1157:
445:
1215:
903:
405:
1235:
1126:
1250:
675:
370:. These can be distinguished by the degree of welding. The base of a cooling unit is typically unwelded due to chilling from the underlying cold surface, and the degree of welding and of secondary reactions from fluids in the flow increases upwards towards the center of the flow. Welding decreases towards the top of the cooling unit, where the unit cools more rapidly. The intensity of welding may also decrease towards areas in which the deposit is thinner, and with distance from source.
60:
891:
417:
45:
1279:
3785:
3809:
1672:
683:
79:
3556:
3821:
3797:
3382:
242:
858:-fields of southern Africa and other regions. The principal variety of kimberlite is a dark bluish-green, serpentine-rich breccia (blue-ground) which, when thoroughly oxidized and weathered, becomes a friable brown or yellow mass (the "yellow-ground"). These breccias were emplaced as gas–solid mixtures and are typically preserved and mined in
1606:
658:, or chalcedony; in microscopic sections, though, the nature of the original lava can nearly always be made out from the shapes and properties of the little crystals which occur in the decomposed glassy base. Even in the smallest details, these ancient tuffs have a complete resemblance to the modern ash beds of
275:, and tuff formed predominantly from glass shards is described as vitric tuff. The glass shards are typically either irregular in shape or are roughly triangular with convex sides. They are the shattered walls of countless small bubbles that formed in the magma as dissolved gases rapidly came out of solution.
862:
that form intrusive pipe-like structures. At depth, some kimberlite breccias grade into root zones of dikes made of unfragmented rock. At the surface, ultramafic tuffs may occur in maar deposits. Because kimberlites are the most common igneous source of diamonds, the transitions from maar to diatreme
373:
Cooler pyroclastic flows are unwelded and the ash sheets deposited by them are relatively unconsolidated. However, cooled volcanic ash can quickly become lithified because it usually has a high content of volcanic glass. This is a thermodynamically unstable material that reacts rapidly with ground
957:
and
Germany include many cleaved and partly recrystallized ash-beds, some of which still retain their fragmental structure, though their lapilli are flattened and drawn out. Their steam cavities are usually filled with calcite, but sometimes with quartz. The more completely altered forms of these
262:
Volcanic ash is further divided into fine ash, with particle sizes smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter, and coarse ash, with particle sizes between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter. Tuff is correspondingly divided into coarse tuff (coarse ash tuff) and fine tuff (fine ash tuff or dust
397:
Tuffs are further classified by their depositional environment, such as lacustrine tuff, subaerial tuff, or submarine tuff, or by the mechanism by which the ash was transported, such as fallout tuff or ash flow tuff. Reworked tuffs, formed by erosion and redeposition of ash deposits, are usually
757:
strata, and among the still older rocks of the Lake
District, the southern uplands of Scotland, and Wales. They are black, dark green, or red in colour; vary greatly in coarseness, some being full of round spongy bombs a foot or more in diameter; and being often submarine, may contain shale,
444:
245:
Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed about bubbles of expanding, water-rich
2231:
Matthews, Naomi E.; Vazquez, Jorge A.; Calvert, Andrew T. (August 2015). "Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at
Yellowstone based on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals: AGE OF THE LAVA CREEK SUPERERUPTION".
706:
that are nonexplosive and produce little ash. However, interaction between basaltic magma and groundwater or sea water results in hydromagmatic explosions that produce abundant ash. These deposit ash cones that subsequently can become cemented into tuff cones.
1125:
1286:
Tuffs are deposited geologically instantaneously and often over a large region. This makes them highly useful as time-stratigraphic markers. The use of tuffs and other tephra deposits in this manner is known as tephrochronology and is particularly useful for
1156:
2148:
1307:
grains found in many tuffs are highly durable and can survive even metamorphism of the host tuff to schist, allowing absolute ages to be assigned to ancient metamorphic rocks. For example, dating of zircons in a metamorphosed tuff bed in the
646:, ancient rocks of exactly similar nature are abundant. In color, they are red or brown; their scoriae fragments are of all sizes from huge blocks down to minute granular dust. The cavities are filled with many secondary minerals, such as
270:
Volcanic ash can vary greatly in composition, and so tuffs are further classified by the composition of the ash from which they formed. Ash from high-silica volcanism, particularly in ash flows, consists mainly of shards of
278:
Tuffs formed from ash consisting predominantly of individual crystals are described as crystal tuffs, while those formed from ash consisting predominantly of pulverized rock fragments are described as lithic tuffs.
549:
The Tioga
Bentonite of the northeastern United States varies in composition from crystal tuff to tuffaceous shale. It was deposited as ash carried by wind that fell out over the sea and settled to the bottom. It is
2163:
1214:
958:
rocks are platy, green chloritic schists; in these, however, structures indicating their original volcanic nature only sparingly occur. These are intermediate stages between cleaved tuffs and crystalline schists.
1249:
3307:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
250:
Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases
2808:
Richan, Lindsay; Gibson, Harold L.; Houlé, Michel G.; Lesher, C. Michael (2015). "Mode of emplacement of
Archean komatiitic tuffs and flows in the Selkirk Bay area, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada".
1018:, but this name is now applied to a number of substances not always of identical character. In the historical architecture of Naples, Neapolitan yellow tuff is the most used building material.
522:
631,000 years ago. This tuff had an original volume of at least 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi). Lava Creek tuff is known to be at least 1000 times as large as the deposits of the
2447:
Macdonald, R.; Kjarsgaard, B. A.; Skilling, I. P.; Davies, G. R.; Hamilton, D. L.; Black, S. (June 1993). "Liquid immiscibility between trachyte and carbonate in ash flow tuffs from Kenya".
3306:
3236:
2662:
Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki; Ishizaka, Kyoichi (April 1982). "Magnesian andesite and basalt from Shodo-Shima Island, southwest Japan, and their bearing on the genesis of calc-alkaline andesites".
3240:
2188:
McArthur, A. N.; Cas, R. A. F.; Orton, G. J. (30 November 1998). "Distribution and significance of crystalline, perlitic and vesicular textures in the
Ordovician Garth Tuff (Wales)".
966:
The primary economic value of tuff is as a building material. In the ancient world, tuff's relative softness meant that it was commonly used for construction where it was available.
2558:
Nokleberg, Warren J.; Jones, David L.; Silberling, Norman J. (1 October 1985). "Origin and tectonic evolution of the
Maclaren and Wrangellia terranes, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska".
450:
Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon, New Mexico, USA. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper
Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units.
416:
2412:
Giannetti, Bernardino; De Casa, Giancarlo (March 2000). "Stratigraphy, chronology, and sedimentology of ignimbrites from the white trachytic tuff, Roccamonfina
Volcano, Italy".
990:
in the fourth century BC, is also built almost entirely from tuff. The Romans also cut tuff into small, rectangular stones that they used to create walls in a pattern known as
3248:
1291:
chronostratigraphy. Individual tuff beds can be "fingerprinted" by their chemical composition and phenocryst assemblages. Absolute ages for tuff beds can be determined by
1234:
507:, and quartz) and by devitrification. The frequent presence of rounded corroded quartz crystals, such as occur in rhyolitic lavas, helps to demonstrate their real nature.
