628:, permitting Asian and other non-white immigrants to become naturalized citizens. However, this Act retained the quota system that effectively banned nearly all immigration from Asia, except for small annual quotas. Its primary exception to the quota system was family reunification provisions for US citizens, which allowed both relatives of longstanding Asian American families and those who had married American soldiers during World War II and the Korean War (also known as "war brides") to immigrate. The McCarran–Walter Act also introduced some labor qualifications for the first time, and allowed the government to bar the entry of or deport immigrants suspected of engaging in "subversive activities", such as membership in a Communist Party.
228:
2899:
252:
430:
830:
Japanese
Americans, making it the largest sub-group, but historically the greatest period of immigration was generations past. Today, given relatively low rates of births and immigration, Japanese Americans are only the sixth-largest Asian American group. In 2000, there were between 800,000 and 1.2 million Japanese Americans (depending on whether multi-ethnic responses are included). The Japanese Americans have the highest rates of native-born, citizenship, and assimilation into American values and customs.
197:, or government-sponsored contract laborers." Between 1894 and 1924, roughly 170,000 Japanese immigrants went to Hawaii as private contract laborers, family members of existing immigrants, and merchants. Taking refuge from Japanese imperialism and growing poverty and famine in Korea, and encouraged by Christian missionaries, thousands of Koreans migrated to Hawaii in the early 1900s. Filipinos, who were American colonial subjects after 1898, migrated by the "tens of thousands" to Hawaii in the early 1900s.
165:
753:"Asians represent six-tenths of 1 percent of the population of the United States ... with respect to Japan, we estimate that there will be a total for the first 5 years of some 5,391 ... the people from that part of the world will never reach 1 percent of the population .. .Our cultural pattern will never be changed as far as America is concerned." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., 10 Feb. 1965, pp.71, 119.)
224:. Some plantation owners in the South sought Chinese labor as a cheap means to replace the free labor of slavery. Chinese laborers generally arrived in California with the help of brokers in Hong Kong and other ports under the credit-ticket system, where they would pay back money loaned from brokers with their wages upon arrival. In addition to laborers, merchants also migrated from China, opening businesses and stores, including those that would form the beginnings of China towns.
826:
Frederic Hsieh. He began investing in abandoned properties in
Monterey Park in order to gain the interest of wealthy Chinese in Taiwan. He broadcast his plans back in Taiwan and Hong Kong. He aggressively marketed his project as the new mecca of Chinese Americans: in his own words, "Chinese Beverly Hills". Due to political unrest in Asia, there was a lot of interest in overseas investment for Monterey Park from wealthy Chinese in Taiwan.
838:
speak
English and are highly educated. South Asians are increasingly accepted by most Asian organizations as another significant Asian group. Currently, Chinese, Indians, and Filipinos are the three largest Asian ethnic groups immigrating to the United States. Asians in the U.S. are a highly diverse group that is growing fast. Asian immigrants comprise 6% of the United States population and are estimated to rise to 10% by 2050.
291:, the first restrictive immigration law. This law recognized forced laborers from Asia as well as Asian women who would potentially engage in prostitution as "undesirable" people, who would henceforth be barred from entering the United States. In practice, the law was enforced to institute a near-complete exclusion of Chinese women from the United States, preventing male laborers from bringing their families with or after them.
87:
642:
589:
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of cheap labor as early as the 1830s, with the first formal contract laborers arriving in 1852. Resistance from plantation laborers protesting low wages and tensions between various native and immigrant groups encouraged plantation owners to import more labor from different Asian countries to keep wages low. Between 1885 and 1924, "some 30,000 Japanese had gone to as
243:; they began to migrate in large numbers to the continental United States (having already been migrating to Hawaii since 1885) in the 1890s, after the Chinese exclusion (see below). By 1924, 180,000 Japanese immigrants had gone to the mainland. Filipino migration to North America continued in this period with reports of "Manila men" in early gold camps in
851:, the first restrictive immigration law, enabled the prohibition of the entry of forced laborers from Asia and Asian women who would potentially engage in prostitution, who were defined as "undesirable". Enforcement of the law resulted in near-complete exclusion of Chinese women from the United States.
837:
nearly doubled in population to become the third largest group of Asian
Americans, with increasing visibility in high-tech communities such as the Silicon Valley and the Seattle area. Indian Americans have some of the highest rates of academic achievement among American ethnic groups. Most immigrants
825:
One notable suburban
Chinatown was Monterey Park. While it was a predominantly White middle-class community in the 1970s, the demographics quickly changed with the incoming Chinese population. The emergence of Chinese-Americans in Monterey Park could be credited to the efforts of the Chinese realtor
192:
in 1893, a large population of Asians lived in U.S. territory and more would continue to immigrate. As
American capitalists established sugar cane plantations in Hawaii in the 19th century, they turned, through organizations such as the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society, to the Chinese as a source
821:
arrived as college and graduate students. Immigration from
Mainland China was almost non-existent until 1977, when the PRC removed restrictions on emigration leading to immigration of college students and professionals. These recent groups of Chinese tended to cluster in suburban areas and to avoid
793:
arrived. Some of the new immigrants were war brides, who were soon joined by their families. Others, like the
Southeast Asians, were either highly skilled and educated, or part of subsequent waves of refugees seeking asylum. Some factors contributing to the growth of sub-groups such as South Asians
547:
During this period, Asian immigrants continued to face racial discrimination. In addition to first-generation immigrants whose permanent ineligibility for citizenship curtailed their civil and political rights, second-generation Asian
Americans (who formally had birthright citizenship) continued to
410:
in 1898, the United States replaced Spain as the colonial ruler of the
Philippines. As Filipinos become colonial subjects of the United States, they also became US nationals. As American colonial subjects, Filipinos were considered US nationals and thus were not initially subject to exclusion laws.
