218:
1365:
1054:
762:
656:, invited Islamic scholars from North Africa, and established Islam as the official religion of the noble class. He also divided the empire into provinces with centrally appointed governors and created a series of ministries (including finance, justice, interior, protocol, agriculture, waters and forests, and matters pertaining to “tribes of the white race” e.g.
564:, accompanied by 500 horsemen and 1000 infantry. Although he made many charitable donations during his pilgrimage, including setting up a place for West Africa pilgrims to stay in Medina, he returned to Gao having accumulated 50,000 ducats in debt. Despite being away for nearly two years, his return buttressed his position with the prestige of the titles of
373:
388:
themselves, especially by
Muhammad's modern descendants who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity. His exact surname has not been definitively determined and no Toucouleur or Soninke oral source claim him as one of their own. The Tarikh al-Fattash uses the title 'maiga' for him, which is only used
837:
and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the
396:
The term 'sonhinkey,' which suggests a
Soninke ethnic origin for Askia, is also the name of a clan of Songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal Sunni clan without rights to the throne. Songhai oral traditions claim the father of Askia Mohammed
1733:
says that Askia
Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but
423:, it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta Toro because the post of general was only given to a member of the royal family and ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that he is an ethnic Songhai through both his father and mother is being studied at the Ahmed Baba center in
1587:
Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that
Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the
744:, Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the
1531:
has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection.
1158:
of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the
1477:, having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established.
1551:
has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age. the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors
675:
Askia
Muhammad created a professionalized army, rather than the general levy that his predecessors had commanded. These soldiers, legally slaves of the Askia, could be sent on long expeditions away from the
608:
pressure, and Askia
Muhammad accepted tribute in exchange for his abandoning the town. This alliance with the Tuareg was a key pillar of Songhai power, particularly in their control over the salt mines of
1142:, the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus
1515:, the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the
318:. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son,
2460:
de Moraes Farias, Paulo F. (2008). "Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century
Timbuktu chronicles". In Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.).
2097:
Turchin, Peter and
Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", page 222. Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006
1305:
of the house of Manay. the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the
Zarmakoy of
696:
in 1526. He had been concealing the fact that
Muhammad, well over 70 years old, had gone blind. Ill and increasingly politically isolated, Askia Muhammad was forced to abdicate by his son
1333:
do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown .
1021:, the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs. In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye,
447:
provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title himself based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "
314:
in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in
1567:
throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of
708:
to retake the throne. This was accomplished in April 1537, and Muhammad returned to Gao where he ceremonially conferred on Ismail the title and regalia of Caliph. He died
1340:(the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the
365:
in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad. In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey. Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a
2395:
1005:. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form
954:
triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the
303:, in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim. He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.
404:
The term at-Turi, which designates the geographical origin of a person, could be the name of Askia's father's village. There is a Songhai village call Tureh in
533:, harshly persecuted under Ali, and Mansa Kura, the Muslim chief of Bara. Sonni Baru drew his from the traditional religious leaders of the Songhay and the
688:
Askia Muhammad had many sons, who jockeyed for position and influence at court. When a younger one, Bala, was appointed to a presitigious governorship,
652:
Askia Muhammad profoundly reorganized the Songhai empire. Where Sonni Ali had been a diffident Muslim, Askia was devout. He based the legal system on
2609:
2604:
2570:
1640:
1002:
443:) is of unknown origin, but had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier. It may derive from an arabic word for 'general.' The
306:
Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of
2490:
2469:
2412:
2370:
276:) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with
2504:
1791:
1278:. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the
2107:
Kane, Oumar (2021). "La Formation du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).
2542:
2514:
2431:
2275:
1412:
1386:
1101:
1075:
809:
783:
704:, the son of Omar Kondjago and Muhammad's nephew, exiled the old king to an island in the Niger. From here, he plotted with his son
2442:
2212:
1390:
1079:
787:
2619:
1665:
2382:
Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils
1013:
being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the
640:, devastating the cities with slave-taking and heavy taxation. The expedition against Agadez caused dissession when the
384:
The theory that Askia Muhammad's family originated in Futa Toro is controversial and has been generally rejected by the
1767:
1375:
1064:
772:
1321:
to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the
1351:
are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa.
