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following year campaigning separately from his senior officers who operated autonomously, many of whom avoided him for fear of his rage outbursts. An axis of his opponents within the army began corresponding in encoded messages, criticizing his passive approach and the lack of opportunities for promotion stemming from it. Ferdinand found his responses to criticism inadequate and the two disagreed on the number of issues such as the unsanctioned release of the captured
Protestant general
237:, most of the trusted troops camped outside of the town as it was already garrisoned by Butler's dragoons and other anti-Wallenstein elements. The following day Ilow held a series of meetings with the would-be assassins and tried to persuade them to remain loyal to their commander. They made the decision to go on with Piccolomini's plan, fearing that they would be branded as rebels should they fail to do so. At 6.00 p.m., Wallenstein's inner circle consisting of Ilow, TrÄŤka von LĂpa,
222:. On 18 February, a second patent was released accusing Wallenstein of conspiracy and condemning him to death, its publication was delayed so as not to split the army in two. Wallenstein's letters refuting the accusations against him remained unanswered. After realizing that the emperor was positioning troops in such a manner as to surround him he decided to flee to the Swedes.
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where he continued to be interrogated. On 31 March 1635, Schaffgotsch was convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the emperor and sentenced to death. Schaffgotsch pleaded not guilty citing the fact that
Wallenstein was not officially relieved of his command and as such he was obliged to follow his orders. On 4 July, presiding judge
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ordered the use of torture which failed to produce a confession of guilt. A day later, the emperor confirmed the death sentence which was implemented on the morning of 24 July 1635. Schaffgotsch's execution was part of larger purge that included the execution of the
Troppau garrison commander and the
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rose from the table yelling "Long live
Ferdinand!" KinskĂ˝ was killed after attempting to fight back. Ilow grabbed his sword and charged at Gordon; before being able to strike, he was knocked to the ground by the dragoons and killed. Others met a similar fate. Wallenstein was killed in his residence
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of 1623. Those successes were followed by victories against the Danes between 1626 and 1628 which ended their intervention into the war. In
February 1628, Wallenstein wrote off 4,750,000 florins of debt to the imperial treasury, in exchange he was elevated into an imperial prince and received the
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garrison (an officer under
Schaffgotsch's command) declared his allegiance to Wallenstein, unaware of what had previously happened. An investigation into the incident proved that Schaffgotsch was not implicated in the uprising. In the second half of April, he was sent to Vienna upon his request,
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that took place on the same year swung the balance of power against the empire. Many still saw the former generalissimo as the only military commander capable of maintaining a balance among the opposing forces, his reinstatement was thus formalized on 13 April 1632. Wallenstein spent most of the
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In July 1630, the
Catholic League used the opportunity of the Regensburg Electoral Congress to demand Wallenstein's dismissal. Wallenstein's reluctance to participate in the life of the court allowed his opponents to spread malicious rumors about him, such as his supposed ambitions to take the
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and
Captain Niemann were invited by the conspirators to the city's castle for a formal dinner. During the course of the dinner, a servant nodded indicating that the conspirators were ready. Six dragoons burst into the dining hall shouting "Who is a good Imperialist?" Butler, John Gordon and
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and
Wallenstein's cousin Max von Waldstein. Wallenstein's newly acquired connections and riches enabled him to purchase vast estates formerly belonging to rebel barons, loan the emperor vast sums of money and raise thousands of troops. He campaigned extensively during the
46:). The assassins were equated to executioners by a royal decree and rewarded with property confiscated from the families of their victims. The purge continued through the persecution of other high-ranking military personnel who were seen as Wallenstein's supporters.
147:, the empire's biggest ally. His meteoric rise to power was unprecedented in its scale became increasingly controversial among the members of the League who feared that their own possessions might be confiscated shall they disobey the emperor's command.
