errand for Oleg and for Igor the prince's son, and requesting that they should come forth to greet them as members of their race. Askold and Dir straightway came forth. Then all the soldiery jumped out of the boats, and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth."

346:. Modern investigators have not only placed his authorship in doubt, but have also sought to establish by internal evidence that the Primary Chronicle, instead of being a homogenous work, is a compilation from several chronicle texts of greater antiquity. Nestor the Chronicler is the undisputed author of the biographical work "The Narrative of the Life, Death and Miracles of the Holy and Blessed Martyrs Boris and Gleb" and a comparative study of two accounts presents no stylistic evidence that Nestor was in any way concerned with the composition or compilation of the Primary Chronicle, while the contradictions between the two narratives point rather in the opposite direction. A more likely candidate as author is 1489:. The problem for the author of the Primary Chronicle was to extract from these fragmentary survivals the semblance of an historical account. While there may be some conceivable doubt whether Rurik and his relatives, and possibly Askold and Dir, were actual personages, Oleg and Igor are soundly attested, presumably with dates, by the treaties with the Greeks in which they are mentioned by name. So the existence of Askold and Dir should be taken with a pinch of salt, as these two rulers were semi-legendary personalities, and the existence of Rurik should be taken with an even bigger pinch of salt, as he was a legendary personality in history. 261:

historical writing is clear evidence of the holding power of received notions. The debate over this issue – futile, embittered, tendentious, doctrinaire – served to obscure the most serious and genuine historical problem which remains: the assimilation of these Viking Rus into the Slavic people among whom they lived. The principal historical question is not whether the Rus were Scandinavians or Slavs, but, rather, how quickly these Scandinavian Rus became absorbed into Slavic life and culture… in 839, the Rus were Swedes; in 1043 the Rus were Slavs.

891:– We can't say for certain if Igor was a son of Rurik or just of his kin. Rurik is a legendary personality, the founder of the Rurikid dynasty, the first known prince of Novgorod, there are a lot of unknowns and a lot of theories around him. Some historians go as far as suggesting that the author of Primary Chronicle wrote a politically biased work to legitimize the rule of the Rurikid dynasty and create a legend for them. This is possible because who is the author of the Primary Chronicle is also a matter of dispute. 520:’. Oleg sent messengers to Askold and Dir, representing himself as a guest (merchant) on his way to Greece on an errand for Oleg and for Igor', the prince's son, and requesting that they should come forth to greet them as members of their kinship. Askold and Dir straightway came forth. Then all the soldiery jumped out of the boats, and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth." Igor’ was then brought forward, and Oleg announced him as a son of 444: 77: 426: 1442:." Although some scholars have tried to prove that "al-Dir" refers to a Slavic ruler and Dir's contemporary, this speculation is questionable and it is at least equally probable that "al-Dir" and Dir were the same person. Following his works, historians believe that Dir ruled after Askold, mainly in the 870—880s. In that case, on entering Kyiv, Oleg's soldiers killed just Dir while Askold had died earlier. 524:. They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill known as Hungarian. After that, without resistance from the people of Kiev, Oleg settled to rule in Kiev, proclaiming it the "mother of Rus' cities" (the chronicler called Kiev "mother" rather than "father" through the prince's words, because "mother of cities" is a literal translation of the Greek word " 937:, it was not Oleg, but Igor who initiated the actions: telling Askold that he, unlike Igor himself, was not a prince or of a princely clan, Igor and his soldiers killed Askold and Dir, and then Igor rather than Oleg became prince in Kiev. There is also no mention of Kiev being proclaimed as the "mother of Rus' cities". Igor went on to impose tributes on various tribes, and brought himself a wife named 85: 991: 894:– The modern word "Russian" didn't exist at the time, it was developed much later on. The sources that use the word "Russian" instead of the historical terms Russes, Rhos, Rusiches or Rus' when working with annals are politically biased. Equating all ancient eastern Slavs with Russians is incorrect, the people of Rus' were a big ethnic mix. 901: 979: 878:– The Old Slavonic text uses the word Весь while listing the tribes who participated with Oleg on his journey to Kiev from Novgorod. The word весь (ves') translates as "all" and "whole". But in the context of the enumeration of ancient Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes, it most likely meant the tribe Ves' ( 797:

In the summer (year) of 6390 (year 882) Oleg set forth, taking with him many warriors from among the Varangians, the Chuds, the Slavs, the Merians and all the (23) Krivichians. He thus arrived with his Krivichians before Smolensk, captured the city, and set up a garrison there. Thence he went on and

260:

The controversies over the nature of the Rus and the origins of the Rus' state have bedevilled Viking studies, and indeed Russian history, for well over a century. It is historically certain that the Rus were Swedes. The evidence is incontrovertible, and that a debate still lingers at some levels of

1275:

took power, power of two brothers, and began to rule alone. He had a son, and named him Igor. As Igor grew up, he became brave and wise. He had a commander named Oleg, a wise and brave man. They began to wage wars, attacking the Dnieper River and the city of Smolensk. From there, they went down the

206:

A direction in Russian pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, whose supporters deny the role of the Scandinavians in the creation of the Rus' state or deny at all any participation of the Scandinavians (Normans) in the socio-political life of Rus'; reject and seek to refute the "Norman

174:

expressed a conjecture that the appearance of the names of Askold and Dir in the annals is a consequence of an error of one of the early chroniclers. Allegedly, in fact, in the original text it was about one Kievan prince Askoldyr or more precisely Oskoldyr. In this case, Dir did not exist at all.

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includes a wide range of concepts and hypotheses, the common features of which are the denial of the essentiality of the influence of the Scandinavians on the political and economic processes of the formation of ancient Rus' and the advancement of alternative Norman hypotheses.

1458:

in his famous oration written for the occasion. Although the Slavonic chronicles tend to associate this expedition with the names of Askold and Dir (and to date it to 866), the connection remains tenuous. Despite Photius' own assertion that he sent a bishop to the land of Rus'

516:, where he also set up a garrison. He then came to the hills of Kiev, and saw how Askold and Dir reigned there. Oleg came to the foot of the Hungarian hill using trickery, he hid his warriors in the boats, left some others behind, and went forward himself bearing the child 1280:. Igor began establishing cities, and imposing tribute to be paid to the Slavs and Varangians, and he imposed tribute on the Krivichi and Meryans to be paid to the Varangians, and from Novgorod they received 300 hryvnias per year for peace, if they do not give. 885:– The original text says "гостьє єсмы" which translates as "we are guests". The interpretation of the word "guests" differs among translations, some English sources interpret it as "strangers" while some Slavic sources interpret it as "merchants". 1003: 953:, where Oleg is in charge while Igor is passive and not mentioned again until 23 later: "As Igor’ grew up, he followed after Oleg, and obeyed his instructions", and Olga "was brought to him from Pskov" to be his bride. In the subsequent 802:' was then brought forward, and Oleg announced that he was the son of Rurik. They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill now known as Hungarian, where the castle of Ol'ma (likely 320:: "Jan Dlugosz was not so naive as some modern authors who uncritically accepted his conclusions. The fact is that the Polish chronicler sought to substantiate the claims of the Polish state on Kiev and therefore associated the 465:

in 882. Dating is tentative, as the annalistic legend was written in one and a half or two centuries after the event. Behind the annalistic story there is a real event, violent transition of authority in Kiev to new dynasty

167:

oskal (grin), sokol (falcon), kol (spike) and kolo (circle). It is also possible that the part -old is a contraction of -volod/-vlad (lord, ruler). This hypothesis does not contradict the data of modern historical grammar.

2036: 1787: 1686: 1655:

The historiography of Normanist and anti-Normanist theories on the origins of Rus' : a review of modern historiography and major sources on Varangian controversy and other Scandinavian concepts of the origins of

1290:– the literal translation of "подугорьскыми гостьми" is "underhungarian guests" which could be interpreted as "guests from the lands near to Hungarians " or "guest from the lands under the rule of Hungarians" 2330: 721:(Dir) written by a new hand, then scratched off. The right edge of the page is taped and therefore the ends of the lines are missing; the augmented letters are enclosed here in brackets. After 814:. Oleg began to build stockaded towns, and (24) imposed tribute on the Slavs, the Krivichians, and the Merians. He commanded that Novgorod should pay the Varangians tribute to the amount of 300 373:

is missing. The surviving text starts in the middle of a sentence in the year 1016. The lost contents of the Synod Scroll before the year 1016 are unknown, and can only be speculated about.

1466: 163:

G. Magner defended the theory of the Slavic origin of the name, deriving it from the word "skoldyryt" – to accumulate. Other supporters of the theory of Slavic origin saw in the word the

1729: 1044:ти единъ. И роди сынъ, и нарече имя ему Игорь. И възрастъшю же ему, Игорю, и бысть храборъ и мудръ. И бысть у него воевода, именемъ Олегъ, муж мудръ и храборъ. И начаста воевати, и нал 873:

This translation is based on the English version published by the late Professor Samuel Hazzard Cross in Volume XII (1930) of the Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature.

