Asiatic lion - Knowledge (XXG)

1825: 1369:). In contrast, populations of domestic buffalo and cattle declined following resettlement, largely due to direct removal of resident livestock from the Gir Conservation Area. The population of 24,250 domestic livestock in the 1970s declined to 12,500 by the mid-1980s, but increased to 23,440 animals in 2010. Following changes in both predator and prey communities, Asiatic lions shifted their predation patterns. Today, very few livestock kills occur within the sanctuary, and instead most occur in peripheral villages. Depredation records indicate that in and around the Gir Forest, lions killed on average 2,023 livestock annually between 2005 and 2009, and an additional 696 individuals in satellite areas. 1202: 1446: 95: 1664: 1184: 1437:

partners. During a study carried out between December 2012 and December 2016, three females were observed switching mating partners in favour of the dominant male. Monitoring of more than 70 mating events showed that females mated with males of several rivaling prides that shared their home ranges, and that these males were tolerant toward the same cubs. Only new males that entered the female territories killed unfamiliar cubs. Young females mated foremost with males within their home ranges. Older females selected males at the periphery of their home ranges.

933: 1216: 901: 754:–42 in). Two lions in Gir Forest measured 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) from head to body with a 0.79–0.89 m (31–35 in) long tail of and total lengths of 2.82–2.87 m (9 ft 3 in – 9 ft 5 in). The Gir lion is similar in size to the Central African lion, and smaller than large African lions. An adult male Asiatic lion weighs 160.1 kg (353 lb) on average with the limit being 190 kg (420 lb); a wild female weighs 100 to 130 kg (220 to 285 lb). 1386: 289: 765: 1647: 1603:. In April 2013, the Indian Supreme Court ordered the Gujarat state to send some of their Gir lions to Madhya Pradesh to establish a second population there. The court had given wildlife authorities six months to complete the transfer. The number of lions and which ones to be transported will be decided at a later date. As of now, the plan to shift lions to Kuno is in jeopardy, with Madhya Pradesh having apparently given up on acquiring lions from Gujarat. 1538: 144: 119: 1808: 652: 1779: 81: 827: 1400: 666: 1765:(EAZA) published the first European Studbook in 1999. By 2005, there were 80 Asiatic lions kept in the EEP — the only captive population outside of India. As of 2009, more than 100 Asiatic lions were kept within the EEP. The SSP had not resumed; pure-bred Asiatic lions are needed to form a new founder population for breeding in American zoos. 1572:, covering 96 km (37 sq mi) in eastern Uttar Pradesh, where climate, terrain and vegetation is similar to the conditions in the Gir Forest. In 1957, one male and two female wild-caught Asiatic lions were set free in the sanctuary. This population comprised 11 animals in 1965, which all disappeared thereafter. 1321:), and less frequently wild boar. They most commonly kill chital, which weighs only around 50 kg (110 lb). They prey on sambar deer when the latter descend from the hills during summer. Outside the protected area where wild prey species do not occur, lions prey on water buffalo and cattle, and rarely on 678:

The Asiatic lion's fur ranges in colour from ruddy-tawny, heavily speckled with black, to sandy or buffish grey, sometimes with a silvery sheen in certain lighting. Males have only moderate mane growth at the top of the head, so that their ears are always visible. The mane is scanty on the cheeks and

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indicates that it represented a distinct species from the modern lion that diverged from them around 500,000 years ago and unrelated to modern Asian lions. Pleistocene fossils assigned as belonging or probably belonging to the modern lion have been reported from several sites in the Middle East, such

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Prior to the resettlement of Maldharis, the Gir forest was heavily degraded and used by livestock, which competed with and restricted the population sizes of native ungulates. Various studies reveal tremendous habitat recovery and increases in wild ungulate populations following the resettlement of

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study indicate that annual home ranges of male lions vary from 144 to 230 km (56 to 89 sq mi) in dry and wet seasons. Home ranges of females are smaller, varying between 67 and 85 km (26 and 33 sq mi). During hot and dry seasons, they favour densely vegetated and shady

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Colour and development of manes in male lions varies between regions, among populations and with age of lions. In general, the Asiatic lion differs from the African lion by a less developed mane. The manes of most lions in ancient Greece and Asia Minor were also less developed and did not extend to

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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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in the captive Asiatic lion stock. Once discovered, this led to the complete shutdown of the European and American endangered species breeding programs for Asiatic lions, as its founder animals were captive-bred Asiatic lions originally imported from India and were ascertained to be intraspecific

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and savanna, and provide valuable habitat for a diverse flora and fauna. Five protected areas currently exist to protect the Asiatic lion: Gir Sanctuary, Gir National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary. The first three protected areas form the Gir Conservation Area, a

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By 2020, at least six satellite populations had spread to eight districts in Gujarat and live in human-dominated areas outside the protected area network. 104 lived near the coastline. Lions living along the coast, as well as those between the coastline and the Gir forest, have larger individual

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1,452 km (561 sq mi) large forest block that represents the core habitat of the lion population. The other two sanctuaries Mitiyala and Girnar protect satellite areas within dispersal distance of the Gir Conservation Area. An additional sanctuary is being established in the nearby

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in Pakistan. He wrote "It was a large lion, very stocky, light tawny in colour, and I may say that no one of us three had the slightest doubt of what we had seen until, on our arrival at Quetta, many officers expressed doubts as to its identity, or to the possibility of there being a lion in the

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by adult males or because of diseases and injuries. Cubs become independent at the age of about two years. Subadult males leave their natal pride latest at the age of three years and become nomads until they establish their own territory. Dominant males mate more frequently than their coalition

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sub-adults established new territories outside their natal prides, and as a result the satellite lion population has been increasing since 1995. By 2015, the total population had grown to an estimated 523 individuals, inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in the Saurashtra

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periods from Southern Africa towards East Africa. The Asiatic lion is genetically closer to North and West African lions than to the group comprising East and Southern African lions. The two groups probably diverged about 186,000–128,000 years ago. It is thought that the Asiatic lion remained

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In general, lions prefer large prey species within a weight range of 190 to 550 kg (420 to 1,210 lb), irrespective of their availability. Domestic cattle have historically been a major component of the Asiatic lions' diet in the Gir Forest. Inside Gir Forest National Park, lions

1595:. Until 2000, 1,100 families from 16 villages had been resettled from the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, and another 500 families from eight villages were expected to be resettled. With this resettlement scheme the protected area was expanded by 345 km (133 sq mi). 1500:

Since the mid 1990s, the Asiatic lion population has increased to an extent that by 2015, about a third resided outside the protected area. Hence, conflict between local residents and wildlife also increased. Local people protect their crops from nilgai, wild boar, and other

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In July 2012, a lion dragged a man from the veranda of his house and killed him about 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from Gir Forest National Park. This was the second attack by a lion in this area, six months after a 25-year-old man was attacked and killed in Dhodadar.

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Coalitions of males defend home ranges containing one or more female prides. Together, they hold a territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three to four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy with one male dominating the others.

1329:). They generally kill most prey less than 100 m (330 ft) away from water bodies, charge prey from close range and drag carcasses into dense cover. They regularly visit specific sites within the protected area to scavenge on dead livestock dumped by 3389: 1236:

at the same sites. Females associate with up to twelve other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. They share large carcasses among each other, but seldom with males. Female and male lions usually associate only for a few days when

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by using electrical fences that are powered with high voltage. Some consider the presence of predators a benefit, as they keep the herbivore population in check. But some also fear the lions, and killed several in retaliation for attacks on livestock.

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Jhala, Y. V.; Banerjee, K.; Basu, P.; Chakrabarti, S.; Gayen, S.; Gogoi, K. & Basu, A. (2016). Ecology of Asiatic Lions in Gir, P. A., and Adjoining Human-Dominated Landscape of Saurashtra, Gujarat (Report). Dehradun, India: Wildlife Institute of

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The population has steadily increased since 2010. In 2015, the 14th Asiatic Lion Census was conducted over an area of about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi); the lion population was estimated at 523 individuals, and in 2017 at 650 individuals.

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in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran, dating to around 70-10,000 years ago, with other reports from Pleistocene deposits in Nadaouiyeh Ain Askar and Douara Cave, Syria. In 1976, fossil lion remains were reported from Pleistocene deposits in

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Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N. & De Iongh, H. H. (2011).

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Gujarat state officials resisted the relocation, since it would make the Gir Sanctuary lose its status as the world's only home of the Asiatic lion. Gujarat raised a number of objections to the proposal, and thus the matter went before the

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hybrids of African and Asian lions. In North American zoos, several Indian-African lion crosses were inadvertently bred, and researchers noted that "the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically."

813:," before one of his companions killed it. He described it as being "unusually large and of very dark brown colour", with some parts of its body being almost black. In 1935, a British admiral claimed to have sighted a maneless lion near 3413:

Bertola, L.D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag K.J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P.A.; Driscoll, C.A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & De Iongh, H. H. (2016).

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incidents in recent years, as well as reports that organized poacher gangs have switched attention from local Bengal tigers to the Gujarat lions. There have also been a number of drowning incidents, after lions fell into wells.

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assumed that it arrived from Europe, entering southwestern Asia through Balochistan only recently, before humans started limiting its dispersal in the country. The advent and increasing availability of firearms led to its local

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population at 9,650 individuals. In the following decades, the wild ungulate population has grown consistently to 31,490 in 1990 and 64,850 in 2010, including 52,490 chital, 4,440 wild boar, 4,000 sambar, 2,890 nilgai, 740

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Badam, G. L. & Sathe, V. G. (1991). "Animal depictions in rock art and palaeoecology—a case study at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh, India". In Pager, S. A.; Swatrz Jr., B. K. & Willcox, A. R. (eds.).