394:
with Japan, wherein the Japanese government agreed to prohibit emigration to the United States and the latter's government agreed to impose less restrictions on Japanese immigrants. In practice, this meant that Japanese immigrants were barred unless they had previously acquired property or were
757:
Immigration of Asian Americans was also affected by U.S. war involvement from the 1940s to the 1970s. In the wake of World War II, immigration preferences favored family reunification. This may have helped attract highly skilled workers to meet American workforce deficiencies. Another instance
829:
The contrasts between Japanese Americans and South Asian Americans are emblematic of the dramatic changes since the immigration reforms. Japanese Americans are among the most widely recognized of Asian American sub-groups during the 20th century. At its peak in 1970, there were nearly 600,000
608:
ended 62 years of Chinese exclusion, providing for a quota of 105 persons to immigrate each year, and permitting the Chinese present in the United States to become naturalized citizens. Despite these provisions, the Act consolidated the prohibition of property or business ownership by Chinese
341:
farmers. As immigration restrictions specific to South Asians would begin two years later and against Asians generally eight years after that, "ltogether only sixty-four hundred came to America" during this period. Like the Chinese and Japanese immigrants of the time, these South Asians were
333:
Initially, Japanese and South Asian laborers filled the demand that could not be met by new Chinese immigrants. The 1900 census counted 24,326 Japanese residents, a sharp increase, and 89,863 Chinese residents. The first South Asian immigrants landed in the United States in 1907, and were
513:
Of the various Asian immigrant groups present in the United States after broad exclusion was introduced in 1917 and 1924, the South Asian population had the most severe gender gap. This led to many of the Punjabi Sikhs in California at the time to marry women of Mexican descent, avoiding
298:
of 1882 prohibited virtually all immigration from China, the first immigration law to do so on the basis of race or national origin. Minor exceptions were made for select merchants, diplomats, and students. The law also prevented Chinese immigrants from naturalizing as U.S. citizens. The
303:
of 1892 further "required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of their right to be in the United States" if they sought to leave and reenter the United States, with imprisonment or deportation as potential penalties. Although racial discrimination intensified in the
411:
Many Filipinos came as agricultural laborers to fill demands once answered by Chinese and Japanese immigration, with migration patterns to Hawaii extending to the mainland starting from the 1920s. The US government also initially sponsored select Filipino students, known as
505:
were further excluded from agricultural labor by racial hostility, and as jobs in railroad construction declined, they increasingly moved into self-employment as laundry workers, store and restaurant owners, traders, merchants, and wage laborers; and they congregated in
308:, Chinese immigrants fought to defend their existing rights and continued to pursue voting rights and citizenship. The children of Chinese immigrants began to develop "a sense of themselves as having a distinct identity as Chinese Americans." In 1898, in the case
68:
experienced exclusion, and limitations to immigration, by the United States law between 1875 and 1965, and were largely prohibited from naturalization until the 1940s. Since the elimination of Asian exclusion laws and the reform of the immigration system in the
617:) had been campaigning for such a law for decades. Under the act, upon attaining citizenship, immigrants would be able to own property (a right not afforded to Chinese immigrants in the Magnuson Act) and petition for family from their nation of origin.
1731:
395:
immediate relatives of existing immigrants. While overall Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed, the family reunification provision allowed for the gender gap among Japanese Americans to be reduced significantly (including through "
1143:
From 1966 to 1970, 19,399 immigrants came from Japan, more than three times Sen. Fong's estimate. Immigration from Asia as a whole has totaled 5,627,576 from 1966 to 1993. 6.8% of the American population is currently of Asian birth or
543:
had determined that all persons born in the United States, including Asian Americans, were citizens, these cases confirmed that foreign-born Asian immigrants were legally excluded from naturalized citizenship on the basis of race.
247:
in the late 1840s. The 1880 census counted 105,465 Chinese and 145 Japanese, indicating that Asian immigration to the continent by this point consisted primarily of Chinese immigrants, overwhelmingly present in California.
481:
to take over duties of the United States Bureau of Immigration (Chinese Division). There were some key exceptions to this broad exclusion: in addition to continuing Filipino immigration due to their status as US nationals
2898:
134:(Spain's colonies in North America). More Filipino sailors arrived along the California Coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire. By 1763, "Manila men" or "Tagalas" had established a settlement called
350:
who worked as craftsmen and merchants, selling 'exotic' goods such as embroidered silks and rugs. The 1910 census, the first to count South Asians, recorded that there were 2,545 "Hindus" in the United States.
993:
allows entrance of foreign-born fiancées of service members to enter as a nonimmigrant temporary visitor visa for three months, and were required to provide proof of valid marriage within that time frame.
172:
By the 1830s, East Asian and Southeast Asian groups had begun immigrating to Hawaii, where American capitalists and missionaries had established plantations and settlements. Originating primarily from
1721:
3273:
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1652:
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477:, and barred the immigration of "aliens ineligible for citizenship." This introduced a period of near complete exclusion of Asian immigration to the United States. The act also formed the
659:
878:
327:
271:
In the 1860s and 1870s, nativist hostility to the presence of Asian laborers in the continental United States grew and intensified, with the formation of organizations such as the
3414:
2777:
613:
allowed Filipino and Indian nationals to naturalize and provided for a quota of 100 persons to immigrate from each country. Many Asian Americans (including future congressman
382:, Canada. The San Francisco riot was led by anti-Japanese activist, rebelling with violence in order to receive segregated schools for Caucasian and Japanese students. In the
2624:"Gabriel J. Chin, "The Civil Rights Revolution Comes to Immigration Law: A New Look at the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965," 75 North Carolina Law Review 273 (1996)"
1323:
399:"). As Koreans were Japanese colonial subjects at the time and could be issued Japanese passports, many Korean women also immigrated as family members and "picture brides".