1274:
Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the
342:
clan names Ture and Sila by many historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as
1394:
1379:
1083:
1068:
791:
776:
748:
are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.
2614:
825:
is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of
628:, reinforcing the Songhai position there. This was the peak of his power. Askia Muhammad had earlier conquered
2579:
1560:
concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins.
2532:
2405:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents
1738:
or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.
1631:), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the
338:
gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the
724:
reports the many descendants of Askia Muhammad, who is said to have had 471 children from many wives and
2594:
1608:
701:
644:
felt he had been cheated of his share of the spoils and rebelled, ending Songhai hegemony in Hausaland.
486:
valley. His mother was named Kassey and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.
1297:
and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like
1293:
and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of
2599:
2564:
2134:
839:
1474:
582:
409:
2043:
1480:
All Hausa descendants of Muhammad Rumfa sultan of Kano are matrilineal line descendants of Askia.
2389:
2347:
998:
934:
where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the
899:
830:
586:
344:
2331:
Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition
2268:
Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments
2538:
2510:
2500:
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2480:
2465:
2427:
2408:
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2271:
1683:
1617:
1568:
1548:
1470:
1448:
1244:
1018:
994:
834:
621:
475:
253:
135:
2360:
2252:
1191:
which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda (
986:
951:
705:
535:
307:
144:
692:
threatened to have the king's powerful advisor 'Ali Folon killed and drove him to exile in
217:
2574:
1779:
1623:
1544:
1436:
923:
541:
454:
The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced
436:
413:
1720:
Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr. Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.
947:
1670:
1564:
1501:
1493:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1330:
1275:
1119:
990:
826:
745:
479:
385:
356:
valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro.
339:
315:
245:
222:
102:
1017:
never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the
2588:
1636:
1589:
1524:
1520:
1460:
1279:
1260:
1135:
1131:
1030:
959:
943:
939:
935:
895:
709:
641:
605:
590:
483:
459:
420:
398:
390:
377:
353:
311:
241:
183:
148:
116:
2407:. Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
1657:
1516:
1466:
1429:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1123:
911:
875:
858:
where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful
729:
578:
265:
1329:
is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the
419:
Although Askia Mohamed is generally seen as the son of princess Kassey, sister of
2338:
Bühnen, Stephan (2005). "Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance".
1876:
1571:
due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor
616:
In 1512, his brother Omar Komajago led an army that destroyed Futa Kingi, killed
498:, Muhammad Ture was a powerful general but frequently clashed with the king. The
334:
gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki. The
2137:(2005). "Mali Empire: Decline, Fifteenth Century". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
1632:
1604:
1536:
1489:
1364:
1268:
1240:
1232:
1053:
1026:
907:
903:
761:
737:
677:
269:
261:
209:
152:
700:
in August 1528. Musa reigned only 3 years before being killed by his brothers.
1734:
they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either
1597:
1553:
1523:
and there are generally only than associated with royal houses. The pyramidal
1286:
1248:
1139:
1127:
955:
871:
725:
697:
689:
653:
593:
520:
366:
319:
300:
140:
66:
56:
17:
1327:
we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other
264:'s history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the
1735:
1463:
1151:
927:
617:
516:
495:
349:
296:
292:
2362:
African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa
854:
royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western
596:, Qama-fiti-Kalli, and sacked and captured Diafunu. In 1504 an invasion of
462:
spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya.
260:. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in
1653:
1593:
1557:
1344:
1236:
1220:
1188:
1147:
883:
693:
669:
530:
509:
424:
2351:
2213:"Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace"
502:
paints him as a faithful Muslim opposed to Ali's harsh treatment of the
2422:
Johnson, John William; Hale, Thomas A.; Belcher, Stephen, eds. (1997).
