Assisted reproductive technology

727: 1174: 700: 160:(CDC) defines ART to include "all fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled. In general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman." According to CDC, "they do not include treatments in which only sperm are handled (i.e., intrauterine—or artificial—insemination) or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved." 40: 1622: 203:. These medications are given by injection for 8 to 14 days. A health care provider closely monitors the development of the eggs using transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests to assess follicle growth and estrogen production by the ovaries. When follicles have reached an adequate size and the eggs are mature enough, an injection of the hormone hCG initiates the ovulation process. Egg retrieval should occur from 34 to 36 hours after the hCG injection. 460:. However, some studies have suggested that assisted reproductive technology is associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Artificial reproductive technology is becoming more available. Early studies suggest that there could be an increased risk for medical complications with both the mother and baby. Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational diabetes, and 817:, a fixed payment of €1,073 is made for each full cycle of the IVF process. The woman must be aged under 43 and may not carry out more than six cycles of ART. There is also a limit on the number of transferable embryos, which varies according to age and the number of cycles completed. In France, ART is subsidized in full by national health insurance for women up to age 43, with limits of 4 attempts at IVF and 6 at artificial insemination. 3099: 277:(ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt(s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle. With ICSI, only one sperm per egg is needed. Without ICSI, you need between 50,000 and 100,000. This method is also sometimes employed when donor sperm is used. 268: 4242: 4266: 4254: 218: 923:(public health insurance) in Ontario and others are not. Women with bilaterally blocked fallopian tubes and are under the age of 40 have treatment covered but are still required to pay test fees (around CA$ 3,000–4,000). Coverage varies in other provinces. Most other patients are required to pay for treatments themselves. 837:

and Estonia). Since 1994, France is one of a number of countries (including Germany, Spain, and the UK) which use the somewhat vague notion of "natural age of procreation". In 2017, the steering council of France's Agency of Biomedicine established an age limit of 43 for women using ART. 10 countries

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Another way to look at costs is to determine the expected cost of establishing a pregnancy. Thus, if a clomiphene treatment has a chance to establish a pregnancy in 8% of cycles and costs $ 780, the expected cost is $ 9,400 to establish a pregnancy, compared to an IVF cycle (cycle fecundity 40%) with

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adopted a recommendation which encourages an end to anonymity. In the UK, anonymous sperm donations ended in 2005 and children have access to the identity of the donor when they reach adulthood. In France, the principle of anonymous donations of sperm or embryos is maintained in the law of bioethics

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In theory, ART can solve almost all reproductive problems, except for severe pathology or the absence of a uterus (or womb), using specific gamete or embryo donation techniques. However, this does not mean that all women can be treated with assisted reproductive techniques, or that all women who are

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As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures

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has approved a draft law of some federal states, which provides that the federal government provides a subsidy of 25% to the cost. Thus, the share of costs borne for the pair would drop to just 25%. Since July 2017, assisted reproductive technology is also allowed for married lesbian couples, as

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Israel's national health insurance, which is mandatory for all Israeli citizens, covers nearly all fertility treatments. IVF costs are fully subsidized up to the birth of two children for all Israeli women, including single women and lesbian couples. Embryo transfers for purposes of gestational

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The Government of India has notified the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021 to regulate the practice of ART. Prior to that, the National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India published by the

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The most common reasons for discontinuation of fertility treatment have been estimated to be: postponement of treatment (39%), physical and psychological burden (19%), psychological burden (14%), physical burden (6.32%), relational and personal problems (17%), personal reasons (9%), relational

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that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next generation. No significant differences were observed in the frequency or spectrum of mutations between naturally conceived fetuses and assisted-conception fetuses. This suggests that with respect to the maintenance of genetic integrity

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arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART. The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on

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Most European countries allow donations of gametes by third parties. But the situations vary depending on whether sperm or eggs are concerned. Sperm donations are authorized in 20 EU member states; in 11 of them anonymity is allowed. Egg donations are possible in 17 states, including 8 under

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Films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades. As ART becomes more utilized, the number of people that can relate to it by personal

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The guidelines say women aged between 40 and 42 should be offered one cycle of IVF on the NHS if they have never had IVF treatment before, have no evidence of low ovarian reserve (this is when eggs in the ovary are low in number, or low in quality), and have been informed of the additional

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Sub-fertility must not be the direct result of a sterilisation procedure in either partner (this does not include conditions where sterilisation occurs as a result of another medical problem). Couples who have undertaken a reversal of their sterilisation procedure are not eligible for

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Balayla, Jacques, Odile Sheehy, William D. Fraser, Jean R. Séguin, Jacquetta Trasler, Patricia Monnier, Andrea A. MacLeod, Marie-Noëlle Simard, Gina Muckle, and Anick Bérard. "Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Assisted Reproductive Technologies." Obstetrics & Gynecology

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ART may also pose risks to the mother. A large US database study compared pregnancy outcomes among 106,000 assisted conception pregnancies with 34 million natural conception pregnancies. It found that assisted conception pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of

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is the attempt to control the sex of offspring to achieve a desired sex in case of X chromosome linked diseases. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre- and post-implantation of an embryo, as well as at birth. Pre-implantation techniques include PGD, but also

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is a possible treatment for patients who have failed previous IVF attempts or who have poor embryo quality. The patient's fertilized eggs are placed on top of a layer of cells from the patient's own uterine lining, creating a more natural environment for embryo

2501:"Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells" 889:

which provides that patients have the right to drugs and treatments that have been recommended by NICE for use in the NHS. For example, the Cheshire, Merseyside and West Lancashire Clinical Commissioning Group insists on additional conditions:

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for evaluation. Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious for the embryo, therefore it is advisable to perform the biopsy around day 5 or 6 of development.