527:, and therefore did not meet the "free white persons" requirement to naturalize according to the Naturalization Act of 1790. A few months later in 1923, the Court ruled in
1030:
742:
and its predecessors, which effectively excluded "undesirable" immigrants, including most Asians. The 1965 rules set across-the-board immigration quotas for each country.
216:
and ensuing economic instability, and hoped to earn wealth to send back to their families. As in Hawaii, many capitalists in California and elsewhere (including as far as
2778:
A History of Chinese Immigration Into Arizona Territory: by R. Tintle. A case history regarding the positive reception of Chinese immigrants during the nineteenth century
3399:
3311:
1230:
1914:
386:, a mob of 400-500 white men attacked the homes of hundreds of South Asian immigrants, beating them and driving them out of town, with over 400 South Asians held in "
2411:
1124:
2364:
2104:
204:, starting in the 1850s. Whereas, Chinese immigrants numbered less than 400 in 1848 and 25,000 by 1852. Most Chinese immigrants in California, which they called
946:, were ruled to be non-white as they were not seen as white in the "common understanding", thus excluding non-U.S. born South Asians from citizenship under the
794:
and mainland Chinese were higher family sizes, higher use of family-reunification visas, and higher numbers of technically skilled workers entering on H-1 and
287:, in which a mob of white miners killed nearly 30 Chinese immigrants because they were accused of taking the white miners' jobs. In 1875, Congress passed the
2523:
1054:
874:
3255:
2179:"Chin, Gabriel J., (1998) UCLA Law Review vol. 46, at 1 "Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration""
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After the enactment of the 1965 Immigration Act, Asian American demographics changed rapidly. This act replaced exclusionary immigration rules of the
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706:
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678:
239:
starting from the late 1800s and onwards to fill demands for labor. Japanese immigrants were primarily farmers facing economic upheaval during the
3245:
1023:
549:
70:
2473:
556:, and prohibitions on property and business ownership. The most severe discrimination against Asian Americans occurred during the height of the
3409:
1019:
1946 Filipino Naturalization Act allows naturalization of Filipino Americans, and grants citizenship to those who arrived prior to March 1943.
685:
486:, Asian immigrants continued to immigrate to Hawaii, which was a US territory and therefore not subject to the same immigration laws until it
421:, which promised independence to the Philippines by 1945, also sharply curtailed Filipino immigration with a quota of 50 immigrants per year.
3368:
3214:
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2444:
2405:
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1968:
1306:
1286:
882:
855:
813:. During the late 1960s and early and mid-1970s, Chinese immigration into the United States came almost exclusively from Taiwan creating the
103:
2051:
1592:
1682:
801:
Ethnic Chinese immigration to the United States since 1965 has been aided by the fact that the United States maintains separate quotas for
2241:
Naval digest, containing digests of selected decisions of the Secretary of the Navy and opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy
990:
2601:
2450:
517:
Two important Supreme Court cases in the exclusion era determined the citizenship status of Asian Americans. In 1922, the Court ruled in
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3172:
2878:
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2341:
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529:
275:. East Asian immigrants, particularly Chinese Americans who composed the majority of the population on the mainland, were seen as the "
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2742:
2723:
491:
189:
2786:
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2704:
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2007:
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nullifies all federal anti-Asian exclusion laws; allowed for naturalization of all Asians. Immigration quotas still remain in place.
725:
227:
2216:
674:
354:
Anti-Asian hostility against these both older and newer Asian immigrant groups continued, becoming explosive in events such as the
1334:
3343:
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3224:
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introduces quotas for immigration based on national origin, creating a quota of zero for Asian countries, as well as forming the
565:
434:
391:
355:
315:
33:
2077:
2013:
445:
The prohibitions of Chinese and Japanese immigration were consolidated and the exclusion was expanded to Asia as a whole in the
3404:
3358:
3250:
561:
507:
343:
314:, a Chinese American, who had been born in San Francisco, was initially denied re-entry in the United States was found to be a
251:
61:
1222:
3306:
1929:
Lee, Erika (June 2002). "Enforcing the Borders: Chinese Exclusion along the U.S. Borders with Canada and Mexico, 1882-1924".
663:
1906:
2302:
1474:
200:
The first major wave of Asian immigration to the continental United States occurred primarily on the West Coast during the
3301:
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1082:
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of 1946, permitting Filipinos and Indians to naturalize and allowing a quota of 100 persons of each to immigrate annually.
539:
438:
310:
3333:
2969:
2098:
920:
519:
2372:
759:
604:
After the Second World War, immigration policy in the United States began to undergo significant changes. In 1943, the
537:, they were not seen as "white" in the common understanding, and were therefore ineligible for naturalization. Whereas
3378:
3338:
3323:
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2101:
962:
478:
441:, where immigrants coming from China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and South Asia were monitored, interrogated, and detained.
244:
159:
19:
2548:
699:
429:
3328:
3206:
1645:"Chinese – Growth and Inclusion – Immigration...- Classroom Presentation | Teacher Resources – Library of Congress"
947:
625:
217:
652:
94:
article on "the Lacustrine village" of Saint Malo, Louisiana, where Filipino migrants settled in the 18th century.
56:
since the 16th century. The first major wave of Asian immigration occurred in the late 19th century, primarily in
3348:
3265:
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870:
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221:
150:
in the late 18th century, a handful of Chinese merchants were recorded as residing in the United States by 1815.
