223:
88:
2612:
2501:
2601:
275:
4695:
4705:
2623:
3525:
3575:
645:
4715:
198:
4725:
3513:
2090:
1500:
originated sometime in the first three centuries CE, in either southwestern
Mesopotamia or the Syro-Palestinian area. However, some scholars take the view that Mandaeism is older and dates from pre-Christian times. Mandaeans assert that their religion predates Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as a
1156:
or worked as soldiers, traders and merchants. The
Persians lived in various parts of the province; Persian garrison soldiers lived along the outer fringe of southern and western Asoristan, Persian noble families lived in the major cities, whilst some Persian peasants lived in the villages in the
1605:, and Rome's conversion to Christianity all led to an increase in Jewish immigration to Asoristan, and the region became the main center of Judaism in Late Antiquity. This set the stage for the composition of the major book defining
1541:(216–276), originated in 3rd century Asorestan, and spread across a vast geographical area. In some instances, Manichaeism even surpassed the Assyrian Church of the East in its reach, as it was for a time also widespread in the
4754:
4769:
3957:
1736:
the province of
Assyria formed by Trajan in 116 CE and abandoned by Hadrian (Eutr. 8. 2; Ruf. Fest. 14 and 20) corresponds to the later Sasanid 'Asorestan' with a new royal city at Ctesiphon.
1003:
and kingdoms, with the 3000-year-old city of Assur being sacked in 256 AD. Some regions appear to have remained partly autonomous as late as the latter part of the fourth century, with an
1224:
Aside from the liturgical scriptures of these religions which exist today, archaeological examples of all three of these dialects can be found in the collections of thousands of
Aramaic
1157:
southern part. The native
Assyrians played a very active role in the province, and were found in the administrative class of society, as army officers, civil servants, and feudal lords.
1311:
The old
Mesopotamian religion of the indigenous Assyrians and Babylonians remained strong in places, particularly in the north, in Assyria proper. Temples were still being dedicated to
4749:
3433:
1554:
3986:
4256:
3870:
2541:
1088:
being finally abandoned. After this period, the indigenous
Assyrians became the ethnic, linguistic and religious minority in their homeland that they are to this day.
1030:. Asōristān was dissolved by 639 AD, bringing an end to over 3000 years of Assyria as a geopolitical entity, although it remained an ecclesiastical province within
695:
2275:
1467:
3325:
2580:
2235:. Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project. Chicago, USA: Mimesis Edizioni. pp. 75–8.
4759:
3874:
673:
1100:
lived in the northern half while their brethren formerly known as
Babylonians lived in the south (though Assyrians and Babylonians, sometimes called
4246:
2758:
2203:
1549:
scriptures of the
Manichaeans have survived in their entirety, a long Syriac section of one of their works detailing key beliefs was preserved by
941:. Asōristān was largely identical with ancient Mesopotamia. The northern border is somewhat uncertain but probably went along a line from Anta to
999:
The
Sasanian Empire conquered Assyria and Mesopotamia from the Parthians during the 220s, and by 260 AD had abolished these independent Assyrian
1152:
dialects which still survive, as did the Jews and Mandeans. As the breadbasket of the Sasanian Empire, most of the population were engaged in
3562:
2306:
2212:
2180:
1722:
3998:
3905:
2534:
3900:
1702:
1193:. In addition, the indigenous peoples of Mesopotamia spoke non-written colloquial dialects of Eastern Middle Aramaic, descended from the
3408:
2198:
3890:
3855:
631:
4764:
4251:
4167:
3085:
2611:
1780:
1854:
4295:
2147:
2111:
2039:
1944:
1898:
1825:
1792:
1679:
1387:
among other places, during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, and traces would survive into the 10th century in remote parts of Assyria.
1260:
developed when cursive styles of Aramaic began to appear. The Mandaic script itself developed from the Parthian chancellery script.
3964:
3952:
4383:
4368:
3467:
2268:
3979:
626:
4241:
4227:
3629:
2753:
2527:
2246:
1618:
306:
3845:
2500:
616:
3148:
3133:
3115:
3091:
3073:
3067:
2996:
2821:
1451:
3540:
1649:, was largely confined to the Iranian administrative class, and did not filter down to the Assyrian-Babylonian population.
3002:
2963:
2877:
2748:
2384:
1633:(270–350), who was influenced by both Manichaean polemic and Zoroastrian theology, studied in another Talmudic academy at
1459:
666:
4718:
3991:
1411:), which at one time extended far beyond the confines of the by then defunct Sasanian empire and was the most widespread
3487:
3462:
3398:
3162:
2465:
446:
3969:
2979:
858:, when these were conquered by the Sassanid Empire in the mid 3rd century AD these were reincorporated into Asoristan.
