1377:
486:. However, according to Gernot Wilhelm Nubadig was not associated with Zababa, while according to Alfonso Archi the logographic writing of Aštabi's name was NIN.URTA, not ZA.BA.BA. Zababa is nonetheless equated with "Aštabinu", presumably corresponding to Aštabi, in a Babylonian god list. Another war god whose name could be written logographically as ZA.BA.BA in Hittite sources was
1363:
436:
to the weapons of Zababa. In sources from the Early
Dynastic period, these names instead belonged to the sons of Ningirsu (Ninurta) and Bau, at the time regarded as his wife. A reference to Zababa as "Nergal of Kish" is known too, though this title also could designate a different deity worshiped in
437:
the same city, Luhusha ("angry man"). Despite the associations between them, no full equation of
Ninurta, Nergal and Zababa occurred, and the same texts, for example hymns and laments, could refer to all three of them as distinct from each other.
427:
Zababa and
Ninurta shared many epithets, and references to the former using weapons normally associated with the latter or fighting his mythical enemies can be found in various texts. Late lexical texts sometimes apply the names
400:, whose name means "she said 'it is fine!'," and Hussinni, "Remember me!" Pairs of these so-called "divine daughters" are also known from other temples of northern Mesopotamia, such as Emeslam in
350:
she was entirely replaced in this role by Bau, though she continued to be worshiped independently from Zababa as well. An early reference to Bau as Zababa's spouse can already be found in
161:
Zababa's main temple was Edubba, located in Kish. Emeteursag, commonly referenced in texts, was a cella dedicated to him rather than a separate temple. A text from the reign of
318:
times. It has been argued that similar names from other cities can be assumed to indicate emigration of the inhabitants of Kish to other parts to
Mesopotamia, similar to
356:. Divine couples consisting of healing goddesses and young warrior gods were common in Mesopotamian religion, with the most frequently referenced example being
106:
periods, with the Old
Babylonian kings being particularly devoted to him. Starting with the Old Babylonian period, he was regarded as married to the goddess
243:
credits the king with rebuilding the walls of Kish with the help of Zababa and Ishtar, and states that these two deities helped him defeat his enemies.
490:, whose origin was Hattian and who was described as having the appearance of a young man. However, he could also be represented by the logogram
215:
A number of texts praising
Hammurabi mention Zababa. In a hymn, he is one of the deities enumerated as responsible for his success, following
1242:
1178:
1149:
1057:
1036:
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937:
381:). Frans Wiggermann notes that it would be plausible for Papsukkal to be Zababa's son, but also that various texts refer to him as son of
342:
instead. Initially his wife was Ishtar of Kish, regarded as a distinct goddess from Ishtar of Uruk according to Julia M. Asher-Greve and
135:
99:
247:
notes that these sources are significant as evidence proving "there is no hint of any supremacy of Marduk within the pantheon" in the
1231:"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East"
956:
1348:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1322:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1309:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (in German). Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
134:
and Bau. His two primary roles were these of a war god and a tutelary deity of Kish. He was already worshiped there in the
373:(attendant deity), though he only achieved a degree of notability in the 1st millennium BCE, and due to conflation with
1405:
958:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1335:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1135:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
1093:
1020:. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Berlin: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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Two minor goddesses associated with Zababa's temple Edubba, collectively known as "Daughters of Edubba," were
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that they were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities of a given temple.
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Zababa's symbol was an eagle, and he was depicted in symbolic form as a standard with this bird on top.
239:. In another hymn, Zababa is referred to as the king's helper. A text from the reign of his successor
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981:"The Role of Aštabi in the Song of Ullikummi and the Eastern Mediterranean "Failed God" Stories"
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mentions Zababa in a sequence of gods, alongside Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Nabu, Ishtar, Ninurta,
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1052:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
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used Zababa's name to logographically represent the names of various war gods, such as
404:(Tadmushtum and Belet-ili), Eibbi-Anum in Dilbat (Ipte-bita and Belet-eanni), Ezida in
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from the third millennium BCE. His status was particularly high during the reign of
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Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert
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192:. He was also among the gods said to "arrive" in Babylon during the city's
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A first millennium BCE god list identifies Zababa as "Marduk of the war."
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1094:"On Ninazu, As Seen in the Economic Texts of the Early Dynastic Lagaš"
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king of
Babylon deposed after a single year on the throne by the
146:, when according to Walther it was seemingly Zababa, rather than
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1025:
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple
Rituals from Babylon".
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in Babylon (Katunna and Sillush-tab). It has been proposed by
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Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Zababa (god)
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Zababa's father was Enlil, though Neo-Assyrian ruler
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283:
Mesopotamian kings named in honor of Zababa include
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1262:"Reading Sumerian Names, I: Ensuhkešdanna And Baba"
955:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
40:
126:etymologies, similar to these of deities such as
835:
353:Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
165:mentions the existence of a temple meant for an
1344:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1331:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1318:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1305:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1131:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1073:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
1016:. In Ebeling, Erich; Weidner, Ernst F. (eds.).
1170:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology
926:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
169:festival connected to Zababa in Kish as well.
928:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
871:
172:Outside Kish, Zababa temples are attested in
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1235:Les représentations des dieux des autres
1069:"On Foreigners in Old Babylonian Sippar"
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930:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
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649:
637:
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514:
310:In Kish, Zababa was a popular deity in
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90:. While he was regarded as similar to
1144:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
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1049:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
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788:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
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725:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
713:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1375:
1361:
1327:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998).