2511:
483:
418:
403:
390:" by local authorities. Along with geopolitical factors, these events encourage the United States to pursue the
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2814:
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were common and a large-scale of attacks also occurred. The most prominent act of violence at the time was the
272:
621:
1278:
Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the Colonial Period to about 1820
2587:
1037:
958:
900:
470:
446:
1863:
749:(R-HI) answered questions concerning the possible change in our cultural pattern by an influx of Asians:
495:
407:
367:
260:
2249:
The Federal Reporter: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States
1722:"Donald Trump meet Wong Kim Ark, the Chinese American Cook who is the father of 'birthright citizenship'"
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3184:
3146:
3016:
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1062:
305:
295:
284:
164:
135:
119:
1617:
Abrams, Kerry (26 November 2005). "Polygamy, Prostitution, and the Federalization of Immigration Law".
514:
anti-miscegenation laws and racial prejudice that prevented them from marrying into white communities.
220:) sought Asian immigrants to fill an increasing demand for labor in gold mines, factories, and on the
3156:
3121:
3083:
2937:
2907:
1558:
Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century
1117:
968:
1935 Nye–Lae Bill grants citizenship to veterans of World War I, including those from "Barred Zones".
739:
280:
256:
201:
91:
2536:
Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to Filipinos who had arrived before 24 March 1943.
997:
610:
597:
52:. Asian-origin populations have historically been in the territory that would eventually become the
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3136:
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3048:
3026:
2993:
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2915:
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1072:
986:
temporarily lifts the ban on Asian immigration for spouses and adopted children of service members.
814:
534:
236:
127:
833:
Before 1990, there were slightly fewer South Asians in the U.S. than Japanese Americans. By 2000,
3363:
3111:
3053:
3043:
2981:
2957:
2952:
2925:
2280:
2047:
1946:
1817:
1809:
1674:
1584:
1097:
1005:
502:
474:
387:
371:
323:
188:, these early migrants were predominantly contract workers who labored on plantations. With the
1195:
Borah, Eloisa Gomez (5 February 2008). "Filipinos in Unamuno's California Expedition of 1587".
3141:
3131:
3101:
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2998:
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2003:
1964:
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1437:
1302:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1257:
1077:
1067:
930:
778:
614:
264:
240:
73:, there has been a large increase in the number of immigrants to the United States from Asia.
2800:
2623:
2395:
2325:
2178:
1958:
1630:
3078:
3068:
3031:
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1938:
1801:
1298:
Escaping Servitude: A Documentary History of Runaway Servants in Eighteenth-Century Virginia
1204:
1107:
1092:
1001:
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prohibits immigration to the U.S. from most of the Asian continent, including the region of
848:
834:
781:" in Southeast Asia brought a new wave of Asian American immigration, as people from Korea,
487:
383:
379:
288:
143:
3126:
3116:
3073:
2947:
2942:
2888:
2873:
2837:
2108:
1726:
1102:
1087:
593:
572:(first-generation immigrants) who were ineligible for citizenship, the vast majority were
347:
147:
65:
2790:
1813:
1436:
Ward, Geoffrey (1997). The West: An Illustrated History. Little, Brown & Co. p. 147.
925:
Japanese, despite being light-skinned, were deemed non-white as they were not considered
2212:
1208:
231:
Makeshift shelter for Indian farm laborers (referred to as a "Hindu bed") in California.
110:
Indians. These Luzonians were part of the crew and landing party of the Spanish galleon
3151:
2436:
Entangling alliances: foreign war brides and American soldiers in the twentieth century
2155:
2122:
1836:
What's What in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor Terminology.
983:
943:
926:
908:
802:
524:
466:
396:
346:, although to a lesser extent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, predominantly
86:
49:
3393:
2073:
1997:
1821:
904:
462:
359:
319:
99:
53:
624:
of 1952, which repealed the remnants of the "free white persons" restriction of the
449:
of 1917, which prohibited all immigration from a zone that encompassed parts of the
972:
951:
605:
557:
454:
276:
23:
3189:
2298:
1466:
1013:
912:
774:
641:
450:
413:
185:
139:
588:
1805:
770:
746:
458:
363:
213:
123:
45:
2400:. Japanese American National Museum. New York, New York: VNR AG. p. 67.
2146:
2138:
1792:
Lee, Erika (2007). "The "Yellow Peril" and Asian Exclusion in the Americas".
1059:
Immigration history and patterns of Asian ethnic groups in the United States
3194:
1261:
1041:
933:, and were thereby not accorded the rights and privileges of naturalization.
818:
810:
795:
375:
300:
209:
131:
41:
2164:
1223:"400th Anniversary of Spanish Shipwreck / Rough first landing in Bay Area"
2555:
2475:
Locating Filipino Americans: ethnicity and the cultural politics of space
1033:
eliminates racial/nationality-based discrimination in immigration quotas.
950:
for naturalization at the time. Indians were further ruled to instead be
886:
790:
335:
2797:
Closed Borders and Mass Deportations: The Lessons of the Barred Zone Act
2121:
Chen, Jie; Vargas-Bustamante, Arturo; Ortega, Alexander N. (June 2013).
2397:
Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present
2327:
By order of the president: FDR and the internment of Japanese Americans
2284:
1950:
782:
666: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
18:"Asian immigrants" redirects here. For Asian immigrants to Mexico, see
2263:"Status of Filipinos for Purposes of Immigration and Naturalization".
