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handkerchief still in hand he offered a bow to the council chamber and bid them adieu. Knocking on the door to the king's bedchambers he was allowed entry. He observed a squad of the
Quarante Cinq across the room and greeted them, they replied in their regular fashion with a salute and moved to surround him, to accompany him to the king. As Guise reached the door to the king's chamber he turned to face the nearest member of the Quarante Cinq, Montséry who, fearing that Guise was about to draw a weapon pulled a dagger and grabbing the duke's arm plunged it into his breast with a cry of 'Traitor, you will die for it!' D'Effranants joined in the attack lunging at the duke's legs to hold him in place while Sainte-Malines delivered the killing blow to the duke's throat. Loignac put a thrust of his sword into Guise's kidney. One final blow came to his back delivered by Sariac. Guise struggled with his attackers, begging for mercy, calling for assistance and slowly progressing across the room despite D'Effranant's hold on his legs before collapsing at the foot of the king's bed. His cries of 'Oh! What treachery!' 'My God! Have Pity!' were heard in the main chamber.
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them attend sessions. Larchant explained to him that he was there to solve a matter of wages for his men, but he could offer no explanation for Aumont's presence. Guise agreed to provide the wages
Larchant demanded. Guise warmed himself in front of the fire, the weather outside having been terrible and requested Péricard fetch him some breakfast, his preferred dish could not be found, so he sated himself on Provençal prunes provided by Saint-Prix, the king's valet. Larchant's men, refused Péricard's attempts to reunite with his lord, keeping him prisoner in an antechamber. Guise complained of the cold and asked for more logs to be put on the fire. His nose began to bleed and Saint-Prix departed to fetch him a handkerchief. Business soon got under way discussing financial matters, before the secretary of state Revol entered and moved over to the duke.
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meal that evening the tension between the men became apparent when Guise asked Henri to whom they should toast, and Henri jokingly proposed the
Protestants. Guise's friends warned him that the king had 'wicked designs' for him, but he dismissed the concerns, arguing that only if he was isolated in the king's chambers was he seriously at risk from Henri any more. For his part, he saw a reconciliation with the king as in his best interests, he was ill inclined to fully put himself at Spain's mercy as a client of
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1004:, Henri was left with little choice but to turn to the Protestant Navarre for support. The two men entered formal compact on 3 April 1589. Conscious that this opened him up to even more radical Catholic attacks, it was worded very cautiously. The declaration was filled with Catholic language and expressed Henri's hope that Navarre would convert to Catholicism shortly. The 'two kings' marched on Paris, capturing
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456:, the majority of the council urged him to depart for the safety of Orléans. Guise followed the advice of the Archbishop of Lyon, who told him that retreating from Blois was an admission of defeat. Guise for his part began to overplay his hand, so confident that the king would not move against him, complaining that the office of lieutenant-general was not enough any more.
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in honour of the two princes of
Lorraine, with lamentations and mourning for the people. Paris was subject to processions, as on Mardi Gras where hundreds of naked children marched through the streets barefoot, holding candles. In early January, a furious Parisian mob, destroyed the elaborate tombs Henri had created for those of his favourites that had died in the
143:. The Sorbonne for its part, pre-empted a Papal declaration of Henri's excommunication for the murder of the Cardinal by declaring that all subjects were released from their oath of obedience, and that it was their duty to fight Henri de Valois. Across the kingdom the majority of the fifty largest urban centres in the country defected to the
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sacrificed his rights to his office through his act, but further that he was now worthy of death. Jean
Boucher was one such Parisian pamphleteer who advocated for this course, summarising his arguments in 'The Just Deposition of Henri III' in early 1589. More pamphlets still compared him to historic tyrants through history, such as
420:. Henri believed that behind each one of their actions, the duke of Guise pulled the strings. This was despite the fact Guise was frustratedly trying to convince the Third Estate to support the raise in taxation necessary to fund a war against heresy and Navarre. He had to balance his divergent desires from his
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The
Sorbonne declared that Henri had in this tyrannical act, abdicated his right to the throne. All his subjects were absolved of their loyalty to him, and armed resistance was a righteous act. This pre-empted any declaration from the Pope excommunicating the king over the murder of the Cardinal, but
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leadership continued for another three weeks until 15/16 January, they did not collectively question the legality of the king's actions. The third estate alone however remained rebellious, arguing against the imprisonment of La
Chapelle-Marteau and their other colleagues, and continuing to demand the
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Having accomplished this act, Henri went to his mothers chambers, finding her in bed still ill, with a doctor by her side. He announced to her that he had overseen the killing of the duke. Reciting for her the various slights that had been made against him since May, and emphasising that he wished to
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He entered the council chambers with his brother and the
Archbishop of Lyon, to find the king absent from the deliberations. They were informed that he was working privately in an adjacent chamber. Guise was taken back by the presence of Aumont, and captain Larchant as he was not accustomed to seeing
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controlled cities and towns, outlining their intentions to make war on the king in favour of the true king, god. Hatred of Henri exploded across France. Pierre de l'Estoile, a
Parisian diarist records that the sheets were filled with shouts of 'Murder!' 'Vengeance!'. Services were held across France
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which protected ecclesiastics, and that he needed to seek absolution immediately. Henri responded that the kings of France could not be excommunicated. While
Morosini had the power to excommunicate Henri himself, he preferred to wait on the decision of the Pope. In February 1589 Henri dispatched the
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Revol was unused to the kind of mission he had been asked to conduct, and had very pallid cheeks which caused the king to remark 'You're so pale! You'll ruin everything! Rub your cheeks'. He nervously whispered in Guise's ear that the king desired his presence. Picking up his gloves, with the bloody
