44:
390:, where the young, still white fronds develop. The beetle feeds on the undeveloped fronds, causing major damage to the palm. While the damaged fronds still continue to grow, become green and unfold, they typically have parts cut off. Most often the damaged fronds show triangular cuts, or when the fronds unfold, parts break off and wilt. The damage reduces the production of fruits on the palm. In young, newly planted palms the growing point of the palm may be damaged by the attack and the palm dies as a result.
468:
62:
370:
403:
342:
423:, the trunks are often piled up high in large heaps, exposing them to beetles searching for breeding sites. Attempts to burn them is often not successful and creates air pollution. On the other hand, if the trunks lie on the ground and are hidden by vegetation (e.g. overgrown by a cover crop), most beetles will not find them. In addition, dense ground vegetation can also reduce the damage on young palms.
1455:
520:
1469:
398:
Coconut rhinoceros beetle outbreaks are always associated with an abundance of breeding sites. These are usually created during replanting of coconut and oil palm plantations, when large numbers of palms are felled. The trunks decay and become available for breeding over a period of several years. At
511:
However, during replanting of palms, when many breeding sites become available, transmission of the virus is often interrupted and outbreaks still occur, even with the presence of the virus. Under such conditions it is recommended to grow a cover crop over the breeding sites and under the palms, as
365:
After emerging from the pupae, the young adults remain at the breeding site for an additional three to four weeks until their cuticle is hardened and their flight muscles and reproductive organs are fully developed. They then leave the breeding site and fly to a nearby coconut palm, where they feed
357:
Female beetles typically arrive first at a coconut trunk suitable for breeding and start preparing the trunk for egg laying by breaking up the wood into small particles suitable for consumption by the freshly hatched first instar larvae. A male beetle often follows the female for mating and to help
353:
The beetle most often breeds in the decaying trunks of coconut or oil palm. These trunks become suitable for breeding after palms are felled for replanting or when the palm dies of old age. The dead standing palms are the most preferred breeding places. Other breeding sites are sawdust heaps around
309:
is a large dynastid beetle with a length of 35–50 mm and a dark-brown to black colour. The head has a horn which is more prominently developed in males and in larger specimens. The pronotum has a large central depression with two humps at the hind margin and the tibia of the foreleg has three
443:
is not feasible, research on effective biological control agents has received special attention for many years. This included searching within the native distribution of the beetle for suitable predators, parasitoids and diseases. Many species of predators and parasitoids were identified over the
273:
The native distribution of this beetle covers most parts of tropical Asia, from India and the
Maldives in the west to the Philippines and southern China in the east. Through human activity, it has been accidentally introduced into a larger number of tropical islands in the Pacific starting with
313:
The eggs are white and about 3 mm in diameter. The larvae are the typical C-shaped white grubs of scarab beetles. The three larval stages can be separated by the size of their head capsule which is around 2.5–3 mm (1st instar), 5–6 mm (2nd instar) and 10–11 mm (3rd instar),
495:
in
Malaysia in 1963. It was later found to occur naturally in other countries within the native range of the beetle like the Philippines, Indonesia and India. However, the introduced beetle populations in the Pacific and those in the Maldives were found to be virus-free.
447:
However, there is little evidence that native or introduced predators and parasitoids cause a significant impact on the populations of the coconut rhinoceros beetle. For example, during a field survey of 600 breeding sites in the
Philippines, <5% contained
426:
In
Indonesia, hand-picking of beetles from the axils of palms is often practised in newly planted oil palm plantations. Pheromone traps have been also used for control, as well as for monitoring and for determining the incidence of virus infections in
385:
The coconut rhinoceros beetle attacks a palm at the base of the fronds (leaves) where they are attached to the growing trunk. They start at one of the middle leaf axils, boring through the base of other fronds into the centre of the crown,
361:
The eggs hatch after 1.5–2 weeks and the total duration of the three larval stages last around four to six months. The fully grown larvae construct a protective cell, pupate and the young adults emerge after an additional three weeks.
354:
sawmills, stumps of rubber trees, compost heaps in gardens, and other decaying organic matter such as heaps of cocoa (cacao) pods. The breeding substrate must have reached a certain degree of decay for the females to accept it.
503:
population. For example, virus releases in the islands of the
Maldives typically reduced the beetle populations to less than one quarter of the level before the release. The virus effects mainly the population of adult
414:
Apart from how abundant breeding sites are, the severity of an outbreak depends mainly on two factors, on the ground vegetation, as well as the presence/absence of the most important natural control agent, the
310:
large teeth. Male beetles can be reliably distinguished from females by the tip of the abdomen which is rounded, shiny and hairless in males. In females the tip is more pointed and densely covered with hair.
