355:
301:
410:, who survived in the capital by working casual jobs, preferably in bars and restaurants; that in 1931 he had joined the APRA party; and that on April 4, 1933 (that is, 26 days before the assassination) he had been released from prison, after being imprisoned for nearly a month for alleged partisan activities. The weapon he used was a Browning automatic pistol, which was almost new. The latter drew attention, since it was an expensive weapon, which a person of his condition would hardly have been able to acquire with his own resources. It was said that the person who incited him to commit the crime was Leopoldo Pita, a lower-ranking APRA leader, who would have acted as his advisor.
29:
523:, the president's body presented two types of gunshots: one of a smaller caliber, with an up-and-down trajectory; and one of a larger caliber, with a trajectory from "bottom to top and from front to back", a shot made at very close range, which entered through the chest and was fatal from the first moment. The smallest caliber shot, from top to bottom, would be that of Mendoza Leyva, but the other shot, the one that caused death, was impossible to have been fired by Mendoza Leyva himself, if the ballistic trajectory and the different caliber are taken into account. Who could have fired that fatal shot would be left to speculation.
541:
395:
501:, requested the removal of Flores from immunity for contempt and slander. According to Rodríguez, Flores had said during a party speech that the murderer was in the Palace, unequivocally alluding to General Benavides. Flores denied having said that, and later accused the supporters of the late President Leguía, overthrown by Sánchez Cerro, of being the perpetrators of the crime. All of these contradictions make Flores' testimony unreliable.
351:
presidential escort and by the members of the military staff who were in the other car. Some soldiers from the escort even pierced him with their spears. The autopsy protocol would later determine that
Mendoza's body received twenty gunshot wounds caused by thirteen projectiles, and four spear wounds that destroyed a lung, liver and intestines.
346:
and his aide-de-camp, Major
Eleazar Atencio. Sánchez Cerro sat in the back seat of the car, on the right side, while Manzanilla was to his left. Rodríguez and Atencio were in the front seats, in addition to the pilot. Next to it was a horse escort and followed by another car, where the members of the
567:
to finish the presidential term of Sánchez Cerro, which should have ended in 1936. This was an extraconstitutional departure, since the law prohibited a serving military officer from assuming the presidency, but the state of international danger and internal war that the country was experiencing was
509:
An armed stranger managed to get too close to the presidential motorcade and no one noticed, managing to make his way between a line of gendarmes and the president's bodyguards, firing three shots in the president's back, without them reacting in a timely manner. There were a total of 180 people who
464:
In his accusation, the prosecutor identified
Abelardo Mendoza as the sole perpetrator of the crime, and as his accomplices those who had been close to him, among whom were Pedro Catalino Lévano, Alejandro Cortijo and Leopoldo Pita. And a group of people were identified as accessories, among whom was
385:
avenues) where he was treated by doctors Juan Luis Raffo, Abel
Delgado and Teófilo Rocha. Serum and tonic injections were applied, but after two hours of agony, he died at 1:10 p.m. According to the doctors' report, one of the two shots he received hit him in the precordial area, lodging in his
460:
A court martial took charge of the process, presided over by colonel
Maximiliano Frías and made up of captains Humberto León Ravines, Manuel Marchena and Miguel San Román, and Lieutenant Pedro de la Torre Ugarte. Major Julio Barrionuevo was the prosecutor. 19 suspects related to APRA were arrested,
373:
In the confusing shootout, one of the members of the security staff, gendarme Rodríguez Pisco, who had chased
Mendoza, was also killed, and a second lieutenant, two corporals and two soldiers were wounded. It is believed that there were civilians who fired from afar, hiding in some trees and palm
350:
It was in that circumstance when
Mendoza breached the human chain holding back the crowd, rushed towards the presidential car, and holding onto the hood, fired several shots towards the president's back. The driver accelerated the car, throwing Mendoza to the ground, who was instantly shot by the
468:
The court-martial ruling identified
Abelardo Mendoza Leyva as the sole perpetrator. Although he admitted that a plot had existed, he acknowledged that it could not be proven that the rest of the defendants had been accomplices, due to lack of concrete evidence. He also accused the political and
439:
These groups apparently acted in isolation, without any coordination between them. For example, it was said that on the same day of the assassination, two APRA members, Jorge Idiáquez and
Alfredo Tello, prepared hand bombs to throw at the presidential car as it passed through the
513:
Instead of capturing the murderer alive, one of the president's aides-de-camp killed him immediately, and other guards finished him off, when the most appropriate thing would have been to keep him alive to interrogate him and thus learn about his motivations or other possible
436:, he told him that, although for the government there was no doubt of APRA participation, the difficult thing was to identify which was the conspiring group behind Mendoza, since there were several groups of APRAs who had the expressed desire of killing the president.