134:
Tuff is a relatively soft rock, so it has been used for construction since ancient times. Because it is common in Italy, the Romans used it often for construction. The
2369:
Gillot, P-Y.; Chiesa, S.; Pasquaré, G.; Vezzoli, L. (September 1982). "<33,000-yr K–Ar dating of the volcano–tectonic horst of the Isle of Ischia, Gulf of Naples".
2104:
Howells, M. F.; Reedman, A. J.; Campbell, S. D. G. (May 1986). "The submarine eruption and emplacement of the Lower
Rhyolitic Tuff Formation (Ordovician), N Wales".
263:
tuff). Consolidated tephra composed mostly of coarser particles is called lapillistone (particles 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter) or agglomerate or pyroclastic
3004:
1641:
1453:"Descriptive nomenclature and classification of pyroclastic deposits and fragments: recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks"
722:
Although conventional mafic volcanism produce little ash, such ash as is formed may accumulate locally as significant deposits. An example is the Pahala ash of
2846:"Volcanological and petrogenetic characteristics of komatiites of the 3.3 Ga Saw Mill Complex, Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa"
2937:
Colella, A.; Di Benedetto, C.; Calcaterra, D.; Cappelletti, P.; d'Amore, M.; Di Martire, D.; Graziano, S.F.; Papa, L.; De Gennaro, M.; Langella, A. (2017).
2631:
Cronin, Shane J.; Neall, Vincent E.; Palmer, Alan S. (January 1996). "Geological history of the north-eastern ring plain of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand".
1692:
404:
2523:
Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M.; Nolan, K. Michael (1 October 1986). "Catastrophic flooding and eruption of ash-flow tuff at Medicine Lake volcano, California".
3152:
3035:
2267:
3183:
2490:
Motoki, Akihisa; Geraldes, Mauro Cesar; Iwanuch, Woldemar; Vargas, Thais; Motoki, Kenji Freire; Balmant, Alex; Ramos, Marina Nascimento (March 2012).
2012:
Crisci, G. M.; Rosa, R.; Lanzafame, G.; et al. (September 1981). "Monte guardia sequence: a late-pleistocene eruptive cycle on Lipari (Italy)".
1049:
has been widely used for construction of railroad stations and other buildings in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and other large cities. Construction using the
3738:
1084:
530:(VEI) of 8, greater than any eruption known in the last 10,000 years. Ash flow tuffs cover 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 sq mi) of the
359:. During welding, the glass shards and pumice fragments adhere together (necking at point contacts), deform, and compact together, resulting in a
255:. These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from the volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter (
3049:
Long, Jane C .S.; Ewing, Rodney C. (19 May 2004). "YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Earth-Science Issues at a Geologic Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste".
1087:, a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste, is in tuff and ignimbrite in the
3114:
3128:
2353:
1815:
1618:
1430:
574:
and sometimes oligoclase feldspar, with occasional biotite, augite, and hornblende. In weathering, they often change to soft red or yellow
3859:
3414:
726:
island, which locally is as thick as 15 meters (49 ft). These deposits also rapidly alter to palagonite, and eventually weather to
460:
Tuffs have the potential to be deposited wherever explosive volcanism takes place, and so have a wide distribution in location and age.
2596:(1987). "Low ?18O silicic volcanic rocks at the Calabozos caldera complex, southern Andes: Evidence for upper-crustal contamination".
3825:
3085:
2741:
1728:
1405:
523:
117:
into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as
902:
2492:"The pyroclastic dyke and welded crystal tuff of the Morro dos Gatos alkaline intrusive complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
1240:
347:. Welding requires temperatures in excess of 600 °C (1,100 °F). If the rock contains scattered, pea-sized fragments or
2845:
1687:
917:
In course of time, changes other than weathering may overtake tuff deposits. Sometimes, they are involved in folding and become
3220:...walls of monumental buildings at Ani (including the fortifications) were built of smoothly dressed blocks of tuff stone...
3000:
Sächsische „Porphyrtuffe" aus dem Rotliegend als Baugesteine: Vorkommen und Abbau, Anwendung, Eigenschaften und Verwitterung
937:
also, the tuffs are slaty and cleaved. The green color is due to the large development of chlorite. Among the crystalline
499:, etc., similar tuffs are known, but in all cases, they are greatly changed by silicification (which has filled them with
3011:
930:
758:
sandstone, grit, and other sedimentary material, and are occasionally fossiliferous. Recent basaltic tuffs are found in
355:-tuff. Welded tuffs (and welded lapilli-tuffs) can be of fallout origin, or deposited from ash flows, as in the case of
83:
1607:"Making Moai: Reconsidering concepts of riskin the construction of megalithic architecture in Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"
2920:
187:
49:
3215:
3768:
3763:
1540:
527:
343:
Particles of volcanic ash that are sufficiently hot will weld together after settling to the surface, producing a
1221:
1115:
Tuff from Rano Raraku was used by the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island to make the vast majority of their famous
3194:
The city, whose population is now upwards of 800,000, has been rebuilt in the rosy volcanic stone called tufa...
2783:"Petrology of explosive Middle-Upper Triassic ultramafic rocks in the Mess Creek area, northern Stikine terrane"
949:
tuffs. They often accompany masses of epidiorite and hornblende – schists which are the corresponding lavas and
282:
The chemical composition of volcanic ash reflects the entire range of volcanic rock chemistry, from high-silica
3270:
2893:"The tuffs of the "Servian Wall" in Rome: Materials from the local quarries and from the conquered territories"
2718:
2579:
1225:
1088:
484:
3162:
2544:
941:
of many regions, green beds or green schists occur, which consist of quartz, hornblende, chlorite or biotite,
300:
The most straightforward way for volcanic ash to move away from the vent is as ash clouds that are part of an
4866:
3912:
3892:
3852:
3407:
1296:
674:
4337:
3157:
603:
325:
2149:"Igneous processes within late Precambrian volcanic centres near Whitwick, northwestern Charnwood Forest"
4302:
2986:
1189:
1171:
63:
31:
3801:
3167:...pink tuff is rare outside of the region and Yerevan is the only major city built out of this stone.
2925:
Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones. Applications in the Restoration of Ancient Monuments.
1969:
Jónasson, K. (December 1994). "Rhyolite volcanism in the Krafla central volcano, north-east Iceland".
3318:
3058:
2857:
2818:
2706:
2671:
2636:
2567:
2532:
2456:
2421:
2378:
2302:
2197:
2113:
2021:
1978:
1756:
1167:
708:
2293:
Dennison, J. M.; Textoris, D. A. (March 1970). "Devonian tioga tuff in Northeastern United States".
59:
4861:
3120:
1076:
with an architectural history over 1,000 years in Germany. The quarries are located near Rochlitz.
