2051:"According to government estimates the population of Assam increased from 14.6 million in 1971 to 19.9 million in 1981, or 5.3 million (36.3 percent). Had Assam's population increased at the all-India rate of 24.7 percent the population increase would have been 3.6 million. Moreover, according to the Sample Registration of the Government of India, the natural population increase of Assam was 0.5 percent less than the all-India figures in 1970â72 and 1.2 percent less in 1976â78. On the basis of these figures we can estimate that the immigration into Assam from 1971 to 1981 was on the order of 1.8 million. How much of this was migration from elsewhere in India and how much from Bangladesh is purely conjectural, although it is plausible to assume that most of it was illegal migration.(
3486:"In a detailed investigative report, the Indian journalist Arun Shourie called the violence a "Hobbesian war of all against all: They testified not so much to "communalism" as to the total breakdown of governance: in Nellie Lalung tribals killed Bengali Muslims, in Kokrajhar sub-division Boro Kacharis fought Bengali Hindus and Muslims; in Goreswar and Khairabari Sarani and Boro Kacharis fought Bengali Hindus; in Gohpur Boros fought Assamese Hindus; in Dhemaji and Jonai Mishing tribals fought Bengali Hindus and Muslims; in Samaguri Muslims killed Hindus; in Dhaila and Thekrabari again Muslims killed Hindus; in Chaowlkhowa Chapori Assamese Hindus and Muslims together killed Bengali Muslims. And each community that was a victim in one place was a predator in another.
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two-month old Keshab Gogoi government had fallen and the assembly dissolved on 19 March 1982, and under the then constitutional rules, a fresh election had to be held within a year. An amendment to the constitution to allow the maximum allowed period of
President's Rule to two years, which required a two-third majority in Parliament to pass, was discussed but the effort was abandoned due to a lack of political alignment of the Congress (I), the left, and the opposition parties. By December 1982 there had been twenty-three rounds of talks between the government and the movement leaders to resolve the issue of identifying foreigners' names in electoral rolls; but the two parties found the biggest point of contention was the cut-off date to identify them.
3064:"On 2 December, the EC decided to go ahead with the mid-term Lok Sabha elections in Assam as per schedule. Though there was a suggestion to appoint a judicial commission to look into the enrolment of foreigners in the electoral rolls, it was set aside. Media reports quoted CEC Shakdher as saying that the electoral rolls for 110 of the 126 assembly constituencies were ready and the remaining would be completed by 3 December. Shakdher said that out of the 3.46 lakh objections filed across the state, 1.66 lakh had been disposed of. While 65 per cent of them were accepted, the rest were rejected. He also said that there were 2.7 lakh claims for inclusion, of which 2.2 lakh had been disposed ofâ40 per cent of them were accepted, the rest were rejected." (
1917:"From the centerâs point of view, readily giving in to the nationalists would exact a significant political cost: it would imperil its Bengali immigrant vote bank, 40 and treating Hindu immigrants from what had been East Pakistan as illegal aliens would have courted disaster in mainstream Hindu circles in the rest of the country. The âobviousâ solution to this problemâof making an exemption for Bengali Hindus while declaring Bengali Muslim immigrants illegalâwould open a unique can of worms, drawing into question the secular nature of the Indian republic as well as alienating Muslims at large, an important constituency for Congress. Finally, expelling Bengali immigrants would spell trouble for Indiaâs relations with Bangladesh" (
2184:" How many Bengalis entered and remained in Assam after the 1971 Pakistani civil war and the 1972 war between India and Pakistan is unknown. ... On the basis of these figures we can estimate that the immigration into Assam from 1971 to 1981 was on the order of 1.8 million. How much of this was migration from elsewhere in India and how much from Bangladesh is purely conjectural, although it is plausible to assume that most of it was illegal migration. The influx became politically alarming when the Election Commissioner in 1979 reported the unexpected large increase in the electoral rolls. To many Assamese it appeared as if the Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims together were now in a position to undermine Assamese rule." (
783:, who came in mainly from Mymensingh, were cultivators who occupied flood plains and cleared forests. They were not in conflict with the Assamese and did not align with the Bengali Hindus. In fact the Assamese elite encouraged their settlement. In the post-partition period as Assamese nationalists tried to dismantle Bengali Hindu dominance from the colonial period the tea garden labourers as well as the Muslim Bengalis supported them. Ever mindful of being the neighbour of the populous and culturally dominant Bengali people, the Assamese were alarmed that immigration not only had continued illegally in the post-independence period but that illegal immigrants were being included in electoral rolls.
1904:"To treat Hindu immigrants from East Pakistan and what subsequently became Bangladesh as illegal, irrespective of what the citizenship laws state, would have alienated significant sections of Hindu opinion in the country. On the other hand, to explicitly distinguish between Hindu "refugees" and Muslim "illegal aliens" would have cut into the secular fabric of the state and would have alienated India's Muslim minority. To expel "foreigners" would also have political costs internationally in terms of India's relations with Bangladesh: the official Bangladeshi position is that there are no illegal immigrants from Bangladesh in India." (
1891:"Preparations to a bye election to the Mangaldoi parliamentary constituency in mid 1979 revealed that out of 47,000 alleged illegal entries of the names of foreigners brought to the notice of the electoral registration officers, 36,000 were disposed of and out of these as many as 26,000 or over 72 per cent were found to be and declared as illegal entries being those of non-citizens. What is true of the Mangaldoi constituency could be true of many other constituencies. No wonder, Mangaldoi became the rallying point of a renewed attack on the electoral rolls culminating in the boycott of the Lok Sabha poll in January 1980." (
3246:"A conversation in December 1982 between a respected Indian journalist, Shekhar Gupta, and a senior Congress Party official, Rajesh Pilot, spelled out the government's intention...Gupta asked why it was so important to hold elections in Assam immediately. RP: 'Because the agitators must be finished politically.' SG: 'It will be impossible...' RP: 'How can you say that? If you put 5000 of them in jail for the election period the problem is solved. It is only the mischief-mongers you have to tackle. The rest of the people will heave a sigh of relief. You don't know how powerful the government can be.'" (
3285:"The election was to be held on the basis of the electoral rolls prepared in 1979, which had precipitated the Assam movement. No attempt was made to revise the rolls to incorporate the points of agreement between the movement leaders and the government-that is, to remove the names of post-1971 immigrants from the rolls. Indeed, apart from sidestepping all the thorny questions of illegal aliens that had rocked the state for three years, the use of four-year-old electoral rolls was problematic since it did not include voters who had come of age during the preceding four years." (
2541:"The Assam movement began in 1979 after a bye-election to the Mangaldoi parliamentary constituency, which is located in an area with a heavy concentration of East Bengali immigrants, drew public attention to a rapid expansion of the number of voters since the previous election two years earlier. The event followed reports of fresh large-scale illegal immigration from Bangladesh into the state. On June 8, 1979, the All Assam Students Union sponsored a 12-hour general strike bandh in the state to demand the "detection, disenfranchisement and deportation" of foreigners." (
2314:"The Proof of Indian citizenship could be ascertained through documents of land deeds, citizenship certificates or the inclusion of an individual's name in the electoral rolls. Oral evidence of such citizenshipâan affidavit by a locally known Indian citizen that the man in question; was known to him as a genuine resident of the placeâcould also be accepted. A person's place of birth, his father's place of birth, the duration of his stay in a particular localâall these could be cited as proof that he was an Indian national." (
3116:" Of the 14 Lok Sabha seats in Assam, elections could be held on in two constituencies-Karimganj and Silchar. For one seat, Barpeta, four candidates filed nominations. The nomination paper of Abida Ahmed (wife of the former President of India, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, and a candidate of the Congress led by Indira Gandhi) was cancelled by the returning officer. With the cancellation of her nomination paper, other three candidates withdrew from the fray as their main intention was 'not to allow Mrs. Ahmed go uncontested'." (
2755:"The 17-member Assam Janata Dal (AJD) formed by Hazarika, a former speaker of the state legislature, has the support of the Congress, the Congress(I), Janata (S), the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Progressive Democratic front. Borbora had been facing a persistent revolt in the Janata Party, engineered mainly by his fellow Socialists. The Marxists who had pitched in their 11 legislators to support him pulled the rug from under his feel as part of their policy of breaking with the Jan Sangh-dominated Janata."
2171:"One should not underestimate the extent to which the peoples of the northeast, and especially the Assamese, have a sense that they are a small people living next to a vast Bengali population eager to burst out of a densely populated region. Bangladesh (in 1980) had a population of 88.5 million, West Bengal (in 1981) had 54.4 million, and Tripura 2 million, for a total of 145 million Bengalis, making them numerically second only to Hindi speakers in South Asia, and the third largest linguistic group in Asia." (
2782:"But Janata split up in 1979 and on 4 September 1979, the Chief Minister resigned and on the 7th September 1979, the Speaker, Jogendranath Hazarika formed the Government with the support of the Congress and the C.P.I. But the Congress and the C.P.I, informed the Governor that they withdraw their support. On the 12th December 1979, for the first time in the political history of Assam, Presidential Rule was imposed and the Hazarika Ministry was dissolved in tears after being in office for 94 days." (
2876:"AAGSP and AASU took the position that the government should review the legal status of all those who had entered the state after 1951. Bengalis and other non-Assamese would have to produce some evidence of their citizenship. Foreign nationals who had come between 1951 and 1961 should be screened and probably given citizenship. Those who came between 1961 and 1971 should be declared stateless and distributed throughout India. And those who had come after 1971 should be returned to Bangladesh." (
2727:"However, in the aftermath of emergency, the Congress Party lost the elections to the state legislature in 1978. For the first time a non-Congress government came to power under the leadership of Golap Borbora of the Janata Party. This was in fact a coalition government led by Janata Party and supported by the Plains Tribal Council of Assam (PTCA) and some independents. The CPM and other Left parties who had a strong presence of 23 members supported the Borbora government from outside."