830:
by the Parthians, and this continued under the Sasanians. During the Parthian Empire much of the historical country of
4540:
4305:
4268:
4200:
3472:
3418:
3281:
2698:
2673:
2667:
2590:
2261:
1602:
1586:
1400:
1300:
934:
70:
3885:
4393:
4373:
4215:
4205:
4195:
3895:
3664:
3482:
2704:
2389:
2348:
2135:
1404:
960:
The Parthians had exercised only loose control at times, allowing for a number of Assyrian kingdoms to flourish in
366:
32:
4345:
4190:
3760:
3555:
2485:
2425:
1614:
1190:
1166:
1149:
1019:
922:
784:
153:
140:
2600:
1505:, a form of Aramaic. Two of their important religious texts, written between the 1st and 3rd centuries, are the
4432:
4403:
4047:
3403:
2941:
2692:
2455:
2368:
2240:
1408:
1268:
The religious demography of Mesopotamia was very diverse during Late Antiquity. From the 1st and 2nd centuries
659:
471:
254:
87:
1217:, with estimates ranging from 577,000 to 1,000,000 fluent speakers, with a far smaller number of speakers of
4660:
4408:
4072:
3805:
3492:
3026:
3014:
2887:
2786:
2342:
2103:
1884:
1148:
as the name of the province implies, descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians, speaking Akkadian influenced
690:
391:
2763:
4363:
4222:
4092:
4067:
3937:
3689:
3247:
2859:
2661:
2655:
1561:
written in about 792. Like the Church of the East, the traditional center of the Manichaean church was in
1296:
1004:
938:
917:
and Sasanian Empire, and was for some time the largest city in the world. The main language spoken by the
809:
599:
501:
401:
1598:
4467:
4335:
3947:
3820:
3799:
3719:
3679:
2871:
2847:
1510:
1458:
in Christianity, composed around the year 200 AD. The Church of the East was consolidated in 410 at the
1292:
1213:
in the 8th century BC. These Aramaic dialects still survive in their modern forms to this day among the
586:
411:
1589:
came to prominence in the 3rd century CE as a center of Jewish scholarship owing to the decline of the
1621:
were all established relatively near to Seleucia-Ctesiphon. The first Talmudic academy was founded in
4562:
4444:
4378:
4340:
4236:
4162:
4157:
4082:
3930:
3548:
3454:
3440:
3388:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3097:
2791:
2622:
761:
127:
4504:
4462:
4388:
4263:
4185:
3714:
3684:
3669:
3529:
3413:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3358:
3276:
3038:
2947:
2865:
2853:
2801:
2796:
2636:
2616:
2575:
1269:
1210:
1198:
1174:
1031:
930:
769:
569:
406:
371:
4704:
2139:
4774:
4635:
4630:
4615:
4577:
4552:
4489:
4350:
4285:
3920:
3729:
3644:
3428:
3348:
3269:
3242:
2959:
2585:
1809:
1742:
1562:
1550:
1517:). The Mandaean population numbers between 60,000 and 100,000 today. Mandaeism flourished in the
1455:
1439:
1396:
1336:
1039:
875:
541:
476:
431:
326:
216:
3910:
1108:
and historical sense, hence the Parthians and Sassanids dubbing them collectively as Assyrian).
2563:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
772:. The region was also called several other names, mostly relating to its Assyrian inhabitants:
4655:
4620:
4457:
4398:
4300:
4210:
4180:
4175:
4042:
4037:
4021:
3850:
3770:
3765:
3674:
3423:
3393:
3220:
3171:
3157:
3127:
3008:
2811:
2475:
2399:
2208:
2176:
2143:
2107:
1940:
1894:
1821:
1788:
1784:
1718:
1675:
1610:
1463:
1344:
1289:
1101:
1035:
961:
867:
727:
621:
486:
481:
376:
4728:
3306:
1714:
838:), however, lay to the north of Asoristan, in the independent Assyrian frontier provinces of
4547:
4482:
4472:
4146:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4057:
4032:
3368:
2953:
2806:
2778:
2684:
2647:
2363:
2316:
2127:
1936:
1772:
1710:
1606:
1514:
1502:
1489:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1225:
1218:
1194:
1178:
1105:
491:
1570:
4645:
4610:
4499:
4494:
4413:
4324:
4062:
3915:
3827:
3815:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3659:
3634:
3619:
3606:
3594:
3296:
3121:
2911:
2905:
2768:
2743:
2723:
2550:
2373:
2285:
1862:
1817:
1754:
1546:
1522:
1518:
1447:
1443:
1324:
1253:
1214:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1097:
1050:
926:
918:
914:
899:
871:
707:
611:
516:
506:
441:
436:
361:
311:
296:
263:
203:
74:
2128:
1980:
YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University
905:
451:
4625:
4600:
3880:
3810:
3517:
3176:
3103:
3079:
2967:
2738:
2733:
2490:
2450:
2430:
2336:
2166:
1961:
1843:, Part 25. Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. Harper & Row, 1970. Page 115.