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The two men met for one last time on 22 December in the chambers of Catherine. They exchanged sweetmeats and were at least on the surface polite with one another. As Guise moved to depart, Henri informed him that there was much business to discuss at council, and while he could not be there himself,
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Henri tried to put out his version of events, arguing in letters to Rouen that he had continually showed clemency to the evil designs brought against him by the Guise but they had reached a point of boldness in their conspiracies that he had no choice but to punish them. Specifically he accused the
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it was the murder of the Cardinal which was the more tactically advantageous crime, as they were able to argue this incurred an automatic excommunication before even the Pope had declared one. As early as 24 December, Henri met with the Papal Legate Morosini, to explain the necessity of the actions
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News reached Navarre on 26 December. While many nobles in his entourage celebrated the death of their hated enemies, some denounced Henri for his 'treachery' and 'cowardice'. Navarre for his part observing this split of opinion lamented the death of his cousins but observed that the king had a just
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At a family dinner on 17 December, Guise's brother in an indiscreet moment, offered a toast to his brother, referring to him as the king. Catherine followed this up with a joke about 'using her scissors' a reference to the way Merovingian kings were tonsured. An Italian actor, Venetianelli, present
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for Christmas, he persuaded Guise to come to a council meeting on 23 December. Guise received numerous warnings of the king's intentions for the meeting, but was unable to imagine that the pious and compliant Henri would dare touch him. Shortly after the meeting began, Guise was called away to meet
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in 1578 and defaced images of the king they could find in the streets. His coat of arms were throne into the gutter and trampled upon. On 7 February huge crowds assembled for the baptism of Guise's posthumous son, who was acclaimed as having had his hands clasped in prayer when his swaddling cloth
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pamphleteers had attacked the king by proxy, denouncing his wicked advisors, such as Épernon, who were leading the kingdom astray, the murder of the duke turned their full attentions to the 'tyrant'. Some pamphlets went further, arguing that not only had 'Henri de Valois' (as they now styled him),
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true objective was the arrest of the king, led by the duke of Nevers. After some consideration, Henri very anxious about the religious ramifications of killing a Cardinal settled upon the decision to kill the Cardinal de Guise alongside his brother. He had originally desired to spare both Cardinal
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generated a not inconsiderable amount of noise, and Guise's secretary PĂ©ricard awoke him around 04:00 to alert him, but Guise reassured him that the noise was simply the preparations the king was undertaking for his departure to La Noue, and returned to bed. He was at last risen at 08:00, the late
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The ligueur deputies pressed the king to acknowledge that the Edict of Union, and Navarre's exclusion from succession were fundamental laws of the kingdom, as opposed to legislation he could simply abolish. Henri was evasive on this issue and distracted the deputies with a ceremony in which it was
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on 1 August 1588, Guise arriving with a retinue of 800 horse to make his formal submission to the king. The people of Chartres emerged from their houses to cheer Guise, viewing him as their saviour from Protestantism. Kneeling before the king, Henri lifted him up and the two exchanged kisses. At a
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to be loyal enough to protect him from assassins, and replaced them. Eight trusted nobles were now to accompany him at all times, serving in two groups of four, eating their meals alongside him and sleeping as close as possible to afford him security. Each was granted two pistols and five horses.
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who cried that this was not the way to deal with men of such quality, that Guise should have been arrested and his brother sent to Rome. Joyeuse reminded the Pope that he had once remarked that in the wake of the day of the barricades that Henri should throw Guise from a window of the Louvre. The
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On 1 December, Catherine visited the imprisoned Cardinal de Bourbon, who she had long considered a friend. She wanted to inform him that the king forgave him for his indiscretions, and that he would shortly be set free. Bourbon was however in a fighting mood, and rounded on the elderly Catherine,
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Arriving at council Guise was once more accosted, this time by a gentleman from Auvergne named La Sale who warned him to go no further as he was at risk of his life, Guise sarcastically thanked him 'My good friend, it's a long time since I have been healed of that apprehension'. A family retainer
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and their ally the Archbishop of Lyon heard the fight in the next room, but were apprehended before they could aid their friend and brother. While the king prevaricated over what to do with Cardinal Guise he eventually decided that the Cardinals threats against him warranted his death, and he was
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Cardinal Guise and the Archbishop of Lyon, who could hear the sound of the struggle from the council chamber were startled, Cardinal Guise rose from his seat knocking the chair back and had to be restrained by four councillors from bursting through the door. Aumont put his hand on his sword, and
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This plot could not remain secret, and on 21 December the Papal Nuncio warned Guise to quickly depart from Blois. In the following 48 hours he received warnings to a similar affect from his mother the duchess of Nemours and the duke of Elbeuf his cousin. On the morning of 23 December he left the
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base with his need for their support to provide him a power base. Guise found himself involved in a furious debate with La Chapelle-Marteau on 28 November where he urged the third estate to afford the king some financial relief but he was unable to shake the third estates resolve. His failure to
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who had killed the duke was slain. His body was mutilated and his head severed to be displayed in Paris for his crime. By 30 July the city was under siege. Inside the city, hatred of the Valois entered a frenzy, with repeated calls for the death of Henri and Navarre. On 1 August 1589, a radical
