197:. Ashraf os-Saltaneh was haughty, proud and self-confident, and could be confrontational, even with members of the royal family. Her nephew, Yaman al-Dowleh, described her as masculine woman, an atypical representative of her gender. Her ancestry provided her with connections in the royal harem, giving her access to court gossip and intrigue, information vitally important to her husband in navigating through political in-fighting, and power with which to intercede on behalf his behalf with the court. She became a trusted confidant and strategist for E'temad os-Saltaneh.
220:, a noted historian of the Iranian press, named Ashraf os-Saltaneh as the first woman journalist of the country, as well as the first photographer after discovering nine articles she published in collaboration with E'temad os-Saltaneh, while her husband was serving as the press officer of Iran. When her husband died in April 1896, he left his papers to the Shah, but when Naser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated a month later, Ashraf os-Saltaneh asked for the diary to be returned to her. Ashraf os-Saltaneh remarried with to her first cousin, Sayyid
205:
photographs of female subjects tended to be made by foreign travelers and women of the court. Some of her photographs were made inside the court and she took a well-known photograph of Naser al-Din Shah. Other photographs made by her were included in the diary of her husband. Ashraf os-Saltaneh is widely recognized as the first woman photographer in Iran and was followed by her sisters Azra and
Fatemeh, who also took photographs at court, and a Miss Haddad, who took pictures of the public in Shahpour Square.
201:
required that her husband detail all of his encounters to her. These were recorded in his diary and despite the fact that E'temad os-Saltaneh had fathered a child with his first wife, he repeatedly stated in the journal that he was impotent, in an attempt to appease his wife. In an era when women were separated from society and subordinate to their husbands, Ashraf os-Saltaneh's gender had minimal impact on her life, allowing her to act independently.
746:
259:. In 1966, the diary was published giving information not only of the cultural and political life of Iran in the 19th century, but personal insights into "the life and personality of a ruler—Naser od-Din Shah". Eight years after she died a biography of her life was written by Soltan Ahmad Dowlatshāhi Yamin-od-Dowle.
802:
145:, known as one of the earliest women photographers and journalists in the period. After the death of her first husband, she preserved his daily journal, which she had helped write. It was published in 1966 and provides insight into court life and the personality of the monarch during the 19th century.
192:
Ashraf os-Saltaneh had received a typical education for members of the royal harem learning cooking and sewing. She also studied history and medicine, forgoing the usual feminine subjects of poetry and music, and was accomplished at backgammon and chess. In addition, her husband taught her French and
200:
Because Ashraf os-Saltaneh could not have children, she tolerated her husband's relationships with prostitutes, servants and young boys, as long as no pregnancy resulted. Knowing that offspring might result in a reduction of her power by elevating a servant to a higher position in the household, she
204:
With photography, Ashraf os-Saltaneh was reported by her nephew Yaman al-Dowleh and E'temad os-Saltaneh to have taken beautiful photographs. At a time when the law forbade women and men from having any contact outside of the family, few photographs of women were made. With few exceptions, the
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E'temad os-Saltaneh kept detailed diaries of court life and Ashraf os-Saltaneh was one of the few people who had access to his private notes. From time to time, he dictated the day's events to her and she made the daily entries for him.
563:
653:
Nameghi, Khadijeh
Mohammadi; Pérez González, Carmen (January 2013). "From Sitters to Photographers: Women in Photography from the Qajar Era to the 1930s".
174:
116:
606:
Kia, Mehrdad (January 2001). "Inside the Court of Naser od-Din Shah Qajar, 1881–96: The Life and Diary of
Mohammad Hasan Khan E'temad os-Saltaneh".
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her brother Soltan
Mohammad Mirza taught her photography. She was a friend of both the Shah and his most important wife
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189:. After her husband received the title of E'temad os-Saltaneh in 1887, she was commonly known as Ashraf os-Saltaneh.
181:. Her husband, was a high-ranking member of the court and served as the personal interpreter and translator for the
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Liminalities of Gender and
Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Iranian Photography: Desirous Bodies
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811:. Tehran, Iran: National Center for Young Journalists. 9 August 2015. Archived from
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232:, returned the journal, which remained with Ashraf os-Saltaneh until her death.