1646:
1594:
1566:
1538:
1380:
1285:
1054:
887:
606:
546:
531:
114:
1886:
The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
274:
4743:
4698:
4650:
4640:
4605:
4557:
4534:
4509:
4477:
4273:
4102:
4097:
3974:
3775:
3624:
3286:
3020:
2627:
2605:
1773:
1202:
1069:
521:
496:
301:
2064:
4524:
4290:
4087:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3614:
3044:
2253:
1630:
1542:
1416:
1412:
1077:
1073:
989:
985:
973:
839:
581:
576:
551:
291:
3291:
2225:
2170:
4708:
4670:
4519:
4355:
4280:
4077:
3639:
2929:
2923:
2560:
2394:
2301:
1890:
1626:
1622:
1534:
1506:
1312:
1281:
1241:
1153:
1065:
1058:
977:
879:
843:
649:
464:
321:
1999:
1775:
Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baháí̕ Faith
3785:
3257:
3252:
3050:
2410:
2378:
2311:
1975:
1493:
1435:
1000:
801:
556:
526:
511:
339:
284:
47:
34:
4595:
4567:
4514:
4052:
3704:
3524:
3477:
3311:
3191:
3032:
2326:
2296:
1858:
1634:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1273:
1182:
1125:
1109:
1076:, and continued to form the majority population of the north as late as the
910:
827:
715:
536:
386:
100:
4112:
3942:
3925:
3699:
3694:
3262:
3235:
3208:
3196:
3181:
2935:
2882:
2480:
2440:
2420:
2358:
2353:
1574:
1424:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1008:
969:
946:
847:
757:
424:
396:
381:
17:
1049:
peoples; at first Arabs arriving in the south, but later also including
4572:
4529:
3709:
3654:
2917:
2839:
2719:
2460:
2445:
1629:(175–247) in about 220. One of the most influential Talmudic teachers,
1368:
1348:
1316:
1277:
1206:
1045:
After the Muslim conquest, Asōristān saw a gradual but large influx of
965:
895:
851:
831:
773:
711:
356:
4452:
4107:
3497:
3301:
3230:
3203:
3186:
2470:
2435:
2415:
2404:
2099:
1395:
Asorestan, and particularly Assyria proper, were the centers for the
1384:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1340:
1320:
1237:
1186:
1133:
1046:
1023:
950:
942:
835:
777:
765:
351:
1841:
The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
1185:, and a dialect in the central region and among Jews, of which the
4665:
3649:
3225:
3213:
3109:
2519:
2331:
1488:, who are according to their traditions the original followers of
1431:
1427:
1420:
1356:
1352:
1332:
1233:
1085:
1081:
1015:
993:
981:
954:
891:
855:
818:
346:
315:
3860:
3837:
3580:
3574:
1590:
1364:
1328:
1229:
1129:
241:
4430:
4322:
4144:
4019:
3592:
3544:
2523:
2257:
1450:
version of Eastern Aramaic for its scriptures and liturgy. The
1034:. A century later, the area became the capital province of the
953:, the border then following the northern part of the swamps of
937:
was founded in Asōristān and it was an important centre of the
1962:
Continuity of Pagan Religious Traditions in Tenth-Century Iraq
2040:"The People of the Book and the Hierarchy of Discrimination"
1042:
for five hundred years, from the 8th to the 13th centuries.
1272:
became the primary religion, while other groups practiced
1116:
dwelt in the far southwestern deserts, and minorities of
1084:
drastically reduced their numbers and led to the city of
925:
which still survives among the Assyrians, with the local
4755:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
1244:) retained the original "square" or "block" form of the
1303:
were probably the most numerous group in the province.
1144:
in Sasanian times. The majority of the population were
27:
Sasanian province in Assyria and Babylonia (226–637 CE)
1976:"The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans"
4770:
States and territories established in the 3rd century
1617:
in Asoristan between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The
1136:
element in the southern cities, still strong in the
4588:
4443:
3836:
3753:
3605:
3453:
3324:
3156:
3147:
3060:
2989:
2896:
2837:
2820:
2777:
2718:
2683:
2646:
2635:
2568:
1228:—ceramic artifacts dated to this era—discovered in
1064:The Assyrian people continued to endure, rejecting
1014:Between 633 and 638, the region was invaded by the
1011:reputedly ruling a part of Assyria in the 370s AD.
996:itself may have been independent during this time.
237:
150:
137:
124:
110:
96:
64:
1501:monotheistic faith. Their language and script is
1096:The population of Asorestan was a mixed one, the
1175:Syriac Christians (Assyrians/Chaldeans/Syriacs)
826:, was shifted to include what had been ancient
799:. After the mid-6th century it was also called
4750:States and territories established in the 220s
2092:The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people
1438:. It sees as its founders the apostle Thomas (
949:was probably the southernmost point, north of
735:
92:Map of Asoristan and its surrounding provinces
3556:
2535:
2269:
2028:. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi. p. 545.
667:
8:
2559:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
1496:from antiquity. According to most scholars,
822:("land of"). The name Assyria, in the form
4440:
4427:
4319:
4141:
4016:
3602:
3589:
3563:
3549:
3541:
3153:
2834:
2643:
2542:
2528:
2520:
2276:
2262:
2254:
1181:in the north and then south and among the
674:
660:
248:
86:
61:
3871:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
2126:Gardner, Iain; Lieu, Samuel N.C. (2004).