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tightened its conditions for public funding in 2004, which caused a sharp drop in the number of ART cycles carried out, from more than 102,000 in 2003 to fewer than 57,000 the following year. Since then the figure has remained stable.

263:(AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the outer layer surrounding the egg in order to help the embryo hatch out and aid in the implantation process of the growing embryo. 1570: 1010:

Some couples may find it difficult to stop treatment despite very bad prognosis, resulting in futile therapies. This has the potential to give ART providers a difficult decision of whether to continue or refuse treatment.

319:(PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes. 2155:

Wu, Pensée; Sharma, Garima V.; Mehta, Laxmi S.; Chew-Graham, Carolyn A.; Lundberg, Gina P.; Nerenberg, Kara A.; Graham, Michelle M.; Chappell, Lucy C.; Kadam, Umesh T.; Jordan, Kelvin P.; Mamas, Mamas A. (2022-02-22).

307:. In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the recipient's uterus. 1822: 1014:

Some assisted reproductive technologies have the potential to be harmful to both the mother and child, posing a psychological and/or physical health risk, which may impact the ongoing use of these treatments.

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In the largest U.S. study, which used data from a statewide registry of birth defects, 6.2% of IVF-conceived children had major defects, as compared with 4.4% of naturally conceived children matched for

867:(NHS). However, treatment is not widely available on the NHS and there can be long waiting lists. Many patients therefore pay for immediate treatment within the NHS or seek help from private clinics. 982:

Ministry for Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in the year 2005 was governing the field. Indian law recognises the right of a single woman, who is a major, to have children through ART.

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worked together to develop the IVF technique. Steptoe described a new method of egg extraction and Edwards were carrying out a way to fertilise eggs in the lab. Robert G. Edwards was awarded the

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Across Europe, the legal criteria per availability vary somewhat. In 11 countries all women may benefit; in 8 others only heterosexual couples are concerned; in 7 only single women; and in 2 (

6181: 4304: 2971: 2437:"ART in Europe, 2014: results generated from European registries by ESHRE: The European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)" 782:

clarified its uncertain legal situation in 2004 by adopting Europe's strictest laws: ART is only available to heterosexual couples, married or otherwise, and sperm donation is prohibited.

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may provide the source for the sperm used in IVF procedures where the male partner produces no sperm or has an inheritable disease, or where the woman being treated has no male partner.

1567: 246:(OVR) is the process whereby a small needle is inserted through the back of the vagina and guided via ultrasound into the ovarian follicles to collect the fluid that contains the eggs. 4659: 1972:

McCarrey JR. Maintenance of genetic integrity during natural and assisted reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:51-5. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60449-x. PMID 19406032

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implications of IVF and pregnancy at this age. However, if tests show IVF is the only treatment likely to help them get pregnant, women should be referred for IVF straight away.

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is an exception, with a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared to the general population. It may be explained by that sperm banks accept only people with high sperm count.

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Olson CK, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Romitti PA, Budelier WT, Ryan G, Sparks AE, Van Voorhis BJ (2005). "In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects".

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That said, In a landmark paper by Jacques Balayla et al. it was determined that infants born after ART have similar neurodevelopment than infants born after natural conception.

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coverage for fertility investigations and treatments. Many states are starting to mandate coverage, and the rate of use is 278% higher in states with complete coverage.

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Zegers-Hochschild, F; for the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology and the World Health Organization; et al. (November 2009).

2486: 1559: 1292:"International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009" 1018:

In Israel, there is research supporting using ART, including recycled lab materials from the IVF process, to help women work through some of these mixed emotions.

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made ART available in 2006 with conditions very similar to those in France, before amending the law in 2016 to allow lesbian couples and single women to benefit.

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De Geyter, Ch.; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; Kupka, M.S.; Wyns, C.; Mocanu, E.; Motrenko, T.; Scaravelli, G.; Smeenk, J.; Vidakovic1, S.; Goossens, V. (September 2018).

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Gilat Kupietzky-Sacks, IVF Embryologist and initiator of the project and Miriam Kupietzky, Art Therapist run a women's workshop using recycled lab material.

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Neither partner must have any living children, from either the current or previous relationships. This includes adopted as well as biological children; and,

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Zhang Y, Zhang YL, Feng C, et al. (September 2008). "Comparative proteomic analysis of human placenta derived from assisted reproductive technology".

1372: 6082: 4164: 157: 116: 4270: 2262: 6316: 6008: 4290: 1929:"Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay in children born after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 303:

are resources for women with no eggs due to surgery, chemotherapy, or genetic causes; or with poor egg quality, previously unsuccessful IVF cycles or

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European IVF-Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; et al. (August 2016).

1094:, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Brussels. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake when a spermatozoid was put into the cytoplasm. 577:

in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father.

291:(ZIFT), egg cells are removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube. 6171: 4223: 3016:

Palermo, G; Joris, H; Devroey, P; Van Steirteghem, AC (1992). "Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte".

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There are some health insurance companies that cover diagnosis of infertility, but frequently once diagnosed will not cover any treatment costs.

2410: 1182: 414:(GIFT), a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed directly into a woman's fallopian tubes using laparoscopy following a transvaginal ovum retrieval. 6206: 4399: 4184: 2121: 440:(SSR), the reproductive urologist obtains sperm from the vas deferens, epididymis or directly from the testis in a short outpatient procedure. 5446: 5376: 2719: 2660: 1541: 1076: 297:

is the technique in which the contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into the infertile egg of the patient along with the sperm.