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Ashraf os-Saltaneh died in 1914 in
Mashhad and was buried in the mausoleum at
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749:[Ashraf al-Saltaneh was both a photographer and a journalist].
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251:. She willed the diary of her first husband to the Library of the
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Ashraf al-Saltaneh, Ashraf-os-Saltane, Ezzat al-Molk
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161:, a governor of western Iran, who was the son of
173:of Iran. In 1871, she became the second wife of
777:[Discover Iran's first photographer].
8:
562:حسامی (Hesami), مهدی (Mehdi) (Summer 2016).
753:(in Persian). No. 5777. Tehran, Iran.
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803:""عزت ملک خانم"اولین خبرنگار ایرانی+ عکس"
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747:"اشرف السلطنه هم عکاس و هم روزنامهنگار"
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175:Mohammad Hasan Khan E'temad os-Saltaneh
117:Mohammad Hasan Khan E'temad os-Saltaneh
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165:. She was the great-granddaughter of
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564:"عکاسی و زنان عکاس در دوره قاجار"
319:Nameghi & Pérez González 2013
16:Iranian princess and photographer
757:. 4 October 2014. Archived from
153:Ezzat Malek Khanoum was born in
721:Scheiwiller, Staci Gem (2016).
692:Nashat, G. (30 December 2012).
157:, Iran in 1863. Her father was
775:"نخستین عکاس ایران را بشناسید"
1:
163:Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah
781:(in Persian). Tehran, Iran:
755:Islamic Republic News Agency
669:10.1080/03087298.2012.718142
159:Emamqoli Mirza Emad-al-Dawla
69:1914 (aged 50–51)
869:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine
700:. New York City, New York:
334:Young Journalists Club 2015
890:
874:19th-century Iranian women
864:19th-century photographers
230:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
30:
854:Iranian photojournalists
548:, pp. 103–104, 110.
228:. In 1903, the new Shah
31:
224:(Thabit), and moved to
187:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
849:People from Kermanshah
808:Young Journalists Club
727:. New York, New York:
656:History of Photography
609:Middle Eastern Studies
177:and moved with him to
729:Taylor & Francis
702:Encyclopædia Iranica
348:, pp. 107, 109.
211:Saiyed Farid Ghasemi
785:. 11 January 2014.
708:on 17 November 2018
593:on 16 November 2017
503:Fares Plus magazine
428:, pp. 130–131.
416:, pp. 129–130.
404:, pp. 126–127.
167:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
815:on 8 December 2018
761:on 9 December 2018
131:Ashraf os-Saltaneh
44:Ezzat Malek Khanom
25:Ashraf os-Saltaneh
751:Iran Evening News
738:978-1-315-51212-9
698:iranicaonline.org
622:10.1080/714004363
485:Iran Evening News
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616:(1): 101–141.
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574:(in Persian).
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817:. Retrieved
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663:(1): 48–73.
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143:Qajar period
139:اشرف السلطنه
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844:1914 deaths
839:1863 births
467:Hesami 2016
455:Hesami 2016
443:Hesami 2016
387:Nashat 2012
245: [
222:Husayn Arab
214: [
124:(1901–1914)
119:(1871–1896)
81:Nationality
833:Categories
819:8 December
793:9 December
765:9 December
712:9 December
597:9 December
263:References
155:Kermanshah
149:Early life
97:Occupation
58:Kermanshah
685:216590349
677:0308-7298
646:144861380
630:0026-3206
584:2008-451X
268:Citations
169:, second
113:Spouse(s)
108:1887–1914
787:Archived
546:Kia 2001
534:Kia 2001
517:Kia 2001
426:Kia 2001
414:Kia 2001
402:Kia 2001
375:Kia 2001
358:Kia 2001
346:Kia 2001
285:Kia 2001
638:4284141
572:همکاران
257:Mashhad
226:Mashhad
135:Persian
84:Iranian
73:Mashhad
49: (
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683:
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582:
179:Tehran
75:, Iran
60:, Iran
681:S2CID
642:S2CID
634:JSTOR
591:(PDF)
568:(PDF)
249:]
218:]
821:2018
795:2018
767:2018
733:ISBN
714:2018
673:ISSN
626:ISSN
599:2018
580:ISSN
505:2014
487:2014
183:Shah
66:Died
51:1863
47:1863
40:Born
665:doi
618:doi
255:in
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