1674:. Oxford University Press. p. 1008.
3695:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
2065:"The Mandaeans - Who are the Mandaeans?"
1707:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1696:
1694:
1415:church in the world, reaching well into
2204:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2044:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1672:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
909:, meaning "Heart of Iran". The city of
262:
251:
95:
2238:
2130:Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire
1913:
1750:
1740:
1715:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.882
1513:(preserving original traditions about
1468:Patriarchate of the Church of the East
1104:are essentially the same people in an
2233:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
1814:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
170:
166:
149:
136:
123:
119:
105:
7:
4724:
4666:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
2024:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1978).
1926:
1924:
1922:
1883:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2 February 2006).
1766:
1764:
1686:Asuristan or Suristan (from Assyria)
788:
736:
694:
4714:
2207:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1240:. While the Jewish Aramaic script (
1169:were in spoken and liturgical use:
898:", was the capital province of the
816:("Assyria") and the Iranian suffix
2511:* indicates short living provinces
1974:McGrath, James (23 January 2015),
1701:Dalley, Stephanie (Dec 22, 2015).
1553:(a Church of the East author from
1132:lived throughout Mesopotamia. The
929:becoming an important vehicle for
913:served as the capital of both the
25:
2581:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
2224:Frye, Richard (Oct 27–31, 2000).
2089:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002),
1545:. While none of the six original
1466:, which remained the seat of the
980:and the partly Assyrian state of
4760:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
4723:
4713:
4703:
4694:
4693:
3999:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
3573:
3523:
3511:
3468:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
2621:
2610:
2599:
2499:
1855:"Largest Cities Through History"
1462:, held at the Sasanian capital,
643:
273:
221:
196:
4478:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3901:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3891:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
3630:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
307:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
3761:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
3134:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2997:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
2201:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
2172:Iraq After The Muslim Conquest
2069:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests
1452:Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari
1173:mainly in the north and among
764:, and from the inscription of
1:
2878:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
2000:"Mandaeanism | religion"
1645:The Sasanian state religion,
1619:Babylonian Talmudic academies
1587:Jewish community of Babylonia
1460:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1295:. Assyrian Christians of the
984:, and Assyriologists such as
4257:in ISIL-controlled territory
3488:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
3463:Assyrian Democratic Movement
2197:Rezakhani, Khodādād (2018).
1301:Assyrian Church of the East
1026:, it became the province of
4168:Council of Representatives
3906:Weapons of mass destruction
3473:Assyrian Universal Alliance
2699:Assyrian Church of the East
2674:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
2668:Assyrian Evangelical Church
2591:Terms for Syriac Christians
2245:: CS1 maint: date format (
1853:Rosenberg, Matt T. (2007).
1709:. Oxford University Press.
1603:Crisis of the Third Century
1446:), and used the distinctly
1401:Assyrian Church of the East
1165:At least three dialects of
964:in the form of independent
935:Assyrian Church of the East
4791:
3896:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
3483:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
2705:Ancient Church of the East
2349:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
2136:Cambridge University Press
1771:Buck, Christopher (1999).
1670:Nicholson, Oliver (2018).
1565:. Mani dedicated his only
1477:
1405:Ancient Church of the East
622:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)
617:Republic of Iraq (1958–68)
4765:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
4689:
4439:
4426:
4331:
4318:
4153:
4140:
4028:
4015:
3601:
3588:
3506:
2597:
2557:
2508:
2497:
2292:
1931:Etheredge, Laura (2011).
1615:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1492:, are the last surviving
1191:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1080:, until the massacres of
1020:Muslim conquest of Persia
175:
171:
167:
163:
120:
106:
85:
80:
69:
4247:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
4158:Administrative divisions
3003:Muslim conquest of Syria
2693:Chaldean Catholic Church
1409:Chaldean Catholic Church
1189:sub-variety is known as
808:The name Asōristān is a
3806:Mandate for Mesopotamia
3680:First Babylonian Empire
3530:Christianity portal
3493:Syriac Military Council
3092:Massacres of Diyarbekir
3027:Principality of Antioch
2980:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2787:Assyrian folk/pop music
2343:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2104:Oxford University Press
1808:Panaino, Antonio C.D.;
1613:, which was written in
1442:), and Saint Thaddeus (
1177:throughout the region,
1057:during the mid to late
392:First Babylonian Empire
3965:Insurgency (2011–2013)
3886:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3690:Middle Assyrian Empire
3248:Al-Hasakah Governorate
3086:Massacres of Badr Khan
2860:Middle Assyrian Empire
2662:Syriac Catholic Church
2656:Syriac Orthodox Church
2199:"Mesopotamia, Persian"
1525:period in the region.