1497:
1432:
1310:
1306:
1252:
1196:
1022:
931:
894:, Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the
891:
887:
867:
859:
851:
661:
657:
629:
610:
273:
178:
2503:(1977). "5 - The western Maghrib and Sudan". In Oliver, Ronald (ed.).
523:, claiming he was not a faithful Muslim. He drew his support from the
1612:
1601:
1505:
1322:
1271:) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za.
1228:
1216:
1200:
919:
879:
863:
847:
843:
741:
625:
601:
570:
277:
1747:
Spelling variants: Kasay, Kassaye, Kassaï, Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse
1858:
1856:
1036:
The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of
1768:
Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical
1263:( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey),
1212:
915:
855:
637:
633:
597:
577:
Upon his return, he embarked on a series of campaigns against the
561:
525:
504:
405:
371:
285:
216:
1290:
967:
733:
557:
372:
361:
281:
124:
2506:
The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600
1528:
1358:
1047:
755:
665:
664:), with all important positions filled by relatives. Although
545:
540:, commander of an eastern province. Ture defeated Baru at the
471:
401:, Askia's brother, is never described as a Touré or a Sylla.
119:
83:
2235:
2233:
985:
during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined
2424:
Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent
1336:
The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as
624:
under the empire's sway. 1515 saw another campaign against
519:, Muhammad Ture, then a general, rose up against Ali's son
2081:
2079:
2019:
2017:
2443:"Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V"
1890:
1888:
1289:
have always occupied high positions in the empire in the
291:
Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler
284:, the creation of many schools, and the establishment of
2253:"The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty"
1878:
L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay
1804:
1802:
1504:
women are also in matrilineal line descending from the
838:
Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of
2255:. University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center.
1780:
Biographical information on historical African figures
1615:
which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published
1592:, Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of
604:
captured the town, but was unable to hold it against
458:. Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā,
1831:
1829:
451:", meaning "it is not his" or "he shall not be it".
205:
197:
189:
177:
163:
134:
108:
89:
72:
62:
52:
44:
32:
2534:The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch
2008:
1862:
1669:, Askia Muhammad is depicted as the leader of the
890:, larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of
248:, reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as
2509:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331–462.
2109:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle
1906:
1556:the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his
2141:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 921–922.
1984:
1926:(Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File.
1187:on the left bank, they bear the royal title of
310:in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to
1922:Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.).
1313:to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the
2111:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 54.
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
380:in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.
8:
2537:, University of Chicago Press, p. 105,
1924:Encyclopedia of African History and Culture
1673:civilization, one of the playable factions.
1596:, ushering in a golden age in the city for
1393:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1347:are struck to warn the left bank where the
1325:administration, the saying between songhai
1082:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
977:the military leader of goundey allied with
902:, those who mi gre further south reigns in
898:ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of
790:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2394:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
833:who were dethroned by Moroccans after the
482:ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the
29:
2482:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
2479:Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006).
2365:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1413:Learn how and when to remove this message
1102:Learn how and when to remove this message
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
574:, and Islam became a pillar of his rule.
2290:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2121:
2085:
2023:
973:who fought against French colonization,
155:, hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children
2314:
2239:
2199:
1996:
1972:
1948:
1917:
1915:
1894:
1808:
1760:
1695:
1492:who come from the marriage between the
2387:
1960:
1847:
1835:
1820:
1118:are also to be found mainly among the
1003:Northern Territories of the Gold Coast
548:and took power and the title 'Askia'.
160:
2485:. Taylor & Francis. p. 764.
1936:
1317:where a mamar haama is imported from
589:. In 1501 he defeated the son of the
7:
1391:adding citations to reliable sources
1080:adding citations to reliable sources
788:adding citations to reliable sources
600:ended in disaster. An expedition to
515:In 1492, shortly after the death of
1621:and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published
440:
288:as an integral part of the empire.
2380:Houdas, O.; Delafosse, M. (1913).
25:
1611:, for example, produced books on
672:became a kind of second capital.
2072:. UK: Penguin Books. p. 62.