461:
all of humble origins. During the trial, they reported having been subjected to torture to extract confessions. One of the defendants, Filomeno Sacco Espíritu, committed suicide in his cell by manipulating electrical cables (at least that was the official version).
406:. In the police report he is described as a young man of 19 years (that is, he was a minor according to the law at that time), with mixed-race features, of short stature and dressed humbly. Investigating his background, it was learned that he was a native of
526:
There was a rumour that a person from the presidential entourage, who was never identified, had convinced Sánchez Cerro not to use his bulletproof vest or his armored car, ensuring him total security during the event. Commenting on this fact, historian
477:
Quickly, a theory of the plot in the murder of Sánchez Cerro emerged, which involved
General Benavides in an understanding with the APRA or with Haya de la Torre himself. This furtive pact would have allowed Benavides to come to power and the
465:Ángel Millán Ramos, the one who had collected the murder weapon. Once the process began, the Prosecutor surprisingly withdrew his accusation of accomplices and accessories, maintaining only the accusation of accessory in Ángel Millán Ramos.
586:
Internally, Benavides passed an amnesty law that allowed the freedom of those prosecuted for political reasons, including Haya de la Torre, and the return of Aprista exiles was allowed, although this opening would not last for long.
504:
The defenders of the theory of a conspiracy in which important politicians and military personnel in office would be involved to favour Óscar R. Benavides, are based on the following details of the assassination:
531:
considers that this attitude of Sánchez Cerro was reckless, taking into account that he had already suffered an attack previously, and considering the terrible confrontation that the country was experiencing.
691:
497:
and supporter of Sánchez Cerro, who was then a congressman. In a session of Congress held on August 26, 1935, with the presence of the ministerial cabinet, the Government Minister on duty, Colonel
281:(APRA)—then with an anti-oligarchic and anti-imperialist tendency—did not recognise his victory and went to the most outrageous opposition. A civil war ensed, whose most violent point was the
354:
300:
188:. Sánchez Cerro was rushed to the Italian Hospital where he was pronounced dead two hours later. Also killed in the attack was Mr. Rodríguez Pisco, a member of the
571:
One of the first acts of the new government was the settlement of peace with Colombia. Benavides received in Lima the newly elected president of that country,
347:
Military Staff were riding. The vehicle moved slowly, in the middle of the crowd, at the request of the president himself, who wanted to avoid any accidents.
413:
Although Mendoza was affiliated with APRA, the party denied having any involvement in the attack, and described it as a personal and anarchist act. However,
890:
425:) that there was indeed a plot in the murder of Sánchez Cerro, in which a sector of the APRA party participated, of which Leopoldo Pita was a part.
278:
181:
453:
552:
With the death of President Sánchez Cerro, a state of siege and the suspension of constitutional guarantees were declared. That same day, the
1068:
1135:
558:
486:, brother-in-law of the general and great friend of the APRA leader, would have served as a link between Benavides and Haya de la Torre.
274:
1105:
1042:
273:
It was expected that life in the country would normalise with the return to democracy, but Sánchez Cerro's rival in the elections,
244:
1035:
Historia de la República del Perú: 8.º periodo: El comienzo de la irrupción de las masas organizadas en la política (1930-1933)
498:
343:
177:
483:
263:
253:
28:
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154:
42:
553:
692:"Varios disparos por la espalda y un presidente muerto: el magnicidio de Sánchez Cerro en el hipódromo de Santa Beatriz"
414:
267:
142:
85:
716:
248:
494:
370:'s post office, who took it with him. But a witness reported him, and he was captured and implicated in the crime.
204:
572:
378:
289:
220:
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337:
282:
171:
469:
police authorities of omission, for not having given the necessary protection to the person of the president.
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332:
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166:
403:
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On the morning of April 30, 1933, Sánchez Cerro reviewed the recruits who were going to fight in the
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As for Sánchez Cerro, he was rushed to the Italian Hospital (located at the intersection of
200:
489:
One of those who accused Benavides of being the author of the murder appears to have been
382:
895:
452:
579:. Both immediately agreed to a truce. Bilateral negotiations later culminated with the
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two weeks later, agreeing to cease hostilities and handing over the disputed area to a
208:
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Sánchez Cerro had already been shot at on March 6, 1932, while attending mass in
482:
would be able to enjoy a political opening, although ephemerally. The architect
517:
According to the report by Dr. Carlos Brignardello, published in the newspaper
653:
651:
563:, by 81 votes out of a total of 88 representatives present, elected General
444:. All of this had happened regardless of the plan that Mendoza carried out.