1485:

We may suppose that the names of Rurik and his kin, of Askold and Dir, and of Oleg and Igor' survived in popular legend at Kiev in somewhat the same fashion as the heroes of the later

2069: 1128:прочии прозвашася Русью. Сеи же Игорь нача грады ставити, и дани устави Словеномъ и Варягомъ даяти , и Кривичемъ и Мерямъ дань даяти Варягомъ, а от Новагорода 300 гривенъ на л 1779: 1678: 1143:приа начаша възрастъшу бысь городъ оттуду поидоста днепру киевъским град киевъ сущъ испытавъ аскоад — под угорьскими, творящеся сзваста сл 2652: 366:), who may have compiled several sources in the year 1116. In any case, the Primary Chronicle was written approximately 250 years after the events involving Askold and Dir. 237:, and therefore in his opinion it would be correct to use not "Askold", but exactly "Oskold", as it is found in the Old Rus' chronicles (or "Oskolod" – as indicated in the 328:, considered Kyi a "Polish pagan prince", etc." Therefore, we have no grounds to believe that Askold and Dir belonged to the "dynasty of Kievichi" (or even were Slavs). 888:– The word "race" does not accurately convey the meaning of the word "род". A closer translation would be "kinsfolk" or "kin". Askold, Dir and Oleg were all Norse. 2360: 1759: 195:. Those were allegedly Slavs (contrary to Herodotus himself, who wrote that the Skolots called themselves Scythians), who later began to call themselves Rus'. 187:(in chronicle Voroskol). The name of the Oskil (Oskol) river, in turn, was associated by B. A. Rybakov with the Black Sea tribe of the "royal" Scythians, the 2321: 269:, the "Norman theory", "Normanism" never existed as a scientific concept, while Anti-Normanism exists, but is primarily an ideological platform based on an 133:

name Haskuldr or Höskuldr. However, the spelling Askold may only be a change in the Scandinavian manner (similar to Vytautas – Vitold)." According to

636:новою рукою, потомъ соскоблена. Правый край страницы заклеенъ и потому концы строкъ пропадаютъ; дополненныя буквы заключены здѣсь въ скобки. Послѣ 229:

considered the fact of the Slavic origin of Prince Oskold beyond doubt. Among the researchers of the 20th century this idea was shared by professor

2468:(assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an 2608: 1710: 1812: 1723: 1637: 2088: 2131:"Fír Flathemon in the Russian Primary Chronicle? The Legend of the Summoning of the Varangians and the Prefatory Matter to Audacht Morainn" 1818: 806:) now stands. Over that tomb, Ol'ma built a church dedicated to St. Nicholas, but Dir's tomb is behind St. Irene's. Oleg set himself up as 560:и Кривичемъ . и Мерѧмъ . и оустави Варѧго дань даӕти . ѿ Новагорода . т҃ . грвенъ на лѣ . мира дѣлѧ єже до см҃рти Ӕрославлѧ даӕше Варѧго 2418: 1842: 207:

theory" of the creation of the Kievan Rus'. Anti-Normanist historians denied the Scandinavian (Old Norse) origin of the name Askold.

2398:

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930)

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And Igor said to Askold: "Thou art not a prince, nor of a clan of princes, but I am a prince, and I am worthy to reign as prince."

1586: 810:, and declared that it should be the mother of Russian cities. The Varangjans, Slavs, and others who accompanied him were called 179:'s assertion. It did, however, allow Rybakov to "establish" the Slavic etymology of the name Askold from the names of the rivers 1451: 954: 233:, and professor Rybakov, in confirmation of the Slavic origin of the prince, the name Oskold derived from the name of the river 1895: 1522: 1292:– "и дани устави Словеномъ и Варягомъ даяти" could also be translated as "and imposing tributes on the Slavs and Varangians" 316:

The mention by Jan Dlugosz of the family ties of Askold and Dir with the legendary Kyi raises serious doubts. According to

2071:ПОЛНОЕ СОБРАНІЕ РУССКИХЪ ЛѢТОПИСЕЙ Изданное по Высочайшему повелѣнію Императорскою Археографическою Коммиссіею Томъ второй 1528: 313:

also referred to them in his historical reconstructions. However, this point of view is rarely supported by specialists.

281:

Some historians, based on late and unreliable sources, try to declare Askold and Dir to be direct heirs of the legendary

2637: 2449: 2235: 1961: 1076:ша: «два брата, Асколдъ и Диръ». Игорь же и Олегъ, творящася мимоидуща, и потаистася въ лодьях, и с малою дружиною изл 1455: 920:

and some other Russian and Ukrainian historians interpreted the 882 coup d'état in Kiev as the reaction of the pagan

289:". The existence of this "princely dynasty" is based on the information of the Polish historian of the 15th century 854:

1040, was situated slightly southwest of the extant Cathedral of St. Sophia. Its ground plan has been established

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SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)

2168: 431: 342:

Until the 19th century , the Primary Chronicle (the Nachal'naya Letopis') was habitually attributed to the monk

175:

But such a reading of the annalistic text is the result of an assumption that has no textual basis according to

1365:

and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth."