2009:Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997
1881:(in French). Présence africaine.
1863:Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997
1663:In the turn-based strategy game
1635:. The king's supposed tomb, the
1563:The successions on the imperial
1428:is the maternal ancestor of the
1363:
1309:and bring in a Mamar Haama from
1052:
1040:associated with imperial power.
760:
2610:15th-century monarchs in Africa
2605:16th-century monarchs in Africa
2270:. AltaMira Press. p. 493.
2139:Encyclopedia of African History
979:wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi
474:. His father, Baru Lum, was of
389:for the patrilineal kin of the
2566:Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan
2441:Johnston, Casey (2010-09-20).
1793:Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler
1660:is named after Askia Muhammad.
728:of various origins. Just like
1:
1267:(Royale house of goubekoy of
1126:descending from the previous
348:s referring to ancestry from
240:, was the first ruler of the
234:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi
169:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi
93:
76:
2426:. Indiana University Press.
1770:By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam
950:, Yom, their arrival at the
470:Askia Muhammad was born in
1985:Houdas & Delafosse 1913
1702:Or, it is said, al-Sillanki
1629:Chronicle of The Black Land
1459:, they are replaced by the
1451:during the conquest of the
1009:of the Songhai population,
966:, the most notable are the
397:originated from this clan.
2636:
2359:Gomez, Michael A. (2018).
1666:Sid Meier's Civilization V
1641:UNESCO World Heritage Site
299:was succeeded by his son,
2464:. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
2403:Hunwick, John O. (1999).
2266:Vogel, Joseph O. (1997).
981:the mother of the war of
544:in April 1493 outside of
272:(in present-day Northern
252:, and his name in modern
168:
159:
37:
2462:The meanings of Timbuktu
2580:Ancient African Legends
2329:Bellama, David (1970).
2048:Encyclopedia Britannica
1469:during the conquest of
1285:The descendants of the
1207:and in the zarmatarey (
1138:and who ruled over the
1114:The descendants of the
2531:Stoller, Paul (1992),
1607:. The eminent scholar
1575:and the balama of the
668:remained the capital,
381:
226:
2135:Niane, Djibril Tamsir
1907:de Moraes Farias 2008
1439:through his daughter
962:with the ethnic name
375:
230:Askia Muhammad Ture I
220:
2620:16th-century Muslims
2068:Green, Toby (2020).
1875:Boubou Hama (1967).
1387:improve this section
1076:improve this section
975:Gabelinga Hama Kassa
831:Askia Muhammad V Gao
784:improve this section
556:In 1496 he made the
2568:– Xavier University
2070:A Fistful of Shells
1796:from britannica.com
1508:for the most part.
1276:Songhai Mamar Hamey
846:colonization, only
583:Sultanate of Agadez
359:After going on the
2573:2018-10-01 at the
2501:Levtzion, Nehemiah
2242:, p. 184 n68.
2202:, p. 180 n40.
2044:"Muhammad I Askia"
2011:, p. 126–127.
1647:In popular culture
716:Descent from Askia
620:, and brought the
587:Kanem-Borno empire
382:
232:(1443–1538), born
227:
2492:978-0-415-96692-4
2471:978-0-7969-2204-5
2414:978-90-04-11207-0
2372:978-0-691-17742-7
1782:from globaled.org
1731:Tarikh al-Fattash
1684:Legends of Africa
1618:Tarikh al-fattash
1549:Tarikh al-Fattash
1543:according to the
1423:
1422:
1415:
1112:
1111:
1104:
835:Battle of Tondibi
820:
819:
812:
722:Tarikh al fattash
712:in Gao in 1538.