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is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.

6201: 4951: 2281:"Why do patients discontinue fertility treatment? A systematic review of reasons and predictors of discontinuation in fertility treatment" 1353: 399:

in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of IVF in which some or all of the future baby's

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ruled that it is unconstitutional, that the health insurance companies have to bear only 50% of the cost for IVF. On 2 March 2012, the

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17 countries limit access to ART according to the age of the woman. 10 countries have established an upper age limit, varying from 40 (

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For the community as a whole, the cost of IVF on average pays back by 700% by tax from future employment by the conceived human being.

6211: 5661: 5416: 4228: 2774: 2612: 720: 335: 2946: 2634: 1589:"Mitochondrial replacement: from basic research to assisted reproductive technology portfolio tool-technicalities and possible risks" 5938: 5451: 5316: 4487: 4123: 3271: 392: 322: 316: 120: 2240: 719:

fixes standards concerning the use of human tissue and cells, but all ethical and legal questions on ART remain the prerogative of

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Kurinczuk JJ, Hansen M, Bower C (2004). "The risk of birth defects in children born after assisted reproductive technologies".

1640: 914: 6128: 5910: 5684: 5371: 4550: 4497: 3111: 2840: 1160: 411: 288: 2567:"Recommendation 2156 (2019) - Anonymous donation of sperm and oocytes: balancing the rights of parents, donors and children" 1984:"Risk for postpartum depression associated with assisted reproductive technologies and multiple births: A systematic review" 1759:

Aiken, Catherine E. M.; Brockelsby, Jeremy C. (2016). "Fetal and Maternal Consequences of Pregnancies Conceived Using Art".

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treatment. The procedure took place at Dr Kershaw's Cottage Hospital (now Dr Kershaw's Hospice) in Royton, Oldham, England.

774:, the right to ART is accorded to all women since 2019. In the last 15 years, legislation has evolved quickly. For example, 5396: 5303: 4805: 4654: 4492: 4482: 4206: 4174: 4072: 2681: 1072: 6376: 6346: 6108: 5993: 5983: 5401: 5361: 4860: 4416: 4394: 4151: 4067: 3405: 950: 941: 886: 882: 4258: 726: 6351: 6341: 6176: 6118: 5230: 5041: 3680: 3623: 3187: 2988: 2566: 1173: 343: 243: 5014: 2759: 1556: 1430:

Sullivan-Pyke, C; Dokras, A (March 2018). "Preimplantation Genetic Screening and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis".

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was the first European country to open ART to all women, in 1977, the year the first sperm bank was opened there. In

2025:"A literature review on the relationship between infertility and sexual dysfunction: Does fun end with baby making?" 6381: 6077: 5725: 5436: 5273: 5031: 4956: 4926: 4246: 4211: 4201: 3241: 3123: 3074: 1091: 716: 699: 421: 39: 6321: 5758: 5715: 5486: 5098: 4838: 4762: 4004: 3874: 3832: 3693: 1202: 1154: 945: 167: 6386: 6161: 5850: 5705: 4848: 4216: 3740: 3556: 3523: 3415: 1369: 874:(NICE) published new guidelines about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales. 437: 425: 58: 44:

Illustration depicting intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), an example of assisted reproductive technology

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In Europe, ART also excludes artificial insemination and includes only procedures where oocytes are handled.

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Ovulation Problems and Infertility: Treatment of ovulation problems with Clomid and other fertility drugs.

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In the United Kingdom, all patients have the right to preliminary testing, provided free of charge by the

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Today, 21 countries provide partial public funding for ART treatment. The seven others, which do not, are

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Claiborne, A.; English, R.; Kahn, J. (2016). Claiborne, Anne; English, Rebecca; Kahn, Jeffrey (eds.).

1218:"Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE" 6288: 6133: 5968: 5700: 5642: 5581: 5441: 5298: 5222: 5130: 5120: 4916: 4817: 4795: 4555: 4447: 4369: 4077: 4028: 3348: 3338: 3266: 3261: 3236: 3221: 3216: 2070:

Hargreave, Marie; Jensen, Allan; Toender, Anita; Andersen, Klaus Kaae; Kjaer, Susanne Krüger (2013).

1141:, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology 1087: 501: 417: 294: 192: 108: 2748:

NOZ.de: Beifall im Parlament: Frankreich legalisiert künstliche Befruchtung für alle Frauen (german)

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Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. Gurnee & Crystal Lake, Illinois. Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010

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Angela Savage. "Works of ART: on creativity, infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology." In

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http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2020-01-15/reproduccion-asistida-en-cuba-nuevas-razones-para-la-felicidad

2024: 660: 589: 566: 477: 469: 457: 355: 229: 184: 179: 2716: 2664: 6331: 6234: 6123: 6029: 5830: 5753: 5431: 5326: 5291: 5150: 4999: 4911: 4876: 4757: 4704: 4593: 4560: 4329: 4179: 3908: 3762: 3533: 3518: 3041: 2542: 2137: 1909: 1700: 359: 142: 514:. Low birth weight and preterm birth are strongly associated with many health problems, such as 17: 1350: 651:

Approximate treatment/diagnosis costs in the United States, with inflation, as of 2023 (US$ ):

6336: 6003: 5923: 5510: 5386: 5125: 5066: 4906: 4886: 4881: 4644: 4354: 4349: 4339: 3999: 3918: 3842: 3820: 3333: 3251: 3102: 3033: 2887: 2638: 2468: 2386: 2375:"Long-term economic benefits attributed to IVF-conceived children: a lifetime tax calculation" 2355: 2310: 2195: 2177: 2093: 2052: 2044: 2005: 1950: 1901: 1840: 1803: 1741: 1692: 1657: 1610: 1547: 1537: 1504: 1496: 1447: 1412: 1314: 1239: 1149: 1103: 973:

Cuban sources mention that assisted reproduction is completely legal and free in the country.