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supporting the Asiatic lion. After 1965, a national park was established covering an area of 258.71 km (99.89 sq mi) where human activity is not allowed. In the surrounding sanctuary only

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stopped breeding Indian-African cross lions stating that "hybrid lions have no conservation value and it is not worth to spend resources on them". Now only pure native Asiatic lions are bred in India.

4136: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 5581: 1419: 6510: 5219: 838:'s Gir Forest, an area of 1,412.1 km (545.2 sq mi) was declared as a sanctuary for Asiatic lion conservation in 1965. This sanctuary and the surrounding areas are the only 4950: 5142: 3620:

Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

1730:(SSP). The North American population of captive Asiatic lions was composed of descendants of five founder lions, three of which were pure Asian and two were African or African-Asian 5478: 5454: 3491: 1621:, but the project met resistance from the local population, and thus it was not implemented. However, this did not stop Iran from seeking to bring back the lion. In February 2019, 606:

of 357 samples from captive and wild lions from Africa and India were examined. Results indicate four lineages of lion populations: one in Central and North Africa to Asia, one in

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The Anvari Suhaili; or the Lights of Canopus Being the Persian version of the Fables of Pilpay; or the Book Kalílah and Damnah rendered into Persian by Husain Vá'iz U'L-Káshifí

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Ostéographie, ou Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles pour servir de base à la zoologie et à la géologie

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for the Asiatic lion. A standardised haplogroup phylogeny supports that the Asiatic lion is not a distinct subspecies, and that it represents a haplogroup of the northern

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Dominant males consume about 47% more from kills than their coalition partners. Aggression between partners increases when coalitions are large, but kills are small.

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O’Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K. & Martenson, J. S. (1987).

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The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon

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In the 1950s, biologists advised the Indian government to re-establish at least one wild population in the Asiatic lion's former range to ensure the population's

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Finch, K.; Williams, L. & Holmes, L. (2020). "Using longitudinal data to evaluate the behavioural impact of a switch to carcass feeding on an Asiatic lion (

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Asiatic (above) and southern African (below) lions. Note the larger tail tuft, sparser mane on the head and prominent fold of skin on the abdomen of the former.

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Jhala, Y. V.; Mukherjee, S.; Shah, N.; Chauhan, K. S.; Dave, C. V.; Meena, V. & Banerjee, K. (2009). "Home range and habitat preference of female lions (

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Asiatic lions mate foremost between October and November. Mating lasts three to six days. During these days, they usually do not hunt, but only drink water.

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allegedly speared a lion in the 1620s that measured 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in) and weighed 306 kg (675 lb). In 1841, English traveller

2143:'s teachings, such as that the rich have an obligation to donate wealth to the poor, comparing their attitude to itself, with the response of prey to a 871:

thorn savanna and receives about 650 mm (26 in) annual rainfall; rainfall in the west is higher at about 1,000 mm (39 in) per year.

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to 411 individuals by 2010. In that year, approximately 105 lions lived outside the Gir forest, representing a quarter of the entire lion population.

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Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P. K.; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S. R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

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Chellam, R. & Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N. & Gorman, M. L. (eds.).

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The Tower Menagerie, Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in That Establishment; With Anecdotes of Their Characters and History

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Until the late 1990s, captive Asiatic lions in Indian zoos were haphazardly interbred with African lions confiscated from circuses, leading to

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region., comprising 109 adult males, 201 adult females and 213 cubs. The Asiatic Lion Census conducted in 2017 revealed about 650 individuals.

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Chakrabarti, S. & Jhala, Y. V. (2019). "Battle of the sexes: a multi-male mating strategy helps lionesses win the gender war of fitness".

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Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

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Jhala, Yadvendradev V.; Banerjee, Kausik; Chakrabarti, Stotra; Basu, Parabita; Singh, Kartikeya; Dave, Chittaranjan; Gogoi, Keshab (2019).

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assessed several potential translocation sites for their suitability regarding existing prey population and habitat conditions. The Palpur-

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T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

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Singh, H. S. & Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (

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The Asiatic lion currently exists as a single subpopulation, and is thus vulnerable to extinction from unpredictable events, such as an

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Antunes, A.; Troyer, J. L.; Roelke, M. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Packer, C.; Winterbach, C.; Winterbach, H. & Johnson, W. E. (2008).

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O’Brien, S. J.; Martenson, J. S.; Packer, C.; Herbst, L.; de Vos, V.; Joslin, P.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Wildt, D. E. & Bush, M. (1987).

3242: 755: 734: 453: 6226: 6078: 5986: 5901: 5373: 5348: 4516: 4050: 3860: 3090:"Faunal remains from recent excavations at Shishan Marsh 1 (SM1), a Late Lower Paleolithic open-air site in the Azraq Basin, Jordan" 1569: 65: 6479: 1432:

lasts about 110 days. Litters comprise one to four cubs. The average interval between births is 24 months, unless cubs die due to

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The Mega Yearbook 2018 – Current Affairs & General Knowledge for Competitive Exams with 52 Monthly ebook Updates & eTests

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basal to all modern lions. These findings support an African origin of modern lion evolution with a probable centre in East and

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Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. (2006). "Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion

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and became extinct in the 10th century. Until the middle of the 19th century, it survived in regions adjoining Mesopotamia and

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proposed by Walter Smee in 1833 was based on two skins of maneless lions from Gujarat that Smee exhibited in a meeting of the

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throat, where it is only 10 cm (4 in) long. About half of Asiatic lions' skulls from the Gir forest have divided

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kings were known to carry the symbol of the lion on their thrones and garments. The name 'Shir' (also pronounced 'Sher') (

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Johnsingh, A.J.T. & Chellam, R. (1991). "Asiatic lions". In Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. & Knight, F. (eds.).

2256: 1842: 1705: 1588: 1166:. By the turn of the century, the Gir Forest held the only Asiatic lion population in India, which was protected by the 859: 737:. The most striking morphological character of the Asiatic lion is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly. 433: 6456: 3127:

Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Trinkaus, E.; Reyss, J.-L.; Biglari, F.; Bailon, S.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (November 2009).

1058: 38: 6941: 6857: 6070: 5799: 5531: 4095:): 50 years journey for conservation of an Endangered carnivore and its habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India" 1663: 1580: 1183: 560:

sequences of lions from across the global range, including now extinct populations like Barbary lions, indicates that

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to find an alternative habitat for reintroducing Asiatic lions was pursued in the early 1990s. Biologists from the

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Proposed reintroduction sites in India. Pink spots indicate former populations, blue spots indicate proposed sites.

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The confirmed record total length of a male Asiatic lion is 2.92 m (9 ft 7 in), including the tail.

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caused a steady and marked decline of lion numbers in the country. Lions were exterminated in Palamau by 1814, in

6931: 6926: 5738: 5311: 3168:"Occurrence of fossil lion and spotted hyena from Pleistocene deposits of Susunia, Bankura District, West Bengal" 2196: 940: 143: 6480:

DB Video Special Report on Asiatic lion in Gujarati: What Is the connection Between Gir lions and Africans lions

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Loseries, A. (2013). "Simhamukha: The Lion-faced Durgā of the Tibetan Tantrik Pantheon". In Loseries, A. (ed.).

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Nearly 25 lions in the vicinity of Gir Forest were found dead in October 2018. Four of them had died because of

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woodlands. It was widespread in the country, but in the 1870s, it was sighted only on the western slopes of the

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Pokines, James T.; Lister, Adrian M.; Ames, Christopher J. H.; Nowell, April; Cordova, Carlos E. (March 2019).

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Rock Art—The Way Ahead: South African Rock Art Research Association First International Conference Proceedings

544:. This population may have become extinct around 39,000 years ago, before the arrival of humans in Sri Lanka. 1038:

and appeared on the country's flag. Some of the country's last lions were sighted in 1941 between Shiraz and

6916: 6705: 6117: 3694: 3356: 1866: 1584: 1215: 945: 3886: 3535: 900: 6732: 6424: 6352: 4810: 3987: 3129:"Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros" 2689:): its implications for colonisation history, population bottlenecks, and conservation of the Asian lion ( 1785: 1612: 1600: 1485: 365: 4235: 3584:

Smuts, G.L.; Robinson, G.A. & Whyte, I.J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (

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was interrupted due to extinction of lions in Western Eurasia and the Middle East during the Holocene.

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was spotted in 1872. By the late 1870s, lions were extinct in Rajasthan. By 1880, no lion survived in

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Males have a shoulder height of up to 107–120 cm (42–47 in), and females of 80–107 cm (

6792: 4744: 4617: 3979: 3784: 3735: 3568: 3431: 3365: 3039: 2895: 2405: 2397: 1994: 1618: 1592: 1362: 1159: 1086: 680: 597: 514:(commonly known as the cave lion), which became extinct around 14,000 years ago. Genetic analysis of 469: 4815: 3992: 764: 391:

was the scientific name proposed by Johann N. Meyer in 1826 who described an Asiatic lion skin from

3746:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95. 3416:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion ( 2428: 2333: 2223: 1691: 1557: 879: 835: 802: 614:; the first wave of lion expansion probably occurred about 118,000 years ago from East Africa into 396: 108: 6298: 5759: 6395: 6329: 6163: 6040: 5870: 5421: 5224: 5031:

Red Data Book on Indian Animals. Part. 1: Vertebrata (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia and Amphibia), The

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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia

5413: 5369: 5344: 5074: 5066: 4772: 4705: 4512: 4449: 4404: 4307:: National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development Publishing. pp. 220–228. 4272: 3923: 3856: 3827: 3747: 3656: 3457: 3324: 3269: 3148: 3109: 3067: 3005: 2923: 2392: 2267: 2252: 1680: 1646: 1233: 1167: 1163: 782: 691:

is shorter than in African lions. Skull length in adult males ranges from 330–340 mm (13–

631: 593: 577: 557: 504: 353: 288: 6098:. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabair. Vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. 5929: 5889: 5853:

Till, B. (1980). "Some Observations on Stone Winged Chimeras at Ancient Chinese Tomb Sites".