806:
115:
57:
2716:
Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America
2276:
1942:
2737:(Updated and Revised ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
1324:"Remembering December 17: Repeal of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act"
2806:
1834:
Waldo R. Browne (ed.), "Japanese-American Passport Agreement," in
1009:
859:
763:
587:
428:
338:
250:
226:
181:
177:
173:
163:
126:
Coast on 17 October 1587 as part of the Galleon Trade between the
107:
85:
235:
Japanese, Korean, and South Asian immigrants also arrived in the
786:
568:
between 1942–1946. While roughly a third of those interned were
417:, to attend US colleges and universities. However, in 1934, the
37:
2810:
2549:"The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience"
560:, when 110,000 to 120,000 Japanese Americans (primarily on the
2735:
Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans
635:
130:(the colonial name for what would become the Philippines) and
1999:
Making Ethnic Choices: California's Punjabi Mexican Americans
1170:
Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project
2658:
Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America
1008:. Token immigration allowed, quota set at 100 per year from
342:
predominantly men. South Asian migrants also arrived on the
2697:
Desis Divided: The Political Lives of South Asian Americans
580:(second- and third-generation) who were citizens by birth.
212:
province; they sought sanctuary from conflicts such as the
1675:"Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States"
954:, thereby subjecting them to pre-existing anti-Asian laws.
2123:"Health Care Expenditures Among Asian American Subgroups"
1044:
children from Vietnam to immigrate to the United States.
2787:
Timeline of Asian Pacific Americans and Immigration Law
1751:
1749:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1420:
1418:
1393:
1391:
2048:""The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)""
1907:"Desert Duty: On the Line With the U.S. Border Patrol"
1467:"Chinese Workers Arrive in North Adams, June 13, 1870"
869:
A US-born son of Chinese immigrants was ruled to be a
2478:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 42.
2299:"Japanese Americans in America's Wars: A Chronology"
1560:. Diliman, Quezon City: University of Hawaii Press.
3294:
3233:
3205:
3165:
3092:
3007:
2906:
2844:
2554:. Japanese American Citizens League. Archived from
2371:. University of Washington Bothell. Archived from
2252:. West Publishing Company. 1918. pp. 769–773.
1963:. University of California Press. pp. 36–39.
1295:Antonio T. Bly; Tamia Haygood (24 December 2014).
1031:Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965
510:established in California and across the country.
106:were a group of Filipinos known as "Luzonians" or
1281:. Genealogical Publishing Com. pp. 885–886.
473:introduced national origin quotas for the entire
154:First major wave of Asian immigration (1850–1917)
98:The first Asian-origin people known to arrive in
1625:(3). Rochester, NY (published April 2005): 641.
842:Timeline of key legislation and judicial rulings
584:Phasing out of exclusionary policies (1943–1965)
533:that while Indians were considered Caucasian by
146:as early as 1775. With the establishment of the
1905:Broyles, Bill; Haynes, Mark (20 January 2013).
1125:United States Immigration Station, Angel Island
817:subgroup. A smaller number of immigrants from
2822:
2583:Immigration and the legacy of Harry S. Truman
979:and limited immigration permitted from China.
896:: Ruling found that Filipinos can naturalize.
632:New waves of Asian immigration (1965–present)
8:
2752:Wong, K. Scott; Chan, Sucheng, eds. (1998).
2102:“Asians in America – a Demographic Overview”
279:" and suffered violence and discrimination.
3415:History of immigration to the United States
1960:Migra!: A History of the U.S. Border Patrol
1055:History of immigration to the United States
942:: Indians, despite being anthropologically
2829:
2815:
2807:
1864:"Filipino Immigrants in the United States"
620:This wave of reform eventually led to the
492:Chinese had also immigrated to Puerto Rico
2154:
2002:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1000:: Resumption of naturalization rights to
975:: Resumption of naturalization rights to
726:Learn how and when to remove this message
318:; this decision established an important
190:annexation of Hawaii by the United States
3400:1815 establishments in the United States
2330:. Harvard University Press. p. 53.
2074:"The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act"
1708:
1331:Immigration Policy Center – Policy Brief
675:"Asian immigration to the United States"
328:Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
2238:Judge Advocate General (Navy). (1916).
1156:
1136:
71:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
2678:The Making of Asian America: A History
2034:
1983:
1847:
1779:
1755:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1453:
1424:
1409:
1397:
1382:
1370:
1358:
208:("Gold Mountain"), were also from the
30:Asian immigration to the United States
22:. For Asian immigrants to France, see
2365:"1946 Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act"
2301:. Japanese American National Museum.
2054:from the original on 16 November 2019
1917:from the original on 14 December 2019
1858:
1856:
1612:
1610:
1579:
1577:
1477:from the original on 26 November 2010
1098:Japanese American immigration history
1083:Filipino American immigration history
7:
2526:from the original on 30 October 2011
2492:from the original on 29 October 2023
2453:from the original on 18 October 2023
2439:. New York: NYU Press. p. 299.
2344:from the original on 18 October 2023
1892:
1874:from the original on 22 October 2015
1767:
1685:from the original on 26 October 2015
1655:from the original on 30 January 2016
1595:from the original on 4 February 2016
1164:Pew Research Center (19 June 2012).
664:adding citations to reliable sources
168:Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.
2213:"Guinn & Beal v. United States"
2016:from the original on 6 October 2015
1252:Espina, Marina E (1 January 1988).
1209:10.17953/amer.21.3.q050756h25525n72
1093:Indian American immigration history
939:United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
530:United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
2695:Mishra, Sangay K. (1 March 2016).
2604:from the original on 28 March 2024
2414:from the original on 28 March 2024
1734:from the original on 26 April 2018
1256:. New Orleans, La.: A.F. Laborde.
1233:from the original on 30 March 2020
1176:from the original on 30 March 2020
142:. Indians have been documented in
14:
2699:. University of Minnesota Press.