1297:Syriac Orthodox Church
1167:Eastern Middle Aramaic
1140:, was absorbed by the
1038:and the center of the
939:Syriac Orthodox Church
878:had been known by the
760:'s inscription on the
706:) was the name of the
402:Middle Assyrian Empire
154:Second Muslim campaign
4252:in post-invasion Iraq
3958:U.S. troop withdrawal
3720:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3116:Independence movement
2872:Post-imperial Assyria
2848:Early Assyrian period
2175:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1511:Mandaean Book of John
1454:is one of the oldest
1307:Mesopotamian religion
1293:Mesopotamian religion
527:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
497:Buyid amirate of Iraq
412:Neo-Babylonian Empire
141:First Muslim campaign
48:30.89472°N 47.57806°E
4201:Council of Ministers
4083:Mesopotamian Marshes
2792:Music of Mesopotamia
2739:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
2734:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1470:for over 600 years.
1399:(now split into the
874:(150 BCE – 225 CE),
627:Occupation (2003–11)
4463:Mesopotamian Arabic
4269:Freedom of religion
3715:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3685:Old Assyrian Period
3670:Neo-Sumerian Empire
3098:Rise of nationalism
3039:Jalayirid Sultanate
2866:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2854:Old Assyrian period
2797:Syriac sacral music
2617:Aramean-Syriac flag
2576:Assyrian continuity
1810:Pettinato, Giovanni
1456:Eucharistic prayers
1270:Syriac Christianity
1211:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1199:Tiglath-Pileser III
1032:Syriac Christianity
992:opine that ancient
931:Syriac Christianity
570:Early modern period
407:Neo-Assyrian Empire
372:Neo-Sumerian Empire
44: /
4394:Telecommunications
4369:Foreign Investment
4306:Wars and conflicts
4242:in pre-Saddam Iraq
4206:Presidency Council
3992:2019–2021 protests
3921:Invasion of Kuwait
3745:Sassanid Asorestan
3740:Parthian Babylonia
3735:Seleucid Babylonia
3730:Achaemenid Assyria
3645:Jemdet Nasr period
3518:History portal
2960:Church of the East
2749:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
2586:Chaldean Catholics
2167:Morony, Michael G.
2026:Etudes mithriaques
1959:J. Hämeen-Anttila
1593:population in the
1563:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1551:Theodore Bar Konai
1397:Church of the East
1288:, and the ancient
1102:Assyro-Babylonians
1040:Islamic Golden Age
876:Achaemenid Assyria
870:(550–330 BCE) and
542:Jalairid Sultanate
477:Rashidun Caliphate
452:Sasanian Asorestan
442:Parthian Babylonia
437:Seleucid Babylonia
432:Achaemenid Assyria
327:Jemdet Nasr Period
217:Rashidun Caliphate
53:30.89472; 47.57806
4737:
4736:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4671:Mandaean New Year
4422:
4421:
4314:
4313:
4296:Political parties
4191:Foreign relations
4136:
4135:
4043:Lower Mesopotamia
4038:Upper Mesopotamia
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
3771:Abbasid Caliphate
3766:Umayyad Caliphate
3675:Isin-Larsa period
3538:
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3449:
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3165:
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3142:
3110:Assyrian genocide
3009:Abbasid Caliphate
2831:
2714:
2713:
2517:
2516:
2284:Provinces of the
2226:"Mapping Assyria"
2214:978-0-19-866277-8
2182:978-1-59333-315-7
1724:978-0-19-938113-5
1611:Babylonian Talmud
1599:Jewish–Roman wars
1464:Selucia-Ctesiphon
1290:Assyro-Babylonian
1226:incantation bowls
1179:Classical Mandaic
1036:Abbasid Caliphate
962:Upper Mesopotamia
762:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
718:from 226 to 637.
684:
683:
487:Abbasid Caliphate
482:Umayyad Caliphate
447:Roman Mesopotamia
377:Isin-Larsa period
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233:
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128:Sasanian conquest
16:(Redirected from
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4128:Sinjar Mountains
4118:Zagros Mountains
4058:Hamrin Mountains
4017:
3980:Mosul liberation
3953:Iraqi insurgency
3875:National Command
3864:
3700:Simurrum culture
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3128:Post-Saddam Iraq
2954:Nestorian schism
2948:Christianization
2920:(132 BCE–244 CE)
2914:(247 BCE–224 CE)
2874:(609 BCE–240 CE)
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2648:West Syriac Rite
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1533:The religion of
1515:John the Baptist
1490:John the Baptist
1258:Mandaic alphabet
1250:Imperial Aramaic
1246:Aramaic alphabet
1195:Imperial Aramaic
1171:Classical Syriac
1106:ethno-linguistic
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872:Parthian Empires
790:
785:Classical Syriac
756:) is known from
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4053:Euphrates river
4024:
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3970:War (2014–2017)
3916:Operation Opera
3862:
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3828:Arab Federation
3816:Kingdom of Iraq
3749:
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2932:(64 BCE–637 CE)
2926:(66 BCE–217 CE)
2912:Parthian Empire
2906:Seleucid Empire
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1557:), in his book
1531:
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1476:
1434:as well as the
1393:
1309:
1266:
1254:Syriac alphabet
1163:
1150:Eastern Aramaic
1146:Assyrian people
1138:Parthian period
1094:
927:Syriac language
923:Eastern Aramaic
919:Assyrian people
902:and was called
900:Sasanian Empire
864:
740:; also spelled
724:
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650:Iraq portal
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612:Kingdom of Iraq
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4223:Prime Minister
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3811:Mandatory Iraq
3808:
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3177:Nineveh Plains
3168:
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3104:Adana massacre
3101:
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3080:Schism of 1552
3077:
3074:Ottoman Empire
3071:
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3018:
3015:Emirs of Mosul
3012:
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2016:
1991:
1966:
1952:
1945:
1939:. p. 72.