1080:
Historia de la República (1930-1985). Desde Sánchez Cerro hasta Alan García
428:
Villanueva also said that, talking about this event many years later with
366:, was picked up by an individual named Ángel Millán Ramos, an employee of
575:, who had been his friend since the days when both had been diplomats in
568:
argued in favour of this solution. The same army supported the election.
367:
313:
216:
180:
and his aide-de-camp, Major Eleazar Atencio, when he was fatally shot by
95:
1037:. Vol. 16 (9th ed.). Lima: Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.
696:
247:
in 1930, the situation stabilised in 1931 with the installation of the
576:
324:. Once the ceremony was over, he left in his vehicle, an open-topped
927:
925:
873:
871:
846:
844:
819:
817:
815:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
270:, the soldier who had been the architect of Leguía's downfall, won.
673:
El APRA por dentro: lo que hice, lo que vi, y lo que sé, 1931-1957
539:
451:
393:
353:
299:
912:
910:
717:"Luis Sánchez Cerro: recuerdos de un magnicidio de hace 80 años"
456:
Abelardo Mendoza Leyva, deceased, was identified as the shooter.
417:, a personal friend of Haya de la Torre, recognised in his book
162:
50:
398:
The entrance to the Italian Hospital where Sánchez Cerro died.
331:
Accompanying the president inside the car were Prime Minister
386:
heart and causing internal bleeding, which caused his death.
1091:. Lima: Librería, Distribuidora Bazar San Miguel E.I.R.L.
165:, Peru. Sánchez Cerro was accompanied by Prime Minister
1082:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Lima, Perú: AFA Editores.
644:. Vol. VI. Lima: Milla Batres. 1993. p. 254.
239:
After the anarchy unleashed in Peru after the fall of
1100:. Lima: Empresa Periodística Nacional S.A. (EPENSA).
642:
Compendio histórico del Perú. La República (siglo XX)
374:
trees, which has given rise to the theory of a plot.
153:
while riding in his presidential convertible at the
967:
862:
850:
292:. The perpetrator was José Melgar, an APRA member.
211:. The assassination led to a diplomatic end of the
129:
121:
101:
91:
81:
57:
38:
21:
1096:Villanueva, Armando; Thorndike, Guillermo (2004).
891:"Magnicidios, crónica de tres muertes anunciadas"
735:
657:
916:
806:
771:
620:His name is reported as either José or Teodoro.
510:protected the president, outside of the police.
8:
192:who had attempted to protect the president.
1089:Historia del Perú. La República (1868-1980)
616:
614:
612:
759:
747:
207:, his political party, he was replaced by
195:Sánchez Cerro was immediately replaced by
27:
22:Assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
18:
685:
683:
33:Sánchez Cerro minutes prior to his murder
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991:
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707:
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979:
955:
943:
931:
877:
835:
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608:
328:car, amidst the applause of the crowd.
279:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
1059:(in Spanish). Vol. 15–16. Lima:
199:as president after he was elected by
7:
690:Delgado Zela, Valeria (2022-05-22).
16:1933 murder of the President of Peru
227:delegation, ultimately signing the
1057:Historia de la República del Perú
219:, as Benavides met with President
14:
968:Villanueva & Thorndike 2004
863:Villanueva & Thorndike 2004
851:Villanueva & Thorndike 2004
402:The murderer was identified as
358:Sánchez Cerro leaves the scene.
304:Sánchez Cerro at the racetrack.
125:Five guards and three civilians
670:Chanduví Torres, Luis (1988).
484:Augusto Benavides Diez Canseco
362:The weapon used by Mendoza, a
277:, leader of the newly founded
1:
316:and who were gathered at the
1087:Pons Muzzo, Gustavo (1980).
1061:Producciones Cantabria S.A.C
899:. 2018-07-21. Archived from
415:Armando Villanueva del Campo
275:Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
1136:Terrorist incidents in Peru
283:Trujillo revolution of 1932
1152:
1078:Chirinos, Enrique (1985).
676:(in Spanish). p. 131.
342:, Chief of Military Staff
176:, Chief of Military Staff
499:Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
344:Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
268:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
178:Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
143:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
108:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
86:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
26:
548:and his cabinet in 1933.
544:Newly elected President
318:Santa Beatriz Hippodrome
1053:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge
1033:Basadre, Jorge (2005).
155:Santa Beatriz racetrack
43:Santa Beatriz racetrack
738:, Vol. 15, p. 143–144.