622:Kingdom of Diarra
500:Tarikh al-Fattash
435:The title Askia (
336:Tarikh al-Fattash
268:states as far as
215:
214:
173:
172:
48:April 1493 – 1528
16:(Redirected from
2627:
2615:Songhai emperors
2553:
2552:
2551:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2496:
2475:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2313:, translated in
2312:
2310:Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān
2294:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2237:
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2012:
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1994:
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1709:
1703:
1700:
1475:Sokoto caliphate
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1367:
1359:
1122:subgroup of the
1107:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1056:
1048:
952:Dendi (province)
815:
808:
804:
801:
795:
764:
756:
442:
410:Tillabéri Region
352:or Silla in the
326:Name and origins
161:
98:
95:
81:
78:
33:Askia Muhammad I
30:
21:
2635:
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2575:Wayback Machine
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2301:Primary sources
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2015:
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1967:
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1715:
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1701:
1697:
1692:
1680:
1649:
1624:Tarikh al-Sudan
1585:
1545:Tarikh al-Sudan
1539:also had Total
1511:Throughout the
1486:
1437:Bagauda Dynasty
1426:Askia Mohamed I
1419:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1384:
1368:
1357:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1073:
1057:
1046:
1044:Songhai Djermas
997:to conquer the
816:
805:
799:
796:
781:
765:
754:
718:
686:
684:Exile and death
650:
554:
542:Battle of Anfao
492:
468:
445:Tarikh al-Sudan
433:
414:Tera Department
332:Tarikh al-Sudan
328:
250:Askia the Great
130:
129:
100:
96:
82:
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2633:
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2597:
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2586:
2583:
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2559:External links
2557:
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2299:
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2190:, p. 436.
2180:
2178:, p. 434.
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2166:, p. 430.
2156:
2154:, p. 433.
2144:
2126:
2124:, p. 432.
2114:
2099:
2090:
2088:, p. 428.
2075:
2060:
2028:
2026:, p. 427.
2013:
2001:
1989:
1987:, p. 114.
1977:
1975:, p. 181.
1965:
1953:
1951:, p. 103.
1941:
1939:, p. 226.
1929:
1911:
1909:, p. 102.
1899:
1897:, p. 335.
1884:
1867:
1865:, p. 126.
1852:
1840:
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1813:
1811:, p. 102.
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1675:
1674:
1661:
1656:musical group
1648:
1645:
1584:
1581:
1485:
1482:
1464:Sullubawa clan
1457:Songhai Empire
1453:Hausa Kingdoms
1445:Muhammad Rumfa
1421:
1420:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:Djerma princes
1299:Hawa ize maali
1110:
1109:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1042:
827:Askia Ishaq II
818:
817:
768:
766:
759:
753:
750:
717:
714:
710:and was buried
685:
682:
649:
646:
553:
550:
491:
488:
467:
464:
432:
429:
386:Songhai people
327:
324:
316:Western Africa
246:Songhai Empire
223:Songhai Empire
221:Extent of the
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50:
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35:
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26:
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18:Askia Mohammed
14:
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3:
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2544:9780226775487
2540:
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2529:
2518:
2516:9781139054577
2512:
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2484:
2483:
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2433:0-253-21110-7
2429:
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2383:
2378:
2374:
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2364:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:Other sources
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2291:Johnston 2010
2287:
2284:
2279:
2277:0-7619-8902-1
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
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2236:
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2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:Levtzion 1977
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:Levtzion 1977
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:Levtzion 1977
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:Levtzion 1977
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:Levtzion 1977
2118:
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2100:
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2091:
2087:
2086:Levtzion 1977
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2045:
2039:
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2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Levtzion 1977
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:, p. 89.
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
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1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:, p. 83.
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1823:, p. 85.