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in Fars Province, and in 1942, a lion was spotted about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of

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AAj Tak Video News Report in Hindi: Gir lions in palpur kuno century report rajesh badal.mp4

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Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

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Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

5514: 5405: 4902: 4820: 4762: 4752: 4695: 4687: 4625: 4443: 4264: 4175: 4034: 3997: 3792: 3706: 3690: 3646: 3597: 3527: 3447: 3439: 3373: 3314: 3304: 3259: 3251: 3140: 3101: 3057: 3047: 2995: 2985: 2949:) in ancient, medieval and modern Rajasthan: Study of plans to relocate them in Rajasthan". 2913: 2903: 2856: 2817: 2753: 2704: 2617: 2471: 2421: 2387: 2352: 2297: 2271: 2125: 1999: 1978: 1731: 1522: 1334: 1131: 1103: 1027: 918: 798: 541: 510: 312: 266: 4922:"Did The Failure To Set Up A 'Second Home' For In Madhya Pradesh Cause Lion Deaths In Gir?" 4495:

Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, S.; Sharma, S.; Singh, S.; Jain, A.; Kulshreshtha, M. (2013).

3912: 3848: 2774: 2179:), and they can be used as names of places, or titles of people. An Arabic toponym for the 6680: 6659: 6538: 6428: 5482: 5146: 5029: 4956: 3200:

Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).

2453: 2374: 2311: 2214: 2188: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2045: 2007: 1951: 1893: 1838: 1750: 1670: 1245: 1082: 1035: 1007: 581: 569: 553: 423: 4019: 4748: 4621: 4180: 4159: 3983: 3788: 3435: 3369: 3345:"Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion ( 3043: 3000: 2969: 2899: 2280:) is a part of the names of many places in Iran and Central Asia, like those of city of 6639: 6530: 6060: 5389:

Shankaranarayanan, P.; Banerjee, M.; Kacker, R. K.; Aggarwal, R. K.; Singh, L. (1997).

4767: 4724: 4700: 4675: 3601: 3452: 3415: 3319: 3288: 3264: 3233: 3062: 3025: 2968:

Broggini, C.; Cavallini, M.; Vanetti, I.; Abell, J.; Binelli, G.; Lombardo, G. (2024).

2918: 2875: 2758: 2737: 2344: 2285: 2263: 2155:, meaning "lion", "beast of prey", or "hunter"). Other Arabic words for 'lion' include 2110: 2082: 2065: 2027: 2003: 1910: 1789: 1720: 1461: 1342: 1123: 1107: 976: 684: 635: 603: 6573: 1228:

Male Asiatic lions are solitary, or associate with up to three males, forming a loose

6905: 6844: 6399: 6378: 5975: 5840: 4363: 4046: 3702: 3377: 3201: 3128: 2829: 2742:

and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"

2462: 1793: 1724: 1687: 1565: 1450: 1314: 1190: 1151: 1090: 1039: 1011: 778: 565: 520: 349: 345: 128: 5425: 4637: 3804: 3513:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan" 3385: 1617:

In 1977, Iran attempted to restore its lion population by transporting Gir lions to

867:

to serve as an alternative home for lions. The drier eastern part is vegetated with

733: in). It differs from the African lion by a larger tail tuft and less inflated 6784: 6649: 6629: 6526: 5970: 5286: 4164:(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) mortality in the Gir Lion Landscape, Gujarat, India" 3477:"Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions" 2684: 2542:. Vol. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222. 2322: 2318: 2307: 2129: 2121: 2090: 2048:

that is strongly associated with Buddhism and known since at least the Han dynasty.

1261: 1111: 992: 688: 573: 477: 317: 249: 4511:. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer Science & Business Media. 2800:

Schnitzler, A. & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

1587:

in northern Madhya Pradesh was ranked as the most promising location, followed by

1564:. In 1956, the Indian Board for Wildlife accepted a proposal by the Government of 6888: 6216: 5742: 5709: 4757: 4232:

National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands; Stephen Arpee Collection

4001: 3309: 2908: 6818: 6764: 6184: 2329: 2240: 2203: 2055: 2034: 2015: 1985: 1962: 1853: 1807: 1741:

In the early 1990s, three European zoos imported pure Asiatic lions from India:

1626: 1433: 1265: 1099: 972: 953: 611: 529: 502:

Lions first left Africa at least 700,000 years ago, giving rise to the Eurasian

333: 329: 225: 5290: 5259: 4828: 4509:

Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: Conservation and Management of Vertebrates

3031:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

651: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6520: 6515: 6492: 6467: 4824: 4629: 3796: 2708: 2340: 2117: 2086: 2041: 1970: 1857: 1778: 1742: 1735: 1630: 1526: 1453: 1089:

in the early 19th century. It once ranged to Bangladesh in the east and up to

1062: 875: 533: 205: 6755: 6368:

Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

4951:"Asiatic lions in Gujarat's Gir forest dying of Canine Distemper Virus: ICMR" 4676:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions" 4038: 3660: 3152: 3113: 991:

River in the early 1870s. By the late 19th century, it had become extinct in

17: 5409: 4906: 4691: 4536:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. 3651: 3634: 3052: 2366: 2248: 2184: 1958: 1906: 1902: 1862: 1734:. The lions kept in the framework of the SSP consisted of animals with high 1502: 1489: 1457: 1429: 1322: 1273: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1070: 1019: 988: 844: 826: 810: 806: 624: 615: 537: 419: 195: 155: 5539: 5252:"Russia, Iran exchange tigers for leopards but some experts express doubts" 4776: 4709: 3531: 3461: 3328: 3273: 3255: 3234:"The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion ( 3071: 3009: 2927: 2860: 2683:

Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A. C.; Driscoll, C. A.; Macdonald, D. W. (2009).

2351:

from around 1000–1200 years BCE, the "Mari-Cha Lion", was exhibited at the

2120:, particularly the Arabian Peninsula, the Asiatic lion has significance in 5558:. Natal: Southern African Rock Art Research Association. pp. 196–208. 5417: 1942: 1931: 1882: 1690:

studies of Asiatic lions have helped in identifying individuals with high

6749: 6485:

Skin of a Persian lioness, belonging to an Vulnerable subspecies of lions

6346:. Translated by O. Henry Francis (English ed.). National Book Trust. 6300:

A Narrative of a journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburgh

3105: 2990: 2140: 2051: 2011: 1873: 1754: 1561: 1473: 1469: 1354: 1349: 1330: 1119: 980: 850:

Lions inhabit remnant forest habitats in the two hill systems of Gir and

619: 337: 235: 175: 6414: 5161:"Tired of Gujarat reluctance on Gir lions, MP to release tigers in Kuno" 2321:

in the Caucasus, by both locals and foreigners. The locals were called '

1399: 6810: 6604: 5874: 4197:"Why are India's lions increasingly swapping the jungle for the beach?" 2244: 2200: 2094: 2060: 2019: 1797: 1074: 949: 839: 809:, Iran, and sighted a lion which "had done much damage in the plain of 369: 361: 352:. Since the turn of the 20th century, its range has been restricted to 215: 6823: 6391: 3443: 2821: 1093:

in the south. Because of the lion's restricted distribution in India,

572:. It is likely that lions migrated from there to West Africa, eastern 6556: 6534: 6500: 6488: 5067:"Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions?" 4984:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

4304: 4076:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

3922:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 37–41. 3887:"The past and present distribution of the lion in south eastern Asia" 2970:"From Caves to the Savannah, the Mitogenome History of Modern Lions ( 2452:

Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D.P.; Ahmad Khan, J.; Driscoll, C. (2023).

2281: 2180: 2106: 1974: 1966: 1955: 1898: 1306: 1298: 1281: 1238: 1066: 1043: 1031: 1023: 1015: 996: 968: 964: 868: 851: 814: 585: 524: 392: 341: 321: 185: 165: 6726: 5866: 4578:. Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India: Wildlife Institute of India. 4078:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40. 2310:") is one of the most prominent symbols of Iran, dating back to the 1992:

deprives lions of their prowess. The lion plays a prominent role in

665: 523:

in the Azraq Basin, Jordan, dating to around 250,000 years ago, and

80: 5283:"Return To Motherland: Asiatic lion returns to Iran after 80 years" 5109:"Asia's Lions Live In One Last Place on Earth—And They're Thriving" 5071:

Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia

3144: 638:

in the recent history of the remnant population in the Gir Forest.

6883: 6542: 6304: 6114:

Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others

6020: 5685:

Tantrik Literature and Culture : Hermeneutics and Expositions

5139:

Supreme Court gives Madhya Pradesh lions' share from Gujarat's Gir

2348: 2289: 2209: 2133: 2102: 1888: 1536: 1444: 1411: 1155: 1078: 1047: 984: 825: 786: 763: 683:, whereas African lions have only one foramen on either side. The 607: 457: 357: 6002:

Ashrafian, H. (2011). "An extinct Mesopotamian lion subspecies".

5747:. Hertford: Stephen Austin, Bookseller to the East-India College. 5476:

Annual Report 1972: Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; pp 39-42

2033:

The earliest known Chinese stone sculptures of lions date to the

1046:. In 1944, the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the 6797: 4867:(Report). Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. 1972. p. 42. 4482:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia

3635:"Asiatic Lion: Ecology, Economics, and Politics of Conservation" 3232:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. (2006).

3202:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" 2941:

Sood, P. (2020). "Biogeographical distribution of Asiatic Lion (

1229: 1000: 907: 774: 497: 325: 307: 6730: 6577: 6360: 5095:

Executive summary of the Asiatic lion PHVA. First draft report.