1918:
1916:, p. 181.
1906:
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1826:
1820:. p. 76.
1800:
1793:
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1751:|website=
1723:
1690:
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1647:Zoroastrianism
1642:
1641:Zoroastrianism
1639:
1595:Land of Israel
1582:
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1567:Middle Persian
1530:
1527:
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1392:
1389:
1381:Nineveh Plains
1308:
1305:
1286:Zoroastrianism
1265:
1262:
1236:and southeast
1221:still extant.
1197:introduced by
1162:
1159:
1093:
1090:
1055:Turkic peoples
1053:(Kurdish) and
888:Middle Persian
863:
860:
737:𐭀𐭎𐭅𐭓𐭎𐭕𐭍
723:
720:
696:𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭
691:Middle Persian
682:
681:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
653:
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639:
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635:
634:
632:Recent history
629:
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619:
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607:Mandatory Iraq
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587:Mamluk dynasty
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369:
367:Gutian Dynasty
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
283:
282:
279:
278:
270:
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189:
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160:
157:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
135:
134:
131:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
115:Late Antiquity
112:
111:Historical era
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
83:
82:
78:
77:
67:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
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4763:
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4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
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4730:
4722:
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4710:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4692:
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4688:
4672:
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4664:
4663:
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4637:
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4609:
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4599:
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4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4535:Iraqi Turkmen
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
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4459:
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4407:
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4382:
4380:
4377:
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4370:
4367:
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4362:
4360:
4354:
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4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
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4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4170:(legislative)
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Syrian Desert
4101:
4099:
4098:Shatt al-Arab
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Faw peninsula
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Fall of Mosul
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:U.S. invasion
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Iran–Iraq War
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
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3829:
3826:
3822:
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3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Buyid dynasty
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
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3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Halaf culture
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
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3526:
3521:
3519:
3509:
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3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:United States
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
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3170:
3169:
3167:
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3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:Buyid amirate
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:Roman Assyria
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:(911–609 BCE)
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:Syriac script
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
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2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2628:Chaldean flag
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2606:Assyrian flag
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2545:
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2533:
2531:
2526:
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2522:
2507:
2502:
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2469:
2467:
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2222:
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2159:
2151:
2149:9780521568227
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2137:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2113:9780195153859
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1946:9781615303045
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1900:9781845110567
1896:
1893:. p. 6.
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1865:on 2016-08-18
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1827:9788884831071
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1794:9780791497944
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1681:9780198662778
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1608:
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1596:
1592:
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1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:writing, the
1568:
1564:
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1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:, founded by
1536:
1528:
1526:
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1504:
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1398:
1390:
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1354:
1350:
1346:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:lingua franca
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Turkification
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
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987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
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948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:. Asōristān,
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
806:
804:
803:
798:
794:
793:Bābēl / Bābil
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:
655:
654:
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633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
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595:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Seljuk Empire
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
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473:
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469:
466:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
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443:
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421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
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393:
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388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
302:Halaf culture
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
276:
272:
271:
268:
261:
256:
250:
243:
240:
238:Today part of
236:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
202:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
182:
179:
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162:
158:
155:
145:
142:
132:
129:
116:
113:
109:
102:
99:
89:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
19:
4563:Christianity
4445:Demographics
4379:Oil reserves
4374:Oil Industry
4341:Central Bank
4237:Human rights
4163:Constitution
4108:Tigris river
4088:Persian Gulf
3796:Ottoman Iraq
3781:Qara Qoyunlu
3744:
3615:Ubaid period
3045:Qara Qoyunlu
2973:
2908:(312–63 BCE)
2639:Christianity
2321:
2232:
2202:
2171:
2129:
2121:
2091:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1983:, retrieved
1979:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1932:
1909:
1885:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1857:. New York:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1813:
1803:
1774:
1735:
1728:. Retrieved
1706:
1685:
1671:
1644:
1584:
1558:
1543:Roman Empire
1532:
1483:
1417:Central Asia
1394:
1391:Christianity
1310:
1267:
1232:, northeast
1223:
1164:
1095:
1078:14th century
1074:Islamization
1063:
1044:
1027:
1013:
998:
990:Simo Parpola
986:Georges Roux
974:Beth Nuhadra
959:
903:
883:
865:
840:Beth Nuhadra
823:
817:
813:
807:
805:in Persian.