31:
2340:"The Government of Assam decided to wind up these tribunals in 1972 on the ground that most of such cases of 'infiltrants' had been disposed of. The decision was also probably influenced by the emergence of Bangladesh, when due to political considerations it was considered inadvisable to harp on the presence of 'Pakistani infiltrators' who of course were now consideredâeven if they could lie at some future date established as aliensâcitizens of a 'friendly country'."
2025:"Since immigration was no longer legal, recent Bengali Muslim migrants told census enumerators in 1961 that Assam was their place of birth and Assamese was their mother tongue. Bengali Muslims did, however, report their religion, thereby enabling the census commissioner to conclude on the basis of an examination of the data on the growth rate of Muslims that 221,000 Bengali Muslims had entered the state between 1951 and 1961, almost all illegally from East Pakistan" (
3025:"If there were a number of âforeignersâ in only one constituencyâ Mangaldoiâwhat about other constituencies? The thought began to catch the imagination of the majority Assamese community in the state. Naturally then, the next step for the AASU was to oppose the 1980 Lok Sabha elections without a thorough revision of electoral rolls of not just in Mangaldoi but in the entire state. It suited the Janata factions too, by then left weakened by internal squabbles." (
1954:"As was the case in Punjab (see below), Rajiv Gandhiâs âdecisivenessâ garnered a great deal of credit. Unlike his mother, who âdisliked making decisions,â Rajiv âhears his people and decides quicklyâoften immediately in the cabinet meeting.â The âfundamental differenceâ between the two was that while Indira was more interested in protecting Congressâ majority, Rajiv cared less about the partyâs interests and wanted to be seen as a problem-solver." (
3051:"In December 1979, the civil disobedience campaign was extended to an economic blockade, and movement supporters stopped the flow of crude oil and plywood from Assam to the rest of the country. Support for the movement by officials of the state government and the fact that such officials, most of whom were ethnic Assamese, were often in charge of dealing with protest actions, kept confrontation between the state and the movement to a minimum." (
2210:"In an effort to dissuade the Assamese from taking these steps, Bengali Muslims sided with the Assamese on issues that mattered to them, by declaring their mother tongue as Assamese, accepting the establishment of primary and secondary schools in Assamese, supporting the government against Bengali Hindus on the controversial issue of an official language for the state and for the university, and casting their votes for Congress.(
3345:"The question in the election was not who would win, but whether there would be an election at all. The holding of the election became the focus of a contest between the Assam movement and the center. An election with a moderate to high turnout would have weakened the movement's claims about its representativeness and its power capability. The movement leaders, as expected, called for a boycott of the elections." (
4155:
951:, an officer who then had both executive and judicial powers. Many of the suspected infiltrators were the illiterate poor and the big landowners, who benefited from the cheap labour they provided, gave them legal aid to defend themselves at the tribunals. Among the many criteria determining the citizenship of the accused, oral affidavits by locally known citizens and inclusion in the electoral rolls were two.
1763:"If there were a number of 'foreigners' in only one constituencyâMangaldaiâwhat about other constituencies?...Naturally then, the next step for the AASU was to oppose the 1980 Lok Sabha elections without a thorough revision of electoral rolls of not just in Mangaldai but in the entire state...AASU leaders gave a call to political parties to boycott the polls till the EC revised the state's electoral rolls." (
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the electoral rolls were corrected neither on the basis of 1951 which the movement leaders wanted nor on the basis of 1971 which the government was ready to accept; and it did not incorporate the names of those who had come of age to vote after 1979; though the
Supreme Court of India ruled in 1984 that the 1979 electoral rolls were legally valid. The AASU-AAGSP leaders were arrested when they landed at the
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2487:"Preparations to a bye election to the Mangaldoi parliamentary constituency in mid 1979 revealed that out of 47,000 alleged illegal entries of the names of foreigners brought to the notice of the electoral registration officers, 36,000 were disposed of and out of these as many as 26,000 or over 72 per cent were found to be and declared as illegal entries being those of non-citizens."(
3259:"On 6 January 1983, as the AASU-AAGSP leaders were boarding their flight to Guwahati at New Delhi, the EC announced the dates for both assembly and parliamentary by-elections (for twelve seats) in Assam. The home ministry had informed the EC of its intention to revoke President's Rule by the end of February 1983. The dates chosen for voting were 14, 17 and 20 February." (
4056:
3012:"The first phase of the Assam movement started with demonstrations and rallies with widespread participation by ethnic Assamese in support of the demands. This phase began with a mood of optimism about a negotiated settlement and ended with considerable pessimism about the prospects of a solution and signs of increasing fissures in the Assamese ethnic coalition." (
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in state and central government offices. In
December 1979, the civil disobedience was extended with an economic blockade of crude oil and plywood. Nevertheless, neither the civil disobedience nor the economic blockade created any major confrontation between the agitators and the state since the movement had wide support among the state government officials.
1377:, provided the governmental position. She was the first prime minister to meet with the Movement leaders which she did in Delhi on 2 February 1980. She did not accept the demand to use the NRC 1951 and the Census report of 1952 as the basis for identifying foreigners and suggested 24 March 1971 as the cut-off date instead since she wanted to factor in the
153:
2396:"(T)he Home Ministry issued instructions to the state governments in August 1975 asking the latter to make use of their criminal investigation departments to check the electoral rolls and if the names of foreigners are discovered therein, the fact should be brought to the Electoral Registration Officers for getting such names deleted from the rolls." (
1556:, and the Government of Assam imposed censorship on two local newspapers that supported the movement. The issue for this election was to primarily hold the elections with the expectation that a moderate to high polling rate would weaken the movement; and the movement leaders boycotted the elections. A private citizen challenged the elections in the
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aliens in electoral rolls had been simmering for some years at the national official level, the large numbers at
Mangaldoi brought it into sharp public focus and provided the immediate trigger for the Assam MovementâAASU launched its first protest program on 8 June 1979 demanding the "detection, disenfranchisement and deportation" of foreigners.
2327:"In 1965 when relations with Pakistan were deteriorating, the state government under instructions from New Delhi began expelling Pakistani "infiltrators."9 But the process had to be stopped when eleven members of the state Legislative Assembly protested that Indian Muslims were being harassed in the process, and threatened to resign." (
2250:"The Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 was enacted by the Central government through the use of powers granted under Section 3 of the Foreigners Act, 1946. Though the order, issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs on September 23, 1964, had a country-wide jurisdiction, it was intended for the state of Assam, for all practical purposes."
2500:"Tribunals were therefore set upâwhere 'executive magistrates' conducted the proceedings against the alleged infiltrators, though at present the executive and judiciary have been clearly demarcated in Assam. And before you could say Jack Robinson, as many as 20,000 of these 'infiltrators' were identified and ordered to be deported."