2638:from the original on 8 April 2020
2369:US immigration legislation online
2305:from the original on 12 June 2010
2219:from the original on 13 June 2017
2193:from the original on 8 April 2020
2080:from the original on 6 March 2023
894:Guinn & Beal v. United States
885:was held not to apply to someone
255:An 1894 painting entitled "Not a
112:Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza
3225:Internment of Japanese Americans
2897:
2127:Medical Care Research and Review
1589:Immigration to the United States
1301:. Lexington Books. p. 315.
758:related to World War II was the
640:
566:incarcerated in internment camps
535:contemporary racial anthropology
435:Angel Island Immigration Station
356:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
82:Early immigration (before 1830s)
34:immigration to the United States
2215:. Legal Information Institute.
1957:Hernandez, Kelly Lytle (2010).
1931:The Journal of American History
762:, which helped immigrants from
651:needs additional citations for
2718:. Princeton University Press.
2655:Bald, Vivek (7 January 2013).
1986:, p. 91-93 & 118–119.
991:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
867:United States v. Wong Kim Ark:
858:Cessation of immigration from
540:United States vs. Wong Kim Ark
523:that ethnic Japanese were not
36:from part of the continent of
1:
3410:United States immigration law
1838:New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1921.
1166:"The Rise of Asian Americans"
496:become a US territory in 1898
439:San Francisco Bay, California
322:in its interpretation of the
311:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
263:, which depicted violence in
2661:. Harvard University Press.
2271:(6): 809–812. 1 April 1929.
2099:American Immigration Council
921:Takao Ozawa v. United States
520:Takao Ozawa v. United States
2756:. Temple University Press.
2363:Ashley Braa; Alice Lowrie.
963:United States Border Patrol
479:United States Border Patrol
267:against Chinese immigrants.
259:" by white American artist
245:Mariposa County, California
160:Asian immigration to Hawaii
102:after the beginning of the
20:Asian immigration to Mexico
3431:
2512:"20th Century – Post WWII"
1556:Mercene, Floro L. (2007).
1012:and 100 per year from the
626:Naturalization Act of 1790
501:After exclusion, existing
392:1907 Gentleman's Agreement
218:North Adams, Massachusetts
157:
17:
3274:East and Southeast Asians
3173:Asian Hispanic and Latino
2895:
1814:10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.537
1806:10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.537
1794:Pacific Historical Review
1322:Campi, Alicia J. (2012).
554:employment discrimination
237:continental United States
222:Transcontinental Railroad
114:. The ship set sail from
2586:. Kirksville, Missouri:
2139:10.1177/1077558712465773
609:Americans. In 1946, the
494:after 1882, which would
273:Asiatic Exclusion League
2733:Takaki, Ronald (1998).
2588:Truman State University
2580:Daniels, Roger (2010).
2324:Robinson, Greg (2001).
1996:Leonard, Karen (1994).
1038:American Homecoming Act
959:Immigration Act of 1924
901:Asiatic Barred Zone Act
760:Luce–Celler Act of 1946
498:and remains one today.
471:Immigration Act of 1924
447:Asiatic Barred Zone Act
3405:Asian-American history
3261:Science and technology
3241:Arts and Entertainment
2680:. Simon and Schuster.
2516:Asian American Studies
2433:Zeiger, Susan (2010).
1254:Filipinos in Louisiana
875:birthright citizenship
856:Chinese Exclusion Act:
755:
601:
442:
268:
261:Charles Marion Russell
232:
169:
140:New Orleans, Louisiana
95:
3185:Multiracial Americans
2714:Ngai, Mae M. (2004).
2394:Niiya, Brian (1993).
2107:21 March 2019 at the
1275:Paul Heinegg (2005).
1063:Bangladeshi Americans
883:Chinese Exclusion Act
766:and the Philippines.
751:
591:
432:
296:Chinese Exclusion Act
285:Rock Springs massacre
254:
230:
167:
104:European colonization
89:
3246:Broadcast journalism
2590:Press. p. 108.
2472:Bonus, Rick (2000).
1709:Wong & Chan 1998
1534:, p. Chapter 1.
1385:, p. Chapter 4.
1229:. 14 November 1995.
1118:Vietnamese Americans
948:racial prerequisites
740:1924 Immigration Act
660:improve this article
419:Tydings–McDuffie Act
404:Spanish–American War
281:Lynchings of Chinese
202:California Gold Rush
138:on the outskirts of
3284:Model minority myth
2799:(archived from the
2676:Lee, Erika (2015).
1868:migrationpolicy.org
1619:Columbia Law Review
1473:. Mass Humanities.
1471:www.massmoments.org
1333:: 2. Archived from
1113:Pakistani Americans
1073:Cambodian Americans
1024:Walter–McCarran Act
911:, and parts of the
622:McCarran–Walter Act
433:A dormitory at the
128:Spanish East Indies
122:in what is now the
2789:archived from the
2780:archived from the
2265:Harvard Law Review
2244:. pp. 237–38.
1730:. 31 August 2015.
1585:"Asian immigrants"
1006:Filipino Americans
822:urban Chinatowns.
815:Taiwanese American
602:
503:Chinese immigrants
488:achieved statehood
475:Eastern Hemisphere
443:
388:protective custody
324:Citizenship Clause
269:
233:
170:
96:
3387:
3386:
2597:978-1-931112-99-4
2520:Dartmouth College
2485:978-1-56639-779-7
2446:978-0-8147-9717-4
2407:978-0-8160-2680-7
2337:978-0-674-00639-3
1970:978-0-520-25769-6
1308:978-0-7391-9275-7
1288:978-0-8063-5282-4
1078:Chinese Americans
1068:Burmese Americans
977:Chinese Americans
736:
735:
728:
710:
615:Dalip Singh Saund
265:the American West
257:Chinaman's Chance
241:Meiji Restoration
92:Harper's Magazine
40:, which includes
3422:
3374:Washington, D.C.