1306: 1017: 962: 933: 477: 59: 1463:

and friendly to Byzantium, most historians discard the idea of Askold's subsequent conversion as apocryphal.

22: 2306: 1546: 1353:

i reče Igorǐ ko Askoldu: "vy nđsta knjazja, ni rodu knjaža, nǐ azǔ esmǐ knjazǐ, i mnđ dostoitǐ knjažiti".

129:

There are several versions of the origin of the name Askold. The most likely version interprets it as the

238: 2426:. Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from 1505: 1381:

And they killed Askold and Dir; and he was taken to the mountain, and Askold was buried on the mountain

343: 2310:(Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. 242: 1350:и рече Игорь ко Асколду: "вы нЂста князя, ни роду княжа, нь азъ есмь князь, и мнЂ достоить княжити". 2613: 807: 2647: 1470: 1096:достоить княжити». И убиша Асколда и Дира; и абие несъше на гору, и погребоша и Асколда на гор 359: 306: 270: 2341: 1740: 1417:

Oleg set himself up as prince in Kyiv, and declared that it should be the mother of Rus' cities.

818:

a year for the preservation of peace. This tribute was paid to the Varangians until the death of

459: 317: 310: 246: 230: 226: 164: 157: 134: 1802: 1040:ту умре Синеусъ и брат его Труворъ, и прия власть единъ Рюрикъ, обою брату власть, и нача влад 2427: 309:(who strove to prove the existence of a distinct Ukrainian ethnos already in the 4th century); 2150: 2078: 1916: 1891: 1864: 1808: 1719: 1633: 1509: 1474: 1268: 1254:

Written on the right margin with a diacritic mark in the same handwriting and in lighter ink.

913: 819: 534: 471: 384: 347: 53: 2571: 2642: 2583: 2551: 2142: 2023: 1659: 1478: 1454:

in June 860 took the Greeks by surprise, "like a thunderbolt from heaven," as it was put by

1390:

And they killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there

1314: 443: 416: 378: 325: 321: 302: 153: 2077:(in Russian) (2nd ed.). С.-ПЕТЕРБУРГЪ: Типографія М.А.Александрова. 1908. p. 13. 2007: 2353: 1863:(in Russian). Vol. 4, Большой Кавказ — Великий канал. Moscow: БРЭ. pp. 621–622. 1752: 253: 217: 176: 138: 65: 1861:Большая российская энциклопедия: в 35 томах (The Big Russian Encyclopedia: in 35 volumes) 1836: 840:

just north of the Crypt Monastery and beyond Berestovo, some two kilometers south of the

2396: 76: 1780:"Киево-Русская миссия свв. Кирилла и Мефодия и первое (Аскольдово) крещение Руси (ч.1)" 1679:"Киево-Русская миссия свв. Кирилла и Мефодия и первое (Аскольдово) крещение Руси (ч.1)" 1577: 1501: 1362:

i peče ôlegǔ askoldu insiroci. vy něsta knęzę. ni roda knęža. no azǔ esmǐ. rodu knęža.

1359:и рече ѡлегъ асколду и дирови. вы нѣста кнѧзѧ. ни рода кнѧжа. но азъ есмь. роду кнѧжа. 1277: 906: 811: 389: 290: 208: 142: 1230:Написано на полях справа с выносным знаком тем же почерком и более светлыми чернилами. 249:). But these conclusions are biased as they are part of the Anti-Normanism sentiment. 198:"Askolt" may be a borrowed word from Iranian-speaking nomads and mean "Border ruler." 2626: 1551: 917: 462: 298: 234: 180: 171: 1508:. Today this place on the steep bank of the Dnieper is marked by a monument called 1497: 946: 938: 875:

The translation may also have some inaccuracies or points that should be clarified

799: 517: 448: 294: 2454:(in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from 1966:(in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from 1885: 969:"Prince Igor went against the Greeks with thousands of Rus' warriors."), yet the 949:. Ostrowski (2018) noted that this is rather different from the narrative in the 512:, captured the city, and set up a garrison there. Thence he went on and captured 2601: 1203:назвашася — устави дани — даати словеном и варягом новаграда — гривенъ триста 1080:зоста на брегъ, творящася подугорьскыми гостьми, и съзваста Асколда и Дира. Сл 598:. и погребоша на горѣ. Х. оугорское идеже ннѣ. Х. тои. Х. дирова. Х. градово 286: 924:

to Askold's baptism. Tatishchev went so far as to style Askold "the first Rus'