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be foreigners and tried to project the problem as not local but constitutional. Despite these formal positions and the demands structured around constitutional values, movement leaders did use ethnic themes for political mobilization. The Assam Accord that concluded the
Movement, in its Clause 6, called for protection of the "
2847:"Under the guise of 'constitutional compulsions' and 'democratic rectitude', an enormous fraud is 'being perpetrated in Assam where in conditions which the Chief Election Commissioner has himself conceded are far from normal, elections are being sought to be held for the 126 seats and the 12 still unfilled Lok Sabha seats." (
2908:"Among these were PLP, Assam Jatiyatabadi Dal (AJD), AJYCP, Assam Yuva Samaj, the Young Lawyers' Conference, Assam Sahitya Sabha, Karbi Parishad, Plain Tribes Council of Assam (Brahma) and All Assam Tribal Sangha. They were supported by the State Government Employees Federation besides various teachers' associations." (
1353:(general secretary) as the public faces of it. The movement leadership was augmented by an organisation called All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) that was constituted in August 1979 by representatives from civic and regional political parties. Even though the relationship of the Assam Movement to the earlier
2528:"The Mangaldoi election put into sharp relief an issue that had been simmering for years and had even gained national prominence, and led to organized opposition to illegal aliens led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU), which kicked off a statewide strike to protest the infiltration issue in June 1979." (
3233:"However, the biggest stumbling block of the talks was the disagreement over the citizenship cut-off year. Meeting after meeting was futile only because no agreement could be reached over the cut-off year. Bothsides began to realize that the problem was more complex than they had initially thought." (
3194:
could be extended for one more year to avoid the other alternative of going ahead with the 1983 polls, then fraught with the danger of large-scale inter-ethnic clashes. But they were not prepared to extend timely assurance of parliamentary support. that the ruling party needed for the purpose. In any
2132:"Bengali Muslims reclaimed thousands of acres of land, cleared vast tracts of dense jungle along the south bank of the Brahmaputra, and occupied flooded lowlands all along the river. The largest single influx came from Mymensingh district, one of the most densely populated districts in East Bengal." (
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and the Janata Party, on the other hand, did not participate. The movement leaders decided to frame the elections as a do or die phase, calling the boycott "Assam's last struggle for survival", and used all means to stop the elections. They had the support not only of the extremist student activists,
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to stall the election, and the Home
Minister held a meeting two days later to discuss the issue with opposition leaders and the Assam Chief Minister, but there was no solution. On 27 November 1979 AASU-AAGSP escalated the protests and called for the closure of all educational institutes and picketing
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was clear the leadership were careful to kept the issue of language outâinstead they staked their claims purely on the basis of population statistics and constitutional rights and presented a set of demands that were secular and constitutionally legitimate. They clearly defined who they considered to
930:
estimated, with inputs from intelligence reports, that there were about 220,000 "infiltrators" in Assam from East
Pakistan. In 1962 the central government devolved its power to detect foreigners in Assam to district police and administrative heads and created Border Police units in some districts. In
1604:
The boycott program during the nomination period included blocking access to nominating centers by the general public, and local administration officers too agreed to a call to stay away from their duties. The government was aware of the possibility of poll disruption and violation and staggered the
1551:
Even as the AASU-AAGSP leadership was returning to
Guwahati on 6 January 1983 from yet another failed talk at New Delhi, the government announced that elections will be held with staggered polling on 14, 17, and 20 February 1983. The election was to use the unchanged 1979 electoral rollsâwhich meant
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and in April 1979 published the draft electoral rolls and ordered a summary revision. Tribunals reviewed a list of about 47,000 doubtful names of which about 36,000 were processedâof these processed names 26,000 names (about 72 percent) were confirmed to be non-citizens. Though the issue of illegal
452:
that followed could not accept the demands of the movement leaders since it came at considerable political costs and the movement escalated to economic blockades, oppression, violent pogroms and lasting ethnic conflict. The political nature of this movement was heavily debated among scholars in the
1253:
was announced amidst expectation that there would be widespread violence and the situation was not conducive for election. The election was boycotted by the movement and a number of opposition political parties did not participate; and polling took place amidst extensive inter-ethnic violence. The
2567:"It was at this point that the Chief Election Commissioner entered the scene by ordering that "the 1977 voters' list should remain as it is and no person's name deleted from the list on the ground of being a foreign national"âthe order itself being reworded later under pressure to read "...onâthe
2947:"Apart from Assamese cultural and historical symbols, the movement leaders drew on legal and constitutional arguments and symbols as well. Despite the presence of ethnic themes in the process of political mobilization, constitutional values significantly structured the demands of the movement." (
1448:
On 2 December 1979 Shakdar, the CEC, decided to go ahead with polling in Assam with the claim that the rolls for 110 of the 126 Assembly constituencies were ready and those for the rest will be ready the next day. Mass picketing was arranged in front of all polling offices where candidate filed
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Assam's history. The movement leaders challenged the legitimacy of this government and refused to recognize it. In June 1981 the Anwara Taimur government fell in the state assembly and
President's Rule was again imposed. There was another attempt to form a Congress (I) government in January 1982
897:
There were a number of attempts by the government to change the mechanisms of detecting foreigners or the meaning of Indian citizenship. In 1983 the
Congress (I) government enacted the Illegal Migrants (Determnation by Tribunal) Act that modified the mechanism of determining foreigners in Assam,
771:
was restored in 1874), and placed Hindu Bengalis in colonial administrative positions. By 1891 one-fourth the population of Assam was of migrant origin. Assamese nationalism, which grew by the beginning of the 20th century, began to look at both the Hindu Bengalis as well as the British as alien
3433:
The government prepared for the anticipated disruption and poll violence by mobilizing large contingents of military and police forces from the rest of the country. The estimated need for security personnel was so high that the election was staggered over three days to allow for the movement of
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was dissolved on 22 August 1979 and since fresh elections were announced the Mangaldoi by-election was cancelled. Shakdhar, who had earlier warned against foreigners' names in the electoral rolls announced a change his position in September 1979 and pushed the revision to after the 1980 general
1531:
This was a very critical and consequential period not only for the movement, but for the subsequent times as well. The Indira Gandhi-led government imposed assembly elections in the state as a challenge to the movement leading to widespread ethnic violence and breakdown of political order. The
803:
records 274,000 refugees between 1947 and 1951, most of who are estimated to be Hindu Bengalis. On the basis of a natural growth rate, it was estimated that the immigrants numbered 221,000 between 1951 and 1961. In 1971, the surplus over the natural growth was 424,000 and the estimated illegal
2795:"No party had an absolute majority in the Assembly. There would be constitutional crisis if no ministry was formed before the end of the Presidential Rule. So the Congress (I) was called upon to form the Ministry. A Muslim Lady Anwara Timur formed the Ministry with the support of the C.P.I." (
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was imposed for the first time in the state of Assam. Since the President's Rule could not be extended beyond a year Congress (I), originally with only 8 members, was able to attract defections from other parties, obtain the support of the CPI, and form a government in December 1980 under the
1865:"One of the first official admissions of this fact has been made in a publication of the Ministry of External Affairs as early as 1963. It is reported that 'enlistment of foreigners in the voters' lists has at times taken place at the instance of politically interested persons or parties." (
931:
1964 the Foreigners (Tribunal) Order was enacted that created a mechanism to verify the citizenship of suspected infiltrators; and though tribunals could be created anywhere in the country, they were used primarily in Assam. At first four tribunals were createdâin the undivided districts of
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The review process was opposed by political parties, especially the involvement of the police and the executive (and not judicial) officers, and the Chief Election Commissioner, Shakdhar, halted the activity of the tribunalsâthe final electoral list of Mangaldoi was never released. The
2106:"Since there is no evidence that Assam's rate of increase was significantly different than that in the rest of India (in the 1970s its estimated rate of natural increase was actually slightly below the all-India average), the difference can only be accounted for by net immigration." (
1625:
and Home Guards for a total of 150,000 armed personnelâone armed man for every 57 voters. The protests against the election were widespread and included road blockages, bridge burning, kidnapping, attacks on election candidates their relatives, political workers, and poll officers.
1044:
These reports were noticed in AssamâAASU included "expulsion of foreigners" in their sixteen-point charter of demands in July 1978; and after Shakdher's announcement in October 1978 it called for a three-day program of protest demanding "reservation of 80 percent jobs for locals".
2422:"Another disturbing factor in this regard, (Shakdhar) added : "the demand made by the political parties for the inclusion in the electoral rolls of the names of such migrants who are not citizens without even questioning and properly determining the citizenship status." (
3177:"The dissolution of the State Assembly meant that the day of reckoning in Assam was approaching because the constitution did not allow for the extension of President's Rule beyond a year and elections would have had to take place unless the constitution itself was amended." (
3298:"In its verdict of September 28, 1984, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Assam polls of 1983 and the related 1979 electoral rolls as legally valid. Whether the conditions prevailing were congenial to free and fair elections, in general, was outside its consideration." (
3447:"Chaudhuri, a Bengali Muslim from West Bengal who was used by the Congress to mobilize the state's Bengali-speaking immigrant Muslims for the elections, said in a public meeting in Assam, 'If they kill one of you, you kill four of them. The Government will support you.'" (
723:
for much of the 20th century with the population growing six-fold till the 1980s as against less than three-fold for India. Since the natural growth rate of Assam has been found to be less than the national rate, the difference can only be attributed to a net immigration.
962:
to expel Pakistani (later Bangladesh) infiltrators but the implementation had to be given up when a number of Assam legislators threatened to resign. These tribunals were finally shut foen in 1972 on the claim of most infiltrators being caught; and also because after the
1967:"The Indian Parliament in 1983âat a time when Assam was largely unrepresented as a result of the election boycottâpassed the Illegal Migrants (Determination of Tribunal) Act, making it difficult, if not impossible, to prove that someone was an illegal alien in Assam." (
2986:"On June 8, 1979, the All Assam Students Union sponsored a 12-hour general strike (bandh) in the state to demand the "detection, disenfranchisement and deportation" of foreigners. That event turned out to be only the first of a protracted series of protest action." (
1792:"By September 1980 the immigrant organizations had become a third force in the negotiations on the Assam movement's demands. The government invited AAMSU leaders to Delhi for consultation during the negotiations between the government and the movement leaders." (
2409:"On October 24â26, 1978 (t)he CEC declared "I would like to refer to the alarming situation in some states specially in North-Eastern region where from disturbing reports are coming regarding large scale inclusion of foreign nationals in the electoral rolls." (
909:
in 2005, the government attempted to change the mechanism once again the same year, which too was declared unconstitutional the next year. The NRC was revised under the supervision of the Supreme Court of India and the final draft created in 2019. In 2019 the
2379:". Ironically, at that time the government of India's position on illegal immigration from East Pakistan was quite close to the position later taken up by the leaders of the Assam movement. See the pamphlet on that issue published by the Indian government:
1410:) on 8 June 1979, sponsored by the AASU, demanding the "detection, disenfranchisement, and deportation" of foreigners could be considered as the beginning of the Assam Movement. This was followed by the formation of the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad, an
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led the police force in escorting Begam Abida Ahmed to file nomination papers; they attacked protestors. Khargeswar Talukdar, the 22-year-old general secretary of Barpeta AASU Unit, was beaten to death and thrown into a ditch next to the highway at
1818:"The years since 1979 saw governmental instability, sustained civil disobedience campaigns, and some of the worst ethnic violence in the history of post-independence India, including the killing of 3,000 people during the February 1983 election." (
2093:"Throughout this century Assam has been the fastest growing area in the subcontinent. Its population has grown nearly sixfold since 1901 when it had a population of 3.3 million; India's population has grown less than threefold over this period." (
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temporarily replaced the AASU leaders arrested on 6 January, and they along with the All Guwahati Students' Union and the All Kamrup District Students' Union organised the anti-election campaign. Besides Congress (I), the Left Democratic Alliance
3272:"The government broke off the Delhi talks rather late on January 5, 1983 and, next day, the decision for holding elections in Assam to fill up the twelve vacancies-in the Lok Sabha and to reconstitute a new Legislative Assembly was announced." (
2366:"The Supreme Court judgment (July 12, 2005) on the public interest litigation filed by a student leader-turned-AGP MP, Sarbananda Sonowal, struck down the Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983 (IMDT Act) as unconstitutional." (
2301:" However it must he admitted that in the past many of these illiterate and poor people were provided with lawyers by big landlords (in many cases Assamese) who were interested in keeping them on the Indian side as they provided cheap labour." (
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program from 12 to 17 November 1979 demonstrated when estimated 700,000 in Guwahati and 2 million in the entire state courted voluntary arrests; but by the end of November, the initial optimism of a negotiated settlement gave way to pessimism.