1229:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012).
36:
1012:Brinkman, John Anthony (2017).
985:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
338:referred to Zababa as a son of
330:Associations with other deities
118:Zababa's name has no plausible
1:
1314:Sallaberger, Walther (2017).
1346:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1333:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1320:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1307:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1266:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1233:. In Bonnet, Corinne (ed.).
1140:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1133:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1018:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
979:Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2014).
1237:. Caltanissetta: Sciascia.
1127:Krebernik, Manfred (2019).
1092:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1992).
964:. Academic Press Fribourg.
932:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
1437:
196:alongside deities such as
184:), in Tabira, a town near
1188:McEwan, G. J. P. (1983).
1167:Leick, Gwendolyn (1991).
1142:Babylonian creation myths
66:(Sumerian: 𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 za-ba
1340:Wilhelm, Gernot (1987).
1111:10.5356/orient1960.28.75
344:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
295:, a twelfth century BCE
1301:Rudik, Nadezda (2014).
1260:Rubio, Gonzalo (2010).
1067:Harris, Rivkah (1976).
924:Archi, Alfonso (2013).
389:and as a descendant of
367:Papsukkal was Zababa's
1190:"Late Babylonian Kish"
1046:Haas, Volkert (2015).
836:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
463:; Hittite and Luwian
348:Old Babylonian period
249:Old Babylonian period
136:Early Dynastic period
1014:"Zababa-šuma-iddina"
29:Mesopotamian war god
1278:10.1086/JCS41103869
802:, pp. 286–287.
688:, pp. 166–167.
664:, pp. 501–502.
652:, pp. 271–272.
640:, pp. 257–258.
471:, and Zappana; and
444:Outside Mesopotamia
1342:"Lupatik, Nupatik"
872:Ayali-Darshan 2014
377:(and by extension
293:Zababa-shuma-iddin
254:A boundary stone (
245:Wilfred G. Lambert
1406:Mesopotamian gods
1244:978-88-8241-388-0
1180:978-0-415-00762-7
1151:978-1-57506-861-9
1059:978-90-04-29394-6
1038:978-1-57506-004-0
971:978-3-7278-1738-0
939:978-1-937040-11-6
814:, pp. 77–78.
539:, pp. 38–39.
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1383:Asia portal
1329:"Nin-šubur"
1316:"Zababa A."
1303:"Ur-Zababa"
824:George 2000
776:George 2000
761:George 2000
698:Harris 1976
614:McEwan 1983
241:Samsu-Iluna
86:. He was a
84:Mesopotamia
82:in ancient
1400:Categories
1104:: 75–105.
860:Archi 2013
662:Rudik 2014
537:Rubio 2010
525:Leick 1991
488:Šulinkatte
461:Wurunkatte
398:Iqbi-damiq
391:Enmesharra
316:Achaemenid
314:well into
268:, Nergal,
176:(built by
104:Achaemenid
74:) was the
1286:0022-0256
1272:: 29–43.
1253:850438175
1214:0021-0889
1160:861537250
1120:1884-1392
1005:0022-2968
948:882106763
908:Haas 2015
896:Haas 2015
884:Haas 2015
510:Citations
494:instead.
430:Shulshaga
410:Kanisurra
375:Ninshubur
285:Ur-Zababa
270:Papsukkal
212:and Las.
188:, and in
178:Warad-Sin
144:Hammurabi
114:Character
1416:War gods
1294:41103869
1085:23282311
498:See also
465:Ḫašamili
454:Hittites
406:Borsippa
362:Pabilsag
358:Ninisina
336:Sanherib
278:Ishtaran
210:Mammitum
120:Sumerian
1222:4200186
484:Nubadig
473:Hurrian
458:Hattian
414:Gazbaba
379:Ilabrat
320:Lagamal
301:Elamite
297:Kassite
257:kudurru
225:Shamash
186:Babylon
157:Worship
148:Ninurta
124:Semitic
102:to the
92:Ninurta
88:war god
18:Ashtabi
1292:
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1098:Orient
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482:, and
476:Aštabi
469:Iyarri
452:, the
434:Igalim
418:Esagil
416:) and
370:sukkal
324:Dilbat
289:Sargon
274:Ishara
237:Inanna
233:Marduk
206:Nergal
194:akitu,
132:Bunene
96:Nergal
33:Zababa
1290:JSTOR
1218:JSTOR
1081:JSTOR
962:(PDF)
492:U.GUR
480:Hešui
402:Kutha
340:Ashur
303:king
260:) of
221:Enlil
190:Assur
182:Larsa
167:akitu
128:Alala
1282:ISSN
1249:OCLC
1239:ISBN
1210:ISSN
1194:Iraq
1175:ISBN
1156:OCLC
1146:ISBN
1116:ISSN
1054:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1001:ISSN
966:ISBN
944:OCLC
934:ISBN
432:and
412:and
266:Gula
231:and
229:Adad
198:Nabu
140:Ebla
94:and
80:Kish
1274:doi
1202:doi
1106:doi
993:doi
387:Sin
385:or
383:Anu
280:).
217:Anu
202:Bau
180:of
122:or
108:Bau
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