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that the Estates would reveal to him whether Guise remained a servant, or if he was now an enemy. Guise and Henri campaigned vigorously for the selection of the delegates for the estates, the king performed slightly better than expected in the members of the first and second estate, partly as a
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to explain his actions within 30 days, or face excommunication. Henri was distraught by the news from Rome, bemoaning to Navarre that men who had done far worse than him had never been excommunicated, and that he had always been a good Catholic. Navarre retorted bluntly that those men had been
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Guise continued to exercise his strong hand, proposing that Épernon and La Valette should be condemned as Protestants and traitors. Épernon for his part had provided the king similar advice, back in April he argued that Guise should be executed. Henri was also receiving reports that there was
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These indignities in combination with the increasingly cavalier attitude of much of the Guise family, who spoke of deposing him and interring him in a monastery, persuaded Henri to have the duke killed. To accomplish this, he required a time when Guise was alone, something that could only be
555:, being sure to remind them that this was a matter of either his death or Guise's. Eight of them, led by Loignac were instructed to take up positions in the royal chamber, arming themselves with long daggers. The king then went to receive Mass in his oratory. At 07:00 he sent Aumont,
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Back on 21 December, the king and Guise held discussions for several hours in the gardens of the Château. Guise complained that the king was misinterpreting his actions, and he was making efforts to win his trust. He further announced his intention to the king to resign the office of
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The estates countered the royal proposal for ecclesiastical land alienation, with the idea to farm venal office through the Luccan financier Scipio Sardini. The Estates went as far as to propose that the money raised through this program would not go to the king, but directly to the
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lieutenant-general. This confirmed in Henri's mind that Guise desired the office of Constable, and after returning from their walk to his cabinet he exploded with rage. Rumours swirled at Blois of various plots to kidnap the king on the one hand and kill the duke on the other.
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to explain the deaths to the Pope. They argued that the king had been forced to ignore the special status of the Cardinal due to the immediacy of the threat that was looming against him. In a heated exchange Joyeuse defended the killings before being interrupted by
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to explain himself. Henri for his part made an alliance with Navarre, and the two set forth to reconquer Paris. Putting the city to siege on 29 July, Henri was assassinated by a radical Catholic friar, energised by the hatred in the city, on 1 August 1589.
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refused the sacrilegious task of killing a Cardinal and Henri had to coax one of his most faithful gentleman, Michel de Gast to conduct the deed. He butchered the Cardinal in his cell, with the assistance of six soldiers who had to be compensated with 200
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and associations. Henri promised that all these acts of the past were forgiven and forgotten, but he warned that any such activities in future would be considered treason. This represented a shot across the bow at Guise, who had re-founded the Catholic
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reaffirmed. The clergy were not happy with this, and demanded Navarre be condemned as a traitor but Henri was not keen to have him condemned, and gave the excuse that he had a right to defend himself, suggesting they send an embassy to meet with him.
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which effectively ruled Paris substituted new members to replace those who were now in captivity (La Chapelle-Marteau, Compagns and Cotteblanche) and vowed to expend all resources and blood to avenge the fallen princes. They further appointed the
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chambers of his mistress only to be handed five notes to much the same affect, he confidently confided to his surgeon that the king wouldn't dare to touch him, 'I would never get anything done if I listened to all these warnings' he remarked.
714:. They were shown the pool of blood were Guise had fallen in the Château and then allowed to overhear an order that gallows were being constructed. However there was no plan to kill them, the goal was simply to intimidate the third estate
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and Rambouillet to the council chamber in preparation for the morning session. The king was filled with nerves for the upcoming council meeting and paced his chambers until he received word of Guise's arrival. The preparations of the
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By December it was becoming increasingly apparent that the situation was approaching the point of no return. On 9 December at a council between Guise, his brother the Cardinal, several Guisard captains and the leading third estate
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Pope insisted the Cardinals provide a request from the king for pardon. The two men did not have such a request on them, and agreed to forge one, in the hopes of delaying a bull excommunicating Henri. In July Sixtus obliged the
614:. Catherine's response is not recorded by Cavriana, according to the Venetian ambassador Mocenigo she assented to his actions on the understanding that they benefited the security of the state. However in a conversation with a
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deliver the compromise he had hoped for was a cause of significant embarrassment to Guise yet he was also compromised as an instigator of the third estates intransigence by his repeated secret meetings with its leaders.
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Henri resolved that he could no longer bear the hold that the Guise had over him, and decided, on 19 December to assassinate the duke. The decision was made in a council Henri conducted with his most trusted advisors,
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Guise and the Archbishop of Lyon, but remembering the threats the Cardinal had made to him, he settled on sparing only Lyon. The Cardinal was killed in the cell in which he was being kept, the vast majority of the
1021:, inspired by all the discourses calling for the king's death, arranged a meeting with him under the false pretence of bringing a message from allies in the capital, and stabbed him in the abdomen. Many Catholic
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entered the chamber where the third estate were deliberating with a company of archers. Richelieu announced to the assembled delegates 'No one move! Someone wanted to kill the king!'. La Chapelle-Marteau,
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successfully got these statements of the king excised from the published version of his speech. This was accomplished through the humiliating threat that the estates would depart if it was not done.