2834:"Again, when the Ministry resigned in anticipation of its defeat on the floor of the House, the opposition was not given a chance to form the Government. This happened in ... Mrs. Anwara Taimur and Keshab Chander Gagoi (both Congress)..." (
2158:"In this campaign to assert their culture and improve the employment opportunities of the Assamese middle classes, the Assamese won the support of two migrant communities, the tea plantation laborers from Bihar, and the Bengali Muslims." (
1658:
The pro- vs anti- election violence eventually led to complete breakdown of ethnic amity beyond mere Assamese-Bengali or Hindu-Muslim divide where every group clashed against every other group: at Nellie (Tiwas against immigrant Muslims);
2649:"Indira Gandhi has already tried to exploit the situation to secure Muslim support. In her contrite letter to, the Imam of Jama, Masjid, Delhi, which drips with sympathy for the minorities, she also touches upon the situation in Assam."
2435:"On November 27, 1978 a cabinet minister, while replying to a question in the Rajya Sabha, confirmed that 'large scale inclusion of foreign nationals in electoral rolls, specially in the North-Eastern region, has been taking place." (
1112:
in which Gandhi lost her membership in parliament. But Indira Gandhi was able to come back to power very soonâin 1978 she split the Congress party to better defend herself and regained membership of the Lok Sabha via a by-election in
2197:"Since immigration was no longer legal, recent Bengali Muslim migrants told census enumerators in 1961 that Assam was their place of birth and Assamese was their mother tongue. Bengali Muslims did, however, report their religion" (
989:âthe key difference was that whereas the onus of the proof of citizenship was with the accused, the IMDT Act put the onus of proof on the accuser. The Supreme Court of India repealed it in July 2005 as unconstitutional based on a
1246:, but it too fell and President's Rule was again imposed in March 1982. After each of the two Congress (I) governments fell, the Congress (I) led central government did not allow non-Congress government formations in the state.
3147:"The State Assembly election of February 1983 marked the breakdown of Assam's framework of ethnic accommodation and of political order. The election was a direct challenge of the central government to the Assam movement." (
1414:
coalition of different political and cultural organizations, on 26 August 1979 At the initial stage the protests were peaceful and the movement enjoyed wide popular support especially among the Assamese people as the
751:
in the next two decades. These major groups were joined by other smaller groups that settled as traders, merchants, bankers, moneylenders, and small industrialists. Yet another community who had settled in Assam were
3311:"The GOI arrested top AASU leaders, including Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and Bhrigu Phukan on January 6, 1983, at the airport, as they were on the way back from failed talks with the central government on this issue." (
811:
continuedâthough they declared India as the birth country and Assamese as their language, they recorded their religion correctly. As the immigration issue was growing the immigrant Muslims from Bengal supported the
2461:"On 28 October 1978, AASU registered its first reaction to Shakdher's comment by calling a three-day Satyagraha, including a dawn to dusk bandh in Guwahati demanding 'reservation of 80 percent jobs for locals'."(
3332:, two prominent local daily newspapers that supported and led the movement, to restrain from publishing any matter relating to the current agitation, thus showing a strong tendency towards press censorship." (
3220:"The twenty-third round of negotiations between the government and the movement leaders took place in December 1982 amid reports that the government was determined to hold elections in Assam by March 1983." (
3876:
2973:"Five phases can be distinguished: (1) June 1979 to November 1980; (2) December 1980 to January 1983; (3) the election of February 1983; (4) March 1983 to May 1984; and (5) June 1984 to December 1985." (
2288:"The hearings of these tribunals were conducted by a single person, generally a senior district magistrate. At this time the powers of the executive and the judiciary were not yet separated in Assam." (
3530:
985:
In the wake of the violence in the 1983 elections, the Indian government, led by Indira Gandhi, enacted the IM(DT) Act. This act was applicable only in Assam, whereas the rest of the country followed
3516:"...the majority of the participants were rural peasants belonging to mainstream communities, or from the lower strata of the caste system categorized as Scheduled Castes or Other Backward Classes." (
3103:"On the 12th December 1979, for the first time in the political history of Assam, Presidential Rule was imposed and the Hazarika Ministry was dissolved in tears after being in office for 94 days." (
2758:
2554:"All the political parties in Assam barring the regional partiesâhave criticised the procedure of involving the police and the executive magistrates in the ferreting out of alleged infiltrators." (
1425:
The AASU leadership decided to oppose the 1980 general elections in Assam without a revision of the rolls. On 26 November a delegation of 17 student leaders submitted a memorandum to the President
947:
where most infiltrants from East Pakistan were expected to have settledâbut by 1968 the number had gone up to nine. In these tribunals the hearings were conducted by a single person, usually a
2999:"In a satyagraha (symbolic disobedience of the law) in November 1979 nearly 700,000 people in the city of Gauhati and an estimated two million people in the state as a whole courted arrest." (
2714:
For the 1978 election, the Congress had split into twoâthe Congress, led by the erstwhile Chief Minister Sarat Chandra Sinha and Congress (I) those in Assam aligned with Indira Gandhi who had
1560:
on the argument that the 1979 electoral rolls were not available to the public, as required, but the government was able to avert legal intervention by advancing the election notification.
2262:"In 1962 (sic), the government decided to appoint tribunals in the districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, Darrang and Nowgong, where a large number of migrants from East Pakistan had settled." (
1783::116): "The citizenship status of many of the newer immigrants was ambiguous The campaign also led to friction between the ethnic Assamese and some of Assam's "plains tribal" groups."
1382:
980:
473:
1699:(Muslims against Hindus); Dhaila and Thekrabari (Muslims against Hindus); Chaowlkhowa Chapori (Assamese Hindus and Muslims against Bengali Muslims). On 18 February 1983, during the
2145:"In any event, there had been traditional enmity between Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims; the Bengali Muslims had much to gain and little to lose by siding with the Assamese." (
2636:"The supporters of the movement succeeded in postponing the elections in 11 out of total 14 constituencies from Assam. Undoubtedly, this was a major success of the movement." (
2223:"After the Registrar General of India in his report on the 1961 Census said 2,20,691 âinfiltrantsâ had entered Assam from East Pakistanâa fact backed by intelligence reports" (
1017:
remarks that ironically the position of the report is remarkably similar to the position taken by the Assam movement leaders at the end of the next decade. In August 1975, the
2448:"(I)n July 1978, during a meeting, AASU had adopted a sixteen-point charter of demands to the state government which included 'expulsion of foreigners' among other demands." (
3420:"In the later part of 1980, the central government became oppressive towards the movement. Mass support did not last long, and from 1981 to 1982, the movement stagnated." (
816:
language movementâby accepting the Assamese language, supporting the official language act in contrast to the Bengali Hindus who opposed it, and casting their votes for the
2119:"By the beginning of the twentieth century Assamese nationalists were pitted against the Bengalis as well as against the British, both of whom were seen as alien rulers." (
91:
1553:
1033:) declared foreigners' names were being included in electoral rolls in a large scale and that this was done at the demand of political partiesâa claim repeated by a
476:
passed by the Indira Gandhi government soon after the disastrous 1983 elections that made it practically impossible to prove anyone in Assam was an illegal alien.
1133:
she became the Prime Minister once again. The 1980 elections were strongly opposed by the Assam Movement leaders, violence erupted, and polls in only 3 of the 14
2623:"Though only three MPs were elected to the Lok Sabha from Assam in that general election, the Congress returned to power in New Delhi with a thumping majority" (
3884:
1930:
Some of the scholars who took part in the debate were Amalendu Guha, Hiren Gohain, Sanjib Baruah, Gail Omvedt, and others. The terms used in this debate were "
1192:
During the entire duration of the Assam Movement, the Assam state government had been unstable. Even though the electoral backlash against Indira Gandhi in the
1482:. Talukdar was honoured by the Assam Movement as its first Martyr. The Hazarika government was dismissed and President's Rule was imposed on 12 December 1979.
1258:
formed a government. This government had to compete with the movement for legitimacy; this assembly was dismissed prematurely in 1985 as a precondition of the
3757:
3079:
444:
showed high number of non-citizens in 1979 AASU decided to campaign for thoroughly revised electoral rolls in the entire state of Assam by boycotting the
4232:
4004:
2353:"The act applies only to Assam. The rest of India has the Foreigners' Act 1946 which puts the onus on the accused to prove his/her Indian nationality." (
2038:"In 1971 the census reported an increase of 820,000 Muslims, or approximately 424,000 more than could be accounted for by natural population increase." (
838:
The Assam Movement involved a tussle over the determination of immigrants, refugees and citizens as defined in their legal contexts. At the time of the
1596:
but also the majority of the local Assamese citizens. The movement leaders were thus able to revive the movement which had stagnated from 1981 to 1982.