615:
515:
4587:
3808:
1498:
4133:
3845:
3789:
3733:
3520:
3495:
3400:
3188:
2873:
2613:
2472:
2394:
2318:
2249:
2213:
2129:
2037:
1994:
1635:
1571:"The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*"
1472:
922:
324:
that characteristically are poorly sorted and pool in low terrain. Surge deposits sometimes show
3305:
Daniel, Christopher G.; Pfeifer, Lily S.; Jones, James V III; McFarlane, Christopher M. (2013).
1768:
363:. Welded tuff is commonly rhyolitic in composition, but examples of all compositions are known.
890:
4088:
3728:
3587:
3525:
3124:
3029:
2737:
2349:
2056:
1811:
1724:
1614:
1426:
1401:
1356:
953:. Some chlorite-schists also are probably altered beds of volcanic tuff. The "Schalsteins" of
703:
599:
360:
321:
317:
309:
110:
3386:
1918:
4785:
4497:
4284:
4153:
3813:
3743:
3712:
3707:
3490:
3351:
3326:
3262:
3232:
3211:
3066:
2950:
2900:
2865:
2826:
2714:
2679:
2644:
2605:
2575:
2540:
2503:
2464:
2429:
2386:
2341:
2310:
2241:
2205:
2121:
2071:
2029:
1986:
1913:
1903:
1764:
1677:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1582:
1510:
1464:
1329:
1300:
1273:
1255:
1042:
992:
934:
879:
779:
771:
496:
214:
156:
44:
3070:
4856:
4597:
4357:
4210:
3682:
3545:
3457:
3447:
3179:
2697:
Oertel, G. (1970). "Deformation of a Slaty, Lapillar Tuff in the Lake District, England".
1313:
1309:
1069:
918:
723:
631:
511:
313:
301:
135:
340:) when mingled with water from rainfall or through eruption into a body of water or ice.
316:
results in a more spectacular and destructive form of transport, which takes the form of
3322:
3062:
2861:
2822:
2710:
2675:
2640:
2571:
2536:
2460:
2425:
2382:
2306:
2201:
2117:
2025:
1982:
1760:
1278:
1204:, the country's medieval capital, now in Turkey. A small village in Armenia was renamed
237:, particles of solid material of all shapes and sizes ejected and thrown through the air
4790:
4632:
4225:
4148:
3758:
3687:
3505:
3485:
1452:
1163:
1061:
950:
651:
635:
272:
252:
206:
202:
98:
87:
2954:
2433:
4850:
4835:
4750:
4715:
4562:
4123:
4028:
3753:
3657:
3564:
3540:
3515:
3510:
3500:
2782:
2683:
2648:
2617:
2593:
2476:
2322:
2253:
2217:
2133:
2041:
1998:
1683:
1678:
1587:
1570:
1476:
1351:
1131:
1100:
978:
used it for many buildings and bridges. For example, the whole port of the island of
907:
895:
763:
754:
742:
691:
643:
627:
587:
164:
145:
2938:
2877:
2830:
2508:
2491:
290:
ash, and tuffs are likewise described as rhyolitic, andesitic, basaltic, and so on.
4760:
4740:
4612:
4259:
4237:
4178:
4078:
4023:
4008:
3874:
3748:
3692:
3530:
3462:
2398:
983:
975:
946:
738:
734:
571:
543:
531:
375:
194:
170:
Tuff is often erroneously called tufa in guidebooks and in television programs but
152:
102:
48:
Cliff face of welded tuff pockmarked with holes — some natural, some man-made from
2345:
1499:"Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine"
558:, where the tuff reaches its maximum thickness of about 40 meters (130 ft).
336:. Volcanic ash already deposited on the surface can be transported as mud flows (
4649:
4540:
4520:
4510:
4437:
4387:
4312:
4158:
4093:
4063:
4018:
3976:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3897:
3642:
3597:
3572:
3480:
3452:
3442:
3206:
Haviland, William A; Harald, E. L. Prins; Dana, Walrath; McBride, Bunny (2015).
2979:
2905:
2892:
2075:
1139:
1096:
623:
614:
Andesitic tuffs are exceedingly common. They occur along the whole chain of the
535:
488:
423:
67:
682:
4815:
4800:
4775:
4770:
4680:
4665:
4582:
4550:
4515:
4505:
4487:
4467:
4412:
4392:
4347:
4269:
4254:
4230:
4190:
4163:
4143:
4113:
4073:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4013:
3922:
3667:
3617:
3592:
2336:
Lippolt, H. J. (1983). "Distribution of Volcanic Activity in Space and Time".
1541:"Home Away from Home: Ancestral Pueblo Fieldhouses in the Northern Rio Grande"
1374:
1288:
1104:
1022:
942:
847:
826:
Ultramafic tuffs are extremely rare; their characteristic is the abundance of
815:
750:
716:
542:. Ash flow tuffs are the only volcanic product with volumes rivaling those of
504:
427:
356:
175:
53:
2125:
1192:. It is the dominant type of stone used in construction in Armenia's capital
867:
kimberlite is more properly called an ultramafic breccia rather than a tuff.
4830:
4820:
4810:
4795:
4765:
4745:
4730:
4725:
4690:
4685:
4644:
4637:
4602:
4572:
4557:
4535:
4477:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4427:
4407:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4352:
4327:
4292:
4205:
4173:
4118:
4108:
4083:
4058:
4053:
3993:
3954:
3917:
3652:
3637:
3622:
3555:
3470:
3002:. In: Institut für Steinkonservierung e. V. Bericht Nr. 22, 2006, p. 47-58.
2055:
Zelenka, Tibor; Balázs, Endre; Balogh, Kadosa; Kiss, János (December 2004).
1345:
1057:
1010:
also is a decomposed tuff, but of basic character, originally obtained near
1007:
979:
875:
811:
807:
803:
783:
767:
746:
695:
575:
491:
are among the areas where such tuffs are prominent. In the ancient rocks of
333:
283:
160:
114:
78:
2869:
712:
3381:
2209:
1107:, areas made of tuff are routinely excavated for storage of wine barrels.
468:
Rhyolite tuffs contain pumiceous, glassy fragments and small scoriae with
4805:
4780:
4705:
4675:
4670:
4592:
4577:
4545:
4525:
4422:
4397:
4274:
4249:
4242:
4220:
4215:
4168:
4103:
3988:
3939:
3929:
3887:
3697:
3672:
3647:
3577:
2919:
Giavarini, Carlo, A. Samueli Ferretti, and Maria Laura Santarelli. 2006.
2245:
1282:
Pilar Formation outcrop showing metatuff beds used for radiometric dating
1205:
1051:
1003:
999:
911:
859:
831:
799:
795:
727:
663:
659:
639:
567:
555:
551:
476:
287:
1539:
Dolan, S.G.; Cates, K.M.; Conrad, C.N.; Copeland, S.R. (14 March 2019).
398:
described by the transport agent, such as aeolian tuff or fluvial tuff.