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of Paris meanwhile provided their take, that Henri had violated his oath to protect the Catholic church, and that only rebellion would save it. This message proved decisive, and the city defected.
606:'be a king, not a prisoner or slave'. He further informed her that Cardinal Guise, Bourbon and the Archbishop of Lyon were all under arrest, and that he bore no ill will to the dukes of Elbeuf,
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in December 1584. Guise who was in the room became pale at these words, and after the session concluded for the day was chided by Cardinal Guise for having trusted in half measures. Bourbon and
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a piece, the men using halberds to cut the Cardinal to pieces. A devout man, Henri sought absolution from his personal confessor for the act the following morning, and was promptly absolved.
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estates countered that they were happy to appoint leaders to command against Savoy in a war, on condition a war against heresy was maintained. Despite the king's conviction that Guise and the
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which had controlled Paris since the Day of the Barricades declared that they would have their vengeance against the murderer of the princes. The organisation quickly moved to purge the Paris
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as the original cause both of the strife of the years 1584-1588, and of the assassination of Guise, bemoaning that it was the 'ruin of France'. Preachers in Paris denounced Henri as the new
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for his part was furious at the murder of the Cardinal, and despite the king sending several representatives to convince him, threatened excommunication in thirty days unless Henri came to
217:. The king hoped that this body would provide him protection that he could trust, as he was increasingly uneasy with putting his security in the hands of the grandees of his court. The
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on 25 December she bemoaned the trouble her son had brought upon the kingdom. In the Parisian imagination, she had signed off on the decision to execute the duke of Guise, as such the
897:. Though in general the situation was an unmitigated disaster for Henri, several towns, such as Châlons-sur-Marne took the opportunity of the assassination to formally break with the
306:. The king for his part continued to make conciliatory gestures, dismissing Épernon from his position in Normandie and making Guise lieutenant-general of the army.
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warned the two men from trying anything further. They told him the king had to be obeyed. He and the Archbishop were promptly arrested in the following minutes.
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Edict of Union, all political associations were now banned in France. He made an oblique reference to 'some grandees' of his kingdom, who had in past years made
490:, execution was agreed as the course of action 3-1. According to Guise's secretary PĂ©ricard Henri arrived at the decision shortly after the secret visit of the
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in July which prohibited Navarre from succeeding to the throne and outlawed Protestantism in France. Increasingly unable to bear the humiliations Guise and the
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498:, who assured the king of his loyalty. Agrippa d'Aubigne for his part argues that the decision was a product of being emboldened by news of the failure of the
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victorious, and if he wanted his Catholicism vindicated, he would have to recapture his kingdom. Before the king could be excommunicated, he would be killed.
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Henri departed to attend Christmas mass. Cavriana offers a different account, asserting that the two men were given anonymous burials in an obscure village.
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went further however, accusing the body of plotting to hand over the capital to Navarre. Royalist inclined judges were purged, and the body became entirely
514:, Guise normally had possession of the keys to the château every evening. To circumvent this problem, Henri announced that he would shortly be retiring to
147:. In Paris the furious Catholic population destroyed any public monument, image or symbol that represented the king, while pamphleteers denounced him as a
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were sympathetic to the assassinations and arrests, and had formulated apologia for their actions, though they stopped short of a formal endorsement. The
298:, and was in such a position of ascendency as little needing further confrontation. This was not the opinion of all members of his family, his sister
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having brought Guise's body up to the first floor to be burned immediately after the killing on 23 December. With the ashes blown away into the
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argued that they should depose Henri and place him in a monastery, his brother Cardinal Guise tried to force his hand by seizing the town of
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Alongside the murder of the duke, eight members of his close family and allies were arrested and imprisoned at Blois. Among them were the
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in late October under the pretext of 'protecting the territory from heresy'. Henri sensed an opportunity to discredit Guise and the
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at the dinner reported on what he had heard to the king, further enraging Henri, who was already at his breaking point with Guise.
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Unable to sway the estates from their course Henri was faced with a radical alternative to reimpose his authority on the kingdom.
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This unanimity made it harder for him to divide and conquer the estates, as he had been able to achieve more successfully in the
506:, Henri's bodyguard. Guise was always well guarded so it would be necessary to separate him from his entourage, meetings of the
405:, by emphasising that only he was willing to defend France's territorial rights, while Guise was allied with Savoy. However the
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he had taken. Morosini replied that they were a 'grave error'. Morosini informed the king that he had violated the Papal bull
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in Picardie. Unwilling for this to be the issue over which he broke with Guise, Henri backed down and granted them Orléans.
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Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion: The Towns of Champagne, the Duc de Guise and the Catholic League 1560-1595
386:. The king was enraged that he was not even to have access to his own kingdoms tax revenue if the estates had their way.
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were released. They flocked to the king in his makeshift capital at Tours where Henri had established an alternative
647:, Guise's son. Cardinal Guise had been interrogated throughout 23 December, quizzed as to the true intentions of the
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News of the assassination achieved one of its objectives, that being to bring the estates into line. Richelieu, the
812:. Others chose to characterise the king as a more perennial enemy of Christians, the anti-Christ. Where previously
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deputies who were held at Blois was floated. With Mayenne's arrival in the capital in March, many of the royalist
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dominated, rejected his attempt to chastise Guise for forming associations, diverted tax income to Guise's cousin
60:. The duke had achieved, since 1584, considerable power over the kingdom of France, through his alliance with the
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had coordinated this action Savoy, Guise had in fact declined overtures from the duke of Savoy to participate.