918:
which created pathways to citizenship for immigrants of all religions except Islam, and since have refused to accept the draft NRC as a legal document.
1022:
4182:
3460:"Vajpayee, during a speech on 7 February 1983, in Guwahati said a 'a river of blood' would flow in Assam if elections were allowed to take place." (
1526:
1263:
1250:
1197:
1173:
866:(NRC) which was based on the 1951 census; no other Indian state had a similar document. At that time Assam constituted nearly the entire contiguous
4237:
1137:
could be held. Significantly, Indira Gandhi tried to seek Muslim support in that election by citing the Assam Movement. Indira Gandhi then led the
1479:
1134:
863:
833:
655:
388:
1576:
4177:
1584:
119:
4242:
1030:
1010:
3862:
1114:
1058:
2584:"The Lok Sabha was dissolved on 22 August 1979 and the Mangaldoi by-election was cancelled without the final rolls being published."
1285:
Communal considerations (either religious or linguistic) cannot be taken into account while determining the citizenship of a person;
3780:
3674:
2012:"The 1951 census reported that 274,000 refugees had entered Assam since 1947. Most of these, it is believed, were Bengali Hindus." (
1640:
warned of dire consequences if elections were held. On 10 February, Indira Gandhi warned the immigrant Muslim community in the then
915:
3130:
4207:
1490:
1018:
1013:
in 1963 reported for the first time that foreigners were being enlisted in Indian voters list by politically interested parties.
3685:
772:
rulers. The emerging Assamese literate class aspired to the same positions as those enjoyed by the Bengali Hindus, mostly from
1805:"he movement leaders demanded that the central government take steps to identify, disenfranchise, and deport illegal aliens."(
440:
It was known since 1963 that foreign nationals had been improperly added to electoral rollsâand when the draft enrollments in
3997:
3592:
1707:
and semi-indigenous lower caste Hindus â killed thousands of suspected muslim immigrants, in 14 villages in Nagaon district.
1696:
1494:
1209:
1142:
944:
351:
858:. The law that determined Indian citizenship, The Citizenship Act 1955, was enacted a few years later in the context of the
4217:
1633:
732:
454:
4227:
4142:
3531:"Tiwas' role in Nellie neglected: Author - 30 years after massacre, writer wants better understanding among communities"
2921:"here is a clear connection between the language movements of the 1960s and the 1970s and the antiforeigner movement." (
1606:
1486:
1439:
1374:
1193:
1172:
elections were not conducted in the state at the same time as the rest of the countryâthey were conducted alongside the
1169:
1161:
1154:
1141:'s administrative and political response to the Assam Movement and negotiated with its leaders. In October 1984 she was
1130:
1109:
1093:
1054:
458:
449:
445:
1208:
leader, became the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Assam; it was a minority government set up with the support of
4212:
3693:
Dasgupta, Keya; Guha, Amalendu (1985). "1983 Assembly Poll in Assam: An Analysis of Its Background and Implications".
1471:
1150:
932:
744:
381:
1228:. The Hazarika government too fell, within ninety four days in December 1979, when the Congress withdrew support and
4222:
4197:
4127:
1845:
1736:
1726:
1449:
their nominations, in the first week of December 1979. No candidates were allowed to file nomination papers in the
1354:
990:
964:
955:
927:
30:
4158:
4024:
3990:
1283:
A foreigner is a foreigner; a foreigner shall not be judged by the language he speaks or the religion he follows.
936:
356:
136:
68:
2892:"On August 26, 1979, the AGSP was formed as an ad hoc coalition to coordinate a sustained statewide movement." (
4202:
3761:
2715:
2275:"Following the order, four tribunals were set up in Assam. By 1968, the number of tribunals went up to nine." (
1731:
1514:
1225:
1034:
986:
855:
817:
426:
108:
3661:
3560:
Barpujari, H K (1995). "General President's Address: North-east India: The Problems and Policies since 1947".
1664:
1001:
passed the Foreigners (Tribunals for Assam) Order, 2005. This too was set aside by the Supreme Court in 2006.
4192:
4187:
361:
220:
3164:
in Assam was fast coming to its end, thereby threatening to bring in its wake a constitutional deadlock." (
1378:
1592:
1221:
899:
829:
374:
472:
The Assam Accord did not solve the problem of foreigners' names in electoral rolls, primarily due to the
2690:
2682:
1622:
1474:
1443:
1126:
1105:
1071:
859:
739:
from Bengal to fill administrative and professional positions. The largest group, Muslims peasants from
327:
3800:
1605:
polling over three days; and it brought in 8000 officers from other states, additional battalions from
429:(AASU) and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) the movement defined a six-year period of sustained
433:
campaigns, political instability and widespread ethnic violence. The movement ended in 1985 with the
3864:
Cross Border Migration in Assam during 1951-2011: Process, Magnitude, and Socio-Economic Consequences
2686:
1637:
1630:
1618:
1426:
1243:
800:
167:
1543:, stated that the government intended to hold elections to politically finish the movement leaders.
461:
when the emphasis was on negotiation and compromise which both sides made, and particularly because
4137:
3191:
3161:
1704:
1350:
1229:
1138:
998:
959:
740:
720:
418:
116:
1517:, Anil Bora was beaten to death at Hojai by people who opposed the bandh as well as the Movement.
1459:. The government proclaimed a curfew at different parts of the state, including the major city of
1453:. On 10 December, the last date for submitting the nomination papers, was declared as a statewide
3970:
3938:
3917:
3849:
3828:
3744:
3723:
3702:
3648:
3619:
3569:
2738:
2660:
2511:
1741:
1660:
1557:
1450:
1238:
1118:
994:
839:
796:
748:
430:
268:
72:
3503:"The attitude to the election, however, did not vary only across the Assamese-Bengali divide." (
2808:"The Taimur government formed as a result of defections to Congress (I) from other parties..." (
3602:
Baruah, Sanjib (1986). "Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political TurmoilâAssam, 1979â1985".
3776:
3670:
3588:
3582:
1636:
from Congress appealed to the Bengali Muslim immigrants to retaliate in kind to violence, and
871:
768:
215:
3190:"Some Opposition parties approved of an amendment to the Constitution at this stage, so that
1176:
after the Assam Accord was signed. As a result Assam was largely unrepresented in the entire
4013:
3962:
3909:
3900:
Singh, Jaswant (1984). "Assam's Crisis of Citizenship: An Examination of Political Errors".
3640:
3611:
1614:
1346:
1255:
940:
906:
764:
410:
144:
4080:
4075:
1700:
1676:
1653:
1641:
1359:
902:
867:
813:
780:
716:
489:
3684:
Chatterji, Angana P; Desai, Mihir; Mander, Harsh; Azad, Abdul Kalam (9 September 2021).
4111:
4106:
4085:
1610:
1121:; in July 1979 she was able to bring down the Desai government by promising support to
1026:
736:
728:
291:
286:
248:
243:
238:
205:
177:
172:
2759:"Assam and Arunachal Pradesh CMs' heads roll in the aftermath of Janata Party breakup"
2383:(Delhi: DAVP, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1963)." (
607:
2016 Estimates of Ever-Immigrants from Bangladesh/East Pakistan and their descendants
4171:
2729:
Hussain, Monirul (2003). "Governance and Electoral Processes in India's North-East".
1692:
1567:
1536:
1370:
1234:
1201:
1181:
1177:
1101:
1097:
843:
808:
182:
3160:"The State Assembly having been dissolved on March 19, 1982 the permissible span of
1385:
in 1972. The cut-off date became the major stumbling block during the negotiations.
4070:
3950:
2678:
1572:
1540:
1259:
1217:
1205:
1165:
1146:
1122:
760:
466:
462:
434:
258:
253:
1216:
and other left parties. This government fell in September 1979 as a result of the
3770:
2380:
1224:
became the Chief Minister with the support of the Congress, Congress (I) and the
4090:
2237:
1935:
1563:
1485:
Elections were held in only two of the fourteen Lok Sabha Constituencies in the
1062:
1038:
792:
422:
263:
3801:"Explainer: What Do the MHA's Changes to 1964 Foreigners Tribunals Order Mean?"
3631:
Boruah, Kaustavmoni (1980). ""Foreigners" in Assam and Assamese Middle Class".
1629:
The political party leaders made inflammatory speeches during the campaignâthe
1157:, settled the Assam Movement and a few other conflicts in a flurry of accords.
854:
the legal instrument prevalent that determined foreigners was the colonial-era
3195:
case, the left parties were in principle opposed to such an ad hoc measure." (
1931:
1672:
1417:
968:
948:
3735:
Fernandes, Walter (2005). "IMDT Act and Immigration in North-Eastern India".
898:
while keeping the old mechanism intact in the rest of the country. After the
4055:
1075:
883:
441:
1644:
that if they did not vote for Congress they would have to leave the state.
152:
4045:
3758:"The Curious Case of Citizenship in Assam: A Look at the 1980s Agitation"
3686:"Detention, Criminalisation, Statelessness: The Aftermath of Assam's NRC"
1668:
1460:
1092:
The Assam Movement began at a time of transition in New Delhi during the
875:
851:
200:
80:
3942:
3853:
3832:
3573:
3974:
3953:(1983). "The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement".
3921:
3840:
Reddi, P.S. (1981). "Electoral Rolls with special reference to Assam".
3748:
3727:
3706:
3652:
3623:
2742:
2664:
2515:
1684:
1588:
1467:
1345:
The Assam Movement was led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) with
891:
887:
879:
753:
731:âtribal and low castes were brought in from central India to labour in
332:
76:
1398:
The duration of the Assam Movement could be divided into five phases.