221:(1674), report that Oskold was the last representative of the local dynasty of 2609:

The reign of the princes Askold and Dyr: beginnings of the mighty Kyivan state

2587: 2502:– A 2014 improved digitised version of the 2002/2003 Ostrowski et al. edition. 2022:

Many scholars believe the conquest of Kiev took place a generation later; see

921: 771:

The word божницю is crossed out and above it written: олма црквь. The letter

525: 493: 485: 456: 2451:

The Povest' vremennykh let: An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis. 3 volumes

2173:. Vol. 10. Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain. 1962. p. 47. 2154: 1963:

The Povest' vremennykh let: An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis. 3 volumes

1378:

I ubiša Askolda i Dira; i abie nesǔše na godu, i pogreboša i Askolda na gorđ

1375:И убиша Асколда и Дира; и абие несъше на гору, и погребоша и Асколда на горЂ 301:), were descendants of Kyi. This message of Dlugosz was used in the works of 2509: 2486:"Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation" 2455: 2229: 1967: 1859:Мельникова, Елена Александровна (2004–2017) . Осипов, Юрий Сергеевич (ed.). 1433: 1108:постави Олма церковь святого Николу, а Дирева могыла за святою Ириною. И с 397: 393: 266: 192: 188: 130: 48: 2555: 293:, who wrote that the chronicle's Kievan princes Askold and Dir, killed by 2514: 2404:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325 1585:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Medieval Academy of America. pp. 60–61. 879: 803: 509: 505: 501: 467: 403: 146: 2539: 973:

once more claims: "Oleg went against the Greeks, leaving Igor’ in Kiev."

2234:. Academy of Sciences of USSR, Institute of History. pp. 101–116. 1663: 1436:. According to him, "king al-Dir was the first among the kings of the 837: 513: 497: 420: 408: 351: 184: 84: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2146: 1493: 1486: 928:". Igor was still "very young", and Oleg was "carrying" him to Kiev. 925: 815: 578:Х. дирь. Х. молода. Х. дироу. Х. пріидита. Х. дирь. Х. пріидоста 2485: 1414:

sěde ôlegǔ knęža vǔ kievě. i reč ôlegǔ se budi m'ti gradomǔ ruskim.

1411:сѣде ѡлегъ кнѧжа въ киевѣ. и реч ѡлегъ се буди м҃ти градомъ руским. 1104: Угорьское наричеть , идеже есть дворъ Олминъ ; на тои могыл 2130: 1465: 1438: 1298: 1272: 942: 900: 841: 678:Слово божницю зачеркнуто и надъ нимъ написано: олма црквь. Буква 521: 442: 425: 355: 83: 75: 1429: 489: 412: 363: 70: 1428:

The only foreign source to mention one of the co-rulers is the

484:, Oleg set forth, taking with him many warriors from among the 388:

relates that Askold and Dir were sanctioned by Rurik to go to

282: 222: 2417:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) .

1987: 1985: 1576:

Nestor; Cross, Samuel H; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P (1953).

1387:

I ubiša Askolda i Dira, nesoša na goru i pogrebša i na gorě.

1384:И убиша Асколда и Дира, несоша на гору и погребша и на горѣ. 709:

is inserted above the line On the right margin is inscribed

2395:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1930).

2373: 2116: 2104: 1947: 1935: 1611: 1609: 1607: 369:

The beginning of the Synod Scroll or "Older Edition" of the

2512:[Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition]. 1630:

The Nikonian Chronicle: From the beginning to the year 1132

836:) at Kiev is traditionally located on the west bank of the 149:

origin of the name is certain and it has long been proved.

2211: 2209: 2207: 2484:

Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014).

1913:Трудно быть Клейном: автобиография в монологах и диалогах 1009:

Death of Askold. Unknown artist of the late 19th century.

430:

The murder of Askold and Dir by Oleg. Miniature from the

2231:

Novgorod First Chronicle of Elder and Younger Redactions

2026:

for discussion of the controversy surrounding this date.

1804:Антинорманизм в сборнике Русского Исторического Общества 1072:ста городъ Кыевъ , и испыташа , кто в немъ княжить; и р 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2280: 1088:и , Игоревы, на брегъ; и рече Игорь ко Асколду: «вы н 844:, or riverside section of the city; cf. N. Zakrevsky, 2037:"Повесть временных лет (Нестор)/1997 (ДО) — Викитека" 160:

origin of the name, which has no sufficient grounds.