241:
17:
4825:
4755:
4720:
4695:
4627:
4462:
4402:
4342:
4307:
4200:
4128:
4043:
4003:
3971:
3966:
3882:
3627:
3612:
3437:
3423:
2609:
2468:
2314:
2033:
1990:
1810:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1468:
1368:
1193:
1185:
1046:
1019:
855:
827:
791:
787:
759:
715:. The glassy basaltic ash produced in such eruptions rapidly alters to
655:
647:
519:
480:
391:
383:
379:
352:
264:
106:
1896:"Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations, and identification"
4735:
4710:
4607:
4567:
4530:
4432:
4297:
4195:
4185:
4138:
4098:
4068:
3998:
3983:
3961:
3907:
3902:
3677:
3662:
3632:
3607:
3602:
3582:
3535:
3330:
2939:"The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: An outstanding example of heterogeneity"
2781:
Milidragovic, D.; Joyce, N.L.; Zagorevski, A.; Chapman, J.B. (2015).
2390:
1362:
1304:
1197:
1147:
1092:
1073:
1015:
1011:
938:
864:
835:
595:
591:
579:
539:
473:
469:
435:
431:
348:
234:
4700:
4622:
4617:
4482:
4447:
4367:
4322:
4317:
1908:
1895:
1277:
1143:
1038:
1034:
954:
926:
901:
889:
775:
681:
673:
619:
583:
492:
337:
329:
240:
228:
198:
127:). Tuff composed of sandy volcanic material can be referred to as
77:
71:
58:
43:
3837:
2736:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 9.
1515:
394:, crystallize from the dissolved substances and cement the tuff.
4472:
4417:
4332:
3475:
1292:
1135:
1116:
987:
851:
687:
538:
and about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi) of
500:
387:
312:
and tend to form a blanket of uniform thickness across terrain.
256:
224:
171:
140:
38:
3841:
3396:
1853:
1851:
1371: – Tuff containing both pyroclastic and detrital materials
1359: – Layered or banded texture in some extrusive rock bodies
778:, etc. When weathered, they are filled with calcite, chlorite,
2087:
2085:
1259:
1201:
582:
with secondary quartz. Recent trachyte tuffs are found on the
3392:
3245:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան Volume V
1611:
Rapa Nui: Easter Island Cultural and Historical Perspectives
1365: – Variety of rhyolite containing fragments of andesite
1569:
Jackson, M. D.; Marra, F.; Hay, R. L.; et al. (2005).
1002:
has been used in Rome and Naples as a building stone, is a
846:
Occurrences of ultramafic tuff include surface deposits of
2719:
10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1173:DOASLT]2.0.CO;2
2580:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1251:OATEOT>2.0.CO;2
1747:
O'Brien, R. T. (1 March 1963). "Classification of tuffs".
1258:, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of
267:(particles over 64 mm in diameter) rather than tuff.
2921:"Mechanical characteristics of Roman 'opus caementicium'"
2545:
10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<875:CFAEOA>2.0.CO;2
1723:(2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 27–29.
863:
to root-zone dikes have been studied in detail. Diatreme-
598:. Trachyte-carbonatite tuffs have been identified in the
510:
Welded ignimbrites can be highly voluminous, such as the
1600:
1598:
1060:-style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in
1037:
region of Germany, a trachytic, pumiceous tuff called
1377: – Type of volcanic rock, a type of welded tuff.
945:, feldspar, etc., and are probably recrystallized or
566:
Trachyte tuffs contain little or no quartz, but much
3184:"Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere"
711:, is an example of a tuff cone, as is the island of
4658:
4496:
4283:
3873:
3721:
3563:
3430:
3153:"How Ancient Volcanoes Created Armenia's Pink City"
1564:
1562:
1162:The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at
2984:Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen II.
2268:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
1025:tuff was also used widely in Naples and Campania.
159:. It is usually studied in the context of igneous
3247:(in Armenian). Yerevan University Press. p.
1534:
1532:
602:. Alkaline crystal tuffs have been reported from
1721:Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
366:A sequence of ash flows may consist of multiple
113:. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is
3292:
2057:"Buried Neogene volcanic structures in Hungary"
1944:
1869:
1842:
1808:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1793:
1706:
2414:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1742:
1740:
1446:
1444:
1442:
554:in age and likely came from a vent in central
3853:
3408:
3051:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2091:
1956:
1396:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1142:crater: The second moai from the right has a
830:or serpentine and the scarcity or absence of
8:
1894:Ross, Clarence S.; Smith, Robert L. (1961).
1806:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1696:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1348: – Rock type or absorbent swelling clay
1312:provided some of the first evidence for the
702:Mafic volcanism typically takes the form of
2734:Volcanoes in the sea: the geology of Hawaii
1769:10.1306/74D70E20-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1400:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–90.
1041:has been extensively worked as a hydraulic
163:, although it is sometimes described using
3860:
3846:
3838:
3415:
3401:
3393:
1881:
1781:
1640:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
982:(still in use), was carved from tuff. The
719:as part of the process of lithification.
231:when it emerges and flows over the surface
2967:
2904:
2768:
2756:
2598:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2507:
2449:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1932:
1917:
1907:
1857:
1830:
1586:
1514:
782:, and especially where the lavas contain
1719:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1497:Poole, W. H.; Neuman, Robert B. (2003).
3084:Kositsky, Andrew; Lewis, Scott (2016).
1388:
1210:
1208:(literally "village of tuff") in 1946.
1121:
1085:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
749:volcanic rocks are found; in Scotland,
400:
328:typical of high-velocity flow, such as
3151:Billock, Jennifer (28 December 2016).
3071:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.092203.122444
3034:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3027:
2699:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1633:
1243:in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff
906:19th century embankment wall built of
382:from the glass. New minerals, such as
82:A house constructed of tuff blocks in
1262:(modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff
1200:, Armenia's second largest city, and
1068:is the traditional designation for a
878:tuffs are found, for example, in the
483:, etc. Iceland, Lipari, Hungary, the
308:deposits that are characteristically
259:or smaller) are called volcanic ash.
7:
3796:
2234:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
190:can be classified into three types:
3820:
3086:"Seismic Performance of Wine Caves"
2943:Construction and Building Materials
186:The material that is expelled in a
27:Rock consolidated from volcanic ash
2844:Huber, M.S.; Byerly, G.R. (2018).
626:, New Zealand, Japan, etc. In the
374:water or sea water, which leaches
25:
2955:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053
2274:. United States Geological Survey
2106:Journal of the Geological Society
1425:. Berlin: Springer. p. 138.
1146:("topknot") which is made of red
974:Tuff is common in Italy, and the
733:Basaltic tuffs are also found in
524:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
151:Tuff can be classified as either
3819:
3807:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3554:
3380:
2891:Panei, Liliana (10 April 2010).
2850:South African Journal of Geology
1902:. Professional Paper (366): 19.
1670:
1588:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x
1248:
1233:
1213:
1155:
1124:
443:
415:
403:
221:S, depending on the temperature)
205:, and a sulfur compound (either
2831:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.03.004
2509:10.1590/S0370-44672012000100006
1749:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1421:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).