4040:
3819:
Rao, V Venkata (1987). "Government and Politics in Northeast India".
3663:
Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists
1680:
1539:
in December 1982 the electoral campaign manager of the Congress (I),
1506:
1213:
1061:
died in March 1979 the Election Commission started the process for a
773:
210:
3966:
3913:
3644:
3615:
3982:
1688:
1510:
1455:
1407:
847:
712:
488:
414:
49:
45:
1237:, the only woman or Muslim to have been a Chief Minister in post-
3403:
3401:
2238:"India: G.S.R. 1401 of 1964, Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964"
1587:) and the PTCA decided to participate in the elections. The two
1580:
1125:, a breakaway leader; a month later she withdrew support to the
3986:
1025:
to identify illegal aliens in electoral rolls. In October 1978
560:
2016 Estimates of New Immigrants from Bangladesh/East Pakistan
1287:
the secular character of the Constitution does not allow that.
911:
493:
The decadal population growth of Assam against that of India.
3387:
3385:
3383:
3369:
3367:
3929:
Siwach, J R (1985). "State Autonomy and President's Rule".
3584:
India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality
60:
Improper inclusion of foreign nationals in electoral rolls
2701:"The years since 1979 saw governmental instability..." (
658:
using 1971 Cut-off with Estimated Demographic Breakdown
981:
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983
975:
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983
474:
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983
1096:, the first non-Congress central government in India.
727:
Immigration in the 19th century was driven by British
1299:
AASU and AAGSP position regarding illegal immigrants
1254:
Congress (I) won an overwhelming number of seats and
1196:
was not felt in Assam, her party was defeated in the
1129:
necessitating early general elections; and after the
3937:(2). Indian Political Science Association: 150â166.
3827:(4). Indian Political Science Association: 458â486.
795:
to Assam became cross-border in character following
4120:
4099:
4063:
4033:
1759:
1757:
1505:On 7 October 1982, while leading a procession from
1266:that followed the movement leaders won a majority.
97:
86:
64:
56:
40:
23:
3870:, Delhi: Indian Council of Social Science Research
3861:Saikia, N.; Joe, W.; Saha, A.; Chutia, U. (2016),
3848:(1). Indian Political Science Association: 27â37.
862:. In addition to these instruments, Assam had the
743:, immigrated after about 1901âand they settled in
719:state, has been the fastest growing region in the
3587:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 116.
997:, a former AASU student leader. In response, the
92:Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act
2081:
1083:Governments and electoral politics, 1979 to 1985
3756:Kar, Anindita; Manek, Shreedhar; Lobo, Kieren.
3669:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
2718:at the national level in the beginning of 1978.
1950:
1948:
3877:"Assam elections: Can democracy survive them?"
3772:The Nellie Massacre of 1983: Agency of Rioters
3080:"Kin of 76 killed in Assam stir return awards"
1291:(Emphasis in original, AASU and AAGSP 1980:6)
1164:in Assam except for two constituencies in the
967:the adversarial East Pakistan was replaced by
804:immigrants from 1971 to 1981 was 1.8 million.
3998:
3131:"Tale of two villages & their martyr duo"
2572:
2555:
2341:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2263:
2068:
2063:
2061:
1695:tribals against Bengali Hindus and Muslims);
1160:The Assam Movement successfully scuttled the
382:
8:
3799:Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (11 June 2019).
3299:
3273:
3196:
3165:
1861:
1859:
1373:(Congress (I)), who came to power after the
1212:and independents and outside support of the
1021:had instructed the state governments to use
2904:
2902:
1703:, a mob â primarily composed of indigenous
1153:who, having won a landslide victory in the
654:2019 Doubtful Voters in Final Draft of the
4005:
3991:
3983:
3562:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2276:
2251:
2224:
1297:
1278:
652:
605:
558:
496:
421:detect, disenfranchise and deport illegal
389:
375:
131:
29:
20:
3474:
3461:
3448:
3260:
3234:
3065:
3039:
3026:
2961:
2909:
2848:
2624:
2611:
2585:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2423:
2367:
2354:
1879:
1764:
35:A student rally during the Assam Movement
1939:
1775:
1773:
1527:1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election
1264:1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election
1251:1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election
1174:1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election
3931:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3842:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3821:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3487:
2888:
2886:
2637:
2381:Influx. Infiltration From East Pakistan
1753:
1501:Phase II: December 1980 to January 1983
958:, the Government of India directed the
864:National Register of Citizens for Assam
834:National Register of Citizens for Assam
747:in the first decade and further up the
457:. The accord became possible under the
342:
143:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3435:
3421:
3408:
3392:
3374:
3346:
3333:
3312:
3286:
3247:
3221:
3178:
3148:
3117:
3052:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2893:
2877:
2864:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2702:
2542:
2384:
2328:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1984:
1968:
1905:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1188:Government of Assam and State Assembly
1014:
3358:
3324:"The Government of Assam ordered the
3208:
2859:
2857:
2598:
2488:
2436:
2410:
2397:
1995:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1892:
1866:
1667:against Bengali Hindus and Muslims);
1049:Mangaldoi Lok Sabha by-election, 1979
498:1983 Estimates of Immigrant Arrivals
7:
3790:Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (2019).
3714:Editorial (1983). "Fraud in Assam".
2529:
1955:
1918:
1513:in support of a bandh called by the
1383:agreement with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1323:Identify, probably give citizenship
1249:At the end of the assembly term the
1100:had come to power in 1977 following
1005:Foreign nationals in electoral rolls
3104:
3078:Kalita, Kangkan (1 February 2019).
2796:
2783:
2757:Louis, Arun B (30 September 1979).
1716:Phase V: June 1984 to December 1985
1402:Phase I: June 1979 to November 1980
3961:(2). Population Council: 279â292.
2659:(48): 1933â1934. 1 December 1979.
1679:and Boro against Bengali Hindus);
1535:In a conversation with journalist
1315:Review legal status of all aliens
1088:Government of India and Parliament
1023:criminal investigation departments
954:In 1965, during the run up to the
120:All Assam Minority Students' Union
16:Indian civil disobedience campaign
14:
4233:Anti-immigration politics in Asia
3955:Population and Development Review
3568:. Indian History Congress: 1â73.
916:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
759:The British dismantled the older
111:, All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad
4154:
4153:
4054:
3794:. Gurgaon: Penguin Random House.
2651:"Hypocrisy Unbound". Editorial.
1846:"Implementation of Assam Accord"
1711:Phase IV: March 1983 to May 1984
1683:(Boro against Assamese Hindus);
1600:Nomination, Campaign and Polling
151:
4183:1985 disestablishments in India
3792:Assam: the Accord, the Discord
1406:The general strike (a 12-hour
921:
1:
3875:Shourie, Arun (13 May 1983).
3737:Economic and Political Weekly
3716:Economic and Political Weekly
3695:Economic and Political Weekly
2731:Economic and Political Weekly
2653:Economic and Political Weekly
2571:of being a foreign agent"." (
2504:Economic and Political Weekly
1275:AASU and AAGSP basic position
870:and included the present-day
485:Political Demography of Assam
455:Economic and Political Weekly
4178:1979 establishments in Assam
4143:December 2014 Assam violence
1487:1980 Indian general election
1440:1980 Indian general election
1381:of 8 April 1950 and her own
1375:1980 Indian general election
1331:Distribute throughout India
1170:1984 Indian general election
1162:1980 Indian general election
1155:1984 Indian general election
1074:fell on 20 August 1979, the
1011:Ministry of External Affairs
807:Immigration of Muslims from
4243:Far-right politics in India
3775:. Sage Publications India.
1938:", "subnationalism" etc. (
1521:Phase III: Election of 1983
1031:Chief Election Commissioner
926:After the 1961 census, the
922:Foreigners' Tribunals, 1964
417:, India, that demanded the
4259:
4238:BangladeshâIndia relations
4128:Assam separatist movements
1737:Asom Gana Sangram Parishad
1727:Assamese language movement
1651:
1524:
1437:
1355:Assamese Language Movement
991:public interest litigation
978:
965:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
928:Registrar General of India
886:though it did not include
827:
4151:
4052:
4025:Timeline of Assam History
4020:
2502:"More in 'Infiltrants'".
1389:Political Party positions
1218:split in the Janata Party
1131:general elections in 1980
407:Anti-Foreigners Agitation
102:
28:
3300:Dasgupta & Guha 1985
3274:Dasgupta & Guha 1985
3197:Dasgupta & Guha 1985
3166:Dasgupta & Guha 1985
1850:assamaccord.assam.gov.in
1732:All Assam Students Union
1515:All Assam Students Union
1094:Morarji Desai government
987:The Foreigners Act, 1946
856:The Foreigners Act, 1946
787:Cross-border immigration
465:was less concerned with
450:Indira Gandhi government
427:All Assam Students Union
109:All Assam Students Union
4208:20th-century rebellions
3769:Kimura, Makiko (2013).
3581:Baruah, Sanjib (1999).
1127:Charan Singh government
1072:Charan Singh government
914:government enacted the
767:the official language (
469:'s electoral fortunes.
446:1980 Lok Sabha election
3660:Butt, Ahsan I (2017).
3535:www.telegraphindia.com
3434:security personnel." (
2510:(6): 1859â1860. 1979.