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sent
Ferdinand II an official request, recommending Wallenstein's liquidation. A day later, Wallenstein summoned his colonels to sign the First Pilsner Reverse, a declaration of personal loyalty, 49 of them signed immediately while
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and Johann Ernst Freiherr von Scherffenberg gathered signatures in Silesia and Upper Austria respectively. Numerous commanders signed the Reverse so as not to arouse suspicion, while at the same time a party centered around
233:, the leader of a group of Irish and Scottish officers hired by Piccolomini to assassinate Wallenstein, was ordered by the unsuspecting general to follow them with his 900 dragoons. On 24 February, Wallenstein reached
97:. In May 1609, he married Lucretia ViÄŤkov, a widow of considerable means who died in 1614 granting Wallenstein her property. Wallenstein had previously secured his fortune by converting from the Protestant
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he demonstrated his loyalty to the crown by fighting his former coreligionists represented by the Bohemian Estates. A unit of cuirassiers whom he had recruited at his own expense fought at the decisive
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but was soon expelled due to his involvement in brawls. He spent the next couple of years traveling around Europe. In 1604, he enlisted as an ensign into the military of the
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under French pressure. His dislike of courtly life and the influence exerted by the church upon the emperor created an axis of undercover opposition that launched a
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began circulating an anonymous tract that summarized the army's grudges against Wallenstein. On 17 February, Scherffenberg was arrested in
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which ended the revolt in the crown's favor. In 1623, Wallenstein married Elizabeth von Harrach the daughter of
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and other loyal officers departed from their headquarters on 22 February along with 1,300 men. Irish colonel
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Wallenstein was increasingly criticized for his passivity in face of a Swedish incursion into
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at 10.00 p.m. An imperial decree equated the perpetrators of the assassination with official
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denomination to Catholicism during the ongoing Recatholicazation campaign in Bohemia.
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490:(in German), vol. 38, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 537–549
475:(in German), vol. 30, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 541–545
460:(in German), vol. 45, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 582–641
445:(in German), vol. 10, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 637–638
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militia. In 1607, he became the chamberlain of Ferdinand of Styria, future
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and Wallenstein's refusal to conduct offensives during the winter months.
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faction of the court was enraged at his failure to intervene into the
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demotion and the temporary imprisonment of seven generals including
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repelling incursions by the pretender to the Hungarian throne
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was the culmination of an internal purge in the army of the
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121:(Privy Council). Harrach's two other daughters married
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was born on 24 September 1584, into the noble Bohemian
85:, rising to the rank of colonel by the outbreak of
161:Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War
117:an influential member of emperor Ferdinand's
38:and a group of his companions in the town of
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180:Assassination of Wallenstein's inner circle.
81:. He fought during the closing stage of the
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151:imperial throne for himself. Notably the
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512:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
467:Schaffgotsch, Hans Ulrich Freiherr von
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16:1634 murder in Eger, Holy Roman Empire
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89:during which he commanded a unit of
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254:On 1 March, the commander of the
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204:against him. On 11 January 1634,
560:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
266:Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg
95:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
29:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
575:Massacres in the Czech Republic
502:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
487:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
472:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
457:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
452:Wallenstein, Albrecht Graf von
442:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
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580:Political and cultural purges
540:1634 in the Holy Roman Empire
435:Anton Victor Felgel (1879), "
497:Ilow, Christian Freiherr von
211:Hans Ulrich von Schaffgotsch
188:Wallenstein's assassination.
104:At the outbreak of the 1618
60:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
21:Assassination of Wallenstein
123:Adam Erdmann TrÄŤka von LĂpa
58:Portrait of Wallenstein by
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495:Hermann Hallwich (1881), "
480:Hermann Hallwich (1894), "
437:Harrach, Karl Freiherr von
590:Assassinations in Czechia
514:. London: Belknap Press.
565:Albrecht von Wallenstein
421:, pp. 537–542, 580.
385:, pp. 539–541, 580.
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111:Battle of White Mountain
67:Albrecht von Wallenstein
36:Albrecht von Wallenstein
550:Military assassinations
570:1634 murders in Europe
510:Wilson, Peter (2011).
465:Julius Krebs (1890), "
450:Karl Wittich (1900), "
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166:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
99:Unity of the Brethren
75:University of Altdorf
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261:Heinrich von Schlick
196:and the collapse of
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361:, pp. 532–537.
349:, pp. 535–538.
325:, pp. 585–588.
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301:, pp. 582–585.
216:Ottavio Piccolomini
136:Palatinate campaign
227:Christian von Ilow
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555:Thirty Years' War
521:978-0-674-06231-3
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311:Felgel 1879
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534:Categories
428:References
407:Krebs 1885
50:Background
284:Citations
119:Geheimrat
198:Lorraine
172:Massacre
256:Troppau
194:Bavaria
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220:Vienna
279:Notes
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516:ISBN
235:Eger
40:Eger
19:The
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