962: 851: 711:, 157,500 children were born using assisted reproductive technology in 2015, according to the 597: 515: 497: 433: 400: 188: 6265: 6260: 6156: 6140: 5720: 5481: 5093: 4966: 4961: 4855: 4618: 4523: 4472: 4344: 4334: 3561: 3328: 3323: 3025: 2877: 2815: 2458: 2448: 2345: 2300: 2292: 2185: 2169: 2129: 2083: 2036: 1995: 1940: 1893: 1795: 1768: 1731: 1684: 1649: 1600: 1529: 1486: 1478: 1439: 1402: 1306: 1229: 1040: 680: 642: 628:

problems (9%), treatment rejection (13%) and organizational (12%) and clinic (8%) problems.

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Study results indicate that ART can affect both women and men's sexual health negatively.

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Connolly MP, Pollard MS, Hoorens S, Kaplan BR, Oskowitz SP, Silber SJ (September 2008).

2158:"In-Hospital Complications in Pregnancies Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology" 119:. Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see 5576: 5491: 5197: 5145: 4843: 4613: 4100: 3927: 3903: 3847: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3698: 3576: 3360: 3231: 3177: 2305: 2280: 2190: 2157: 1133: 1004: 894:

The person undergoing treatment must have commenced treatment before her 40th birthday;

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comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for

310: 267: 200: 3098: 2214:"Policy Document | Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) | Reproductive Health | CDC" 1720:"Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review" 6310: 6283: 5998: 5817: 5785: 5780: 5748: 5586: 5476: 5265: 5240: 4992: 4833: 4747: 4669: 4572: 4138: 4052: 4013: 3989: 3898: 3782: 3715: 3586: 3490: 3451: 3308: 3143: 3029: 2975: 2882: 2865: 2141: 2088: 2071: 1913: 1799: 1688: 1407: 1390: 1310: 1118: 1031:

For specific examples, refer to the fiction sections in individual subarticles, e.g.

601: 511: 461: 377: 372: 362:. PGD is an adjunct to ART procedures, and requires in vitro fertilization to obtain 2023:

Piva, Isabella; Lo Monte, Giuseppe; Graziano, Angela; Marci, Roberto (August 2014).

1945: 1928: 1704: 965:

allowed assisted reproductive technology also for lesbian couples and single women.

715:(ESHRE). But there are major differences in legislation across the Old Continent. A 6295: 6278: 5622: 5202: 5155: 5103: 5061: 4603: 4404: 4282: 3967: 3962: 3703: 3603: 3548: 3276: 3155: 3150: 3045: 2735: 2543:"Encadrement juridique international dans les différents domaines de la bioéthique" 1178: 1144: 1060: 656: 540: 396: 3062:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Assisted Reproductive Technology

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http://www.ahora.cu/fr/sante/5715-reproduction-assistee-et-droit-du-travail-a-cuba

1860: 5653: 2122:"Assisted conception is linked to cardiovascular disease and birth complications" 2040: 1491: 703:

Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014

64: 6113: 6072: 6039: 5807: 5800: 5612: 5207: 5165: 5083: 4321: 3957: 3893: 3730: 3673: 3613: 3608: 3446: 3395: 3256: 3066: 1525:

Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social, and Policy Considerations

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Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries:

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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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Queer.de: Frankreich: Künstliche Befruchtung auch für lesbische Paare (german)

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in 2010, but not Steptoe because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.

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Hvidtjørn D, Schieve L, Schendel D, Jacobsson B, Sværke C, Thorsen P (2009).

1500: 596:. Assisted conception pregnancies were also associated with a higher risk of 522:. Children born after IVF are roughly twice as likely to have cerebral palsy. 6062: 5950: 5790: 4727: 4577: 4387: 3745: 3618: 3478: 3468: 3303: 3281: 3208: 2791:"Govt notifies laws to regulate surrogacy, assisted reproductive technology" 2453: 2436: 2296: 2173: 2000: 1983: 1736: 1719: 1605: 1588: 1466: 1234: 1217: 1032: 1000: 621: 532: 496:. In IVF and ICSI, a risk factor is the decreased expression of proteins in 484:(simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy). The main risks are: 429: 300: 124: 4696: 2891: 2864:

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2009).

2521: 2472: 2390: 2374: 2359: 2314: 2213: 2199: 2097: 2072:"Fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis" 2056: 2009: 1954: 1905: 1897: 1807: 1745: 1696: 1661: 1614: 1551: 1523: 1508: 1451: 1416: 1318: 1243: 3037: 1467:"A Mitochondrial Story: Mitochondrial Replacement, Identity and Narrative" 1389:

Illmensee K, Levanduski M, Vidali A, Husami N, Goudas VT (February 2009).

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Methods to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means

5019: 4047: 4018: 3994: 3976: 3772: 3752: 2463: 1482: 1199:"What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? | Reproductive Health | CDC" 839: 826: 818: 814: 810: 794: 786: 763: 759: 363: 233: 1198: 5840: 5525: 4987: 4982: 3885: 3767: 3591: 3513: 3172: 3167: 3162: 897:

The person undergoing treatment must have a BMI of between 19 and 29;

843: 834: 798: 790: 771: 708: 548: 505: 447:, eggs, sperm and reproductive tissue can be preserved for later IVF. 395:(MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the replacement of 367: 351: 339: 325:

can be used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos.