1593:Bharatiya Janata Party
1434:General Election, 1980
1222:Jogendra Nath Hazarika
1117:, a seat vacated by a
1059:Mangaldoi constituency
900:Supreme Court of India
830:Indian nationality law
494:
3361:, pp. 1064â1065)
3211:, pp. 1062â1063)
2691:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
2683:Rajiv-Longowal Accord
2082:Chatterji et al. 2021
1940:Kar, Manek & Lobo
1444:North Kamrup violence
1270:Parties and positions
1194:1977 general election
971:, a friendly nation.
860:Constitution of India
666:Doubtful Citizenship
492:
459:Rajiv Gandhi ministry
328:Kamarupa inscriptions
4218:Assamese nationalism
2687:Mizoram Peace Accord
1648:Inter-group violence
1638:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1634:Ghani Khan Choudhury
1547:Election and boycott
1427:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
1244:Keshab Chandra Gogoi
1055:member of parliament
409:) (1979â1985) was a
168:Pragjyotisha kingdom
4228:Rebellions in India
4138:2012 Assam violence
2342:Correspondent (1979
1394:Phased Developments
1351:Bhrigu Kumar Phukan
1300:
1239:Indian Independence
1139:Government of India
999:Government of India
721:Indian subcontinent
659:
608:
561:
499:
419:Government of India
117:Government of India
4213:Asom Gana Parishad
4121:Contemporary Assam
3135:telegraphindia.com
3084:The Times of India
2677:The accords were:
2573:Correspondent 1979
2556:Correspondent 1979
2316:Correspondent 1979
2303:Correspondent 1979
2290:Correspondent 1979
2264:Correspondent 1979
2069:Saikia et al. 2016
1742:Asom Gana Parishad
1558:Gauhati High Court
1451:Brahmaputra valley
1379:LiaquatâNehru Pact
1298:
1041:in November 1978.
995:Sarbananda Sonowal
956:Indo-Pakistani war
840:Partition of India
797:Partition of India
749:Brahmaputra valley
653:
606:
559:
497:
495:
431:civil disobedience
269:Moamoria rebellion
73:civil disobedience
4223:Protests in India
4198:Conflicts in 1979
4165:
4164:
3908:(10): 1056â1068.
3743:(30): 3237â3240.
3610:(11): 1184â1206.
2252:Pisharoty (2019b)
1343:
1342:
1296:
1295:
1110:historic election
872:Arunachal Pradesh
846:was divided into
824:Legal Instruments
791:Immigration from
710:
709:
651:
650:
604:
603:
557:
556:
542:Muslim Pakistani
531:Muslim Pakistani
399:
398:
216:Mlechchha dynasty
183:Sonitpura kingdom
130:
129:
126:
125:
4250:
4157:
4156:
4058:
4014:History of Assam
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3946:
3925:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3887:on 20 April 2021
3883:. Archived from
3871:
3869:
3857:
3836:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3795:
3786:
3765:
3764:on 28 June 2022.
3760:. Archived from
3752:
3731:
3710:
3689:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3633:Social Scientist
3627:
3598:
3577:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3192:President's Rule
3188:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:President's Rule
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1761:
1631:railway minister
1554:Guwahati airport
1349:(president) and
1347:Prafulla Mahanta
1301:
1279:
1256:Hiteshwar Saikia
1230:President's Rule
1180:and part of the
1079:election polls.
1035:cabinet minister
960:Assam Government
907:unconstitutional
717:Northeast Indian
703:Assamese Hindus
690:500,000â690,000
660:
609:
562:
500:
411:popular uprising
391:
384:
377:
201:Kamarupa kingdom
155:
145:History of Assam
132:
104:
103:
33:
21:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4203:1980s conflicts
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4147:
4116:
4095:
4081:Kachari Kingdom
4076:Chutiya Kingdom
4059:
4050:
4029:
4016:
4011:
3981:
3967:10.2307/1973053
3949:
3928:
3914:10.2307/2644219
3899:
3890:
3888:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3839:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3768:
3755:
3734:
3713:
3701:(19): 843â853.
3692:
3683:
3677:
3666:
3659:
3645:10.2307/3516752
3630:
3616:10.2307/2644315
3601:
3595:
3580:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:split the party
2713:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2676:
2672:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2586:Pisharoty (2019
2583:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:, p. 1859)
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2277:Pisharoty 2019b
2274:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2225:Pisharoty 2019b
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1701:Nellie massacre
1656:
1654:Nellie Massacre
1650:
1642:Nagaon district
1602:
1575:, CPI(M), CPI,
1549:
1529:
1523:
1503:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1368:
1360:Assamese people
1289:
1277:
1272:
1190:
1090:
1085:
1051:
1007:
983:
977:
924:
868:Northeast India
836:
828:Main articles:
826:
789:
781:Bengali Muslims
756:dairy farmers.
553:All immigrants
487:
482:
395:
366:
338:
337:
323:
315:
314:
305:
297:
296:
282:
274:
273:
234:
226:
225:
196:
188:
187:
163:
122:
112:
90:Passage of the
52:
36:
24:Assam agitation
17:
12:
11:
5:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:1980s in Assam
4190:
4188:1970s in Assam
4185:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Assam Movement
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4112:Assam Province
4109:
4107:Colonial Assam
4103:
4101:
4100:Colonial Assam
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4086:Kamata Kingdom
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4064:Medieval Assam
4061:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3947:
3926:
3897:
3872:
3858:
3837:
3816:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3766:
3753:
3732:
3722:(5): 125â126.
3711:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3657:
3628:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3488:Shourie (1983)
3479:
3475:Pisharoty 2019
3466:
3462:Pisharoty 2019
3453:
3449:Pisharoty 2019
3440:
3426:
3413:
3397:
3379:
3363:
3351:
3338:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3261:Pisharoty 2019
3252:
3239:
3235:Pisharoty 2019
3226:
3213:
3201:
3183:
3170:
3153:
3140:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3070:
3066:Pisharoty 2019
3057:
3044:
3040:Pisharoty 2019
3031:
3027:Pisharoty 2019
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2962:Pisharoty 2019
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2910:Pisharoty 2019
2898:
2882:
2869:
2853:
2849:Editorial 1983
2840:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2748:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2670:
2642:
2629:
2625:Pisharoty 2019
2616:
2612:Pisharoty 2019
2603:
2590:
2577:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2493:
2480:
2476:Pisharoty 2019
2467:
2463:Pisharoty 2019
2454:
2450:Pisharoty 2019
2441:
2428:
2424:Barpujari 1995
2415:
2402:
2389:
2372:
2368:Fernandes 2005
2359:
2355:Fernandes 2005
2346:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2243:
2229:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1989:
1973:
1960:
1944:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1880:Pisharoty 2019
1871:
1855:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1769:
1765:Pisharoty 2019
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1649:
1646:
1601:
1598:
1591:factions, the
1548:
1545:
1522:
1519:
1502:
1499:
1435:
1432:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1367:
1364:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1233:leadership of
1189:
1186:
1151:Prime Minister
1135:constituencies
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1050:
1047:
1027:S. L. Shakdhar
1006:
1003:
979:Main article:
976:
973:
923:
920:
825:
822:
788:
785:
737:Hindu Bengalis
708:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
679:Bangla Muslim
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
602:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
555:
554:
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532:
529:
526:
522:
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518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
486:
483:
481:
478:
403:Assam Movement
397:
396:
394:
393:
386:
379:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
336:
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324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:Assam Movement
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
292:Assam Province
289:
287:Colonial Assam
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
249:Kamata Kingdom
246:
244:Dimasa Kingdom
241:
239:Chutia Kingdom
235:
232:
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228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
211:Davaka dynasty
208:
206:Varman dynasty
203:
197:
194:
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190:
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186:
185:
180:
178:Bhauma dynasty
175:
173:Danava dynasty
170:
164:
162:Proto-historic
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
127:
124:
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115:
113:
107:
100:
99:
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88:
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83:
69:Demonstrations
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
44:
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38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4069:
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4057:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:Ancient Assam
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
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3960:
3956:
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3951:Weiner, Myron
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3806:
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3782:9788132111665
3778:
3774:
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3754:
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3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
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3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3676:9781501713958
3672:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:(11): 44â57.