487:of the American southwest, and
410:Layers of fallout tuff in Japan
304:. These fall to the surface as
3283:Philpotts and Ague 2009, p. 74
3116:Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh
2989:, München, Berlin 1998, p. 160
1045:. Tuff of the Eifel region of
986:, built to defend the city of
642:, and many other districts of
1:
2732:Macdonald, Gordon A. (1983).
2434:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00144-4
1613:. Berlin . pp. 160–161.
933:are finely cleaved ashes. In
351:in it, it is called a welded
2684:10.1016/0024-4937(82)90007-X
2649:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00066-6
2496:Rem: Revista Escola de Minas
2346:10.1007/978-3-642-69219-2_15
1900:USGS Profession Paper Series
1184:Tuff is used extensively in
898:in Rome, made of tuff blocks
882:of Canada and South Africa.
253:when it flows to the surface
138:used it to make most of the
84:Rieden, Rhineland-Palatinate
3293:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
3208:The Essence of Anthropology
3093:The World Tunnel Conference
2906:10.4000/archeosciences.2599
2076:10.1556/ageol.47.2004.2-3.6
1945:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1919:2027/ucbk.ark:/28722/h26b1t
1870:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1843:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1794:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1707:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
296:Transport and lithification
197:, a mixture made mostly of
66:tuff blocks from a tomb at
50:Bandelier National Monument
4883:
3356:Collins English Dictionary
1271:
1134:on Easter Island, with 15
745:, and other places, where
528:Volcanic Explosivity Index
36:
29:
3779:
3552:
2162:(1): 7–28. Archived from
2092:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1957:Philpotts & Ague 2009
678:Diamond Head, a tuff cone
3458:Cryptovolcanic structure
3271:Yerevan University Press
3269:(in Armenian). Yerevan:
2633:Quaternary International
2126:10.1144/gsjgs.143.3.0411
2064:Acta Geologica Hungarica
1605:Richards, Colin (2016).
1089:Basin and Range Province
886:Folding and metamorphism
753:, and Ireland among the
37:Not to be confused with
3913:Basaltic trachyandesite
3893:Alkali feldspar granite
3739:Eruptions by death toll
3237:Melik-Bakhshian, St. T.
2295:Bulletin Volcanologique
2190:Bulletin of Volcanology
2014:Bulletin Volcanologique
1971:Bulletin of Volcanology
1693:Encyclopædia Britannica
1228:, built of yellow tuff
894:Remains of the ancient
3352:"Definition of 'tuff'"
2870:10.25131/sajg.121.0031
1882:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1782:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1283:
914:
899:
699:
679:
610:Intermediate volcanism
326:sedimentary structures
247:
91:
75:
56:
4303:Banded iron formation
3263:Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.
3243:(2001). "Տուֆաշեն ".
2987:Deutscher Kunstverlag
2210:10.1007/s004450050232
2147:Carney, John (2000).
1281:
1241:Holy Saviour's Church
1190:Armenian architecture
1056:, can be seen in the
905:
893:
685:
677:
464:High-silica volcanism
434:on left, welded with
244:
81:
62:
47:
32:Tuff (disambiguation)
3389:at Wikimedia Commons
3182:(29 February 1976).
3113:Holding, N. (2006).
2811:Precambrian Research
2787:Geological Fieldwork
2340:. pp. 112–120.
2246:10.1002/2015GC005881
2169:on 28 September 2022
1451:Schmidt, R. (1981).
1328:is derived from the
925:. Many of the green
822:Ultramafic volcanism
790:, are often rich in
709:Diamond Head, Hawaii
125:tuffaceous sandstone
30:For other uses, see
3323:2013GSAB..125.1423D
3317:(9–10): 1423–1441.
3295:, pp. 352–356.
3180:Lottman, Herbert R.
3121:Bradt Travel Guides
3063:2004AREPS..32..363L
2970:, pp. 280–281.
2862:2018SAJG..121..463H
2823:2015PreR..263..174R
2771:, pp. 349–353.
2711:1970GSAB...81.1173O
2676:1982Litho..15..161T
2641:1996QuInt..34...21C
2572:1985GSAB...96.1251N
2537:1986Geo....14..875D
2461:1993CoMP..114..276M
2426:2000JVGR...96..243G
2383:1982Natur.299..242G
2307:1970BVol...34..289D
2202:1998BVol...60..260M
2118:1986JGSoc.143..411H
2026:1981BVol...44..241C
1983:1994BVol...56..516J
1860:, pp. 186–187.
1833:, pp. 138–157.
1761:1963JSedR..33..234O
516:Yellowstone Caldera
4659:Specific varieties
3734:Lists of volcanoes
3521:Subglacial volcano
3496:Pyroclastic shield
3241:Barseghian, H. Kh.
3189:The New York Times
2610:10.1007/BF00518031
2469:10.1007/BF00307762
2315:10.1007/BF02597791
2034:10.1007/BF02600562
1991:10.1007/BF00302832
1469:10.1007/BF01822152
1284:
1172:Andreas Walther II
1138:made of tuff from
915:
900:
704:Hawaiian eruptions
700:
694:are carved out of
680:
562:Alkaline volcanism
286:ash to low-silica
248:
129:volcanic sandstone
92:
76:
57:
4844:
4843:
4089:Nepheline syenite
3835:
3834:
3588:Basaltic andesite
3526:Submarine volcano
3385:Media related to
3130:978-1-84162-163-0
2759:, pp. 17–20.
2594:Grunder, Anita L.
2566:(10): 1251–1270.
2377:(5880): 242–245.
2355:978-3-642-69221-5
2156:Mercian Geologist
1947:, pp. 89–90.
1817:978-0-521-88006-0
1796:, pp. 98–99.
1784:, pp. 27–29.
1620:978-3-7329-0265-1
1432:978-3-540-43650-8
1398:Pyroclastic rocks
1357:Eutaxitic texture
1064:. The trade name
666:, and Mont Pelé.
600:East African Rift
318:pyroclastic flows
188:volcanic eruption
111:volcanic eruption
16:(Redirected from
4874:
4786:Rapakivi granite
4498:Metamorphic rock
4285:Sedimentary rock
4154:Quartz monzonite
3862:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3744:Decade Volcanoes
3722:Lists and groups
3713:Pyroclastic flow
3708:Pyroclastic fall
3558:
3491:Pyroclastic cone
3417:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3384:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3331:10.1130/B30804.1
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3233:Hakobian, T. Kh.
3229:
3223:
3222:
3212:Cengage Learning
3210:(4th ed.).
3203:
3197:
3196:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3165:on 9 June 2020.
3161:. Archived from
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3010:. Archived from
3009:
2996:
2990:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2934:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2635:. 34–36: 21–28.
2628:
2622:
2621:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2420:(3–4): 243–295.
2409:
2403:
2402:
2391:10.1038/299242a0
2366:
2360:
2359:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2240:(8): 2508–2528.
2228:
2222:
2221:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2070:(2–3): 177–219.