146: 2905: 2029:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

1638:

Van Voorhis BJ (2007). "Clinical practice. In vitro fertilization".

74: 1533: 855:

of 2011, but a new bill under discussion may change the situation.

111:. When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as 5591: 5571: 5235: 5004: 3182: 3133: 2945:, 25.7.2016. Article on art produced in response to IVF treatment 1391:"Human embryo twinning with applications in reproductive medicine" 806: 779: 767: 725: 698: 266: 187:

is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of

2698:

Zuschüsse der Krankenversicherung für eine künstliche Befruchtung

1821:

MD, Daniel M. Avery, MD, Marion D. Reed, MD, William L. Lenahan.

1184:

How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?

3852: 1861:"In vitro fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 1086:) took place on 14 January 1992. The technique was developed by 920: 5657: 4700: 4286: 3070: 2866:"Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile" 1063:

was born; this was the first successful birth of a child after

3663: 2279:

Gameiro, S.; Boivin, J.; Peronace, L.; Verhaak, C. M. (2012).

1064: 1718:

Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ (2005).

256:

Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are:

2841:"Need to understand the rights of a single mother by choice" 2679:

Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self.

688:

a corresponding expected cost of $ 46,800 ($ 18,700 × 40%).

535:

of the mouse normally have a frequency of spontaneous point

3061: 2411:"How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?" 1982:

Ross, L. E.; McQueen, K.; Vigod, S.; Dennis, C.-L. (2010).

239:

Techniques usually used in in vitro fertilization include:

1187:, Orlane Jézéquélou/Alternatives Economiques, EDJNet. 753: ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couples 747: ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples 624:, 3.1% of births in the late 2000's are a result of ART. 4114:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

2637:. Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust. Archived from 813:. Such subsidies are subject to conditions, however. In 407:. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom. 91:) includes medical procedures used primarily to address 2904:

Article link: Dr. Katan, Seven news, 14.1.2022, Hebrew

1351:

Flinders reproductive medicine > Ovulation Induction

573:

have been associated with an increased overall risk of

555:

Current data indicate little or no increased risk for

713:

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

543:

from the same individual. This low frequency in the

565:

Usage of assisted reproductive technology including

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By Colleen Mastony, Tribune reporter. June 21, 2009