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
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3600:
3596:
3590:
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3423:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
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3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:Assam Tribune
3321:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3269:
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3256:
3253:
3249:
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3230:
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3214:
3210:
3205:
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3193:
3187:
3184:
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3174:
3171:
3167:
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3136:
3132:
3126:
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3106:
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2639:
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2600:
2594:
2591:
2588:, p. 29)
2587:
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2505:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
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2455:
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2438:
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2204:
2200:
2194:
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2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
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2100:
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2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
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1834:
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1812:
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1678:
1674:
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1665:Boro Kacharis
1662:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:Uttar Pradesh
1616:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1568:Nurul Hussain
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:Shekhar Gupta
1533:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
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1423:
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1419:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Indira Gandhi
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
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1314:
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1310:
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1303:
1302:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:Anwara Taimur
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Golap Borbora
1199:
1198:1978 election
1195:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1182:8th Lok Sabha
1179:
1178:7th Lok Sabha
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Indira Gandhi
1099:
1098:Morarji Desai
1095:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Home Ministry
1016:
1015:Baruah (1986)
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
919:
917:
913:
908:
904:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:British India
842:in 1947 when
841:
835:
831:
823:
821:
819:
815:
810:
809:East Pakistan
805:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:and educated
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
714:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:Bangla Hindu
686:
685:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
610:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
563:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
491:
484:
479:
477:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
372:
370:
369:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
311:
308:
307:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
233:Late Medieval
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4132:
4071:Ahom kingdom
3958:
3954:
3934:
3930:
3905:
3902:Asian Survey
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:the original
3880:
3863:
3845:
3841:
3824:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3791:
3771:
3762:the original
3740:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3698:
3694:
3662:
3636:
3632:
3607:
3604:Asian Survey
3603:
3583:
3565:
3561:
3540:18 September
3538:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3520:, p. 5)
3512:
3499:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3443:
3429:
3416:
3354:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3204:
3186:
3173:
3156:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2872:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:
2751:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2679:Assam Accord
2673:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2638:Hussain 2003
2632:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2568:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2246:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2067:Figure 3.5 (
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1963:
1926:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1849:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1657:
1628:
1603:
1573:Congress (S)
1562:
1550:
1541:Rajesh Pilot
1534:
1530:
1504:
1484:
1465:
1454:
1447:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1369:
1366:Congress (I)
1344:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1260:Assam Accord
1248:
1206:Janata Party
1191:
1166:Barak Valley
1159:
1147:Rajiv Gandhi
1145:and her son
1143:assassinated
1123:Charan Singh
1091:
1068:
1052:
1043:
1008:
984:
953:
925:
896:
837:
806:
790:
778:
758:
726:
711:
695:All Muslims
663:Demographic
471:
467:Congress (I)
463:Rajiv Gandhi
439:
435:Assam Accord
406:
402:
400:
352:Architecture
309:
304:Contemporary
259:Koch kingdom
254:Ahom kingdom
221:Pala dynasty
18:
4091:Baro-Bhuyan
3891:21 December
3881:India Today
3518:Kimura 2013
3505:Baruah 1986
3492:Baruah 1986
3436:Baruah 1986
3422:Kimura 2013
3409:Kimura 2013
3393:Kimura 2013
3375:Kimura 2013
3359:Singh (1984
3347:Baruah 1986
3334:Kimura 2013
3330:Dainik Asom
3313:Kimura 2013
3302::852â853ff)
3287:Baruah 1986
3248:Baruah 1999
3222:Baruah 1986
3209:Singh (1984
3179:Baruah 1986
3149:Baruah 1986
3118:Boruah 1980
3053:Baruah 1986
3014:Baruah 1986
3001:Baruah 1986
2988:Baruah 1986
2975:Baruah 1986
2949:Baruah 1986
2936:Kimura 2013
2923:Kimura 2013
2894:Baruah 1986
2878:Weiner 1983
2865:Kimura 2013
2836:Siwach 1985
2823:Baruah 1999
2810:Baruah 1999
2763:India Today
2737:(10): 986.
2703:Baruah 1986
2545::1191â1192)
2543:Baruah 1986
2385:Baruah 1986
2329:Baruah 1986
2212:Weiner 1983
2199:Weiner 1983
2186:Weiner 1983
2173:Weiner 1983
2160:Weiner 1983
2147:Weiner 1983
2134:Weiner 1983
2121:Weiner 1983
2108:Weiner 1983
2095:Weiner 1983
2053:Weiner 1983
2040:Weiner 1983
2027:Weiner 1983
2014:Weiner 1983
2001:Weiner 1983
1985:Weiner 1983
1969:Baruah 1999
1936:nationalism
1906:Baruah 1986
1833:Baruah 1986
1820:Baruah 1986
1807:Baruah 1986
1794:Baruah 1986
1781:Baruah 1999
1564:Nagen Sarma
1475:K.P.S. Gill
1262:and in the
1149:became the
1115:Chikmagalur
1063:by-election
1039:Rajya Sabha
1009:The Indian
801:1951 census
793:East Bengal
761:Ahom system
733:tea gardens
729:colonialism
264:Baro-Bhuyan
87:Concessions
4172:Categories
3805:thewire.in
3594:081223491X
3553:References
2599:Reddi 1981
2489:Reddi 1981
2437:Reddi 1981
2411:Reddi 1981
2398:Reddi 1981
1932:chauvinism
1893:Reddi 1981
1867:Reddi 1981
1673:Khoirabari
1652:See also:
1525:See also:
1480:Bhabanipur
1438:See also:
1418:Satyagraha
1328:1961â1971
1320:1951â1961
1168:; and the
1029:(the then
993:filled by
969:Bangladesh
949:magistrate
741:Mymensingh
674:1,906,657
647:4,235,124
639:2,121,770
600:1,742,044
597:1991â2001
592:1,121,949
589:1971â1991
581:1961â1971
573:1951â1961
550:1,800,000
547:1971â1981
536:1961â1971
525:1951â1961
514:1947â1951
480:Background
343:Categories
3810:6 January
3451::111â112)
3250::130â131)
2768:6 January
2530:Butt 2017
2003::285â286)
1971::143â144)
1956:Butt 2017
1919:Butt 2017
1661:Kokrajhar
1615:Rajasthan
1491:Karimganj
1119:party-man
1106:Emergency
1076:Lok Sabha
1057:from the
1053:When the
884:Meghalaya
698:~700,000
682:~486,000
615:Estimate
568:Estimate
506:Estimate
442:Mangaldoi
425:. Led by
57:Caused by
4159:Category
4046:Kamarupa
3943:41855162
3854:41855074
3833:41855331
3574:44158587
3328:and the
3105:Rao 1987
2797:Rao 1987
2784:Rao 1987
2689:and the
1721:See also
1697:Samaguri
1669:Goreswar
1461:Guwahati
1108:after a
933:Goalpara
905:the Act
903:declared
876:Nagaland
852:Pakistan
818:Congress
814:Assamese
769:Assamese
745:Goalpara
706:~60,000
631:698,199
623:295,785
584:312,495
576:295,785
539:424,000
528:221,000
520:Refugee
517:274,000
453:journal
195:Medieval
137:a series
135:Part of
81:lynching
41:Location
3975:1973053
3922:2644219
3749:4416922
3728:4371780
3707:4374393
3653:3516752
3624:2644315
3411::66â67)
3237::77â78)
3068::42â43)
2912::41â42)
2743:4413311
2665:4368169
2569:pretext
2516:4368124
2387::1191f)
1921::90â91)
1908::1192f)
1685:Dhemaji
1677:Sarania
1611:Haryana
1589:Lok Dal
1495:Silchar
1470:, then
1468:Barpeta
1339:Deport
1307:Demand
1304:Period
1037:in the
945:Nawgong
941:Darrang
892:Tripura
888:Manipur
880:Mizoram
765:Bengali
763:, made
612:Period
565:Period
503:Period
448:. The
357:Palaces
333:Buranji
322:Sources
98:Parties
77:rioting
65:Methods
4041:Davaka
3973:
3941:
3920:
3852:
3831:
3779:
3747:
3726:
3705:
3673:
3651:
3622:
3591:
3572:
3507::1199)
3494::1199)
3438::1200)
3349::1198)
3289::1198)
3224::1198)
3181::1196)
3151::1198)
3089:5 July
3055::1194)
3016::1193)
3003::1194)
2990::1192)
2977::1193)
2951::1185)
2896::1192)
2741:
2705::1184)
2663:
2575::1860)
2558::1860)
2514:
2370::3237)
2357::3237)
2331::1191)
2318::1859)
2305::1859)
2292::1859)
2266::1859)
1822::1184)
1809::1184)
1796::1196)
1693:Mising
1681:Gohpur
1507:Nagaon
1412:ad hoc
1336:1971â
1312:1951â
1242:under
1214:CPI(M)
937:Kamrup
774:Sylhet
754:Nepali
671:Total
423:aliens
405:(also
281:Modern
139:on the
3971:JSTOR
3939:JSTOR
3918:JSTOR
3868:(PDF)
3850:JSTOR
3829:JSTOR
3745:JSTOR
3724:JSTOR
3703:JSTOR
3667:(PDF)
3649:JSTOR
3620:JSTOR
3570:JSTOR
3477::112)
3464::111)
3276::844)
3199::844)
3168::844)
3107::471)
2880::289)
2851::125)
2838::162)
2825::129)
2812::128)
2799::471)
2786::471)
2739:JSTOR
2661:JSTOR
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2512:JSTOR
2214::285)
2201::285)
2188::286)
2175::287)
2162::284)
2149::285)
2136::283)
2123::283)
2110::282)
2097::282)
2055::286)
2042::285)
2029::285)
2016::285)
1987::283)
1748:Notes
1705:Tiwas
1689:Jonai
1511:Hojai
1456:bandh
1408:bandh
848:India
799:âthe
713:Assam
644:2001
636:1991
628:1971
620:1961
509:Type
415:Assam
362:Forts
50:India
46:Assam
3893:2022
3812:2023
3777:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3542:2022
3424::69)
3395::67)
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3336::66)
3315::66)
3263::88)
3120::44)
3091:2019
3042::42)
3029::30)
2964::47)
2938::49)
2925::49)
2867::48)
2770:2023
2627::45)
2614::29)
2601::34)
2532::90)
2491::31)
2478::24)
2465::17)
2452::17)
2439::31)
2426::25)
2413::31)
2400::34)
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1895::31)
1882::28)
1869::30)
1767::30)
1687:and
1671:and
1607:CRPF
1583:and
1581:SUCI
1577:RCPI
1566:and
1493:and
1442:and
1220:and
1210:PTCA
1204:, a
1200:and
943:and
890:and
882:and
850:and
832:and
779:The
715:, a
401:The
3963:doi
3910:doi
3641:doi
3612:doi
3490:" (
1623:BSF
1585:RSP
1509:to
1472:IGP
1466:At
1362:".
1226:CPI
1104:'s
912:BJP
656:NRC
413:in
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