Assyrian continuity - Knowledge (XXG)

449: 20: 1626:, has at least fourteen exclusive (i.e. not attested in other dialects) loanwords from Akkadian, including nine of which are clearly from the ancient Assyrian dialect (six of which are architectural or topographical terms). A 2011 study by Kathleen Abraham and Michael Sokoloff on 282 words previously believed to have been Aramaic loanwords in Akkadian determined that many such cases were questionable, and also found that 15 of those words were actually Akkadian loanwords in Aramaic and that the direction of the loan could not be determined in 22 cases; Abraham's and Sokoloff's conclusion was that the number of loanwords from Akkadian to Aramaic was far larger than the number of loanwords from Aramaic to Akkadian. 387:

wrath. This belief was reinforced through archaeologists in the Middle East initially not finding many remains fitting with the conventional European image of ancient cities, with stone columns and great sculptures, beyond those of ancient Persia; Assyria and other Mesopotamian civilizations left no magnificent ruins above ground—all that remained to see were huge grass-covered mounds in the plains which travellers at times believed to simply be natural features of the landscape. Early European archaeologists in the Middle East were also for the most part more interested in confirming Biblical truth through their excavations than to spend time on new interpretations of the evidence they discovered.

3143:, p. 290: "The destruction of the Assyrian Empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carried on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and after various vicissitudes, these people became Christians. These Christians, and the Jewish communities scattered amongst them, not only kept alive the memory of their Assyrian predecessors but also combined them with traditions from the Bible". 1707:

visits by foreign missionaries, as can for instance be gathered from the accounts of Horatio Postgate. Some opponents to Assyrian continuity, such as Becker, have argued that the rich Christian literature from the Sasanian period connecting with ancient Assyria was simply based on the Bible, rather than actual remembrance of ancient Assyria, despite several figures appearing in the tales, such as Esarhaddon and Sargon II, barely being mentioned in the Bible. The texts are also very much a local Assyrian phenomenon, given that the historical accounts presented in them are at odds with those of other historical writings of the Sasanian Empire.

871:" and Mesopotamia as "Assyria". By the time the terms are first attested in Greek texts (in the 4th century BC), the local denizens in both the Levant and Mesopotamia had already long used both terms interchangeably for the entire region, and continued to do so well into the later Christian period. Whether the Greeks began referring to Mesopotamia as "Assyria" because they equated the region with the Assyrian Empire, long fallen by the time the term is first attested in Greek, or because they named the region after the people who lived there, the (As)syrians, is not known. 68: 5275: 779: 1539:

during the Middle Assyrian period, this lack of linguistic policies facilitated the spread of the Aramaic language. As the most widely spoken and mutually understandable of the Semitic languages (the language group containing many of the languages spoken through the empire), Aramaic grew in importance throughout the Neo-Assyrian period and increasingly replaced the Akkadian language even within the Assyrian heartland itself. From the 9th century BC onwards, Aramaic became the

1736:(1968–2003), which sought to counteract Assyrian demands for autonomy through refusing to recognize Assyrians as a third ethnic minority of the country, instead promoting Assyrians, "Syrians" and Chaldeans as separate peoples, and undercounted Assyrians in censuses; in 1977, it was made impossible to register as Assyrian in the national census and Assyrians were consequently forced to register as Arabs for fear of losing employment and ration cards. 5264: 989:. A sanctuary constructed for Mar Qardagh during this time was built directly on top of the ruins of a Neo-Assyrian temple. The legendary figure Nimrod, otherwise traditionally viewed as simply Mesopotamian, is explicitly referred to as Assyrian in many of the Sasanian-period texts and is inserted into the line of Assyrian kings. Nimrod, as well as other legendary Mesopotamian (though explicitly Assyrian in the texts) rulers, such as 1318: 694: 50: 240:. In addition, Aramaic also replaced other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, Edomite, Moabite, Amorite, Ugarite, Dilmunite, and Chaldean among non-Aramean peoples without prejudicing their origins and identity. Due to assimilation efforts encouraged by Assyrian kings, fellow Semitic Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, and other non-Semitic groups such as Hittites, Hurrians, Urartians, Phrygians, 1496: 1464: 1398:", have also lobbied for recognition as a distinct group in recent times. Modern international organizations generally do not recognize Assyrians, Syriacs, Arameans and Chaldeans as members of different ethnic groups, instead, they merely consider these names alternate names and numerous church leaders have also affirmed that they belong to the same ethnic group, albeit to different Christian denominations. 5286: 6188: 1407: 1035: 1702:, David Wilmshurst and Adam H. Becker, have opposed continuity between modern and ancient Assyrians, typically arguing that modern Assyrian identity only emerged in the middle to late 19th century as a consequence of interactions with foreign missionaries and/or the discovery of ancient Assyrian ruins. Wholesale opposition of Assyrian continuity is not reflected within Assyriology. 357: 1439:

main population center in the city gradually shifted to the opposite bank of the river, which became the city today known as Mosul; ancient Nineveh only gradually fell into ruin and eventually became open countryside. Though most of the old population centers were similarly gradually abandoned and fell into ruin some also endured. The ancient city of Arbela, today known as