967:Посла князь Игорь на ГрЂкы вои В Русь скыдеи тысящь. 961:

again narrates that it was Igor leading the attack (

245:

of the 16th century or medieval Polish chronicle of

1628:Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Zenkovsky, Betty Jean (1984). 1191:же ольмин ольма могила къняжа киев 624:вставлена надъ строкой. На правомъ полѣ приписано 455:The chronicle also states that they were killed by 850:24. St. Irene's, constructed by Yaroslav the Wise 215:A number of late medieval sources, among them the 2292: 2263: 1536:(19th century Russian Opera by Alexey Verstovsky) 1092:ста князя, ни роду княжа, нь азъ есмь князь, и мн 2228:Tikhomirov, M. N. (1950). Nasonov, A. N. (ed.). 1915:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Нестор-История. 1801:Клейн, Лев Самуилович (2009). "Спор о варягах". 1718:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg. pp. 25–26. 258: 2510:"Новгородская Первая Летопись Младшего Извода" 1579:The Russian Primary chronicle, Laurentian Text 1084:зъшима же има, выскакаша прочии воины з лод 508:. He thus arrived with his Krivichians before 305:(who treated the facts quite arbitrarily) and 297:(according to the Primary Chronicle killed by 2572:"Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?" 265:According to the historian and archaeologist 80:Map of Kievan principality in the 9th century 21:"Askold" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 273:. Anti-Normanism is distinctive for Russia. 1838:Толковый словарь обществоведческих терминов 225:. Referring to these annalistic evidences, 2653:Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle 2374:Nestor, Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2117:Nestor, Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2105:Nestor, Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 1948:Nestor, Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 1936:Nestor, Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 1496:with Uhorska Hora (Hungarian hill), where 1013: 905:The murder of Askold and Dir (Painting by 862:(Augsburg, 1932), p. 17, with literature. 530: 2540:"The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'" 2251: 2215: 1991: 1807:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Евразия. 1615: 1521:Russian screw frigate Askold (1854) (see 2198: 769:is torn off with the edge of the sheet. 574:и пріиде къ смоленскоу и с кривичи. Х. 141:, who is a specialist on the history of 2359:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2336:from the original on 28 September 2021. 1758:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1563: 975: 2349: 2339: 1748: 1738: 1735:from the original on 4 September 2023. 882:), which is spelled exactly the same. 447:Death of Askold and Dir. Engraving by 285:, a representative of the dynasty of " 51:; died in 882), mentioned in both the 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2002: 2000: 1890:. Taylor & Francis. p. 184. 1773: 1771: 1769: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1658:(Master thesis). University of Oslo. 1500:later built two churches, devoted to 1408:And Igor, the prince, went to Kyevđ. 1068:и приидоша къ горам кыевъскым , и узр 156:names. There is also a theory of the 7: 1835:Яценко, Николай Емельянович (1999). 1790:from the original on 18 August 2016. 1689:from the original on 18 August 2016. 1592:from the original on 16 October 2013 1571: 1569: 1567: 1492:A Kievan legend identifies Askold's 1285:Comments to the English translation 868:Comments to the English translation 783:(Dir's) is written by another hand. 360:St. Michael's Monastery in Vydubychi 69:, were the earliest known rulers of 2241:from the original on 16 April 2023. 957:(absent in Byzantine sources), the 419:who had been paying tribute to the 16:Earliest known Norse rulers of Kiev 2281:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013 1848:from the original on 8 April 2023. 1632:. Kingston Press. pp. 16–29. 14: 1824:from the original on 24 May 2022. 945:), with whom he had a son called 713:(Smolensk, city). Second letter 611:Notes to the original text, 1908 2576:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 1237:Translation of notes to English 1027:Original text in Old East Slavic 1002: 990: 978: 858:excavation; cf. Alpatov-Brunov, 543:Original text in Old East Slavic 2538:Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). 2448:Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). 2323:100 Key Ukrainian Personalities 1960:Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). 1778:Шумило, Сергей (2 March 2010). 1677:Шумило, Сергей (2 March 2010). 1405:I sđde Igorǐ, knjaža, v Kyevđ. 827:Notes to The Primary Chronicle 476:(Tale of Bygone Years) and the 2474:five main manuscript witnesses 1911:Клейн, Лев Самуилович (2010). 1523:List of Russian steam frigates 1402:И сЂде Игорь, княжа, в КыевЂ. 1261:Translation of text to English 470:. The murder described in the 1: 2480:("a proposed best reading"). 