1633: 1631: 995:For treatment-specific ethical considerations, see 57: 49: 32: 2961:"Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen" 1432:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 838:have no age limit for ART. These include Austria, 456:The majority of IVF-conceived infants do not have 4686:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 2955: 2953: 1181:work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from 1049:reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 872:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 3003:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010" 480:, 1.00 to 1.67). ART carries with it a risk for 388:Other assisted reproduction techniques include: 2328:Jain T, Harlow BL, Hornstein MD (August 2002). 1968: 1966: 1964: 236:(sperm and egg) occur outside the female body. 1005:Sperm donation § Ethical and legal issues 683:to carry the child – dependent on arrangements 5669: 4712: 4298: 3082: 2931:about workshop in the USA and other countries 2241:chicagotribune.com Infertility by the numbers 2236: 2234: 1027:experience in one way or another is growing. 8: 1845:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1677:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1177: This article incorporates text from a 358:. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to 149:occurs in the laboratory environment (i.e., 6245:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 6230:Birth control movement in the United States 2991:. July 25, 1978 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 2929:Workshop on the Use of Life Cycle Concepts 2485:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1370:fertilityLifeLines > Ovulation Induction 95:. This subject involves procedures such as 6083:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5676: 5662: 5654: 5515: 5187: 4941: 4719: 4705: 4697: 4305: 4291: 4283: 4165:International Center for Research on Women 4096: 3881: 3801: 3644: 3204: 3119: 3089: 3075: 3067: 2260:'More IVF babies but less multiple births' 158:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 128:promoting health and reproductive habits. 117:reproductive endocrinology and infertility 38: 2881: 2462: 2452: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2349: 2304: 2189: 2162:Journal of the American Heart Association 2087: 1999: 1944: 1735: 1604: 1490: 1406: 1233: 107:of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of 2688:Berkeley: University of California Press 735: ART authorized for lesbian couples 539:that is 5 to 10-fold lower than that in 216: 1190: 881:This policy is often modified by local 850:anonymous conditions. On 12 April, the 271:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 2908:on Artistic conception הפריה אומנותית. 2478: 2409:Jézéquélou, Orlane (23 October 2019). 1838: 1205:from the original on November 1, 2017. 673:Clomiphene citrate cycle ~ $ 310–$ 780 29: 2548:(in French). Agence de la biomédecine 1465:Scully, Jackie Leach (January 2017). 1077:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 741: ART authorized for single women 670:Sonohysterogram (SHG) ~ $ 940–$ 1,600 617:in 2006, resulting in 55,000 births. 145:is bypassed and fertilization of the 7: 4253: 4147:Office of Research on Women's Health 2717:Finanzierung künstlicher Befruchtung 2330:"Insurance coverage and outcomes of 1222:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 1082:The first successful birth by ICSI ( 997:In vitro fertilisation § Ethics 885:, in a fairly blatant breach of the 5551:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 4265: 4185:Society for Women's Health Research 4119:International Day of the Girl Child 2989:"1978: First 'test tube baby' born" 1051:has been present for many decades. 115:ART mainly belongs to the field of 70: 4229:Birth control in the United States 2615:from the original on 20 April 2014 2269:THE AUSTRALIAN. September 24, 2009 1761:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 1566:with links to summaries including 336:pre-implantation genetic diagnosis 330:Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis 170:(WHO), also defines ART this way. 25: 5939:self-report sexual risk behaviors 4488:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4124:Commission on the Status of Women 3134:External female genitalia (vulva) 1257:Sorenson, Corinna (Autumn 2006). 393:Mitochondrial replacement therapy 317:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 121:preimplantation genetic diagnosis 6317:Assisted reproductive technology 6009:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 5556:Postpartum physiological changes 5256:Postpartum physiological changes 4781:Assisted reproductive technology 4468:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 4443:Autologous endometrial coculture 4314:Assisted reproductive technology 4264: 4252: 4241: 4240: 3457:Assisted reproductive technology 3097: 2883:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.979 2635:"Services & how we can help" 2588:"PMA: panique dans la filiation" 2089:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.017 1800:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.03.086 1689:10.1097/00001703-200406000-00002 1620: 1587:Cree, L; Loi, P (January 2015). 1408:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.098 1328:from the original on 2016-11-29. 1311:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009 1279:from the original on 2016-11-29. 1172: 1084:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 608:treated will achieve pregnancy. 281:Autologous endometrial coculture 275:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 101:intracytoplasmic sperm injection 85:Assisted reproductive technology 33:Assisted reproductive technology 18:Assisted Reproductive Technology 6129:Sexually transmitted infections 5608:Adaptation to extrauterine life 3423:Breastfeeding and mental health 2415:Alternatives Economiques/EDJNet 1946:10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.507 1001:Surrogacy § Ethical issues 919:Some treatments are covered by 915:Assisted Human Reproduction Act 5685:Sexual and reproductive health 5251:Maternal physiological changes 4551:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 4498:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 2250:Colleen Mastony. June 21, 2009 1161:Repository for Germinal Choice 412:gamete intrafallopian transfer 338:procedure may be conducted on 289:zygote intrafallopian transfer 1: 4806:partner-assisted reproduction 4655:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 4483:Partner-assisted reproduction 4073:Social determinants of health 1073:Robert Edwards (physiologist) 951:same-sex marriages in Germany 883:Clinical Commissioning Groups 676:IVF cycle ~ $ 15,600–$ 46,800 552:assisted conception is safe. 6109:Disorders of sex development 4068:Gender disparities in health 3406:Mother-to-child transmission 3030:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-f 2586:Céline Mouzon (2019-09-23). 2041:10.3109/13625187.2014.919379 1593:Molecular Human Reproduction 1528:. National Academies Press. 942:Federal Constitutional Court 932:surrogacy are also covered. 887:NHS Constitution for England 228:is the technique of letting 6119:Reproductive system disease 5042:Traditional birth attendant 4493:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 3681:Pelvic inflammatory disease 3624:Hormone replacement therapy 3188:Reproductive system disease 1266:Euro Observer Euro Observer 1259:"ART in the European Union" 641:Many Americans do not have 244:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 123:). ART may also be used in 6408: 6078:Obstetrics and gynaecology 5274:Brain health and pollution 4175:Black Women's Health Study 3242:Complications of pregnancy 2726:Retrieved 2. January 2013. 2707:Retrieved 2. January 2013. 