4725:"Spatio-temporal partitioning and coexistence between leopard ( 2876:"Spatio-temporal partitioning and coexistence between leopard ( 1813:

Lion depicted in a 15th century Persian manuscript kept at the

1568:

to establish a new sanctuary for the envisaged reintroduction,

6462: 6434: 4723:

Chaudhary, R.; Zehra, N.; Musavi, A. & Khan, J.A. (2020).

2874:

Chaudhary, R.; Zehra, N.; Musavi, A. & Khan, J.A. (2020).

2229: 2010:

between the 8th and 12th centuries. The lion is the symbol of

5312:"From Dublin to Tehran: Persian Lioness Joins Male Companion" 4507:. In Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, S.; Rahmani, A. R. (eds.). 1333:

livestock herders. During dry, hot months, they also prey on

536:

excavated from Batadomba Cave indicates that lions inhabited

6215:

Wagner, R. A. (ed.). "Index nominum et rerum memorabilium".

2603:

Natural History of the Felinae. Series: Naturalist's library

1006:

Historical records in Iran indicate that it ranged from the

4505:

conservation: Protected Area Network and zoos in Rajasthan"

4299:. In Abu-Zinada, A. H.; Goriup, P. D.; Nader, L. A (eds.). 1920: 1914: 1560:

and to prevent it from being affected by an outbreak of an

1488:, the same virus that had also killed several lions in the 1232:. Pairs of males rest, hunt and feed together, and display 6142:"Iraq secure much-needed win over rivals Iran in friendly" 4999:"Man-eater lion kills 50-year-old in Amreli, preys on him" 1716:

where it was hoped to begin a captive breeding programme.

1525:, and is fully protected in India, where it is considered 426:. Bennett's essay contains a drawing titled 'Bengal lion'. 5896:. Kuala Lumpur: Joey Yap Research Group. pp. 16–33. 4552:

Reproductive strategy and behaviour of male Asiatic Lions

3622:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–423. 2500:

Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium

1629:

in the United Kingdom, followed in June by a female from

395:. In the 19th century, several zoologists described lion 64:"Indian lion" redirects here. For the Lion of India, see 5959:. Bruxelles, Belgium: Musées Royaux D'Art et D'Histoire. 3820:

Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (

3740:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2458:(Asiatic subpopulation) (amended version of assessment)" 1694:, which can be used for conservation breeding programs. 6263:(Report). Vol. 1: Culture. Abu Dhabi. p. 52. 4351:. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 4160:"Building walls around open wells prevent Asiatic Lion 3695:

10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2

1869:

in central India, which are at least 30,000 years old.

1249:

riverine habitats, where prey species also congregate.

777:. Lions with such smaller manes were also known in the 618:, and the second wave in the late Pleistocene or early 42: 6435:

Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India

5391:"Genetic variation in Asiatic lions and Indian tigers" 3026:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 2540:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

2247:

The lion has an important association with the figure

1633:. There are hopes for them to successfully reproduce. 1130:, a British officer shot 300 lions. The last lions of 480:

specimens. However, several scientists continue using

6523:

including Pakistan's last wild lion at Bahawalpur Zoo

5368:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 67. 4986:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 4301:

Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia

3920:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

1792:, which was originally erected around 250 BC atop an 1162:

districts, and only about a dozen lions were left in

584:

and northern India during the last 20,000 years. The

3573:. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. pp. 159–161. 1014:

at elevations below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in

987:, and was still sighted in the upper reaches of the 847:

have the right to take their livestock for grazing.

399:

from other parts of Asia that used to be considered

6739: 6694: 6673: 6612: 6563:الاسد العربي المنقرض عند العرب lion Arabian Extinct 5073:. Hyderabad: Universities Press. pp. 126–138. 3570:

Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon

2779:) Population in Gir Lion Landscape, Gujarat, India" 2477:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T247279613A247284471.en