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1977:(6–7): 516–528.
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1503:Atlantic Geology
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1301:carbon-14 dating
1274:Tephrochronology
1268:Tephrochronology
1256:Cathedral of Ani
1252:
1237:
1222:Government House
1217:
1159:
1128:
1066:Rochlitz Porphyr
993:opus reticulatum
935:Charnwood Forest
912:City of Brisbane
880:greenstone belts
772:Hawaiian Islands
447:
430:, unwelded with
419:
407:
361:eutaxitic fabric
215:hydrogen sulfide
165:sedimentological
157:sedimentary rock
21:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4654:
4598:Pseudotachylite
4492:
4279:
4211:Tephriphonolite
3869:
3866:
3836:
3831:
3775:
3717:
3683:Tephriphonolite
3559:
3550:
3546:Harmonic tremor
3448:Complex volcano
3426:
3421:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3358:. HarperCollins
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3267:Անի մայրաքաղաք
3261:
3260:
3256:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3005:"Archived copy"
3003:
2998:Heiner Siedel:
2997:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2914:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2531:(10): 875–878.
2522:
2521:
2517:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2272:Natural Hazards
2266:
2265:
2261:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1686:, ed. (1911). "
1682:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1649:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1341:
1322:
1314:Picuris orogeny
1310:Pilar Formation
1276:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1226:Republic Square
1218:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1151:
1129:
1113:
1082:
1070:dimension stone
1031:
972:
964:
929:of the English
888:
873:
844:
824:
672:
670:Mafic volcanism
630:, North Wales,
612:
564:
526:, and it had a
512:Lava Creek Tuff
485:Basin and Range
466:
458:
451:
448:
439:
422:Rocks from the
420:
411:
408:
314:Column collapse
302:eruption column
298:
220:
212:
184:
136:Rapa Nui people
105:ejected from a
90:region, Germany
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:Volcanic rocks
4864:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Rhomb porphyry
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4633:Talc carbonate
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4226:Trachyandesite
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Quartz diorite
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:Types of rocks
3867:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3759:Volcanic field
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Trachyandesite
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3565:Volcanic rocks
3561:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Shield volcano
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Parasitic cone
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3375:External links
3373:
3370:
3369:
3343:
3297:
3285:
3276:
3273:. p. 118.
3254:
3224:
3198:
3171:
3143:
3129:
3123:. p. 32.
3105:
3076:
3057:(1): 363–401.
3041:
2991:
2972:
2968:Schmincke 2003
2960:
2929:
2912:
2897:ArchéoSciences
2883:
2856:(4): 463–486.
2836:
2800:
2773:
2769:Macdonald 1983
2761:
2757:Macdonald 1983
2749:
2742:
2724:
2689:
2670:(2): 161–172.
2654:
2623:
2585:
2550:
2515:
2482:
2455:(2): 276–287.
2439:
2404:
2361:
2354:
2338:Plateau Uplift
2328:
2301:(1): 289–294.
2285:
2259:
2223:
2196:(4): 260–285.
2180:
2139:
2112:(3): 411–423.
2096:
2081:
2047:
2020:(3): 241–255.
2004:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1935:, p. 138.
1933:Schmincke 2003
1925:
1886:
1874:
1872:, p. 209.
1862:
1858:Schmincke 2003
1847:
1845:, p. 215.
1835:
1831:Schmincke 2003
1823:
1816:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1755:(1): 234–235.
1736:
1729:
1711:
1699:
1684:Chisholm, Hugh
1647:
1619:
1594:
1581:(3): 485–510.
1558:
1547:. 19–21132: 96
1528:
1489:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1406:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1321:
1318:
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:, designed by
1164:Colditz Castle
1161:
1154:
1152:
1130:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1081:
1078:
1062:Colditz Castle
1030:
1027:
1014:and used as a
971:
968:
963:
960:
887:
884:
872:
869:
843:
840:
823:
820:
770:, Sicily, the
671:
668:
636:Pentland Hills
611:
608:
604:Rio de Janeiro
563:
560:
465:
462:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
442:
440:
421:
414:
412:
409:
402:
297:
294:
273:volcanic glass
239:
238:
232:
227:, the name of
222:
218:
210:
207:sulfur dioxide
203:carbon dioxide
195:Volcanic gases
183:
180:
123:(for example,
88:Volcanic Eifel
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4879:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Litchfieldite
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Hyaloclastite
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Litchfieldite
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Phonotephrite
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Hyaloclastite
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Volcanic belt
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Phonotephrite
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Volcanic cone
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Stratovolcano
3514:
3512:
3511:Somma volcano
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Rootless cone
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3106:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3017:on 2011-06-11
3013:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2899:(34): 39–43.
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2743:0-8248-0832-0
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2094:, p. 77.
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1959:, p. 73.
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:10.3133/pp366
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1884:, p. 29.
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:0-7167-2438-3
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1709:, p. 96.
1708:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1679:public domain
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1407:3-540-12756-9
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Brisbane tuff
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:in Yerevan's
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Ahu Tongariki
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:Sonoma Valley
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:United States
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
967:
961:
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:metamorphosed
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:Lake District
928:
924:
920:
913:
909:
908:Brisbane tuff
904:
897:
896:Servian Walls
892:
885:
883:
881:
877:
870:
868:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Faroe Islands
761:
756:
755:Carboniferous
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
705:
697:
693:
692:Easter Island
689:
684:
676:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Great Britain
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Lake District
625:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:Siebengebirge
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
547:
545:
544:flood basalts
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:erupted from
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
471:
463:
461:
455:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
413:
406:
401:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:alkali metals
371:
369:
368:cooling units
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
274:
268:
266:
260:
258:
254:
243:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
216:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
192:
191:
189:
181:
179:
177:
174:is a form of
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
146:Easter Island
143:
142:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:is a type of
96:
89:
85:
80:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
4761:Luxullianite
4741:Lapis lazuli
4686:Blue Granite
4613:Serpentinite
4588:Metapsammite
4338:Conglomerate
4264:
4260:Trondhjemite
4238:Trachybasalt
4179:Pantellerite
4079:Monzogranite
4024:Hornblendite
4009:Granodiorite
3875:Igneous rock
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3749:Volcanic arc
3702:
3693:Trachybasalt
3531:Supervolcano
3463:Fissure vent
3362:30 September
3360:. Retrieved
3355:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3314:
3311:GSA Bulletin
3310:
3300:
3288:
3279:
3266:
3257:
3244:
3227:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3174:
3166:
3163:the original
3156:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3115:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3079:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3019:. Retrieved
3012:the original
2999:
2994:
2983:
2975:
2963:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2927:pp. 108, 110
2924:
2915:
2896:
2886:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2632:
2626:
2604:(1): 71–81.
2601:
2597:
2588:
2563:
2560:GSA Bulletin
2559:
2553:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2502:(1): 35–45.