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to the role. He accepted on 18 January 1589, on the condition that the office be formally granted to his son
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result of personal interventions to ensure his candidate was chosen. However in the third estate a uniformly
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became increasingly concerned for his security. To this end he established a new body for his protection the
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then approached him with similar warnings and Guise angrily rebuked him as a fool and brushed him aside.
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as a bunch of disreputable Gascons, not worthy of holding such an important task. In May 1585 one of the
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expelled Henri from Paris, and Henri was forced to make Guise lieutenant general of the kingdom, call an
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While the estates were quickly cowed from reacting with any fury to this royal coup, with the prominent
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and du Halde in his cabinet to go over the details of the plan. He then set about an inspection of the
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Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy
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in July en route, before approaching Paris from two directions. In a skirmish near Tours, one of the
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Civic Agendas & Religious Passion: Châlon-sur-Marne during the French Wars of Religion 1560-1594
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One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
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Assassination of Henri I, Duke of Guise, by Henri III, in 1588. Painting by Charles Durupt in the
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Polemical image denouncing Henri and Épernon for their roles in killing the duke and his brother.
502:. The details of the plan were fleshed out on 20 December, with the deed to be entrusted to the
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74:, Henri III had been forced by his weak position to accede to their continued demands. After the
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Henri's current chief favourite Bellegarde was to lead the group, and he was given the title of
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The Politics of Wine in Early Modern France: Religion and Popular Culture in Burgundy 1477-1630
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telling her 'Your words Madam, have led us all to this butchery.' Catherine departed in tears.
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the king. En route to the king he was attacked by several members of the king's bodyguard, the
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Change and Continuity in the French Episcopate: The Bishops and the Wars of Religion 1547-1610
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718:. Brissac, who led the second estate was also arrested. The rump estates, now purged of the
353:. The king, speaking before the estates, announced that through his July endorsement of the
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announced if her sepulchre was brought to Saint-Denis, they would throw it into the river.
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he desired Guise to attend the morning session and report on the decisions reached to him.
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the city as a surety town. Henri contended that in fact the surety town he had granted was
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The government of Champagne was made vacant by the death of Guise, and the king appointed
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internal division in the Guise clan, between the popular duke and his relatives, Mayenne,
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movement, which he had co-opted for the cause of resisting the king's chosen successor of
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Guise of having plotted to depose and kill him, making his acts simply self defence. The
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murdered in his cell the following day. The two men's ashes were then scattered into the
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During November as the estates continued, Guise and Henri quarrelled over the matter of
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was arrested for making an attempt on the king, and under duress falsely claimed that
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Between Crown and Community: Politics and Civic Culture in Sixteenth-Century Poitiers
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893:. In total a little over half of the fifty largest cities in France defected to the
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The king for his part awoke at 04:00 on 23 December, after having rendezvoused with
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ascendant in the city. Henri sought to regain the initiative at the calling of the
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forced upon him, he was further outraged by the Estates General. The body, largely
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and anti-Christ, with some going so far as to say that he should be killed. The
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861:, the notion of trading the royalist judges to the king for the release of the
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authority over Champagne would be represented by the two lieutenant-generals
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was issued in anticipation that this would soon follow. For the legal minded
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in their midst arrested. The rest of France was not so easily quieted. The
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Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France
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440:. Guise contended that the Edict of Union the king had affirmed gave the
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accomplished at a meeting of the council. Feigning an intention to leave
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The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
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The king was faced with a set of Estates almost uniformly dominated by
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who were jealous of the regard in which their cousin/brother was held.
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celebrated the killing of the 'tyrant' who had assassinated Guise.
672:, the two bodies were burnt and their ashes scattered to the wind.
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cousin to the duke of Guise had paid him to assassinate the king.
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795:
677:
583:
240:
121:
107:
29:
841:
as overly sympathetic to the hated Henri. Indeed, judges such as
1220:
Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560-1600
1085:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
818:
784:
770:
160:
152:
804:
The Florentine ambassador, saw the death of the king's brother
349:
government in Paris. All these men were deeply invested in the
269:
that had been forced upon him by the state of royal finances.
510:
were the only circumstance where this could be guaranteed. As
1908:
1906:
1211:
A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion
1708:
1706:
569:
and hurry to answer the king's summons to come to council.
330:
deputies despite these efforts. The first estate was led by
70:, a Protestant. Despite some effort to resist Guise and the
733:
However it spectacularly failed in all other regards. The
2100:
2098:
2073:
2071:
1881:
1879:
1805:
1803:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1642:
1640:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1447:
1445:
1415:
1413:
2211:
2209:
1866:
1864:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1693:
1691:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1610:
1474:
1472:
1432:
1430:
1428:
723:
purging from the royal government of corrupt officials.
56:. The event was one of the most critical moments of the
1947:
1945:
1754:
1752:
1388:
1386:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1304:
1302:
1300:
565:
hour of his rise forcing him to skip breakfast and his
2022:
2020:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1238:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
261:
in which Henri was forced to flee from Paris, leaving
518:, which afforded him an excuse to keep hold of them.