623:connected to North and Central African lions until 137: 73: 6344:Endangered Animals of India and their conservation 5974: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4589:Chellam, R. (1997). "Asia's Envy, India's Pride". 4534:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour 4020:"The Asiatic Lion and the Maldharis of Gir Forest" 2332:of pre-literate Greek myth is associated with the 2288:, and had been adopted into other languages, like 1712:; which decided they would be accommodated at the 1348:In 1974, the Forest Department estimated the wild 610:, one in Southern Africa, and one in Southern and 5687:. Delhi: Buddhist World Press. pp. 155–164. 5366:Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature 4129:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests" 2081:Lions are depicted on vases dating to about 2600 1830:A painting showing a lion hunt in India, ca. 1810 1138:were shot in the 1860s. One lion was killed near 705: in), and in females, from 292–302 mm ( 634:than African lions, which may be the result of a 368:of the Asiatic lion was published in 1826 by the 6151:. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01 5662:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. 5060: 5058: 4649: 4647: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 3824:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat 3674:Haas, S.K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P.R. (2005). 2502:(Doctoral thesis). Vienna: University of Vienna. 874:The lion population recovered from the brink of 5955:Gesché-Koning, N. & Van Deuren, G. (1993). 5766:(3 ed.). Disha Publications. p. 102. 4467: 4465: 4269:Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran 3293:revealed by host and viral population genomics" 2647:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 2584:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1723:was initiated in 1977, followed in 1983 by the 1472:or large forest fire. There are indications of 4790:Hayward, M. W. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 4403:. London, New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 65. 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3744:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 3613: 3611: 2731: 2729: 2314:, and was used on the flag of Iran until 1979. 2262:The symbol of the lion is closely tied to the 1937: 1926: 1877: 856:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests 6589: 6254:Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism 5532:"The Asiatic lion captive breeding programme" 4484:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 56–58. 4294:"Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia" 3906: 3904: 3891:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3826:(PhD thesis). Rajkot: Saurashtra University. 3506: 3504: 2089:in Iran. The lion was an important symbol in 2030:and the sixth animal of the Sinhalese zodiac. 1708:sold a pair of young pure-stock lions to the 8: 6353:"Executive summary of the Asiatic lion PHVA" 5334: 5332: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4545: 4543: 4437: 4435: 4027:The Journal of Environment & Development 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 6553:4 انواع الأسود في العالم الأسد العربي الجزء 6415:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Asiatic lion 4674:Chakrabarti, S. & Jhala, Y. V. (2017). 4445:Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion 4390: 4388: 4271:. Avon: Images Publishing. pp. 77−80. 2978:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2775:"Estimation of the Status of Asiatic Lion ( 2685:"Divided infraorbital foramen in the lion ( 2101:The lion makes repeated appearances in the 1925:'city', which in turn is from the Sanskrit 1761:(EEP) for Asiatic lions was initiated. The 26: 6727: 6596: 6582: 6574: 6420:The Telegraph, August 2018: Pride of India 5493: 5491: 4362:Khosravifard, S. & Niamir, A. (2016). 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3172:Journal of the Geological Society of India 2302: 2276: 923:National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands) 854:that comprise Gujarat's largest tracts of 464:In 2017, the Asiatic lion was subsumed to 287: 117: 93: 79: 70: 5928:Ray, N.; Robinson, D.; Bloom, G. (2010). 5632:. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. p. 1031. 5580:. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. p. 1679. 5500:"Asiatic Lion Studbooks: a short history" 5149:. The Indian Express Ltd., 17 April 2013. 4814: 4766: 4756: 4699: 4554:. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India. 4179: 4158:Kagathara, T. & Bharucha, E. (2020). 3991: 3734:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . 3650: 3451: 3318: 3308: 3263: 3133:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3061: 3051: 2999: 2989: 2917: 2907: 2757: 2475: 2136:criticizes people who were averse to the 316:. Until the 19th century, it occurred in 5977:The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World 5447:"Hybrid lions at Chhatbir Zoo in danger" 4733:) in Gir protected area, Gujarat, India" 4013: 4011: 3855:. St. Paul: Voyageur Press. p. 67. 2951:Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2884:) in Gir protected area, Gujarat, India" 1947:, latter also meaning 'fortified town'. 1763:European Association of Zoos and Aquaria 1003:was killed on the lower Tigris in 1918. 372:zoologist Johann N. Meyer, who named it 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6548:Description of the Arabian lion and art 5567: 5565: 3289:"The evolutionary dynamics of the Lion 2773:Singh, A. P. & Nala, R. R. (2018). 2441: 1757:one male and two females. In 1994, the 1264:, showing a high temporal overlap with 1057:In India, the Asiatic lion occurred in 88:Male Asiatic lion in Gir National Park 28: 6325:"Wire fences death traps for big cats" 6161: 2447: 2445: 1865:cave paintings of lions were found in 1654:Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Zoological Garden 5710:"Book 7: Drona Parva. Section LXVIII" 5457:from the original on 23 December 2015 5364:Avise, J. C.; Hamrick, J. L. (1996). 4878:Chellam, R. (1987). "The Gir Lions". 3911:Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). 3083: 3081: 2605:. London: H. G. Bohn. p. 87−123. 2093:and is depicted in a stone relief at 1905:is Sinhala meaning 'Abode of Lions'. 1759:European Endangered Species Programme 1405:A pride of adult lions and their cubs 1241:, but rarely live and feed together. 1030:, and in the forest regions south of 456:in 1843 was based on an Asiatic lion 7: 4658:. London: Merehurst. pp. 92–93. 2849:Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 2259:is nicknamed "Lions of Mesopotamia." 2206:of Muhammad, were given titles like 2037:at the turn of the first millennium. 2026:The lion is the third animal of the 687:is more strongly developed, and the 5220:"Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs" 5028:Zoological Survey of India (1994). 4181:10.11609/jott.5025.12.3.15301-15310 2463:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2301: 2275: 2218: 2192: 2176: 2164: 2152: 1577:Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project 1552:Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project 1256:The lions in Gir National Park are 1102:over large areas. Heavy hunting by 498:Lion § Evolution and phylogeny 5009:from the original on April 2, 2015 4263:Humphreys, P.; Kahrom, E. (1999). 4139:from the original on 8 August 2017 3639:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3602:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x 3243:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1625:obtained a male Asiatic lion from 963:The Asiatic lion used to occur in 454:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 296:Current range of the Asiatic lion 57: 2195:) can mean "Spring of the Lion." 1570:Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary 356:and the surrounding areas in the 66:Sher-E-Hindustan (disambiguation) 6912:IUCN Red List endangered species 6505:Natural History Museum (Ireland) 6376:in their common range in Asia". 4207:from the original on 26 May 2023 3849:"Lion: physical characteristics" 3378:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x 2808:in their common range in Asia". 2738:"Dispersion of the Asiatic lion 2624:. Paris: J.B. Ballière et fils. 2105:, most notably as having fought 1823: 1806: 1784:The original sandstone sculpted 1777: 1662: 1645: 1398: 1384: 1214: 1200: 1182: 1170:in his private hunting grounds. 931: 899: 664: 650: 444:Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet 142: 6431: (archived August 25, 2010) 6425:Asiatic Lion Information Centre 6311:from the original on 2020-07-26 6270:from the original on 2019-08-07 6235:from the original on 2024-01-22 6197:from the original on 2020-05-27 5981:. London: Thames & Hudson. 5910:from the original on 2024-01-22 5822:from the original on 2024-01-22 5780:from the original on 2024-01-22 5720:from the original on 2016-08-27 5636:from the original on 2021-09-13 5584:from the original on 2021-09-12 5318:from the original on 2019-10-14 5200:from the original on 2018-01-27 5171:from the original on 2018-01-28 5044:from the original on 2022-12-06 5037:. Calcutta: White Lotus Press. 4964:from the original on 2018-10-05 4932:from the original on 2018-10-05 4792:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 4374:from the original on 2018-08-30 4314:from the original on 2019-01-26 4195:Sushmita Pathak (19 May 2023). 4056:from the original on 2014-08-13 3939:from the original on 2005-05-29 3214:from the original on 2023-03-07 3207:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 3182:from the original on 2022-10-06 2715:from the original on 2020-06-02 2665:from the original on 2020-01-17 2628:from the original on 2014-12-03 1719:The Asiatic lion International 418:in 1829 was a lion kept in the 6221:. Vol. I. Рипол Классик. 4364:"The lair of the lion in Iran" 4105:(10): 993–1003. Archived from 2586:. Part I (December 1833): 140. 1973:is a lion-faced protector and 1699:Central Zoo Authority of India 446:in 1834 was a lion from India. 1: 6495:in 1902 (during the reign of 6457:Asiatic lions in online video 5934:. Lonely Planet. p. 99. 4610:Biodiversity and Conservation 4572:Ecology of the Asiatic lion ( 4424:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961). 3349:) in West and Central Africa" 2616:Blainville, H. M. D. (1843). 2343:statue of a lion from either 2317:The lion was an objective of 1456:hunting lions in the area of 911: 596:are natural barriers to lion 576:and via the periphery of the 310:population of the subspecies 6717:) in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary 6533:encountering a lion outside 6307:: James Madden. p. 26. 5708:Ganguli, K. M. (1883–1896). 5343:. Random House. p. 42. 4758:10.1371/journal.pone.0229045 4428:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. 4002:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 3490:(1): 114–124. Archived from 3484:National Geographic Research 3310:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251 2909:10.1371/journal.pone.0229045 2759:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 2257:Iraqi national football team 1843:Cultural depictions of lions 1589:Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary 434:Zoological Society of London 6071:Texas Tech University Press 5660:Handbook of Hindu Mythology 5603:"Chinese account of Ceylon" 5113:National Geographic Society 4426:Simba: The Life of the Lion 4370:(Special Issue 10): 14–17. 2658:. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 2097:in the Mesopotamian Plain. 