2293:Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014 2264:Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014 2009:The Russian Primary Chronicle 1529:Russian cruiser Askold (1900) 1452:Rus' attack on Constantinople 1269:Sineus and his brother Truvor 1155: выскакаху — из лодии 1120:ша у него Варязи мужи Словен 1056:ку и Смолнескъ град . И оттол 985:Author unknown. 19th century. 848:(Moscow, 1868), pp. 191–198. 739:асколодови, асколода letter о 152:The suffix -ald- is found in 135:Doctor of Historical Sciences 439:The murder of Askold and Dir 2304:Golden, P.B. (2006) "Rus." 1249:sigh ̀ ̀ are above the line 2671: 2570:Ostrowski, Donald (2018). 1461:which became Christianized 1393: 1368: 1343: 1321: 1267:Two years later (in 862), 966: 676:оторвана съ краемъ листа. 407:). When travelling on the 20: 2588:10.1163/22102396-05201009 2129:Nikolaev, Dmitry (2012). 1884:Logan, F. Donald (2005). 1709:Danilevsky, Igor (2015). 1477:park in Kyiv (skretch by 1312: 1304: 1289: 1284: 1266: 1259: 1241: 1236: 1212: 1207: 872: 867: 831: 826: 796: 788: 700: 695: 690:надписана другой рукой. 615: 610: 590:Х. вы. Х. а се. Х. аско 277:Origins of Askold and Dir 1653:Zakharii, Roman (2002). 1307:Novgorod First Chronicle 1112:де Игорь, княжа , в Кыев 1018:Novgorod First Chronicle 959:Novgorod First Chronicle 955:Rusʹ–Byzantine War (907) 934:Novgorod First Chronicle 478:Novgorod First Chronicle 371:Novgorod First Chronicle 337:Novgorod First Chronicle 60:Novgorod First Chronicle 2602:Guide to Askold's Grave 553:В лѣто . ҂s҃ . т҃ . ч҃ 415:seizing power over the 23:Askold (disambiguation) 2329:. Kharkiv. p. 6. 2320:Soroka, Yurii (2020). 2307:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1887:The Vikings in History 1547:Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv 1482: 1471:Church of St. Nicholas 1271:died, and a man named 1185:оставлено чистое место 1020:of the younger edition 997:Drawing by V. Toporkov 910: 790:Translation to English 650:асколодови, асколода о 602:. Х. сеи. Х. словено 452: 435: 263: 89: 81: 2556:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512 2470:interlinear collation 1469: 1187: наричеться ид 1159: нъ достоитъ 904: 696:Translation of notes 528:," i.e., "capital"). 446: 429: 241:of the 15th century, 87: 79: 2616:. 29 November 2005. 2170:The Ukrainian Review 2135:Studia Celto-Slavica 1242:In the manuscript нн 909:, late 19th century) 741:has been changed to 434:, late 15th century. 88:Map of Europe in 814 2638:9th-century Vikings 2476:, as well as a new 1784:religions.unian.net 1683:religions.unian.net 1199:словени отол 1060:поидоша внизъ по Дн 1022: 538: 480:. According to the 432:Radziwill Chronicle 307:Mykhailo Hrushevsky 271:inferiority complex 239:Nikiforov Chronicle 2518:(in Church Slavic) 2492:(in Church Slavic) 1712:History of Ukraine 1483: 1208:Notes to the text 1136:ля, еже не дають. 1014: 911: 860:Altrussische Kunst 834:hill (Uhorska Hora 832:23. The Hungarian 594:да. Х. дира. Х. 531: 453: 436: 411:, they settled in 318:Vladimir Petrukhin 311:Aleksey Shakhmatov 247:Maciej Stryjkowski 231:Mikhail Tikhomirov 227:Aleksey Shakhmatov 90: 82: 2544:Mediaeval Studies 2508:Izbornyk (2001). 2490:pvl.obdurodon.org 2334:(Wayback Machine) 2239:(Wayback Machine) 2147:10.54586/BXAB9752 2094:on 27 March 2022. 2075:(Wayback Machine) 2041:ru.wikisource.org 1994:, pp. 36–37. 1846:(Wayback Machine) 1822:(Wayback Machine) 1814:978-5-93165-066-1 1733:(Wayback Machine) 1725:978-5-9906154-0-3 1639:978-0-940670-00-6 1456:Patriarch Photios 1446:Facts and records 1421: 1420: 1297: 1296: 1245: 1220: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 971:Primary Chronicle 951:Primary Chronicle 914:Vasily Tatishchev 899: 898: 644:стерты двѣ буквы 559: 555: 535:Primary Chronicle 482:Primary Chronicle 473:Primary Chronicle 385:Primary Chronicle 348:Sylvester of Kiev 333:Primary Chronicle 243:Suprasl Chronicle 54:Primary Chronicle 2660: 2633:People from Kyiv 2619: 2591: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2337: 2335: 2328: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2087:. Archived from 2076: 2066: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2033: 2027: 2024:Oleg of Novgorod 2020: 2014: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1775: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1717: 1706: 1691: 1690: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1625: 1619: 1618:, p. 39–40. 