800:
797:Erech / Erāq
796:
792:
780:
753:
749:
745:
741:
731:
725:
710:province of
703:
699:
686:
685:
582:Ottoman Iraq
552:Kara Koyunlu
292:Ubaid period
186:Succeeded by
185:
180:
29:
4719:WikiProject
4520:Marsh Arabs
4505:Circassians
4186:Foreign aid
4078:Mesopotamia
3640:Uruk period
3404:New Zealand
3399:Netherlands
3163:Settlements
3076:(1555–1917)
3053:(1453–1501)
3047:(1375–1468)
3041:(1335–1432)
3035:(1258–1335)
3029:(1098–1268)
2990:Middle ages
2930:Roman Syria
2924:Syrian Wars
2561:Middle East
2395:Kushanshahr
2302:Adurbadagan
2074:14 December
2049:14 December
1985:14 December
1914:Morony 2005
1891:I.B. Tauris
1555:Beth Garmaï
1535:Manichaeism
1529:Manichaeism
1507:Ginza Rabba
1282:Manichaeism
1242:Ktav Ashuri
1219:Neo-Mandaic
1205:of ancient
1154:agriculture
1066:Arabization
1059:Middle Ages
1018:during the
1007:king named
1001:city-states
978:Beth Garmai
880:Old Persian
866:During the
844:Beth Garmai
600:Modern Iraq
465:Middle Ages
322:Uruk period
264:History of
181:Preceded by
51: /
4744:Categories
4636:Television
4616:Literature
4578:Irreligion
4553:Secularism
4490:Minorities
4358:(currency)
4351:Corruption
4196:Government
3987:Insurgency
3786:Aq Qoyunlu
3607:Chronology
3287:Diyarbakır
3258:Tell Tamer
3253:Al-Hasakah
3149:By country
3061:Modern era
3051:Aq Qoyunlu
3023:(945–1055)
3017:(905–1383)
3011:(750–1258)
2826:(including
2802:Folk dance
2411:Machelonia
2379:Kadagistan
2312:Arbayistan
2138:. p.
2009:4 November
2004:Britannica
1869:2012-05-01
1783:. p.
1781:SUNY Press
1653:References
1571:Shāpuragān
1521:and early
1092:Population
868:Achaemenid
802:Khvārvarān
781:Bēṯ Nahren
754:Assuristan
557:Aq Qoyunlu
512:Al-Mazeedi
340:Bronze Age
285:Prehistory
39:47°34′41″E
36:30°53′41″N
4775:Ctesiphon
4656:Squatting
4621:Education
4568:Mandaeism
4537:/Turkoman
4515:Mandaeans
4500:Assyrians
4495:Armenians
4458:Languages
4346:Companies
4301:Judiciary
4211:President
4181:Elections
4176:Democracy
4022:Geography
3938:Sanctions
3856:2003–2011
3851:1968–2003
3846:1958–1968
3705:Babylonia
3478:Dawronoye
3409:Palestine
3339:Australia
3312:Tur Abdin
3192:Tel Keppe
3112:(1914–20)
3100:(19th c.)
3082:(16th c.)
3070:(1508–55)
3033:Ilkhanate
2982:(502–628)
2976:(226–651)
2974:Asoristan
2944:(116–118)
2899:antiquity
2897:Classical
2830:contexts)
2727:languages
2385:Khuzistan
2327:Balasagan
2322:Asoristan
2297:Abarshahr
2169:(2005) .
1859:About.com
1753:ignored (
1743:cite book
1703:"Assyria"
1635:Pumbedita
1498:Mandaeism
1486:Mandaeans
1480:Mandaeism
1474:Mandaeism
1444:Mar Addai
1413:Christian
1274:Mandaeism
1215:Assyrians
1183:Mandaeans
1142:Assyrians
1126:Armenians
1110:Nabateans
1098:Assyrians
911:Ctesiphon
906:Ērānshahr
828:Babylonia
824:Asōristān
789:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
750:Asurestan
746:Asuristan
742:Asoristan
732:Asōristān
716:Babylonia
704:Āsūristān
700:Asōristān
687:Asoristan
537:Ilkhanate
502:Marwanids
492:Hamdanids
387:Babylonia
101:Ctesiphon
65:Asōristān
18:Asorestan
4699:Category
4548:Religion
4525:Persians
4409:Railways
4404:Airlines
4286:Military
4147:Politics
4123:Wildlife
4113:Umm Qasr
3943:Iraq War
3926:Gulf War
3838:Republic
3791:Safavids
3754:638–1958
3455:Politics
3326:Diaspora
3307:Mazıdağı
3263:Qamishli
3236:Sanandaj
3209:Shaqlawa
3197:Bartella
3182:Qaraqosh
3158:Homeland
2956:(5th c.)
2938:(15–116)
2936:Adiabene
2883:Arameans
2838:Ancient
2812:Clothing
2754:Hertevin
2569:Identity
2481:Suristan
2466:Sakastan
2400:Khwarazm
2354:Garmekan
2332:Dihistan
1812:(2002).