1943: 1932: 1883: 1581:Wildlife Institute of India 1481:Maldharis since the 1970s. 1193:his territory in Gir Forest 906:Men with a chained lion in 6958: 6685:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 6607:on the Indian subcontinent 6094:Muhammad ibn Saad (2013). 5065:Johnsingh, A.J.T. (2006). 4880:Vivekananda Kendra Patrika 4608:) in Gir forests, India". 4401:The complete fauna of Iran 4168:Journal of Threatened Taxa 3210:(Supplement 12): 423–434. 2947:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 2559:. London: Robert Jennings. 2470:: e.T247279613A247284471. 2044:is a traditional dance in 1998:that were translated into 1909:derives its name from the 1887:, which is also a name of 1851: 1836: 1747:Zürich Zoologischer Garten 1710:Fauna Preservation Society 1610: 1549: 1391:Lions mating in Gir Forest 1142:in 1866. The last lion of 773:below the belly, sides or 495: 63: 6937:Mammals described in 1826 6569:Asiatic lioness on a tree 6529:of Muhammad's descendant 6168:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5624:Apte, V. S. (1957–1959). 5572:Apte, V. S. (1957–1959). 5314:. Iran Front Page. 2019. 5250:Khosravifard, S. (2010). 4825:10.1017/S0952836905007508 4630:10.1007/s10531-009-9648-9 3797:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 3559:Sterndale, R. A. (1884). 2709:10.1163/18759866-07802004 2197:Hamzah ibn Abdul-Muttalib 2085:that were excavated near 2069: 1954:, the half man half lion 1938: 1927: 1878: 1126:in the 1840s. During the 999:. The last known lion in 979:, it was known since the 941:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 793:Exceptionally sized lions 508:which later evolved into 295: 286: 139:Scientific classification 115: 106: 101: 92: 87: 78: 6183:Shahbazi, S. A. (2001). 6066:Mammals of the Holy Land 5739:Eastwick, E. B (transl.) 5654:Williams, G. M. (2008). 4472:Blanford, W. T. (1889). 4039:10.1177/1070496508329352 2697:Contributions to Zoology 1984:In the 18th book of the 1745:obtained two pairs; the 1623:Tehran Zoological Garden 1305:), sambar deer, nilgai, 1128:Indian Rebellion of 1857 865:Barda Wildlife Sanctuary 822:Distribution and habitat 59:Lion population in India 39:latest accepted revision 6706:Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary 6527:Ancient Arabian account 6118:Oxford University Press 5843:. London: R. Ackermann. 5410:10.1002/elps.1150180938 3972:Biological Conservation 3885:Kinnear, N. B. (1920). 3847:Brakefield, T. (1993). 3771:: Implications for its 3652:10.3389/fevo.2019.00312 3357:Journal of Biogeography 3053:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 2553:Bennett, E. T. (1829). 2116:Having occurred in the 1901:. The Sanskrit name of 1867:Bhimbetka rock shelters 1585:Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary 1367:Tetracerus quadricornis 1286:Boselaphus tragocamelus 1081:and eastward as far as 946:Assyrian palace reliefs 805:accompanied hunters in 630:Asiatic lions are less 332:, and from east of the 6476:by Rajesh Badal (2011) 6449:Animal Diversity Web: 6359:: 2–22. Archived from 6096:The Companions of Badr 5513:(6): 4. Archived from 5341:Engineer In The Garden 4226:Sevruguin, A. (1880). 3532:10.1002/zoo.1430060202 3256:10.1098/rspb.2006.3555 2974:) and Their Ancestors" 2861:10.19227/jzar.v8i4.475 2530:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 1921: 1915: 1786:Lion Capital of Ashoka 1542: 1486:canine distemper virus 1465: 1425: 831: 769: 430:Felis leo goojratensis 366:scientific description 6711:South African cheetah 6674:Extirpated from India 6372:and the Asiatic lion 6190:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5894:The Art of Lion Dance 5890:"History and Origins" 5806:McGraw-Hill Education 5453:. 18 September 2006. 4907:10.1093/beheco/arz048 4727:Panthera pardus fusca 4692:10.1093/beheco/arx118 4332:Üstay, A. H. (1990). 4292:Nader, I. A. (1989). 4089:Singh, A. P. (2017). 3818:Sinha, S. P. (1987). 3777:Conservation Genetics 3166:Dutta, A. K. (1976). 2878:Panthera pardus fusca 2804:and the Asiatic lion 2736:Singh, H. S. (2017). 2498:Meyer, J. N. (1826). 2415:Panthera leo fossilis 2251:, as demonstrated in 1837:Further information: 1815:Topkapi Palace Museum 1728:Species Survival Plan 1714:Jersey Wildlife Trust 1540: 1496:Conflicts with humans 1448: 1423: 1174:Ecology and behaviour 1095:Reginald Innes Pocock 830:Habitat in Gir Forest 829: 767: 681:infraorbital foramina 590:Congolian rainforests 416:Edward Turner Bennett 412:Felis leo bengalensis 6771:Panthera leo persica 6741:Panthera leo persica 6695:Under reintroduction 6497:Shah Mozaffar ad-Din 6463:Asiatic Lions Images 6374:Panthera leo persica 6342:Nair, S. M. (1999). 6323:Kaushik, H. (2005). 6073:. pp. 146–148. 6042:The Book of the Lion 5536:www.asiatic-lion.org 5281:Amlashi, H. (2019). 4731:Panthera leo persica 4729:) and Asiatic lion ( 4606:Panthera leo persica 4574:Panthera leo persica 4570:Chellam, R. (1993). 4448:. New Delhi: Indus. 4347:Hatt, R. T. (1959). 4228:"Men with live lion" 4162:Panthera leo persica 4127:Kaushik, H. (2017). 4093:Panthera leo persica 3968:Panthera leo persica 3822:Panthera leo persica 3106:10.1017/qua.2018.113 2991:10.3390/ijms25105193 2943:Panthera leo persica 2882:Panthera leo persica 2880:) and Asiatic lion ( 2845:Panthera leo persica 2806:Panthera leo persica 2777:Panthera leo persica 2740:Panthera leo persica 2597:Jardine, W. (1834). 2130:Surah al-Muddaththir 2077:West Asia and Europe 2014:, the 24th and last 1995:The Fables of Pilpay 1619:Arzhan National Park 1601:Indian Supreme Court 1593:Darrah National Park 1519:Panthera leo persica 1424:Asiatic lions mating 1363:four-horned antelope 1339:Crocodylus palustris 1207:Female and male lion 1087:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh 6351:Walker, S. (1994). 6185:"Flags (of Persia)" 6004:Veterinary Heritage 5758:Ansari, U. (2017). 5716:. John Bruno Hare. 5507:Zoos' Print Journal 5159:Sharma, R. (2017). 5093:Walker, S. (1994). 4960:. New Delhi. 2018. 4920:Bobins, A. (2018). 4749:2020PLoSO..1529045C 4622:2009BiCon..18.3383J 4532:Joslin, P. (1973). 4395:Firouz, E. (2005). 4349:The mammals of Iraq 4091:"The Asiatic Lion ( 3984:2011BCons.144.1753S 3789:2006ConG....7..507B 3436:2016NatSR...630807B 3370:2011JBiog..38.1356B 3250:(1598): 2119–2125. 3094:Quaternary Research 3044:2020PNAS..11710927D 3038:(20): 10927–10934. 2900:2020PLoSO..1529045C 2429:Damnatio ad bestias 2334:Labours of Hercules 2239:is a statue at the 2072:, pounding a lion). 1876:word for 'lion' is 1848:South and East Asia 1692:genetic variability 1613:Iran's Project Lion 1558:reproductive health 1327:Camelus dromedarius 1297:predominantly kill 1034:. It served as the 803:Austen Henry Layard 632:genetically diverse 562:sub-Saharan African 397:zoological specimen 109:Conservation status 29:Page version status 6942:Symbols of Gujarat 6715:A. jubatus jubatus 6613:Extant in the wild 6503:, and kept in the 6440:ARKive.org: Lion ( 6330:The Times of India 6258:Annual Report 2017 6218:Mythographi Graeci 6149:Iraqi-Football.com 6061:Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. 5839:Upham, E. (1829). 5498:Zingg, R. (2007). 5481:2023-09-18 at the 5451:The Times of India 5339:Tudge, C. (2011). 5262:on 15 October 2020 5225:The Times of India 5165:The Times of India 5145:2013-05-20 at the 5136:Anand, U. (2013). 5119:on August 10, 2016 5097:Zoo's Print: 2–22. 4997:Anonymous (2012). 4895:Behavioral Ecology 4803:Journal of Zoology 4680:Behavioral Ecology 4442:Mitra, S. (2005). 4174:(3): 15301–15310. 4133:The Times of India 4018:Varma, K. (2009). 3970:) of Gir forest". 3590:Journal of Zoology 3424:Scientific Reports 2618:"Felis. Plate VI." 2365:Lion populations: 1891:and signifies the 1749:one pair; and the 1688:DNA fingerprinting 1543: 1466: 1426: 1341:) on the banks of 1258:active at twilight 1116:Ahmedabad district 1052:Khuzestan Province 971:, Mesopotamia and 832: 770: 671:An Asiatic lioness 556:analysis based on 476:similarities with 389:Felis leo persicus 374:Felis leo persicus 35: 6899: 6898: 6733:Taxon identifiers 6724: 6723: 6664:Neofelis nebulosa 6392:10.1111/mam.12166 6127:978-0-19-953836-2 5941:978-1-74179-457-1 5801:Indian Hist (Opt) 5694:978-93-80852-20-1 5669:978-0-19-533261-2 5107:Hugo, K. (2016). 4743:(3): p.e0229045. 4616:(13): 3383–3394. 4550:Meena V. (2008). 4410:978-1-85043-946-2 4334:Hunting in Turkey 3929:978-2-8317-0045-8 3753:978-90-04-08876-4 3687:Mammalian Species 3444:10.1038/srep30807 2822:10.1111/mam.12166 2570:Smee, W. (1833). 2393:Wildlife of India 2227: 1681:genetic pollution 1421: 1335:mugger crocodiles 1234:marking behaviour 1168:Nawab of Junagarh 1164:Junagadh district 1118:in the 1830s, in 921:exhibited in the 783:Arabian Peninsula 689:post-orbital area 594:Great Rift Valley 578:Arabian Peninsula 505:Panthera fossilis 474:molecular genetic 450:Felis leo indicus 354:Gir National Park 300: 299: 256: 132: 47:22 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 6949: 6932:Panthera leo leo 6927:Fauna of Gujarat 6892: 6891: 6879: 6878: 6866: 6865: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6826: 6814: 6813: 6801: 6800: 6788: 6787: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6728: 6634:P. tigris tigris 6624:Panthera leo leo 6598: 6591: 6584: 6575: 6470: 6403: 6364: 6347: 6338: 6333:. Archived from 6319: 6317: 6316: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6193:. Vol. 10. 6180: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5980: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5888:Yap, J. (2017). 5885: 5879: 5878: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5613:(May): 30. 1836. 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5538:. Archived from 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5504: 5495: 5486: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5428:. Archived from 5404:(9): 1693–1700. 5395: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5289:. Archived from 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5258:. Archived from 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5228:. Archived from 5218:Dey, A. (2009). 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5156: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5115:. Archived from 5104: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4901:(4): 1050–1061. 4890: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4827:. Archived from 4818: 4800: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4760: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4686:(6): 1532–1539. 4671: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4567: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4336:. Istanbul: BBA. 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4234:. Archived from 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4024: 4015: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3978:(5): 1753–1757. 3963: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3731: 3714: 3713: 3712:on 28 July 2017. 3711: 3705:. Archived from 3684: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3534:. Archived from 3517: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3388:. Archived from 3364:(7): 1356–1367. 3353: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3303:(11): e1000251. 