1175:
Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589
668:
Conscious of the martyrdom that had built up around
342:, and the third by La Chapelle-Marteau, who led the
881:A wave of towns defected from the crown, including
901:and return to loyalty to the crown, expelling the
314:Shortly before their convening, Henri remarked to
710:were escorted from the chamber for arrest in the
1148:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion
197:to be the king's heir instead of the Protestant
27:Critical event in the French Wars of Religion
8:
102:and rejected all compromise with the king.
1975:
1912:
1186:. Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers Inc.
2251:
1712:
139:of royalist sympathisers, making the body
2152:
996:The assassination of Henri III by Clément
18:Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)
2200:
2011:
1000:With much of his kingdom falling to the
2263:
2239:
2227:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2089:
2077:
2062:
1999:
1897:
1885:
1809:
1682:
1646:
1601:
1572:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1451:
1419:
1404:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1320:
1291:
1279:
1260:
2299:
2275:
2215:
2188:
2176:
2050:
1951:
1936:
1924:
1870:
1855:
1826:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1743:
1724:
1697:
1665:
1631:
1616:
1555:
1478:
1463:
1436:
1341:
1308:
1267:
1157:The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598
1130:The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629
912:in Paris, sent out letters to all the
2287:
2164:
1963:
1758:
1584:
1392:
1247:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition
1202:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age
952:to provide him appropriate prestige.
7:
2311:
2038:
2026:
1987:
1843:
651:. Under duress he admitted that the
905:representatives from their towns.
393:While the estates were ongoing the
25:
1231:. University of California Press.
1204:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1058:Rouen during the Wars of Religion
962:Louis de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers
588:Painting of the Assassination by
201:. Henri, in the wake of this new
323:list of delegates was returned.
253:, by Paul Lehugeur, 19th century
783:, demanding that Henri come to
115:and murdered. His brother, the
1213:. Manchester University Press.
1047:Baumgartner, Frederic (1986).
631:reason to act the way he did.
38:, where the attack took place.
1:
1141:. Cambridge University Press.
1132:. Cambridge University Press.
1123:. Cambridge University Press.
1078:. Cambridge University Press.
1060:. Cambridge University Press.
1038:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009).
1094:Henri III: Roi Shakespearien
943:Henri no longer trusted the
1245:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
1092:Chevallier, Pierre (1985).
1069:. Cornell University Press.
873:for the loyalist deputies.
2362:
1087:. Oxford University Press.
1065:Bernstein, Hilary (2004).
792:Preachers and pamphleteers
742:as governor of the city.
1146:Jouanna, Arlette (1998).
1056:Benedict, Philip (2003).
484:the seigneur de Maintenon
2341:Assassinations in France
1249:. Yale University Press.
1114:. Yale University Press.
1110:Harding, Robert (1978).
1083:Carroll, Stuart (2011).
1074:Carroll, Stuart (2005).
939:End of the Quarante Cinq
857:. Now imprisoned in the
397:invaded the French held
267:Estates General at Blois
46:was assassinated by the
2336:French Wars of Religion
1227:Roelker, Nancy (1996).
1218:Roberts, Penny (2013).
1209:Roberts, Penny (1996).
1200:Pitts, Vincent (2012).
1173:Knecht, Robert (2016).
1164:Knecht, Robert (2014).
1155:Knecht, Robert (2010).
418:Estates General of 1576
310:Estates General of 1588
58:French Wars of Religion
1236:Salmon, J.H.M (1975).
1191:Konnert, Mark (2006).
1182:Konnert, Mark (1997).
1128:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
1101:Cloulas, Ivan (1979).
997:
801:
593:
480:Marquis de Rambouillet
382:, and Guise's brother
368:the Archbishop of Lyon
254:
44:Henri I, Duke of Guise
39:
1222:. Palgrave Macmillan.
995:
799:
587:
494:governor of Orléans,
399:Marquisate of Saluzzo
259:Day of the Barricades
251:Day of the Barricades
244:
237:Day of the Barricades
189:was re-foundation by
76:Day of the Barricades
42:On 23 December 1588,
33:
1166:Catherine de' Medici
1103:Catherine de MĂ©dicis
706:and other prominent
2346:Henry III of France
1785:, pp. 266–267.
1510:, pp. 211–212.
1240:. Metheun & Co.
1137:Holt, Mack (2020).
1119:Holt, Mack (2002).
966:Charles de Gonzague
919:Duel of the Mignons
645:Prince of Joinville
289:The two men met at
998:
839:Parlement of Paris
802:
641:Duchess of Nemours
594:
432:Point of no return
255:
40:
635:Cardinal de Guise
553:Galerie des Cerfs
263:the duke of Guise
191:the duke of Guise
117:Cardinal de Guise
78:in May 1588, the
16:(Redirected from
2353:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1976:Baumgartner 1986
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1913:Baumgartner 1986
1910:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
763:Cardinal Joyeuse
712:Château of Blois
338:, the second by
336:Cardinal Bourbon
316:Cardinal Joyeuse
195:Cardinal Bourbon
193:to advocate for
36:Château de Blois
21:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2252:Sutherland 1980
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1713:Chevallier 1985
1711:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1019:Jacques Clément
1017:Catholic friar
990:
958:
941:
936:
879:
831:
794:
748:
731:
695:
690:
637:
628:
603:
541:
528:
471:
466:
434:
340:Marshal Brissac
312:
287:
239:
211:Anne de Joyeuse
180:
173:
84:Estates General
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:1588 in France
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2314:, p. 135.