1057:(published posthumously in 1836, though describing an 1820 journey). It is just possible that Rich considered "Assyrian" a geographic, rather than ethnic, term since he in a footnote on the same page also referenced the "Christians of Assyria". More clear-cut evidence of Assyrian self-identity in the 19th century can be seen in the writings of the American missionary 1535:

resettlements and deportations, changed the ethno-cultural make-up of the Assyrian heartland, there is no evidence to suggest that the more ancient Assyrian inhabitants of the land ever disappeared or became restricted to a small elite, nor that the ethnic and cultural identity of the new settlers was anything other than "Assyrian" after one or two generations.

3290:, p. 148: "Although some authors doubt that Assyrian people could have survived from 600 BCE to the nineteenth century, many of the factors that justify recognizing Armenians, Jews, or other groups as continuously existing since ancient times also apply to the Assyrians, namely common patterns of worship, consistent self-identification, and genetic continuity". 6176: 339:". Though some religious officials and activists (particularly in the west) have promoted such identities as separate ethnic groups rather than simply religious denominational groups, they are not generally treated as such by international organizations or historians, and historically, genetically, geographically and linguistically these are all the same 1167: 61: 799:"Aramean"). A reluctance of the overall Christian population to adopt ʾĀthorāyā as a self-designation probably derives from Assyria's portrayal in the Bible. "Assyrian" (Āthorāyā) also continuously survived as the designation for a Christian from Mosul (ancient Nineveh) and Mesopotamia in general. It is clear from the surviving sources that 734:

civilization, like any other culture and civilization, did not develop in isolation. As the Assyrian Empire expanded and contracted, elements from regions the Assyrians conquered or traded with culturally influenced the Assyrian heartland and the Assyrians themselves. Early Assyrian culture was greatly influenced by the

1005:; a local Assyrian version of this narrative appears in some Syriac-language writings from the Sasanian period, which allege that Balaam's prophecy was remembered only through being transmitted through the ancient Assyrian kings. In some stories, explicit claims of descent are made. According to the 6th-century 1289:. In the aftermath of these events, explicit Assyrian self-identity became even more widespread and established in their communities, not only in order to unify communities in the diaspora (which often originated in different regions) but also because "Syrian" became internationally established as the 1575:

745–727 BC), the Assyrian kings employed both Akkadian and Aramaic-language royal scribes, confirming the rise of Aramaic to a position of an official language used by the imperial administration. It is clear that Aramaic was spoken by the Assyrian royal family from at least the late 8th century

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Because the Assyrians never imposed their language on foreign peoples whose lands they conquered outside of the Assyrian heartland, there were no mechanisms in place to stop the spread of languages other than Akkadian. Beginning with the migrations of Aramaic-speaking settlers into Assyrian territory

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displays symbolism which is derived from ancient Assyria. From the second half of the 20th century to the present, Assyrians, particularly in the diaspora, have continued to promote Assyrian nationalism as a unifying force among their people. Some denominational groups have opposed being lumped in as

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AD 240–250, the inscriptions, temples, continued celebration of festivals and the wealth of theophoric elements (divine names) in personal names of the Parthian period illustrate a strong continuity of traditions dating back to circa 21st century BC, and that the most important deities of old Assyria

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Names clearly reminiscent of those used by Assyrians in the Neo-Assyrian Empire continued to be used at Assur throughout the post-imperial period, at least until the 3rd century AD. Some opponents to Assyrian continuity, such as David Wilmshurst, hold that ancient Assyrian names ceased being used in

1706:

considers Assyrian continuity to still be a matter of debate, but also opposes the idea that Assyrian identity only emerged in the 19th century, noting that modern Christians in northern Mesopotamia saw themselves as descendants of the ancient Assyrians long before the discovery of ancient sites and

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as a self-identity, and began building a national ideology more heavily based around ancient Assyria than Christianity. This was not an isolated phenomenon: Middle Eastern nationalism, probably influenced by developments in Europe, also began to be strongly expressed in other communities during this