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
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1794:
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1668:
1667:
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1659:
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1650:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:Tomb of Askia
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Sonni dynasty
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:Are sons the
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:Tomb of Askia
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Central Sahel
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
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1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
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1446:
1442:
1438:
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1431:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1403:December 2022
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:This section
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:yefarma ishak
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1280:Sunni Ali Ber
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:, babousaye,
1238:
1234:
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1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
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1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Askia Dynasty
1133:
1132:Sunni Dynasty
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1092:December 2022
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:This section
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Oumarou karma
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:royal house,
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
829:, Askia Nuh,
828:
824:
814:
811:
803:
800:December 2022
793:
789:
785:
779:
778:
774:
769:This section
767:
763:
758:
757:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:His successor
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
642:Emir of Kebbi
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
484:Senegal River
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
460:Leo Africanus
457:
452:
450:
446:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
421:Sunni Ali Ber
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Omar Komajago
394:
392:
391:Sunni dynasty
387:
379:
378:Tomb of Askia
374:
370:
368:
364:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Askia dynasty
239:
238:Muhammad Ture
235:
231:
224:
219:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:Askia dynasty
182:
180:
176:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Askia Ishaq I
146:
145:Askia Isma'il
142:
139:
137:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:Tomb of Askia
115:
114:
111:
107:
104:
92:
88:
85:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2595:1440s births
2565:
2548:, retrieved
2533:
2520:. Retrieved
2505:
2481:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2447:Ars Technica
2446:
2423:
2404:
2381:
2361:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2315:Hunwick 1999
2309:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2247:
2240:Hunwick 1999
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2200:Hunwick 1999
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2004:
1997:Bellama 1970
1992:
1980:
1973:Hunwick 1999
1968:
1956:
1949:Hunwick 1999
1944:
1932:
1923:
1902:
1895:Hunwick 1999
1877:
1870:
1843:
1816:
1809:Hunwick 1999
1792:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1743:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1664:
1658:Mamar Kassey
1628:
1622:
1616:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1541:333 children
1540:
1534:
1512:
1510:
1496:soldiers of
1487:
1479:
1467:Dabo Dynasty
1440:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1400:
1385:Please help
1373:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1204:
1193:Tondikiwindi
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1144:khaman Duksa
1143:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1089:
1074:Please help
1062:
1037:
1035:
1014:
1010:
1006:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
822:
821:
806:
797:
782:Please help
770:
752:Mamar Haamey
730:Genghis Khan
721:
719:
687:
674:
651:
615:
576:
569:
565:
555:
534:
524:
514:
503:
499:
493:
469:
455:
453:
448:
444:
434:
418:
403:
395:
383:
360:
358:
343:
335:
331:
329:
312:Futa Djallon
305:
290:
258:Mamar Kassey
257:
249:
237:
233:
229:
228:
99:(aged 94–95)
38:
2600:1538 deaths
1961:Bühnen 2005
1848:Bühnen 2005
1836:Bühnen 2005
1821:Bühnen 2005
1639:, is now a
1633:Middle Ages
1613:Islamic law
1605:scholarship
1537:Askia Dawud
1527:located in
1443:married to
1255:) over the
1241:Tondikandia
1203:) over the
1156:Tagour Gana
1027:Gorom Gorom
999:Upper Volta
922:, loulami,
738:Charlemagne
678:Niger river
322:, in 1528.
262:West Africa
210:Sunni Islam
153:Askia Dawud
97: 1538
80: 1443
53:Predecessor
2589:Categories
2550:2021-06-04
2452:2022-02-07
2222:4 February
1937:Gomez 2018
1755:References
1609:Ahmed Baba
1598:scientific
1554:Askia Musa
1547:while the
1447:Sultan of
1355:Hausa land
1338:zaberbenda
1295:Dendi Fari
1287:Za Dynasty
1249:Garankedey
1245:Hamdallaye
1243:, bogole,
1140:Gao Empire
1128:Za Dynasty
1019:Toucouleur
983:zarmatarey
726:concubines
698:Askia Musa
654:sharia law
594:Mahmud III
585:, and the
521:Sonni Baru
476:Toucouleur
466:Early life
367:matronymic
320:Askia Musa
301:Sunni Baru
141:Askia Musa
67:Askia Musa
57:Sunni Baru
2390:cite book
2346:: 83–90.
2308:al-Sadi,
2217:epdf.tips
1736:Futa Toro
1711:Or Askiya
1690:Footnotes
1374:does not
1189:Djermakoy
1152:Mali Bero
1063:does not
1029:with the
928:Banikoara
842:) before
771:does not
618:Tenguella
517:Sonni Ali
496:Sonni Ali
490:Rebellion
449:a si Kiya
350:Futa Toro
297:Sunni Ali
293:Sunni Ali
63:Successor
2571:Archived
2522:12 March
2384:. Paris.