3284: 3278: 3277: 3267: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3055: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2993: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2911: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2527: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2449: 2422:Panthera spelaea 2388:Wildlife of Iran 2353:Louvre Abu Dhabi 2305: 2304: 2294:Shir-va-Khorshid 2279: 2278: 2222: 2220: 2194: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2071: 2008:Hebrew languages 1979:Tibetan Buddhism 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1827: 1810: 1781: 1669:Asiatic lion in 1666: 1649: 1523:CITES Appendix I 1521:was included on 1422: 1402: 1388: 1359:Gazella bennetti 1218: 1204: 1186: 1104:British colonial 1050:River in Iran's 1028:Zagros Mountains 956:, 7th century BC 944:, a sequence of 935: 919:Antoin Sevruguin 917:. Photograph by 916: 913: 903: 799:Emperor Jahangir 753: 752: 748: 745: 732: 731: 727: 724: 718: 717: 713: 710: 704: 703: 699: 696: 668: 657:Asiatic lion cub 654: 566:phylogenetically 542:Late Pleistocene 511:Panthera spelaea 313:Panthera leo leo 291: 282: 270: 255: 253: 147: 146: 126: 121: 120: 102:Female with cub 97: 83: 71: 21: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6922:Felids of India 6902: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6887: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6848: 6843: 6835: 6830: 6822: 6817: 6809: 6804: 6796: 6791: 6783: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6735: 6725: 6720: 6690: 6681:Asiatic cheetah 6669: 6660:Clouded leopard 6644:P. pardus fusca 6608: 6602: 6521:Stuffed animals 6468: 6429:Wayback Machine 6411: 6406: 6370:Panthera tigris 6367: 6350: 6341: 6322: 6314: 6312: 6303:. Vol. 1. 6293: 6289: 6287:Further reading 6282: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6236: 6229: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5867:10.2307/3250032 5852: 5851: 5847: 5838: 5834: 5825: 5823: 5816: 5808:. p. 155. 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5714:The Mahabharata 5707: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5639: 5637: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5483:Wayback Machine 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5398:Electrophoresis 5393: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5194:Hindustan Times 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5147:Wayback Machine 5135: 5131: 5122: 5120: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4965: 4957:Hindustan Times 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4816:10.1.1.611.8271 4798: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4673: 4672: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4099:Indian Forester 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4009: 3993:10.1.1.707.1382 3965: 3964: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3884: 3883: 3870: 3863: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3775:conservation". 3766: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3733: 3732: 3717: 3709: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3351: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3022: 3021: 3017: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2894:(3): e0229045. 2873: 2872: 2868: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2802:Panthera tigris 2799: 2798: 2794: 2783:Indian Forester 2772: 2771: 2767: 2746:Current Science 2735: 2734: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2529: 2528: 2507: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2375:Lions in Europe 2362: 2312:Safavid dynasty 2237:lion of Babylon 2138:Islamic Prophet 2128:. For example, 2126:Islamic culture 2079: 2046:Chinese culture 1952:Hindu mythology 1860: 1850: 1845: 1839:Lion (heraldry) 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1782: 1771: 1751:Korkeasaari Zoo 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1671:Tierpark Berlin 1667: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1639: 1615: 1609: 1554: 1548: 1535: 1516: 1498: 1443: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1378: 1319:Bubalus bubalis 1294: 1292:Feeding ecology 1246:radio telemetry 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1176: 1036:national emblem 1018:vegetation and 1008:Khuzestan Plain 961: 960: 959: 958: 957: 936: 927: 926: 925: 914: 904: 893: 824: 795: 762: 750: 746: 743: 741: 735:auditory bullae 729: 725: 722: 720: 715: 711: 708: 706: 701: 697: 694: 692: 676: 675: 674: 673: 672: 669: 660: 659: 658: 655: 644: 642:Characteristics 604:Genetic markers 582:southern Europe 570:Southern Africa 554:phylogeographic 550: 500: 494: 424:Tower of London 386: 344:region and the 278: 264: 254: 247: 141: 133: 122: 118: 111: 69: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6955: 6953: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:Felids of Asia 6914: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6880: 6867: 6854: 6841: 6828: 6815: 6802: 6789: 6776: 6761: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6647: 6640:Indian leopard 6637: 6627: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6550: 6545: 6541:region of the 6531:Musa al-Kadhim 6524: 6518: 6516:A lion in Iraq 6513: 6511:Lion of Basrah 6508: 6482: 6477: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6446: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6409:External links 6407: 6405: 6404: 6386:(4): 340–353. 6365: 6363:on 2010-08-25. 6348: 6339: 6337:on 2012-09-22. 6320: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6245: 6227: 6207: 6175: 6133: 6126: 6112:, ed. (2000). 6101: 6086: 6079: 6052: 6028: 6013: 5994: 5987: 5962: 5947: 5940: 5920: 5902: 5880: 5861:(4): 261–281. 5845: 5832: 5815:978-0070635777 5814: 5798:Reddy (2006). 5790: 5773:978-9387421226 5772: 5750: 5730: 5700: 5693: 5675: 5668: 5646: 5616: 5594: 5574:"सिंहः siṃhaḥ" 5561: 5545: 5542:on 2009-02-06. 5523: 5520:on 2015-06-28. 5487: 5468: 5438: 5435:on 2013-07-23. 5381: 5374: 5356: 5349: 5328: 5303: 5273: 5242: 5210: 5181: 5151: 5129: 5099: 5086: 5080:978-8173715525 5079: 5054: 5020: 4989: 4974: 4942: 4912: 4885: 4870: 4856: 4844: 4809:(3): 309–322. 4782: 4715: 4661: 4643: 4596: 4581: 4557: 4539: 4524: 4517: 4487: 4461: 4455:978-8173871832 4454: 4431: 4416: 4409: 4384: 4354: 4339: 4324: 4284: 4278:978-0951397763 4277: 4248: 4218: 4187: 4150: 4119: 4081: 4066: 4033:(2): 154–176. 4007: 3949: 3928: 3913:"Asiatic lion" 3900: 3868: 3861: 3839: 3832: 3810: 3783:(4): 507–514. 3759: 3752: 3715: 3666: 3625: 3607: 3596:(3): 365–373. 3576: 3551: 3500: 3497:on 2013-05-02. 3467: 3405: 3334: 3279: 3224: 3192: 3178:(3): 386–391. 3158: 3145:10.1002/oa.997 3139:(6): 678–694. 3119: 3100:(2): 768–791. 3077: 3015: 2960: 2933: 2866: 2855:(4): 283–287. 2835: 2816:(4): 340–353. 2792: 2789:(10): 887–892. 2765: 2752:(5): 933–940. 2725: 2675: 2638: 2608: 2589: 2576:, Linn., Var. 2562: 2545: 2505: 2490: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2345:Southern Italy 2337: 2326: 2315: 2286:Sherabad River 2264:Persian people 2260: 2233: 2114: 2111:Book of Judges 2083:before present 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2049: 2038: 2031: 2028:Burmese zodiac 1961:is the fourth 1849: 1846: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1812: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1790:Sarnath Museum 1783: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1738:coefficients. 1725:North American 1706:Sakkarbaug Zoo 1668: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1608: 1605: 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1534: 1533:Reintroduction 1531: 1515: 1512: 1497: 1494: 1462:Madhya Pradesh 1460:, present-day 1451:Mughal Emperor 1449:A painting of 1442: 1439: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1343:Kamleshwar Dam 1293: 1290: 1220: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1124:Damoh district 1114:, Hariana and 977:South Caucasia 937: 930: 929: 928: 905: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 892: 889: 823: 820: 794: 791: 761: 758: 685:sagittal crest 670: 663: 662: 661: 656: 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 643: 640: 636:founder effect 549: 548:Phylogeography 546: 496:Main article: 493: 490: 462: 461: 447: 437: 427: 385: 382: 298: 297: 293: 292: 284: 283: 276: 272: 271: 267:P. l. leo 262: 258: 257: 245: 241: 240: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 135: 134: 116: 113: 112: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 76: 75: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6954: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487:, brought to 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6379:Mammal Review 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6234: 6230: 6228:9785874554637 6224: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6208: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6087: 6082: 6080:0-8967-2364-X 6076: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5988:9780500050965 5984: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5921: 5909: 5905: 5903:9789671303870 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855:Artibus Asiae 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5791: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5375:9780412055812 5371: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5352: 5350:9781446466988 5346: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5293:on 2020-01-10 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5274: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5243: 5232:on 2012-10-24 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5130: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5040: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5021: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4865:Annual Report 4860: 4857: 4848: 4845: 4834:on 2016-11-05 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4518:9783319013459 4514: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4238:on 2018-03-26 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4109:on 2022-03-31 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862:9781610603546 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689:(762): 1–11. 3688: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3541:on 2014-02-25 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526:(2): 99–116. 3525: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3406: 3395:on 2019-06-08 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297:PLOS Genetics 3294: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810:Mammal Review 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2691:P. l. persica 2688: 2679: 2676: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2456:Panthera leo 2448: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2323:Shirvanshakhs 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228:'Lion of 2225: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193:بِئر ٱلسَّبَع 2190: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2054:has a native 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1826: 1816: 1809: 1799: 1795: 1794:Ashoka Pillar 1791: 1788:preserved at 1787: 1780: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1697:In 2006, the 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1665: 1655: 1648: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566:Uttar Pradesh 1563: 1559: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1401: 1387: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:water buffalo 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Rusa unicolor 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244:Results of a 1242: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1217: 1203: 1192: 1191:scent marking 1185: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Indian rulers 1106:officers and 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091:Narmada River 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:Fars Province 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942: 934: 924: 920: 909: 902: 890: 888: 884: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 