749:, do not appear to have been reflected in ancient Assyria. Although Assyrian accounts and artwork of warfare frequently describe and depict foreign enemies, they are not depicted with different physical features, but rather with different clothing and equipment. Assyrian accounts describe enemies as 639:

empires, further efforts were made to revitalize Assyria and the ancient great cities began to be resettled, with the predominant portion of the population remaining native Assyrian. The original Assyrian capital of Assur is in particular known to have flourished under Parthian rule. Continuity from

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Though the centuries that followed the fall of Assyria are characterized by a distinct lack of surviving sources from the region in comparison to previous eras, the idea that Assyria was rendered uninhabited and desolated stems from the contrast with the richly attested Neo-Assyrian period, not from

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The gradual extinction of Akkadian and its replacement with Akkadian influenced East Aramaic does not reflect the disappearance of the original Assyrian population; Aramaic was used not only by settlers but was also adopted by native Assyrians and Babylonians, in time even becoming used by the royal

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with little resemblance to the old Akkadian language, they are not wholly without Akkadian influence. Most notably there are numerous examples of Akkadian loanwords in both ancient and modern Aramaic languages. This connection was noted already in 1974, when a study by Stephen A. Kaufman found that

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have historically most often been exposed to cultural influences from Iran whereas followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church have been exposed to cultural influences from Greece. In the Syriac Orthodox Church, officials have been important part of advancing secular Assyrianism, then later reducing it

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Pre-modern Syriac-language sources at times identified positively with the ancient Assyrians and drew connections between the ancient empire and themselves. Most prominently, ancient Assyrian kings and figures long appeared in local folklore and literary tradition and claims of descent from ancient

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river, a large Assyrian palace, dubbed the "Red House" by archaeologists, continued to be used in Neo-Babylonian times, with cuneiform records there being written by people with Assyrian names, in Assyrian style, though dated to the reigns of the early Neo-Babylonian kings. These documents mention

471:

Modern Assyriology does not support the idea that the fall of Assyria also brought with it a complete eradication of the Assyrian people and their culture. Though in the past regarded as a "post-Assyrian" age, Assyriologists today consider the last period of ancient Assyrian history to be the long

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and a handful of inaccurate works by a few later classical authors, many Western historians prior to the early 19th century believed Assyrians (and Babylonians) to have been completely annihilated, although this was not the view in the region of Mesopotamia itself or surrounding regions, where the

1739:

Genetic testing of Assyrian populations is a relatively new field of study, but has hitherto supported continuity from Bronze and Iron Age populations and underlined the notion that Assyrians historically rarely intermarried with surrounding populations. Genetic studies conducted in 2000 and 2008

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Assyrian settlements continued to be occupied into the Christian period. The ancient capital of Nineveh, for instance, became the seat of a bishop, the Bishop of Nineveh, and a church (later converted to a mosque under Islamic rule) was built on top of the ruins of an ancient Assyrian palace. The

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1363–912 BC), since later writings concerning the reconquests of the early Neo-Assyrian kings refer to some of their wars as liberating the Assyrian people of the cities they reconquered. Though there for much of ancient Assyria's history existed a distinct Assyrian identity, Assyrian culture and

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states that there will come a day when God will proclaim "Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel my heritage". The erroneous idea of complete Assyrian annihilation, despite increasing evidence to the contrary, proved to be enduring in western academia. As late as

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and works by classical authors, both of which described Assyria's fall as violent and comprehensive destruction. Before the 19th century, the prevalent belief in Biblically influenced western scholarship was that ancient Assyria and Babylonia had been literally annihilated due to provoking divine

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Modern Assyrians consider opposition to Assyrian continuity to be offensive and associate it with other historical forms of oppression against them. Sargon Donabed, for instance, considers the use of terms such as "Chaldeans", "Syrian", "Syriacs", "Arameans", or more extremely "Arab Christians",

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massacres in the late 14th century. In pre-modern ecclesiastical Syriac-language (the type of Aramaic used in Christian Mesopotamian writings) sources, the typical self-designations used is suryāyā (as well as the shortened surayā), and sometimes ʾāthorāyā ("Assyrian") and ʾārāmāyā ("Aramaic" or

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has increasingly and successfully challenged the initial Western perception; today, Assyriologists and historians recognize that Assyrian culture, identity, language, and people clearly survived the violent fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and endured into modern times. The last period of ancient

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The use of the Assyrian name by modern Assyrians has historically led to controversy and misunderstanding, not only within but also outside the Assyrian community. Discussions on the connection between the modern and ancient Assyrians have also entered into academia. In addition to support by