2134:10.3310/nihrevidence_53388 1201:. CDC. November 14, 2014. 1092:Vrije Universiteit Brussel 994: 949:German parliament allowed 912: 833:) to 50 (including Spain, 422:fallopian tube obstruction 210: 177: 5994:Pregnant patients' rights 5759:Pre-conception counseling 5716:Abortion-rights movements 5487:Chorionic villus sampling 4839:Obstetric ultrasonography 4763:Pre-conception counseling 4660:Religious response to ART 4236: 4152:Women's Health Initiative 4005:Major depressive disorder 3833:Intimate partner violence 3694:Female genital mutilation 3689: 3381: 2285:Human Reproduction Update 1988:Human Reproduction Update 1773:10.1017/S096553951600005X 1444:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.10.009 1379:Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010 1360:Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010 1155:Religious response to ART 559:among women who use ART. 350:), and sometimes even of 168:World Health Organization 141:With ART, the process of 71: 37: 5880:Gamete Cryopreservation 5726:Circumcision controversy 5706:Compulsory sterilization 5377:Intrahepatic cholestasis 4478:Ovarian hyperstimulation 3741:Gynaecological disorders 3557:Culture and menstruation 3524:Contraceptive prevalence 3416:Compulsory sterilization 1933:Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1022:Fictional representation 940:On 27 January 2009, the 766:) only lesbian couples. 464:(Aiken and Brockelsby). 438:surgical sperm retrieval 426:vas deferens obstruction 6240:Social hygiene movement 6093:Transgender health care 5447:Motor vehicle emissions 5308:Concomitant conditions 5282:environmental toxicants 5025:Auxiliary nurse midwife 4786:artificial insemination 4753:Natural family planning 4514:Artificial insemination 4360:Male infertility crisis 4024:Urinary tract infection 3816:Abuse during childbirth 2870:Fertility and Sterility 2839:A, Aruna (2021-09-14). 2174:10.1161/JAHA.121.022658 2076:Fertility and Sterility 1299:Fertility and Sterility 1109:Artificial insemination 865:National Health Service 586:cardiovascular diseases 232:of the male and female 6372:Obstetrical procedures 6068:Genitourinary medicine 5871:In vitro fertilization 5826:Hormonal contraception 5711:Contraceptive security 5541:Postpartum confinement 4801:in vitro fertilisation 4665:Mitochondrial donation 4599:Donor Sibling Registry 4438:Assisted zona hatching 4427:In vitro fertilisation 3941:Cardiovascular disease 3529:Contraceptive security 3462:In vitro fertilization 3373:Postpartum confinement 3247:Hyperemesis gravidarum 1898:10.1002/pmic.200800294 1568:one page summary flyer 1139:Spontaneous conception 755: 704: 571:in vitro fertilization 405:mitochondrial diseases 272: 261:Assisted zona hatching 226:In vitro fertilization 222: 221:Steps of IVF Treatment 213:In vitro fertilization 207:In vitro fertilization 151:in vitro fertilization 97:in vitro fertilization 5731:Intersex human rights 5536:Postpartum depression 5417:Pruritic folliculitis 5161:Unassisted childbirth 4063:Healthcare inequality 3865:Gender discrimination 3669:Human papilloma virus 3344:Vesicovaginal fistula 2454:10.1093/humrep/dey242 2297:10.1093/humupd/dms031 2001:10.1093/humupd/dmq025 1827:www.obgmanagement.com 1737:10.1093/humrep/deh593 1606:10.1093/molehr/gau082 1492:1959.4/unsworks_66960 1235:10.1093/humrep/dew151 729: 702: 557:postpartum depression 482:heterotopic pregnancy 305:advanced maternal age 270: 220: 211:Further information: 6289:tax on childlessness 6045:Genital modification 5969:Unintended pregnancy 5701:Reproductive Justice 5643:Gravidity and parity 5623:Congenital disorders 5582:Lactation consultant 5452:Pre-existing disease 5131:Childbirth positions 5121:Rupture of membranes 4818:Unintended pregnancy 4796:fertility medication 4556:Reproductive surgery 4448:Cytoplasmic transfer 4378:Estrogen antagonists 4370:Fertility medication 4170:Nurses' Health Study 4078:Reproductive justice 4029:Urinary incontinence 3649:Sexually transmitted 3504:Intrauterine devices 3349:Rectovaginal fistula 3339:Obstetrical fistulae 3267:Gestational diabetes 3262:Obstetrical bleeding 3237:Adolescent pregnancy 3222:Gravidity and parity 3217:Unintended pregnancy 2351:10.1056/NEJMsa013491 1654:10.1056/NEJMcp065743 1088:Gianpiero D. Palermo 1071:(gynaecologist) and 502:Ferritin light chain 418:Reproductive surgery 295:Cytoplasmic transfer 193:fertility medication 113:fertility treatment. 109:fertility medication 6377:Reproductive rights 6347:Genetic engineering 5989:Pregnancy from rape 5846:Intrauterine device 5546:Sex after pregnancy 5353:Endocrine diseases 5299:Prenatal depression 5171:Placental expulsion 5089:Uterine contraction 5072:cervical effacement 4813:Fertility awareness 4568:Selective reduction 4519:Ovulation induction 4463:In vitro maturation 4458:Gestational carrier 4383:aromatase inhibitor 4083:Women's empowerment 3951:Alzheimer's disease 3582:Cloth menstrual pad 3539:Fertility awareness 3509:Oral contraceptives 3391:Perinatal mortality 2677:Teman, Elly. 2010. 986:Society and culture 661:hysterosalpingogram 590:acute kidney injury 567:ovarian stimulation 478:confidence interval 472:and other factors ( 185:Ovulation induction 180:Ovulation induction 174:Ovulation induction 6352:Human reproduction 6342:Fertility medicine 6235:History of condoms 6124:Sexual dysfunction 6030:Sexual orientation 5984:Options counseling 5831:Male contraception 5754:Genetic counseling 5322:Hypercoagulability 5151:Natural childbirth 5000:Postterm pregnancy 4758:Male contraceptive 4594:Donor registration 4561:Vasectomy reversal 4180:Cartwright Inquiry 4091:Politics, research 3909:Endometrial cancer 3763:Sexual intercourse 3534:Planned parenthood 3519:Male contraceptive 2966:chicagotribune.com 2722:2013-02-19 at the 2703:2013-02-08 at the 2684:2009-11-21 at the 2667:on August 8, 2009. 2441:Human Reproduction 2265:2009-09-24 at the 2246:2009-07-05 at the 1573:2017-10-30 at the 1562:2018-11-26 at the 1483:10.1111/bioe.12310 1375:2013-03-10 at the 1356:2009-10-03 at the 961:In July 2020, the 756: 717:European directive 705: 598:caesarean delivery 360:prenatal diagnosis 273: 223: 143:sexual intercourse 6382:Social philosophy 6304: 6303: 6004:Teenage pregnancy 5721:Genital integrity 5651: 5650: 5636:Obstetric history 5631: 5630: 5592:Confinement nanny 5505: 5504: 5372:Acute fatty liver 5179: 5178: 5067:cervical dilation 4694: 4693: 4645:Accidental incest 4355:Fertility tourism 4350:Fertility testing 4280: 4279: 4160: 4159: 3985: 3984: 3936: 3935: 3919:Papanicolaou test 3875:Non-communicable 3843:Sexual harassment 3821:Domestic violence 3791: 3790: 3634: 3633: 3431: 3430: 3334:Retained placenta 3252:Ectopic pregnancy 2797:. 26 January 2022 2777:(in Spanish), on 1543:978-0-309-38870-2 1150:Ralph L. Brinster 1104:Artificial uterus 963:French Parliament 852:Council of Europe 516:visual impairment 498:energy metabolism 489:Genetic disorders 434:reverse vasectomy 428:, or reversing a 401:mitochondrial DNA 189:ovarian follicles 82: 81: 16:(Redirected from 6399: 6322:Applied genetics 6266:Two-child policy 6261:One-child policy 6141:Gender dysphoria 5678: 5671: 5664: 5655: 5516: 5482:Cardiotocography 5188: 5094:Vaginal delivery 4967:Nesting instinct 4942: 4927:Rudimentary horn 4856:Prenatal testing 4721: 4714: 4707: 4698: 4619:Semen collection 4524:Cryopreservation 4473:Oocyte selection 4345:Fertility clinic 4307: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4268: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4243: 4097: 3882: 3802: 3796:Non-reproductive 3645: 3562:Feminine hygiene 3329:Cesarian section 3324:Obstructed labor 3205: 3120: 3101: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3050: 3049: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2970: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2762:(in French), on 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2714: 2708: 2695: 2689: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2663:. 