2901:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2767:
2754:Claiming America
2748:
2729:
2710:
2691:
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2321:
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2090:
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2087:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:, p. 25–26.
2032:
2026:
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2023:
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1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1902:
1896:
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1884:
1883:
1881:
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1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1789:
1783:
1782:, p. 22-23.
1777:
1771:
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1759:
1753:
1744:
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1741:
1739:
1718:
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1706:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1679:www.archives.gov
1671:
1665:
1664:
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1660:
1641:
1635:
1634:
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1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1572:
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1553:
1547:
1546:, p. 44-45.
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1522:, p. 36-37.
1517:
1511:
1510:, p. 35-36.
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1486:
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1463:
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1451:
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1428:
1422:
1413:
1412:, p. 53-56.
1407:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1373:, p. 21-24.
1368:
1362:
1361:, p. 23-31.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1319:
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1312:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1197:Amerasia Journal
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1108:Korean Americans
1002:Indian Americans
929:by contemporary
835:Indian Americans
731:
724:
720:
717:
711:
709:
668:
644:
636:
384:Bellingham riots
380:British Columbia
144:Colonial America
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3290:
3229:
3201:
3178:Punjabi Mexican
3161:
3094:Southeast Asian
3088:
3003:
2902:
2893:
2840:
2838:Asian Americans
2835:
2774:
2764:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2675:
2669:
2654:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2561:on 26 July 2011
2558:
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2447:
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2427:
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2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2375:on 20 July 2011
2362:
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2338:
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2318:
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2297:
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2277:10.2307/1330851
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2261:
2257:
2246:
2237:
2236:
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2222:
2220:
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2115:
2111:(26 April 2012)
2109:Wayback Machine
2097:
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1995:
1994:
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1978:
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1943:10.2307/2700784
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1727:Washington Post
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1343:
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1340:on 5 March 2016
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1234:
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1177:
1163:
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1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1103:Karen Americans
1088:Hmong Americans
1051:
998:Luce–Celler Act
844:
769:The end of the
732:
721:
715:
712:
669:
667:
657:
645:
634:
611:Luce–Celler Act
598:Luce–Celler Act
586:
427:
408:Treaty of Paris
406:ended with the
348:Bengali Muslims
162:
156:
148:Old China Trade
84:
79:
66:Asian Americans
27:
12:
11:
5:
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3354:North Carolina
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3037:Indo-Caribbean
3029:
3024:
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2990:
2989:
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2938:Fuzhou/Hokchiu
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2772:External links
2770:
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2763:978-1566395762
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2749:
2744:978-0316831307
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2725:978-0691160825
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909:Southeast Asia
897:
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879:14th Amendment
877:clause of the
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803:Mainland China
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490:in 1959. Many
467:Southeast Asia
426:
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397:picture brides
334:predominantly
155:
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118:and landed in
90:Images from a
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2846:Central Asian
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2028:
2015:
2011:
2009:9781566392020
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1911:Texas Monthly
1908:
1901:
1898:
1895:, p. 37.
1894:
1889:
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1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:, p. 56.
1849:
1844:
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1811:
1807:
1803:
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1769:
1764:
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1758:, p. 62.
1757:
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1733:
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1567:9789715425292
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1540:
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1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
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1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:, p. 94.
1497:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1456:, p. 33.
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:0-316-92236-6
1439:
1433:
1430:
1427:, p. 57.
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:, p. 45.
1399:
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905:British India
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677: –
676:
672:
671:Find sources:
665:
661:
655:
654:
649:This section
647:
643:
638:
637:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
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599:
595:
590:
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521:
515:
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509:
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489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:British India
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
436:
431:
425:Exclusion era
424:
422:
420:
416:
415:
409:
405:
400:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:San Francisco
357:
352:
349:
345:
340:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:exclusion era
302:
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246:
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195:kan'yaku imin
191:
187:
183:
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166:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:North America
93:
88:
81:
76:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:United States
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
25:
21:
16:
3359:Philadelphia
3279:South Asians
3270:Stereotypes
3251:Demographics
2753:
2734:
2715:
2696:
2677:
2657:
2640:. Retrieved
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2582:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2543:
2535:
2528:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2474:
2467:
2457:29 September
2455:. Retrieved
2435:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2396:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2368:
2358:
2348:29 September
2346:. Retrieved
2326:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2293:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2173:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2042:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
1998:
1991:
1979:
1959:
1937:(1): 54–86.
1934:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1900:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1867:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1736:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1687:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1622:
1618:
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:
1432:
1405:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1330:
1317:
1297:
1277:
1270:
1253:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1139:
973:Magnuson Act
937:
919:
893:
866:
832:
828:
824:
800:
768:
756:
752:
744:
737:
722:
713:
703:
696:
689:
682:
670:
658:Please help
653:verification
650:
619:
606:Magnuson Act
603:
594:Harry Truman
577:
573:
569:
558:World War II
552:in schools,
546:
538:
528:
518:
516:
512:
500:
455:Central Asia
444:
412:
401:
353:
332:
316:U.S. citizen
309:
293:
277:yellow peril
270:
234:
205:
199:
194:
171:
111:
97:
29:
28:
24:Asian French
15:
3364:Puerto Rico
3307:Los Angeles
3215:Immigration
3147:Singaporean
3017:Bangladeshi
3009:South Asian
2608:14 December
2565:14 February
2418:14 December
2309:28 November
2035:Mishra 2016
1984:Takaki 1998
1921:14 December
1848:Takaki 1998
1780:Mishra 2016
1756:Takaki 1998
1738:15 February
1649:www.loc.gov
1544:Takaki 1998
1532:Takaki 1998
1520:Takaki 1998
1508:Takaki 1998
1496:Takaki 1998
1454:Takaki 1998
1425:Takaki 1998
1410:Takaki 1998
1398:Takaki 1998
1383:Takaki 1998
1371:Takaki 1998
1359:Takaki 1998
1014:Philippines
913:Middle East
779:Secret Wars
775:Vietnam War
550:segregation
451:Middle East
414:pensionados
186:Philippines
3394:Categories
3369:Washington
3302:California
3190:Afro-Asian
3157:Vietnamese
3122:Indonesian
3084:Sri Lankan
2921:Hongkonger
2908:East Asian
2020:27 October
1878:27 October
1689:27 October
1659:27 October
1599:27 October
1481:27 October
1344:27 October
1237:27 October
1180:26 October
1152:References
1040:: Allowed
889:in the US.