358:
the female with preparation of the breeding site. Females deposit eggs, packing the wood particles tightly around the eggs. Males often stay behind in the trunk, breaking up additional wood.
548:
Still, once established in a breeding site, this fungus provides long-term control of larvae in this particular site. Unlike the virus, the fungus survives for some time outside its host (as
545:
population. In the
Philippines, only about 10% of the breeding sites naturally contained this fungus, and the effect of the fungus on the population of adult beetles is negligible.
479:
attacks per hectare. Data from islands of
Hukurudhoo Atoll (no virus release) are shown as blue dots, those from islands of Ari Atoll (virus released) as brown dots.
1667:
541:
is also effective in controlling coconut rhinoceros beetles in breeding sites. However, unlike the virus disease, it does not spread very well by itself within an
1693:
1489:
1628:
801:
Paudel, Sulav; Jackson, Trevor A.; Boulekouran, Sylvie; Tasale, Jeffline; Garae, Bill; Allanson, Patricia; Ero, Mark; Marshall, Sean D.G. (2023).
1759:
1186:"Can biological control overcome the threat from newly invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)? A review"
366:
and mate. Breeding starts after the first feeding, only two to three weeks after the young adults have emerged from the breeding site.
43:
512:
well as to use a few dead standing palms to promote the spread of the virus. There is also evidence of resistance to the virus in some
1769:
1754:
265:(leaves) up to death of the palm. The beetle breeds in decaying palm trunks or other organic matter like sawdust or compost heaps.
1641:
420:
197:
282:). From Samoa, the coconut rhinoceros beetle spread to many others parts of the Pacific. Most recently, the beetle invaded
1481:
488:
475:
in the
Maldives over 4 years. The damage on marked coconut palms has been converted into estimates of number of monthly
416:
739:
Paudel, Sulav; Marshall, Sean D.G.; Richards, Nicola K.; Hazelman, George; Tanielu, Pueata; Jackson, Trevor A. (2022).
1680:
1589:
1566:
1221:
virus: Its detection, identification, and implementation in biological control of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle,
741:"Coconut rhinoceros beetle in Samoa: Review of a century-old invasion and prospects for control in a changing future"
1764:
561:
1698:
1255:
Zelazny, B.; Lolong, A.; Crawford, A.M. (1990). "Introduction and field comparison of
Baculovirus strains against
773:
61:
1749:
460:
can be common in sawdust heaps where the adult wasps can find and reach the larvae relatively easily. However,
399:
the same time, the young, replanted coconut or oil palms are particularly vulnerable to attacks by the beetle.
1057:
1544:
1459:
1142:
Paudel, Sulav; Jackson, Trevor A.; Mansfield, Sarah; Ero, Mark; Moore, Aubrey; Marshall, Sean D.G. (2023).
1506:
1594:
176:
1473:
1417:
1184:
Paudel, Sulav; Mansfield, Sarah; Villamizar, laura F.; Jackson, Trevor A.; Marshall, Sean D.G. (2021).
838:
245:, is a large species of beetle (typically 4–5 cm long), belonging to the rhinoceros beetles subfamily
1602:
1553:
1416:
Moslim, Ramle; Wahid, Mohd. Basri; Kamarudin, Norman; Sharma, Mukesh; Ali, Siti Ramlah Ahmad (1999).
1744:
467:
1358:, has escaped biological control by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and is invading Pacific Islands"
1352:
Marshall, Sean D.G.; Moore, Aubrey; Vaqalo, Maclean; Noble, Alasdair; Jackson, Trevor A. (2017).
686:
Bedford, Geoffrey O. (2013). "Biology and management of palm dynastid beetles: Recent advances".
322:
The coconut rhinoceros beetle is nocturnal and flies only during the night. Its main host is the
206:
56:
1422:(Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) applied by wet and dry inoculum on oil palm rhinoceros beetles,
1389:
Young, E.C. (1974). "The epizootiology of two pathogens of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle".
1121:
Zelazny, B.; Moezir, Moehafzan (1989). "Pengendalian hama kumbang rhinoceros pada tanaman kelapa
508:
beetles. It spreads easily among adults, reducing their life span and the fecundity of females.
1672:
1706:
537:
327:
258:
1721:
1711:
1398:
1369:
1334:
1303:
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1234:
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1098:
1039:
1008:
970:
930:
888:
818:
752:
695:
663:
369:
1558:
1571:
995:
Zelazny, B.; Alfiler, A.R. (1991). "Ecology of baculovirus-infected and healthy adults of
499:
Introduction of the virus into virus-free populations caused a significant decline of the
491:, turned out to be the most effective natural control agent. This virus was discovered by
341:
291:
17:
667:
1144:"Use of pheromones for monitoring and control strategies of coconut rhinoceros beetle (
1102:
1043:
1012:
935:
910:
713:
Friedrichs, K. (1913). "Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Bekämpfung des
Nashornkäfers (
699:
492:
961:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larva abundance and mortality factors in the Philippines".