2304:
2292:
2290:, p. 142.
2280:
2278:, p. 290.
2268:
2266:, p. 380.
2256:
2254:, p. 282.
2244:
2242:, p. 210.
2232:
2230:, p. 222.
2220:
2218:, p. 273.
2205:
2203:, p. 178.
2193:
2191:, p. 278.
2181:
2179:, p. 275.
2169:
2167:, p. 137.
2157:
2155:, p. 196.
2153:Bernstein 2004
2145:
2143:, p. 175.
2133:
2131:, p. 174.
2121:
2119:, p. 378.
2109:
2107:, p. 377.
2094:
2092:, p. 376.
2082:
2080:, p. 145.
2067:
2065:, p. 372.
2055:
2053:, p. 277.
2043:
2041:, p. 133.
2031:
2029:, p. 171.
2016:
2014:, p. 177.
2004:
2002:, p. 212.
1992:
1990:, p. 211.
1980:
1978:, p. 184.
1968:
1966:, p. 141.
1956:
1941:
1939:, p. 285.
1929:
1927:, p. 284.
1917:
1915:, p. 163.
1902:
1900:, p. 415.
1890:
1888:, p. 209.
1875:
1873:, p. 246.
1860:
1858:, p. 267.
1848:
1846:, p. 132.
1831:
1829:, p. 272.
1814:
1812:, p. 292.
1799:
1797:, p. 271.
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 270.
1763:
1761:, p. 136.
1748:
1746:, p. 268.
1729:
1727:, p. 122.
1717:
1715:, p. 669.
1702:
1700:, p. 121.
1687:
1685:, p. 291.
1670:
1668:, p. 266.
1651:
1649:, p. 597.
1636:
1634:, p. 264.
1621:
1619:, p. 265.
1606:
1604:, p. 290.
1589:
1587:, p. 133.
1577:
1575:, p. 289.
1560:
1558:, p. 263.
1548:
1546:, p. 144.
1536:
1534:, p. 288.
1524:
1522:, p. 287.
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 346.
1483:
1481:, p. 262.
1468:
1466:, p. 269.
1456:
1454:, p. 345.
1441:
1439:, p. 244.
1424:
1422:, p. 286.
1409:
1407:, p. 285.
1397:
1395:, p. 134.
1382:
1380:, p. 283.
1370:
1368:, p. 282.
1358:
1356:, p. 281.
1346:
1344:, p. 245.
1325:
1323:, p. 273.
1313:
1311:, p. 266.
1296:
1294:, p. 284.
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 231.
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1033:
1030:
989:
986:
957:
954:
940:
937:
935:
932:
922:were removed.
878:
875:
867:Parlementaires
837:denounced the
830:
827:
793:
790:
758:In Cena Domini
747:
744:
740:duke of Aumale
730:
725:
694:
691:
689:
686:
670:Guise's father
636:
633:
627:
624:
616:Capuchin friar
602:
599:
592:- 19th century
590:Paul Delaroche
540:
537:
527:
526:Final meetings
524:
500:Spanish Armada
488:Marshal Ornano
482:, his brother
476:Marshal Aumont
470:
467:
465:
462:
433:
430:
332:Cardinal Guise
311:
308:
286:
283:
238:
235:
221:denounced the
179:
174:
172:
168:Crisis of the
166:
88:Edict of Union
54:King Henri III
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2358:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2302:, p. 73.
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:Benedict 2003
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:Benedict 2003
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1954:, p. 72.
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:, p. 46.
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:Quarante Cinq
1011:
1007:
1003:
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
946:
945:Quarante Cinq
938:
933:
931:
929:
923:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
798:
791:
789:
786:
782:
777:
776:Pope Sixtus V
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
745:
743:
741:
736:
729:
726:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
693:Estates cowed
692:
687:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
658:Quarante Cinq
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
600:
598:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
568:
563:
562:Quarante Cinq
558:
554:
550:
549:Quarante Cinq
546:
538:
536:
532:
525:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:conseil privé
505:
504:Quarante Cinq
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
464:Assassination
463:
461:
457:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
426:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Duke of Savoy
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
285:Tense meeting
284:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
252:
248:
247:Duke of Guise
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
227:Quarante Cinq
224:
223:Quarante Cinq
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Quarante Cinq
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
178:
177:Quarante Cinq
175:
171:
167:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
113:Quarante Cinq
109:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
51:
50:
49:Quarante Cinq
45:
37:
32:
19:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2264:Roelker 1996
2259:
2247:
2240:Konnert 2006
2235:
2228:Harding 1978
2223:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2141:Roberts 1996
2136:
2129:Roberts 1996
2124:
2117:Roelker 1996
2112:
2105:Roelker 1996
2090:Roelker 1996
2085:
2078:Konnert 1997
2063:Roelker 1996
2058:
2046:
2034:
2007:
2000:Carroll 2005
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1932:
1920:
1898:Babelon 2009
1893:
1886:Konnert 2006
1851:
1810:Carroll 2011
1790:
1778:
1766:
1720:
1683:Carroll 2011
1647:Cloulas 1979
1602:Carroll 2011
1580:
1573:Carroll 2011
1551:
1544:Konnert 1997
1539:
1532:Carroll 2011
1527:
1520:Carroll 2011
1515:
1508:Carroll 2005
1503:
1496:Jouanna 1998
1459:
1452:Jouanna 1998
1420:Carroll 2011
1405:Carroll 2011
1400:
1378:Carroll 2011
1373:
1366:Carroll 2011
1361:
1354:Carroll 2011
1349:
1321:Carroll 2011
1316:
1292:Carroll 2011
1287:
1280:Roberts 2013
1275:
1263:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1177:. Routledge.