873:under the
871:US citizen
796:H-1B visas
771:Korean War
747:Hiram Fong
716:April 2019
686:newspapers
596:signs the
592:President
562:West Coast
508:Chinatowns
484:until 1934
459:South Asia
402:After the
372:Washington
368:Bellingham
364:California
344:East Coast
214:Opium Wars
184:, and the
158:See also:
124:California
62:West Coast
46:South Asia
32:refers to
3334:Louisiana
3195:Amerasian
3137:Malaysian
3107:Cambodian
3059:Pakistani
3049:Maldivian
3027:Bhutanese
2994:Taiwanese
2987:Okinawans
2977:Mongolian
2970:in Hawaii
2958:in Hawaii
2916:Cantonese
2147:1077-5587
1893:Ngai 2004
1822:145388977
1768:Bald 2013
1144:heritage.
1042:Amerasian
989:1946 The
944:Caucasian
927:Caucasian
819:Hong Kong
811:Hong Kong
777:and the "
525:Caucasian
376:Vancouver
320:precedent
301:Geary Act
210:Guangdong
132:New Spain
120:Morro Bay
42:East Asia
3379:Virginia
3339:Maryland
3256:Politics
3220:Military
3112:Filipino
3054:Nepalese
3044:Gujarati
2982:Ryukyuan
2953:Japanese
2926:Macanese
2801:original
2791:original
2782:original
2636:Archived
2602:Archived
2530:27 April
2524:Archived
2496:27 April
2490:Archived
2451:Archived
2412:Archived
2342:Archived
2303:Archived
2217:Archived
2191:Archived
2165:23223329
2105:Archived
2078:Archived
2058:27 March
2052:Archived
2014:Archived
1915:Archived
1872:Archived
1732:Archived
1683:Archived
1653:Archived
1593:Archived
1475:Archived
1262:19330151
1231:Archived
1174:Archived
1049:See also
849:Page Act
791:Cambodia
745:Senator
289:Page Act
206:Gam Saan
136:St. Malo
60:and the
3329:Houston
3295:Regions
3207:History
3132:Laotian
3102:Burmese
3064:Punjabi
3022:Bengali
2999:Tibetan
2933:Chinese
2879:Turkmen
2632:1121504
2379:10 June
2285:1330851
2223:22 June
2187:1121119
2156:3925768
2084:23 June
1951:2700784
783:Vietnam
700:scholar
564:) were
465:), and
336:Punjabi
326:of the
77:History
3349:Nevada
3324:Hawaii
3266:Sports
3234:Topics
3079:Telugu
3069:Sindhi
3032:Indian
2965:Korean
2884:Uyghur
2869:Kyrgyz
2864:Kazakh
2859:Baloch
2854:Afghan
2760:
2741:
2722:
2703:
2684:
2665:
2630:
2594:
2482:
2443:
2404:
2334:
2283:
2185:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2006:
1967:
1949:
1820:
1812:
1631:854045
1629:
1564:
1440:
1305:
1285:
1260:
1227:SFGate
881:; the
809:, and
807:Taiwan
789:, and
702:
695:
688:
681:
673:
578:sansei
469:. The
461:(then-
374:; and
116:Manila
58:Hawaii
48:, and
3166:Other
3127:Karen
3117:Hmong
3074:Tamil
2943:Hakka
2889:Uzbek
2874:Tajik
2642:4 May
2559:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2281:JSTOR
2197:4 May
1947:JSTOR
1818:S2CID
1810:JSTOR
1338:(PDF)
1327:(PDF)
1131:Notes
1036:1989
1029:1965
1022:1952
1010:India
996:1946
982:1945
971:1943
957:1924
952:Asian
936:1923
918:1922
899:1917
892:1915
865:1898
860:China
854:1882
847:1875
764:India
707:JSTOR
693:books
574:nisei
570:issei
548:face
182:Korea
178:Japan
174:China
108:Luzon
3152:Thai
3142:Mien
2758:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2644:2008
2628:SSRN
2610:2019
2592:ISBN
2567:2011
2532:2011
2498:2011
2480:ISBN
2459:2023
2441:ISBN
2420:2019
2402:ISBN
2381:2011
2350:2023
2332:ISBN
2311:2009
2225:2017
2199:2008
2183:SSRN
2161:PMID
2143:ISSN
2086:2018
2060:2019
2022:2015
2004:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1923:2019
1880:2015
1740:2020
1691:2015
1661:2015
1627:SSRN
1601:2015
1562:ISBN
1483:2015
1438:ISBN
1346:2015
1303:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1258:OCLC
1239:2015
1182:2015
1004:and
887:born
787:Laos
773:and
679:news
339:Sikh
294:The
38:Asia
2273:doi
2151:PMC
2135:doi
1939:doi
1802:doi
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2076:.
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1935:89
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1913:.
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1816:.
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1882:.
1824:.
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