1575:Shapur I
1523:Sassanid
1519:Parthian
1509:and the
1494:Gnostics
1440:Mar Toma
1425:Mongolia
1407:and the
1264:Religion
1256:and the
1248:used in
1209:and the
1161:Language
1122:Mandeans
1118:Persians
1114:Arameans
1028:al-ʿIrāq
1009:Sinharib
1005:Assyrian
970:Adiabene
915:Parthian
848:Adiabene
810:compound
758:Shapur I
728:Parthian
708:Sasanian
577:Safavids
517:Ayyubids
507:Uqaylids
425:Iron Age
397:Kassites
382:Simurrum
255:a series
253:Part of
71:Province
4729:Commons
4646:Smoking
4611:Culture
4606:Cuisine
4589:General
4573:Yazidis
4530:Solluba
4483:Persian
4473:Kurdish
4468:Aramaic
4433:Society
4414:Tourism
4325:Economy
4073:Islands
4048:Borders
3873: (
3863:present
3798:(incl.
3710:Assyria
3655:Subartu
3595:History
3441:Uruguay
3434:Detroit
3389:Lebanon
3369:Germany
3364:Georgia
3354:Finland
3344:Belgium
3334:Armenia
3282:Hakkari
3136:(2014–)
3130:(2003–)
3118:(1919–)
3088:(1840s)
2918:Osroene
2840:Assyria
2828:related
2822:History
2807:Cuisine
2779:Culture
2720:Aramaic
2707:(1968–)
2701:(1692–)
2695:(1552–)
2676:(1940–)
2670:(1870–)
2664:(1662–)
2461:Parthia
2446:Paradan
2416:Makuran
2317:Armenia
2307:Albania
2160:Sources
1730:Jul 29,
1581:Judaism
1503:Mandaic
1369:Nohadra
1349:Ninurta
1317:Shamash
1278:Judaism
1207:Assyria
1201:as the
1051:Iranian
966:Osroene
896:Assyria
862:History
852:Osroene
832:Assyria
774:Assyria
770:Paikuli
712:Assyria
532:Zengids
357:Assyria
152:•
139:•
126:•
97:Capital
81:226–637
73:of the
4709:Portal
4651:Sports
4626:Health
4601:Cinema
4453:Iraqis
4356:Dinar
4291:Police
4093:Places
3583:topics
3498:Sutoro
3419:Sweden
3414:Russia
3394:Mexico
3384:Jordan
3379:Israel
3374:Greece
3359:France
3349:Canada
3302:Mardin
3292:Elazığ
3277:Turkey
3270:Khabur
3231:Salmas
3204:Ankawa
3187:Alqosh
3124:(1933)
3106:(1909)
3094:(1895)
3005:(630s)
2999:(630s)
2764:Mlaḥsô
2759:Senaya
2744:Turoyo
2724:Syriac
2658:(518–)
2637:Syriac
2476:Spahan
2471:Sogdia
2436:Meshan
2405:Lazica
2390:Kirman
2374:Iberia
2359:Gurgan
2211:
2179:
2146:
2110:
2100:Oxford
1943:
1897:
1824:
1791:
1721:
1678:
1609:, the
1601:, the
1597:. The
1591:Jewish
1547:Syriac
1448:Syriac
1436:Aegean
1403:, the
1385:Harran
1383:, and
1377:Sinjar
1373:Kirkuk
1361:Edessa
1357:Arbela
1341:Nergal
1337:Tammuz
1321:Ishtar
1252:, the
1238:Turkey
1187:Judaic
1047:Muslim
1024:Meshan
951:Arabia
943:Takrīt
933:. The
904:Dil-ī
884:Athura
836:Athura
819:-istān
795:, and
778:Athura
766:Narseh
352:Hamazi
257:on the
4641:Music
4631:Media
4558:Islam
4510:Kurds
4336:Banks
4274:Women
4068:Lakes
3861:2011–
3821:Kings
3650:Sumer
3243:Syria
3226:Urmia
3214:Zakho
2491:Yemen
2486:Turan
2431:Media
2426:Mazun
2364:Harev
2337:Egypt
2229:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
1573:, to
1432:India
1428:Tibet
1421:China
1353:Assur
1333:Hadad
1313:Ashur
1234:Syria
1134:Greek
1086:Assur
1082:Timur
1016:Arabs
994:Assur
982:Hatra
955:Wasit
882:name
856:Assur
730:name
347:Sumer
316:Eridu
4541:Jews
4264:LGBT
4228:List
4216:List
3581:Iraq
3221:Iran
3172:Iraq
2968:1552
2456:Pars
2421:Marw
2369:Hind
2247:link
2209:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2076:2021
2051:2021
2011:2021
1987:2021
1941:ISBN
1933:Iraq
1895:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1755:help
1732:2024
1719:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1631:Rava
1623:Sura
1585:The
1539:Mani
1484:The
1430:and
1365:Amid
1347:and
1329:Adad
1299:and
1230:Iraq
1130:Jews
1128:and
1112:and
1072:and
988:and
947:Ḥīra
921:was
892:land
854:and
814:Asōr
726:The
722:Name
714:and
266:Iraq
242:Iraq
4596:Art
4281:Law
2964:410
1711:doi
1627:Rav
1625:by
1351:in
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1325:Sin
894:of
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791:),
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