1174:
1168:. Routledge.
1165:
1159:. Routledge.
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1001:
999:
973:
969:
959:
950:Grand Écuyer
949:
944:
942:
927:
924:
913:
909:
907:
902:
898:
894:
880:
870:
866:
862:
854:
850:
838:
834:
832:
813:
803:
780:
757:
752:
749:
734:
732:
727:
719:
715:
707:
699:grand prĂŞvot
698:
696:
682:
667:
662:
657:
652:
648:
638:
629:
619:
604:
595:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
552:
548:
542:
533:
529:
520:
512:grand maître
511:
507:
503:
491:
472:
458:
453:
450:
441:
435:
427:
421:
415:
410:
406:
402:
392:
388:
375:
372:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
327:
325:
320:
313:
288:
271:
256:
226:
222:
218:
206:
202:
185:
182:In 1584 the
181:
176:
169:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
112:
104:
95:
91:
86:and sign an
79:
71:
62:
48:
41:
2300:Knecht 2010
2276:Knecht 2016
2216:Knecht 2016
2189:Knecht 2016
2177:Knecht 2016
2051:Knecht 2016
1952:Knecht 2010
1937:Knecht 2016
1925:Knecht 2016
1871:Salmon 1975
1856:Knecht 2014
1827:Knecht 2016
1795:Knecht 2016
1783:Knecht 2014
1771:Knecht 2016
1744:Knecht 2016
1725:Knecht 2010
1698:Knecht 2010
1666:Knecht 2016
1632:Knecht 2016
1617:Knecht 2016
1556:Knecht 2016
1479:Knecht 2016
1464:Knecht 2016
1437:Salmon 1975
1342:Salmon 1975
1309:Knecht 2014
1268:Knecht 2016
1150:. Bouquins.
1008:in May and
988:New friends
539:23 December
249:during the
2325:Categories
2288:Pitts 2012
2165:Pitts 2012
1964:Pitts 2012
1759:Pitts 2012
1585:Pitts 2012
1393:Pitts 2012
1255:References
1195:. Ashgate.
982:Saint-Paul
956:Loose ends
767:D'Angennes
643:, and the
545:Bellegarde
257:After the
2312:Holt 2005
2039:Holt 2005
2027:Holt 2020
1988:Holt 2002
1844:Holt 2005
1105:. Fayard.
1096:. Fayard.
1042:. Fayard.
871:Parlement
829:Parlement
688:Aftermath
674:Richelieu
601:Catherine
496:Entragues
378:generals
300:Catherine
184:Catholic
137:Parlement
1040:Henri IV
1023:ligueurs
1010:Pontoise
970:ligueurs
928:ligueurs
891:Toulouse
859:Bastille
847:Pasquier
823:Caligula
781:ligueurs
753:ligueurs
716:ligueurs
708:ligueurs
704:Dorléans
612:Lorraine
469:Planning
454:ligueurs
446:Doullens
296:Felip II
291:Chartres
219:ligueurs
129:ligueurs
52:serving
1032:Sources
974:ligueur
914:ligueur
903:ligueur
863:ligueur
855:ligueur
843:De Thou
814:ligueur
806:Alençon
720:ligueur
626:Navarre
608:Nemours
551:in the
516:La Noue
492:ligueur
438:Orléans
422:ligueur
407:ligueur
384:Mayenne
376:ligueur
355:ligueur
347:ligueur
328:ligueur
321:ligueur
215:Épernon
199:Navarre
141:ligueur
100:Mayenne
96:ligueur
68:Navarre
1006:Senlis
877:France
761:loyal
746:Church
663:livres
653:ligues
478:, the
380:Nevers
359:ligues
304:Troyes
279:Aumale
275:Elbeuf
231:Elbeuf
1002:ligue
978:Rosne
910:Seize
899:ligue
895:ligue
887:Reims
883:Rouen
851:Seize
835:Seize
810:Herod
765:and
735:Seize
728:Seize
678:Loire
649:ligue
620:Seize
567:lever
442:ligue
411:ligue
403:ligue
364:ligue
351:ligue
344:Seize
203:ligue
186:ligue
170:ligue
149:Herod
145:ligue
133:Seize
122:Loire
108:Blois
92:ligue
80:ligue
72:ligue
63:Ligue
980:and
934:1589
908:The
889:and
845:and
833:The
821:and
819:Nero
785:Rome
771:Rome
610:and
486:and
334:and
277:and
245:The
213:and
161:Rome
157:Pope
153:Nero
769:to
557:D'O
2327::
2208:^
2097:^
2070:^
2019:^
1944:^
1905:^
1878:^
1863:^
1834:^
1817:^
1802:^
1751:^
1732:^
1705:^
1690:^
1673:^
1654:^
1639:^
1624:^
1609:^
1592:^
1563:^
1486:^
1471:^
1444:^
1427:^
1412:^
1385:^
1328:^
1299:^
984:.
885:,
151:,
124:.
1051:.
20:)
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