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Med 2327: 2326: 2322: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2267:Wayback Machine 2258: 2254: 2248:Wayback Machine 2239: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2022: 2021: 2017: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1962: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1892:(20): 4344–56. 1883: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1865:medlineplus.gov 1859: 1858: 1854: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1575:Wayback Machine 1564:Wayback Machine 1544: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1377:Wayback Machine 1368: 1364: 1358:Wayback Machine 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1170: 1114:Fertility fraud 1100: 1069:Patrick Steptoe 1057: 1024: 1008: 993: 988: 979: 971: 959: 946:Federal Council 938: 929: 917: 911: 861: 754: 750: 748: 744: 742: 738: 736: 732: 697: 639: 634: 614: 602:premature birth 454: 386: 332: 250:Embryo transfer 215: 209: 182: 176: 156:In the US, the 139: 134: 78: 63: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6405: 6403: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6367:Medical ethics 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6207:teen pregnancy 6199: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Health visitor 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5492:Nonstress test 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408:Skin diseases 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5198:Amniotic fluid 5194: 5192: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:Multiple birth 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4952:Bradley method 4948: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4844:Pregnancy test 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4539:ovarian tissue 4536: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4431:and expansions 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4194:Women's health 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4101:United Nations 4094: 4093:& advocacy 4088: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4040:Sociocultural 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3928:Ovarian cancer 3925: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3904:Uterine cancer 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3848:Sexual assault 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3726:Child marriage 3723: 3721:Breast ironing 3718: 3713: 3711:Breast binding 3708: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3699:Clitoridectomy 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3577:Menstrual aids 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3361:Husband stitch 3353: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3232:Antenatal care 3229: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3178:Fallopian tube 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3130: 3128: 3124:Reproductive 3117: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103:Women's health 3096: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3056:External links 3054: 3052: 3051: 3024:(8810): 17–8. 3008: 2994: 2980: 2974:2012-07-03 at 2949: 2934: 2922: 2919:about workshop 2910: 2897: 2856: 2831: 2807: 2795:Business Today 2782: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2709: 2690: 2670: 2652: 2626: 2600: 2578: 2558: 2534: 2513: 2492: 2427: 2396: 2385:(9): 598–604. 2365: 2334:fertilization" 2320: 2271: 2252: 2230: 2205: 2168:(5): e022658. 2147: 2128:. 2022-09-20. 2113: 2103: 2062: 2035:(4): 231–237. 2015: 1974: 1960: 1919: 1876: 1852: 1813: 1794:(5): 1308–15. 1778: 1751: 1710: 1667: 1627: 1579: 1542: 1534:10.17226/21871 1514: 1457: 1438:(1): 113–125. 1422: 1395:Fertil. Steril 1381: 1362: 1343: 1331: 1282: 1249: 1228:(8): 1638–52. 1208: 1189: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134:Sperm donation 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1059:25 July 1978, 1056: 1053: 1037:sperm donation 1023: 1020: 992: 989: 987: 984: 978: 975: 970: 967: 958: 955: 937: 934: 928: 925: 910: 907: 906: 905: 901: 898: 895: 860: 859:United Kingdom 857: 749: 743: 737: 731: 696: 695:European Union 693: 685: 684: 677: 674: 671: 668: 638: 635: 633: 630: 613: 610: 527:Sperm donation 524: 523: 520:cerebral palsy 509: 491: 453: 450: 449: 448: 441: 415: 408: 385: 382: 346:(as a form of 331: 328: 327: 326: 320: 314: 311:Sperm donation 308: 298: 292: 285: 278: 264: 254: 253: 247: 208: 205: 201:oligoovulation 178:Main article: 175: 172: 138: 135: 133: 130: 80: 79: 72: 69: 68: 61: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6404: 6393: 6392:Transhumanism 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:Biotechnology 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:child benefit 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6212:birth control 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6202:United States 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Prenatal care 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5851:Sterilization 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5818:Contraception 5815: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Birth spacing 5784: 5782: 5781:childlessness 5778: 5777:Childfreeness 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Sex education 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Monthly nurse 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Amniocentesis 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Vaginal flora 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5327:Substance use 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Fundal height 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4993:Preterm birth 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Hypnobirthing 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:3D ultrasound 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Birth control 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4670:Sex selection 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Sex selection 4571: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507:Other methods 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4405:Gonadotropins 4403: 4401: 4400:GnRH agonists 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4273: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4139:United States 4136: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Disadvantaged 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014:Urinary tract 4012: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3990:Mental health 3988: 3987: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899:Breast cancer 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3808:against women 3803: 3800: 3794: 3784: 3783:Sex education 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716:Breast health 3714: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587:Menstrual cup 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3491:Contraception 3488: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Childlessness 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3437:Reproductive 3434: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3411:Sterilization 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309:Preterm birth 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144:Clitoral hood 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112:Reproductive 3108: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976:archive.today 2973: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2876:(4): 1194–7. 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2821: 2817: 2816:"IVF Clinics" 2811: 2808: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2641:on 2014-06-24 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2524:. 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