573:Alfonso López Pumarejo
549:
457:
404:Abelardo Mendoza Leyva
399:
359:
333:José Matías Manzanilla
310:ongoing armed conflict
305:
221:Alfonso López Pumarejo
213:ongoing armed conflict
186:Abelardo Mendoza Leyva
167:José Matías Manzanilla
134:Abelardo Mendoza Leyva
114:Abelardo Mendoza Leyva
63:; 91 years ago
736:Basadre Grohmann 2014
658:Basadre Grohmann 2014
581:signing of a protocol
543:
455:
397:
357:
303:
161:, a neighbourhood of
958:, Vol. 16, p. 70–71.
917:Chanduví Torres 1988
838:, Vol. 16, p. 54–55.
807:Chanduví Torres 1988
772:Chanduví Torres 1988
554:Constituent Congress
493:, the leader of the
260:David Samanez Ocampo
1098:La Gran Persecución
495:Revolutionary Union
473:Conspiracy theories
423:Guillermo Thorndike
419:La gran persecución
262:, which called for
205:Revolutionary Union
141:On April 30, 1933,
111:Mr. Rodríguez Pisco
61:April 30, 1933
750:, p. 241-242.
565:Óscar R. Benavides
550:
546:Óscar R. Benavides
458:
421:(co-authored with
400:
360:
306:
197:Óscar R. Benavides
1070:978-612-306-353-5
1018:, Vol. 16, p. 67.
982:, Vol. 16, p. 56.
946:, Vol. 16, p. 68.
934:, Vol. 16, p. 64.
880:, Vol. 16, p. 62.
826:, Vol. 16, p. 55.
797:, Vol. 16, p. 54.
660:, Vol. 16, p. 54.
597:Colombia–Peru War
442:Jirón de la Unión
264:general elections
245:second presidency
241:Augusto B. Leguía
225:League of Nations
203:. As head of the
147:president of Peru
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138:
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432:, the leader of
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190:Republican Guard
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71:
69:
64:
31:
19:
1151:
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1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1131:History of Lima
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760:Pons Muzzo 1980
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1006:, p. 122.
996:
994:, p. 119.
984:
972:
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921:
919:, p. 132.
906:
903:on 2020-08-21.
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809:, p. 131.
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762:, p. 243.
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491:Luis A. Flores
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434:Sanchecerrismo
430:Luis A. Flores
408:Cerro de Pasco
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322:Campo de Marte
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249:National Junta
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209:Luis A. Flores
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1044:9972-205-78-9
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1004:Chirinos 1985
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992:Chirinos 1985
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774:, p. 63.
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725:. 2013-04-29.
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529:Jorge Basadre
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47:Santa Beatriz
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1126:1933 in Peru
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1026:Bibliography
1016:Basadre 2005
1011:
999:
987:
980:Basadre 2005
975:
963:
956:Basadre 2005
951:
944:Basadre 2005
939:
932:Basadre 2005
901:the original
896:La República
894:
885:
878:Basadre 2005
858:
836:Basadre 2005
831:
824:Basadre 2005
802:
795:Basadre 2005
767:
755:
743:
731:
720:
695:
672:
665:
641:
636:
585:
570:
551:
536:Consequences
518:
503:
488:
479:
476:
467:
463:
459:
438:
433:
427:
418:
412:
401:
376:
372:
361:
349:
330:
320:, today the
307:
287:
272:
238:
229:Rio Protocol
194:
151:assassinated
140:
73:11:10 p.m. (
722:El Comercio
557: [
520:El Comercio
336: [
266:, in which
252: [
170: [
130:Perpetrator
1120:Categories
628:References
290:Miraflores
235:Background
68:1933-04-30
583:in 1934.
514:suspects.
390:Aftermath
231:in 1934.
184:militant
1055:(2014).
591:See also
480:Apristas
368:Huancayo
314:Colombia
217:Colombia
201:Congress
96:FN M1900
39:Location
697:Infobae
383:Abancay
145:, then
122:Injured
92:Weapons
66: (
1104:
1067:
1041:
577:London
149:, was
102:Deaths
82:Target
53:, Peru
603:Notes
561:]
340:]
312:with
256:]
215:with
174:]
1102:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1039:ISBN
381:and
379:Grau
182:APRA
163:Lima
58:Date
51:Lima
258:of
243:'s
157:in
75:PET
45:in
1122::
1063:.
924:^
909:^
893:.
870:^
843:^
814:^
779:^
719:.
706:^
694:.
682:^
650:^
611:^
559:es
338:es
285:.
254:es
172:es
49:,
1110:.
1073:.
1047:.
700:.
77:)
70:)
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