2352:25653427
1678:See also
1654:Nigerien
1594:Timbuktu
1573:Ishaq II
1558:Dahomean
1500:and the
1345:War drum
1323:Colonial
1237:kirtachi
1233:N'Dounga
1215:, yeni,
1148:Zarmakoy
1001:and the
924:karimama
862:such as
860:Emirates
840:Timbuktu
694:Tindirma
670:Timbuktu
531:Timbuktu
510:Timbuktu
425:Timbuktu
206:Religion
193:Abi Bakr
2053:10 June
1671:Songhai
1577:kurmina
1569:Tondibi
1565:Songhai
1502:Songhai
1498:Morocco
1494:Spanish
1473:by the
1455:by the
1435:of the
1433:Sultans
1395:removed
1380:sources
1331:Songhai
1319:Yonkoto
1311:Hombori
1307:Ouallam
1253:Fabidji
1197:Ouallam
1150:sambo (
1130:of the
1124:Djermas
1120:Songhai
1084:removed
1069:sources
1023:Markoye
1015:Djermas
991:Gurunsi
932:Djougou
892:Gorouol
888:Kokorou
872:Gothèye
852:Hombori
792:removed
777:sources
746:Songhai
662:Berbers
658:Tuaregs
648:Reforms
630:Katsina
611:Taghaza
571:khalifa
566:al-hajj
480:Soninke
412:in the
408:in the
354:Senegal
340:Soninke
308:Yatenga
295:. When
274:Nigeria
254:Songhai
244:of the
179:Dynasty
2541:
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2489:
2468:
2430:
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1602:Muslim
1583:Legacy
1519:, The
1506:Askiya
1484:Others
1461:Fulani
1315:Fakara
1261:Maouri
1259:. The
1257:Gooley
1229:libore
1217:Fakara
1205:kalley
1201:Simiri
1173:kogori
1169:fahmey
1154:) and
995:Dagbon
987:Babatu
940:Yoruba
936:Bariba
930:up to
920:Bengou
896:Tuareg
880:Namaro
864:Dargol
848:Djenne
844:French
742:Europe
706:Ismail
626:Agadez
606:Tuareg
602:Walata
581:, the
494:Under
456:siciya
437:Arabic
278:Europe
201:Kassey
198:Mother
190:Father
109:Burial
2348:JSTOR
1517:Hausa
1430:Hausa
1342:Tubal
1265:Gubey
1225:Kollo
1221:kouré
1213:kiota
1209:Dosso
1181:Manay
1177:kandi
1161:waazi
1116:Askia
1038:Maiga
1031:Sunni
964:Zarma
960:Sunni
948:Mandé
916:Yelou
912:Tanda
884:Sikié
876:Karma
856:Niger
823:Mamar
638:Gobir
634:Zaria
598:Borgu
591:Mansa
579:Mossi
562:Mecca
552:Reign
536:Dendi
526:ulama
505:ulama
441:اسكيا
431:Title
406:Niger
345:nisba
286:Islam
266:Hausa
164:Names
136:Issue
101:Gao,
45:Reign
39:Askia
27:Askia
2539:ISBN
2524:2024
2511:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2396:link
2367:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2224:2023
2055:2023
1729:The
1652:The
1600:and
1521:Fula
1490:Arma
1488:The
1471:kano
1449:Kano
1441:Awah
1378:any
1376:cite
1301:and
1291:Army
1269:Loga
1165:sega
1134:and
1067:any
1065:cite
1025:and
993:and
968:Emir
958:and
908:Bana
904:Gaya
900:Dori
868:Tera
775:any
773:cite
736:and
734:Asia
720:The
690:Musa
660:and
636:and
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280:and
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90:Died
73:Born
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1389:by
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1078:by
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1007:1/4
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786:by
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