861: 860:thorny forest 857: 853: 848: 846: 841: 837: 828: 821: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 779:Syrian region 776: 766: 759: 757: 756: 738: 736: 690: 686: 682: 667: 653: 641: 639: 637: 633: 628: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 580:into Turkey, 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552:Results of a 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 522: 521:Shishan Marsh 517: 513: 512: 507: 506: 499: 491: 489: 487: 483: 482:P. l. persica 479: 475: 471: 470:morphological 468:due to close 467: 459: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 440:Leo asiaticus 438: 435: 431: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410: 409: 408: 406: 405:P. l. persica 402: 398: 394: 390: 383: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350:Central India 347: 346:Narmada River 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314: 309: 305: 294: 290: 285: 281: 277: 274: 273: 269: 268: 263: 260: 259: 252: 251: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 136: 130: 125: 114: 110: 105: 100: 96: 91: 86: 82: 77: 74:Asiatic lion 72: 67: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Asiatic lions 6740: 6714: 6702:Asiatic lion 6701: 6684: 6663: 6653: 6650:Snow leopard 6643: 6633: 6630:Bengal tiger 6623: 6620:Asiatic lion 6619: 6451:Panthera leo 6450: 6442:Panthera leo 6441: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6361:the original 6356: 6343: 6335:the original 6328: 6313:. Retrieved 6299: 6283: 6272:. Retrieved 6248: 6237:. Retrieved 6217: 6210: 6199:. Retrieved 6188: 6178: 6153:. Retrieved 6148: 6136: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6089: 6065: 6055: 6041: 6037:Pease, A. E. 6031: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5930: 5923: 5912:. Retrieved 5893: 5883: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5835: 5824:. Retrieved 5800: 5793: 5782:. Retrieved 5763: 5753: 5743: 5733: 5722:. Retrieved 5713: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5659: 5649: 5638:. Retrieved 5629: 5619: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5586:. Retrieved 5577: 5555: 5548: 5540:the original 5535: 5526: 5515:the original 5510: 5506: 5471: 5461:30 September 5459:. Retrieved 5450: 5441: 5430:the original 5401: 5397: 5384: 5365: 5359: 5340: 5320:. Retrieved 5306: 5295:. Retrieved 5291:the original 5287:Tehran Times 5276: 5264:. Retrieved 5260:the original 5256:Payvand News 5255: 5245: 5234:. Retrieved 5230:the original 5223: 5213: 5202:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5173:. Retrieved 5164: 5154: 5138: 5132: 5121:. Retrieved 5117:the original 5112: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5070: 5046:. Retrieved 5030: 5023: 5011:. Retrieved 5002: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4966:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4934:. Retrieved 4925: 4915: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4879: 4873: 4859: 4847: 4836:. Retrieved 4829:the original 4806: 4802: 4794:Panthera leo 4793: 4785: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4683: 4679: 4655: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4400: 4376:. Retrieved 4367: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4316:. Retrieved 4300: 4287: 4268: 4240:. Retrieved 4236:the original 4231: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4201:The Guardian 4200: 4190: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4141:. Retrieved 4132: 4122: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4102: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4058:. Retrieved 4030: 4026: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3941:. Retrieved 3919: 3894: 3890: 3852: 3842: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769:Panthera leo 3768: 3762: 3743: 3739: 3707:the original 3686: 3678:Panthera leo 3677: 3669: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3619: 3593: 3589: 3586:Panthera leo 3585: 3579: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3543:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3523: 3519: 3492:the original 3487: 3483: 3470: 3427: 3423: 3418:Panthera leo 3417: 3408: 3397:. Retrieved 3390:the original 3361: 3355: 3347:Panthera leo 3346: 3337: 3300: 3296: 3291:Panthera leo 3290: 3282: 3247: 3241: 3236:Panthera leo 3235: 3227: 3216:. Retrieved 3205: 3195: 3184:. Retrieved 3175: 3171: 3161: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3097: 3093: 3035: 3029: 3018: 2984:(10). 5193. 2981: 2977: 2972:Panthera leo 2971: 2963: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:), Cheetah ( 2942: 2936: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2717:. Retrieved 2703:(2): 77–83. 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687:Panthera leo 2686: 2678: 2667:. Retrieved 2655: 2641: 2630:. Retrieved 2621: 2611: 2602: 2592: 2583: 2578:goojratensis 2577: 2573: 2565: 2555: 2548: 2539: 2534:Panthera leo 2533: 2499: 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2467: 2461: 2455: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2409:conservation 2406: 2401:conservation 2398: 2378: 2370: 2347:or southern 2308:Lion and Sun 2303:شیر و خورشید 2293: 2207: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2091:Ancient Iraq 2080: 2059: 1993: 1983: 1949: 1892: 1871: 1861: 1740: 1718: 1704:In 1972 the 1703: 1696: 1686: 1678: 1637:In captivity 1616: 1597: 1574: 1555: 1518: 1517: 1514:Conservation 1508: 1499: 1483: 1479: 1467: 1427: 1376:Reproduction 1371: 1366: 1358: 1347: 1338: 1326: 1318: 1313:), domestic 1310: 1302: 1295: 1285: 1277: 1269: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1227: 1189:A male lion 1112:Baroda State 1056: 1005: 993:Saudi Arabia 962: 939: 891:Former range 885: 873: 849: 833: 796: 771: 739: 677: 629: 602: 574:North Africa 551: 515: 509: 503: 501: 485: 481: 478:Barbary lion 465: 463: 452:proposed by 449: 442:proposed by 439: 429: 414:proposed by 411: 404: 388: 387: 378: 373: 364:. The first 318:Saudi Arabia 311: 304:Asiatic lion 303: 301: 280:Asiatic lion 279: 275:Population: 265: 261:Subspecies: 248: 236: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6819:iNaturalist 6765:Wikispecies 6565:(in Arabic) 6539:mountainous 6357:Zoo's Print 6047:John Murray 6010:(2): 47–49. 5656:"Narasimha" 4926:India Times 4478:. The Lion" 3520:Zoo Biology 2957:(1): 35–41. 2330:Nemean lion 2241:Ishtar Gate 2056:martial art 2035:Han dynasty 2016:Tirthankara 1986:Mahabharata 1963:incarnation 1919:'lion' and 1854:Bharat Mata 1627:Bristol Zoo 1464:, from 1630 1434:infanticide 1361:), and 290 1100:extirpation 1069:, Gujarat, 973:Baluchistan 954:Mesopotamia 915: 1880 818:district." 612:East Africa 540:during the 532:. A fossil 530:West Bengal 525:Wezmeh Cave 334:Indus River 330:Mesopotamia 226:Pantherinae 222:Subfamily: 6906:Categories 6493:Edward VII 6459:(3 videos) 6315:2018-05-18 6295:Abbott, J. 6274:2019-06-29 6239:2017-11-23 6201:2016-03-10 6155:2017-11-28 6110:Dalley, S. 6045:. London: 5971:Scarre, C. 5914:2021-11-27 5826:2020-10-15 5784:2020-09-28 5760:"Mahavira" 5724:2017-05-07 5640:2021-09-13 5626:"पुर् pur" 5588:2021-09-12 5322:2019-10-14 5297:2019-10-14 5236:2009-08-09 5204:2018-01-27 5175:2018-01-27 5123:2016-08-10 5048:2022-10-12 4968:2018-10-05 4936:2018-10-05 4882:: 153–157. 4838:2012-12-30 4656:Great Cats 4378:2018-01-12 4318:2019-01-26 4242:2018-03-26 4113:2021-12-25 4060:2012-12-30 3943:2019-08-13 3833:3844305459 3545:2012-12-29 3399:2017-01-17 3218:2019-02-16 3186:2020-12-13 2719:2019-08-16 2669:2019-08-18 2632:2014-08-29 2599:"The Lion" 2483:27 January 2437:References 2341:Bronze Age 2268:Achaemenid 2219:أَسَد ٱلله 2118:Arab world 2087:Lake Urmia 2042:lion dance 1971:Simhamukha 1858:Kangla Sha 1852:See also: 1769:In culture 1743:London Zoo 1736:inbreeding 1631:Dublin Zoo 1611:See also: 1527:endangered 1503:herbivores 1454:Shah Jahan 1311:Bos taurus 1278:Sus scrofa 1221:Young male 1063:Bahawalpur 880:Dispersing 876:extinction 836:Saurashtra 811:Ram Hormuz 564:lions are 534:carnassial 516:P. spelaea 320:, eastern 206:Feliformia 202:Suborder: 124:Endangered 6850:247279613 6400:202040786 6164:cite news 5013:March 28, 5003:DNA India 4811:CiteSeerX 4476:Felis leo 4047:155086420 3988:CiteSeerX 3703:198968757 3661:2296-701X 3563:Felis leo 3561:"No. 200 3430:: 30807. 3153:1047-482X 3114:0033-5894 2830:202040786 2574:Felis leo 2367:Cape lion 2249:Gilgamesh 2199:who were 2185:Beersheba 2181:Levantine 2153:قَسْوَرَة 2070:ល្បុក្កតោ 1959:Narasimha 1907:Singapore 1903:Sri Lanka 1863:Neolithic 1490:Serengeti 1458:Burhanpur 1430:Gestation 1323:dromedary 1303:Axis axis 1274:wild boar 1148:Rajasthan 1144:Mount Abu 1140:Allahabad 1071:Rajasthan 1020:pistachio 989:Euphrates 845:Maldharis 807:Khuzestan 625:gene flow 616:West Asia 598:dispersal 538:Sri Lanka 492:Evolution 486:P. l. leo 466:P. l. leo 420:menagerie 360:state of 244:Species: 196:Carnivora 162:Kingdom: 156:Eukaryota 6884:Species+ 6863:14000238 6750:Wikidata 6654:P. uncia 6605:Big cats 6491:by King 6309:Archived 6297:(1856). 6265:Archived 6256:(2017). 6233:Archived 6195:Archived 6063:(1996). 6039:(1913). 6025:74:41–51 5973:(1999). 5931:Cambodia 5908:Archived 5820:Archived 5778:Archived 5741:(1854). 5718:Archived 5634:Archived 5582:Archived 5479:Archived 5455:Archived 5426:41046139 5316:Archived 5266:6 August 5198:Archived 5196:. 2017. 5169:Archived 5143:Archived 5039:Archived 5007:Archived 4962:Archived 4930:Archived 4777:32160193 4737:PLOS ONE 4710:29622932 4638:21167393 4593:: 66–72. 4372:Archived 4368:Cat News 4309:Archived 4205:Archived 4143:9 August 4137:Archived 4051:Archived 3934:Archived 3897:: 34–39. 3853:Big Cats 3805:24190889 3462:27488946 3386:82728679 3329:18989457 3274:16901830 3212:Archived 3180:Archived 3072:32366643 3010:38791233 3001:11121052 2928:32160193 2888:PLOS ONE 2713:Archived 2660:Archived 2656:Cat News 2626:Archived 2360:See also 2284:and the 2253:his epic 2183:City of 2145:qaswarah 2141:Muhammad 2052:Cambodia 2012:Mahavira 1874:Sanskrit 1755:Helsinki 1721:Studbook 1652:Lion in 1562:epidemic 1474:poaching 1470:epidemic 1355:chinkara 1350:ungulate 1331:Maldhari 1160:Palanpur 1120:Kot Diji 981:Holocene 887:ranges. 840:habitats 620:Holocene 592:and the 401:synonyms 384:Taxonomy 370:Austrian 338:Pakistan 237:Panthera 212:Family: 186:Mammalia 176:Chordata 172:Phylum: 166:Animalia 152:Domain: 129:IUCN 3.1 43:reviewed 6811:5219405 6798:1225995 6756:Q182347 6537:in the 6474:YouTube 6427:at the 5875:3250032 5804:. Tata 5418:9378147 4768:7065753 4745:Bibcode 4701:5873260 4618:Bibcode 4591:Srishti 4503:ex situ 4499:In situ 3980:Bibcode 3785:Bibcode 3773:ex situ 3453:4973251 3432:Bibcode 3366:Bibcode 3320:2572142 3265:1635511 3063:7245068 3040:Bibcode 2919:7065753 2896:Bibcode 2407:Ex situ 2399:In situ 2319:hunting 2298:Persian 2272:Persian 2245:Babylon 2232:'). 2226: 2204:kinsmen 2132:of the 2109:in the 2095:Nineveh 2061:Bokator 2058:called 2020:Jainism 2000:Persian 1990:Bharata 1897:of the 1798:Sarnath 1732:hybrids 1441:Threats 1260:and by 1132:Gwalior 1083:Palamau 1075:Haryana 950:Nineveh 749:⁄ 728:⁄ 714:⁄ 700:⁄ 422:of the 362:Gujarat 340:to the 232:Genus: 216:Felidae 192:Order: 182:Class: 127: ( 6837:622026 6824:147731 6557:Arabic 6535:Medina 6501:Persia 6489:Dublin 6398: 6225: 6124: 6077: 6023: 5985: 5938: 5900: 5873: 5812: 5770: 5691: 5666: 5424: 5416: 5372: 5347: 5077: 4853:India. 4813: 4775: 4765: 4708: 4698: 4636: 4515: 4452: 4407: 4397:"Lion" 4305:Riyadh 4275: 4265:"Lion" 4211:26 May 4045: 3990: 3926: 3859: 3830: 3803: 3750: 3736:"Lion" 3701: 3659: 3460: 3450: 3384: 3327: 3317: 3272: 3262: 3151: 3112: 3070: 3060: 3008: 2998: 2926: 2916: 2828: 2379:· 2377: 2373: 2371:· 2369: 2292:. 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