2499:
2495:
2485:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2337:
2331:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2278:30 September
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2159:
2155:
2142:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1899:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1838:
1826:
1807:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1720:
1714:
1702:
1691:
1624:. Retrieved
1610:
1578:
1575:Archaeometry
1574:
1551:29 September
1549:. Retrieved
1544:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:10.4138/1257
1506:
1502:
1492:
1482:27 September
1480:. Retrieved
1460:
1456:
1422:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1285:
1183:
1114:
1083:
1065:
1050:
1032:
998:
991:
984:Servian Wall
973:
965:
916:
874:
845:
825:
732:
721:
701:
698:basalt tuff.
686:Most of the
613:
572:anorthoclase
565:
548:
532:North Island
509:
467:
459:
396:
372:
367:
365:
344:
342:
305:
299:
292:
281:
277:
269:
261:
249:
185:
182:Volcanic ash
169:
150:
139:
133:
128:
124:
119:
118:
103:volcanic ash
94:
93:
4650:Whiteschist
4541:Greenschist
4521:Cataclasite
4511:Amphibolite
4438:Phosphorite
4388:Itacolumite
4313:Calcarenite
4159:Quartzolite
4094:Nephelinite
4064:Lamprophyre
4019:Harzburgite
3977:Napoleonite
3950:Charnockite
3945:Carbonatite
3935:Blairmorite
3898:Anorthosite
3826:WikiProject
3769:polygenetic
3764:monogenetic
3643:Nephelinite
3598:Blairmorite
3573:Agglomerate
3481:Mud volcano
3453:Cryovolcano
3443:Cinder cone
3158:Smithsonian
2980:Georg Dehio
2949:: 361–373.
2817:: 174–196.
2705:(4): 1173.
1140:Rano Raraku
1097:Napa Valley
943:iron oxides
842:Kimberlites
624:West Indies
616:Cordilleras
536:New Zealand
489:New Zealand
456:Occurrences
424:Bishop tuff
357:ignimbrites
345:welded tuff
310:well-sorted
144:statues on
68:Banditaccia
4862:Tuff cones
4851:Categories
4816:Teschenite
4801:Shonkinite
4776:Pietersite
4771:Novaculite
4681:Borolanite
4666:Adamellite
4583:Metapelite
4551:Calcflinta
4516:Blueschist
4506:Anthracite
4488:Wackestone
4468:Travertine
4413:Lumachelle
4393:Jaspillite
4348:Diamictite
4270:Websterite
4255:Troctolite
4231:Benmoreite
4191:Shonkinite
4164:Rhyodacite
4144:Pyroxenite
4114:Peridotite
4074:Lherzolite
4049:Kimberlite
4039:Ignimbrite
4034:Icelandite
4014:Granophyre
3923:Shoshonite
3668:Rhyodacite
3618:Ignimbrite
3593:Benmoreite
3214:. p.
3021:2010-05-09
1522:2022-09-24
1383:References
1375:Ignimbrite
1289:Quaternary
1220:Armenia's
1105:California
1023:ignimbrite
962:Importance
871:Komatiites
848:kimberlite
816:heulandite
794:, such as
780:serpentine
751:Derbyshire
717:palagonite
654:, quartz,
578:, rich in
576:claystones
505:chalcedony
428:California
257:sand-sized
176:travertine
120:tuffaceous
54:New Mexico
4831:Variolite
4821:Theralite
4811:Tachylite
4796:Rodingite
4766:Mangerite
4746:Larvikite
4731:Jasperoid
4726:Jadeitite
4691:Epidosite
4645:Tectonite
4638:Soapstone
4603:Quartzite
4573:Migmatite
4558:Itabirite
4536:Granulite
4478:Turbidite
4458:Sylvinite
4453:Siltstone
4443:Sandstone
4428:Oil shale
4408:Limestone
4383:Gritstone
4378:Greywacke
4373:Geyserite
4363:Evaporite
4353:Diatomite
4328:Claystone
4293:Argillite
4206:Tachylyte
4174:Comendite
4119:Phonolite
4109:Pegmatite
4084:Monzonite
4059:Lamproite
4054:Komatiite
3994:Foidolite
3955:Enderbite
3918:Mugearite
3653:Phonolite
3638:Leucitite
3623:Komatiite
3471:Lava dome
3467:Lava cone
3424:Volcanoes
3098:1 October
2618:128952431
2477:128821707
2323:129708915
2254:131340369
2218:128474768
2173:1 October
2134:129147300
2042:128627430
1999:129012636
1636:cite book
1477:128375559
1463:: 41–43.
1423:Volcanism
1346:Bentonite
1324:The word
1320:Etymology
1119:statues.
1058:Mannerist
1008:Pozzolana
980:Ventotene
876:Komatiite
860:diatremes
812:chabazite
808:scolecite
804:natrolite
784:nepheline
768:Jan Mayen
747:Paleogene
696:tholeiite
622:, in the
594:and near
497:Charnwood
334:antidunes
284:rhyolitic
161:petrology
115:lithified
109:during a
86:, in the
4806:Taconite
4781:Pyrolite
4706:Ganister
4676:Aphanite
4671:Appinite
4593:Phyllite
4578:Mylonite
4546:Hornfels
4526:Eclogite
4423:Mudstone
4398:Laterite
4358:Dolomite
4275:Wehrlite
4250:Trachyte
4243:Hawaiite
4221:Tonalite
4216:Tephrite
4169:Rhyolite
4134:Porphyry
4104:Obsidian
3989:Essexite
3940:Boninite
3930:Basanite
3888:Andesite
3790:Category
3698:Trachyte
3673:Rhyolite
3648:Obsidian
3578:Andesite
3336:17 April
3265:(1988).
3030:cite web
2878:56281060
2789:: 2016–1
1339:See also
1206:Tufashen
1111:Rapa Nui
1052:Rochlitz
1004:trachyte
1000:Peperino
832:feldspar
800:prehnite
796:analcite
792:zeolites
728:laterite
664:Krakatoa
660:Cotopaxi
652:chlorite
640:Cheviots
568:sanidine
556:Virginia
552:Devonian
477:feldspar
438:on right
384:zeolites
288:basaltic
101:made of
64:Etruscan
18:Ashstone
4826:Unakite
4756:Llanite
4721:Ijolite
4696:Felsite
4628:Suevite
4463:Tillite
4403:Lignite
4343:Coquina
4308:Breccia
4201:Syenite
4129:Picrite
4044:Ijolite
4004:Granite
3972:Diorite
3967:Diabase
3883:Adakite
3802:Commons
3729:Hotspot
3628:Lapilli
3613:Felsite
3438:Caldera
3319:Bibcode
3136:May 26,
3059:Bibcode
2858:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2793:27 July
2707:Bibcode
2672:Bibcode
2637:Bibcode
2568:Bibcode
2533:Bibcode
2525:Geology
2457:Bibcode
2422:Bibcode
2399:4332634
2379:Bibcode
2303:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2114:Bibcode
2022:Bibcode
1979:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1681::
1626:29 July
1545:Lanl-Ur
1509:(2/3).