1738:
1402:
1338:
1307:
471:
Effect of the introduction of the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus on the populations of
406:
Coconut palm in the Maldives showing typical triangular cuts on the fronds caused by
387:
193:
402:
552:). It can be an effective control agent if applied manually to each breeding site.
449:
331:
123:
1646:
875:
Wood, B.J. (1969). "Studies on the effect of ground vegetation on infestations of
654:
Bedford, G.O. (1980). "Biology, ecology, and control of palm rhinoceros beetles".
1164:
1143:
444:
years and a variety of species were introduced into the invaded Pacific islands.
330:
are also hosts. Attacks have been further reported from various other crops like
1654:
1538:
1085:
Zelazny, B.; Alfiler, A.R. (1987). "Ecological methods for adult populations of
519:
1529:
1454:
620:
1374:
1353:
1238:
892:
246:
133:
1615:
919:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): Pests of coconut palms in Melanesia"
757:
740:
279:
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where larvae arrived in 1909 with the soil of rubber seedlings from Ceylon (
93:
73:
1685:
1272:
1202:
1185:
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323:
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254:
153:
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823:
802:
287:
113:
103:
83:
1500:
879:(L.) (Col., Dynastidae) in young oil palm replantings in Malaysia".
1620:
774:"Early detection pest risk assessment - Coconut rhinoceros beetle"
518:
466:
453:
368:
340:
275:
262:
999:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on coconut palms in the Philippines".
1607:
283:
1504:
1495:
1026:
Zelazny, B. (1975). "Behaviour of young rhinoceros beetles
326:, but other palms, especially the economically important
376:
feeding in the heart of a young coconut palm (Indonesia)
1325:
populations and behavior influenced by a baculovirus".
419:(see below). During large scale replanting, like in
1513:
1354:"A new haplotype of the coconut rhinoceros beetle,
257:and other palms such as the economically important
807:) outbreak is well established on Efate, Vanuatu"
1488:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
261:. It can cause serious damage to the developing
1250:
1248:
1190:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1116:
1114:
1112:
990:
988:
986:
984:
952:
950:
948:
946:
904:
902:
1482:Species Profile - Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (
1259:(Coleoptera: Scarahaeidae) in the Maldives".
1179:
1177:
1175:
1065:Pests and Diseases of American Samoa Number 8
681:
679:
677:
649:
647:
645:
581:
579:
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464:wasps rarely reach larvae in coconut trunks.
8:
911:"Observations on the biology and ecology of
734:
732:
1490:United States National Agricultural Library
870:
868:
866:
615:
613:
611:
1501:
42:
31:
1496:Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Response Hawaii
1373:
1201:
1163:
934:
839:"Larvae of the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle
822:
756:
27:Pest of coconut/oil palms in Asia/Pacific
595:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
401:
1032:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
573:
1125:Berita Perlindungan Tanaman Perkebunan
435:Natural enemies and biological control
7:
957:Zelazny, B.; Alfiler, A.R. (1986). "
668:10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001521
452:predators and only ~1% a predatory
1103:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1987.tb01001.x
1044:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1975.tb02363.x
1013:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00215.x
936:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01701.x
881:Bulletin of Entomological Research
700:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100547
535:A second disease agent the fungus
25:
1391:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1362:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1327:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1296:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1227:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
772:Smith, Sheri Lee; Moore, Aubrey.
421:oil palm plantations in Indonesia
1467:
1453:
1286:Zelazny, B. (1973). "Studies on
923:Australian Journal of Entomology
803:"The coconut rhinoceros beetle (
60:
531:(click on image to enlarge it)
410:(click on image to enlarge it)
243:coconut palm rhinoceros beetle
1:
1225:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)".
1217:Huger, Alois M. (2005). "The
1089:(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)".