1613: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1584: 1573: 1479:Taras Shevchenko 1334:Old East Slavic 1325:Old East Slavic 1315:Laurentian Codex 1299: 1243: 1218: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1023: 1021: 1006: 994: 982: 968: 765:Here the letter 652:переправлено въ 628:. Вторая буква 557: 554: 539: 537: 379:Laurentian Codex 362:(a village near 303:Dmitry Ilovaysky 2670: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2598: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2537: 2534: 2521: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2493: 2483: 2461: 2459: 2458:on 9 March 2005 2447: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2389:Primary sources 2386: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2205: 2197: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2085: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1970:on 9 March 2005 1959: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1777: 1776: 1767: 1757: 1747: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1715: 1708: 1707: 1694: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1543: 1518: 1448: 1426: 1398: 1396: 1371: 1346: 1340:Modern English 1331:Modern English 1163: несоша 1015: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 986: 983: 963:Old East Slavic 907:Klavdiy Lebedev 668:передѣлана изъ 660:передѣлано изъ 532: 460:Novgorod prince 441: 340: 279: 254:F. Donald Logan 218:Kievan Synopsis 204: 191:, mentioned by 177:Igor Danilevsky 139:Igor Danilevsky 100: 95: 93:The name Askold 66:Nikon Chronicle 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2606:Yasterbov, O. 2604: 2597: 2596:External links 2594: 2593: 2592: 2567: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2472:including the 2445: 2444: 2443: 2433:on 30 May 2014 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2366: 2312: 2297: 2285: 2268: 2256: 2252:Ostrowski 2018 2244: 2220: 2216:Ostrowski 2018 2203: 2176: 2160: 2121: 2109: 2107:, p. 234. 2097: 2083: 2054: 2028: 2015: 1996: 1992:Ostrowski 2018 1981: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1921: 1903: 1896: 1876: 1869: 1851: 1841:(in Russian). 1827: 1813: 1793: 1765: 1724: 1692: 1669: 1645: 1638: 1620: 1616:Ostrowski 2018 1603: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534:Askold's Grave 1531: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1510:Askold's Grave 1502:Saint Nicholas 1475:Askold's Grave 1447: 1444: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1175: уское, 1137: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1001: 999: 996: 989: 987: 984: 977: 941:from Pleskov ( 897: 896: 870: 869: 865: 864: 846:Opisanie Kieva 829: 828: 824: 823: 808:prince in Kiev 794: 793: 786: 785: 698: 697: 693: 692: 613: 612: 608: 607: 586:. прочіи. Х. 561: 550: 549: 546: 440: 437: 390:Constantinople 339: 330: 278: 275: 209:Anti-Normanism 203: 202:Anti-Normanism 200: 99: 96: 94: 91: 29:Askold and Dir 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2429: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2376:, p. 34. 2375: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2343: 2332: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254:, p. 39. 2253: 2248: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 40. 2217: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Izbornyk 2001 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2084:5-7859-0057-2 2080: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1922:9785981873683 1918: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1870:5-85270-333-8 1866: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1742: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1552:Book of Veles 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337:Romanization 1336: 1333: 1330: 1328:Romanization 1327: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1138: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 981: 976: 974: 972: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935: 929: 927: 923: 919: 918:Boris Rybakov 915: 908: 903: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 881: 876: 871: 866: 863: 861: 857: 853: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 795: 791: 787: 784: 782: 778: 774: 768: 764: 761:is made from 760: 756: 753:is made from 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 609: 606:. Х. дааху. 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 552: 551: 547: 544: 541: 540: 536: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 464: 463:Oleg the Wise 461: 458: 450: 445: 438: 433: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386: 381: 380: 374: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 338: 334: 331: 329: 327: 326:Polish Polans 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 276: 274: 272: 268: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219: 213: 210: 201: 199: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 172:Boris Rybakov 169: 166: 161: 159: 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 97: 92: 86: 78: 74: 72: 68: 67: 62: 61: 56: 55: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 24: 19: 2618:(in English) 2607: 2582:(1): 30–49. 2579: 2575: 2559:. Retrieved 2547: 2543: 2520:. Retrieved 2513: 2494:. Retrieved 2489: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2460:. Retrieved 2456:the original 2450: 2435:. 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