1457:Geology
1369:Tuffite
1330:Italian
1194:Yerevan
1186:Armenia
1180:Armenia
1054:Porphyr
1047:Germany
1033:In the
1029:Germany
1020:Piperno
939:schists
923:cleaved
919:sheared
856:diamond
854:in the
828:olivine
818:, etc.
788:leucite
760:Iceland
656:epidote
648:calcite
520:Wyoming
481:biotite
392:calcite
380:calcium
353:lapilli
306:fallout
265:breccia
167:terms.
153:igneous
74:, Italy
4857:Tephra
4736:Kenyte
4711:Gossan
4608:Schist
4568:Marble
4531:Gneiss
4433:Oolite
4298:Arkose
4196:Sovite
4186:Scoria
4139:Pumice
4099:Norite
4069:Latite
3999:Gabbro
3984:Dunite
3962:Dacite
3908:Basalt
3903:Aplite
3814:Portal
3678:Tephra
3663:Pumice
3633:Latite
3608:Dacite
3603:Cinder
3583:Basalt
3536:Tossol
3127:
2876:
2740:
2664:Lithos
2616:
2475:
2397:
2371:Nature
2352:
2321:
2252:
2216:
2132:
2040:
1997:
1814:
1727:
1675:
1617:
1475:
1429:
1404:
1363:Sillar
1305:Zircon
1198:Gyumri
1174:(1584)
1168:Saxony
1148:scoria
1093:Nevada
1074:Saxony
1043:mortar
1016:cement
1012:Naples
1006:tuff.
976:Romans
927:slates
865:facies
836:quartz
762:, the
743:Antrim
724:Hawaii
713:Ka'ula
638:, the
634:, the
596:Naples
592:Ischia
590:), in
580:kaolin
540:Nevada
474:alkali
470:quartz
436:fiamme
432:pumice
390:, and
349:fiamme
338:lahars
322:surges
235:Tephra
4701:Flint
4623:Slate
4618:Skarn
4483:Varve
4448:Shale
4368:Flint
4323:Chert
4318:Chalk
3431:Types
3089:(PDF)
3015:(PDF)
3008:(PDF)
2874:S2CID
2614:S2CID
2473:S2CID
2395:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2250:S2CID
2214:S2CID
2167:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
2060:(PDF)
2038:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1473:S2CID
1299:, or
1297:Ar-Ar
1144:Pukao
1095:. In
1039:trass
1035:Eifel
970:Italy
955:Devon
951:sills
852:maars
776:Samoa
688:moais
632:Lorne
620:Andes
584:Rhine
493:Wales
388:clays
330:dunes
229:magma
213:, or
199:steam
72:Lazio
4473:Tufa
4418:Marl
4333:Coal
4265:Tuff
3703:Tuff
3476:Maar
3387:Tuff
3364:2020
3338:2020
3138:2010
3125:ISBN
3100:2020
3036:link
2795:2021
2738:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2280:2020
2175:2020
1812:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1688:Tuff
1642:link
1628:2021
1615:ISBN
1553:2020
1484:2020
1427:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1333:tufo
1326:tuff
1293:K-Ar
1188:and
1136:moai
1117:moai
1099:and
988:Rome
921:and
834:and
739:Mull
735:Skye
618:and
586:(at
501:opal
378:and
332:and
320:and
246:gas.
225:Lava
209:, SO
172:tufa
141:moai
107:vent
99:rock
95:Tuff
39:Tufa
4836:Wad
3327:doi
3315:125
3249:147
3216:137
3067:doi
2951:doi
2947:136
2901:doi
2866:doi
2854:121
2827:doi
2815:263
2715:doi
2680:doi
2645:doi
2606:doi
2576:doi
2541:doi
2504:doi
2465:doi
2453:114
2430:doi
2387:doi
2375:299
2342:doi
2311:doi
2242:doi
2206:doi
2122:doi
2110:143
2072:doi
2030:doi
1987:doi
1914:hdl
1904:doi
1765:doi
1690:".
1583:doi
1511:doi
1465:doi
1260:Ani
1202:Ani
1091:in
1072:of
850:at
786:or
730:.
690:in
570:or
534:of
518:in
426:in
217:, H
155:or
4853::
3354:.
3325:.
3313:.
3309:.
3239:;
3235:;
3218:.
3192:.
3186:.
3155:.
3119:.
3091:.
3065:.
3055:32
3053:.
3032:}}
3028:{{
2982::
2945:.
2941:.
2923:.
2895:.
2872:.
2864:.
2852:.
2848:.
2825:.
2813:.
2785:.
2713:.
2703:81
2701:.
2678:.
2668:15
2666:.
2643:.
2612:.
2602:95
2600:.
2574:.
2564:96
2562:.
2539:.
2529:14
2527:.
2500:65
2498:.
2494:.
2471:.
2463:.
2451:.
2428:.
2418:96
2416:.
2393:.
2385:.
2373:.
2348:.
2317:.
2309:.
2299:34
2297:.
2270:.
2248:.
2238:16
2236:.
2212:.
2204:.
2194:60
2192:.
2160:15
2158:.
2154:.
2128:.
2120:.
2108:.
2084:^
2068:47
2066:.
2062:.
2036:.
2028:.
2018:44
2016:.
1993:.
1985:.
1975:56
1973:.
1912:.
1898:.
1850:^
1763:.
1753:33
1751:.
1739:^
1650:^
1638:}}
1634:{{
1609:.
1597:^
1579:47
1577:.
1573:.
1561:^
1543:.
1531:^
1507:38
1505:.
1501:.
1471:.
1459:.
1455:.
1441:^
1335:.
1316:.
1303:.
1295:,
1196:,
1166:,
1103:,
996:.
910:,
838:.
814:,
810:,
806:,
802:,
798:,
774:,
766:,
741:,
737:,
662:,
650:,
606:.
546:.
503:,
495:,
479:,
472:,
386:,
201:,
178:.
148:.
131:.
70:,
52:,
3861:e
3854:t
3847:v
3416:e
3409:t
3402:v
3366:.
3340:.
3329::
3321::
3251:.
3140:.
3102:.
3073:.
3069::
3061::
3038:)
3024:.
2957:.
2953::
2909:.
2903::
2880:.
2868::
2860::
2833:.
2829::
2821::
2797:.
2746:.
2721:.
2717::
2709::
2686:.
2682::
2674::
2651:.
2647::
2639::
2620:.
2608::
2582:.
2578::
2570::
2547:.
2543::
2535::
2512:.
2506::
2479:.
2467::
2459::
2436:.
2432::
2424::
2401:.
2389::
2381::
2358:.
2344::
2325:.
2313::
2305::
2282:.
2256:.
2244::
2220:.
2208::
2200::
2177:.
2136:.
2124::
2116::
2078:.
2074::
2044:.
2032::
2024::
2001:.
1989::
1981::
1922:.
1916::
1906::
1820:.
1771:.
1767::
1759::
1733:.
1644:)
1630:.
1591:.
1585::
1555:.
1525:.
1513::
1486:.
1467::
1461:9
1435:.
1410:.
1150:.
219:2
211:2
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