1433:Journal of Oil Palm Research
1403:10.1016/0022-2011(74)90167-0
1339:10.1016/0022-2011(77)90195-1
1308:10.1016/0022-2011(73)90020-7
1165:10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106400
625:(coconut rhinoceros beetle)"
489:Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus
417:Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus
1760:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1426:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)"
1321:Zelazny, Bernhard (1977). "
1058:"Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle"
688:Annual Review of Entomology
656:Annual Review of Entomology
527:larva killed by the fungus
1786:
562:European rhinoceros beetle
439:Since chemical control of
1770:Agricultural pest insects
1755:Beetles described in 1758
1375:10.1016/j.jip.2017.07.006
1239:10.1016/j.jip.2005.02.010
893:10.1017/S0007485300003059
239:Asiatic rhinoceros beetle
235:coconut rhinoceros beetle
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182:
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57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
18:Asiatic rhinoceros beetle
1290:II. Effect on adults of
1261:Environmental Entomology
963:Environmental Entomology
394:Outbreaks and management
758:10.3390/insects13050487
1420:Metarhizium anisopliae
909:Bedford, G.O. (1976).
532:
480:
411:
377:
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318:Biology and life cycle
1288:Rhabdionvirus oryctes
1091:Ecological Entomology
1001:Ecological Entomology
522:
470:
405:
372:
344:
216:Scarabaeus rhinoceros
1478:at Wikimedia Commons
1273:10.1093/ee/19.4.1115
1203:10.1093/aesa/saaa057
345:3rd instar larva of
483:A virus disease of
456:. Parasitoids like
1572:Oryctes_rhinoceros
1559:Oryctes_rhinoceros
1545:Oryctes rhinoceros
1515:Oryctes rhinoceros
1484:Oryctes rhinoceros
1475:Oryctes rhinoceros
1461:Oryctes rhinoceros
1424:Oryctes rhinoceros
1356:Oryctes rhinoceros
1323:Oryctes rhinoceros
1292:Oryctes rhinoceros
1257:Oryctes rhinoceros
1223:Oryctes rhinoceros
1146:Oryctes rhinoceros
1087:Oryctes rhinoceros
1028:Oryctes rhinoceros
997:Oryctes rhinoceros
975:10.1093/ee/15.1.84
959:Oryctes rhinoceros
917:Scapanes australis
913:Oryctes rhinoceros
877:Oryctes rhinoceros
841:Oryctes rhinoceros
805:Oryctes rhinoceros
715:Oryctes rhinoceros
623:Oryctes rhinoceros
589:Oryctes rhinoceros
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408:Oryctes rhinoceros
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374:Oryctes rhinoceros
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347:Oryctes rhinoceros
307:Oryctes rhinoceros
251:Oryctes rhinoceros
230:Oryctes rhinoceros
186:Oryctes rhinoceros
168:O. rhinoceros
36:Oryctes rhinoceros
1765:Pests of oil palm
1732:
1731:
1707:Open Tree of Life
1507:Taxon identifiers
1472:Media related to
1127:(in Indonesian).
824:10.1111/epp.12930
591:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
538:Metarhizium majus
529:Metarhizium majus
458:Scolia ruficornis
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1158:: art. 106400.
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751:(5): art. 487.
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717:L.) in Samoa".
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1464:at Wikispecies
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1038:(2): 135–140.
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255:coconut palms
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850:Guam Insects
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781:Guam Insects
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324:coconut palm
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269:Distribution
250:
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215:
185:
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154:
124:Scarabaeidae
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1655:iNaturalist
1539:Wikispecies
1439:(2): 25–40.
1418:"Impact of
1368:: 127–134.
1070:17 February
855:23 February
786:22 February
694:: 353–372.
662:: 309–339.
634:17 February
600:17 February
523:3rd instar
493:Alois Huger
349:(Sri Lanka)
336:screw palms
302:Description
130:Subfamily:
1745:Dynastinae
1739:Categories
725:: 661–675.
568:References
247:Dynastinae
134:Dynastinae
114:Coleoptera
94:Arthropoda
1131:(2): 1–6.
280:Sri Lanka
162:Species:
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1673:10148669
1579:BioLib:
1530:Q1188841
1524:Wikidata
556:See also
450:elaterid
259:oil palm
253:attacks
207:Synonyms
194:Linnaeus
144:Oryctini
120:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1722:1038540
1634:4995642
1608:1163076
1219:Oryctes
745:Insects
550:conidia
296:Vanuatu
155:Oryctes
150:Genus:
140:Tribe:
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
1719:uBio:
1712:124476
1660:320058
1621:ORYCRH
1595:492634
1582:336589
487:, the
462:Scolia
381:Damage
290:, the
288:Hawaii
263:fronds
241:, and
1699:72550
1686:37974
1668:IRMNG
1429:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
454:shrew
276:Samoa
51:Male
1694:NCBI
1642:GISD
1629:GBIF
1616:EPPO
1590:BOLD
1072:2024
915:and
857:2024
788:2024
636:2024
602:2024
294:and
284:Guam
198:1758
1681:ISC
1647:173
1603:EoL
1567:AFD
1554:ADW
1399:doi
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