863:, sometimes use the shortened "Syria" for the Assyrian Empire. The consensus in modern academia is thus that "Syria" is simply a shortened form of "Assyria". The modern distinction between "Assyrian" and "Syrian" is the result of ancient Greek historians and cartographers, who designated the 789:

Though many foreign states ruled over the Assyrian heartland in the millennia following the empire's fall, there is no evidence of any large scale influx of immigrants that replaced the original population, which instead continued to make up a significant portion of the region's people until

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wrote that "The disappearance of the Assyrian people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away, but the people have lived on ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was

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The widespread adoption of the language does not indicate a wholesale replacement of the original native population; the Aramaic language was used not only by settlers but also by native Assyrians, who adopted it and its alphabetic script. The Aramaic language had entered the Assyrian royal

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but ethnically identified himself as an Assyrian. In 1935, Perley wrote that "The Assyrians, although representing but one single nation as the direct heirs of the ancient Assyrian Empire … are now doctrinally divided … No one can coherently understand the Assyrians as a whole until he can

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tribes began to migrate into Assyrian territory. In the first millennium BC, Aramean influence on Assyria grew greater and greater, owing to further migrations as well as mass deportations enacted by several Assyrian kings. Though the expansion of the Assyrian Empire, in combination with

1723:(also a name with ancient Assyrian connections, deriving either from Nimrud or Nimrod); both of these names are also however mentioned in the Bible. Modern Assyrian authors, such as Odisho Malko Gewargis, contend that a decrease in ancient pagan names invoking gods such as Ashur, 724:

2025–1364 BC), when distinctly Assyrian burial practices, foods and dress codes are attested and Assyrian documents appear to consider the inhabitants of Assur to be a distinct cultural group. A wider Assyrian identity appears to have spread across northern Mesopotamia under the

3266:, p. 174: "The Assyrians are the descendants of the once mighty Assyrian nation which inhabited the northern part of the country known as Iraq", "The Assyrians, who were Christians, managed to survive in the lands of their forefathers until the outbreak of the First World War". 1081:. Southgate also mentioned that the Syriac Christians themselves at this point claimed origin from the ancient Assyrians as "sons of Assour". Southgate's account thus demonstrates that modern Assyrians still claimed ancient Assyrian descent already in the early 19th century. 3131:, p. 10: "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area". 1451:

Although the ancient Mesopotamian pantheon ceased to be worshipped at Assur with the city's destruction in the 3rd century AD, it persisted at other localities, despite the overwhelming conversion of the region to Christianity, for much longer; the old faith persisted at

963:

long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. In large part, tales from the Sasanian period and later times were invented narratives, based on ancient Assyrian history but applied to local and current landscapes. Medieval tales written in Syriac, such as that of

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in ancient Assyria. What mattered for a person to be seen by others as Assyrian was mainly fulfillment of obligations (such as military service), being affiliated with the Assyrian Empire politically, and maintaining loyalty to the Assyrian king; some kings, such as

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advocated Syriac identity over both Assyrian and Aramean identity. More recently, many Syriac Orthodox adherents have preferred to identify themselves as "Syriac" in English (the name of their church and the liturgical language and an alternate transliteration of

1606:, though it could perhaps alternatively be attributed to political instability in the empire. The denizens of Assur and other former Assyrian population centers under Parthian rule, who clearly connected themselves to ancient Assyria, wrote and spoke Aramaic. 327:, and various smaller largely Protestant denominations. This effort has been met with both support and some minorory opposition from various religious communities; some denominations have rejected unity and promoted alternate religious identities, such as " 1353:"Assyrians" and as a result, they have founded counter-movements of their own; the so-called "name debate" is still a hotly discussed topic within Syriac Christian communities today, especially in the diaspora which lives outside the Assyrian homeland. 1732:"Kurdish Christians" and "Turkish Christians", to be harmful as they add to division and confusion in regard to identity and are "clearly reflective of modern political parlance". These views are partly attributable to the actions of the government in 1429:

In addition to continuity in self-designation and self-perception, there continued to be important continuities between ancient and contemporary Mesopotamia in terms of religion, literary culture and settlement well after the post-imperial period.

628:.{ Assyria was powerful enough to rebel twice against the Achaemenid Empire during the late 6th century BC, Assyrian troops provided heavy infantry and archers in the Achaemenid army and Assyrian agriculture provided a breadbaaket for the empire. 1711:

the Christian period and that this in turn was evidence of a lack of continuity. There is some evidence of continued use of names with explicit ancient Mesopotamian connections in the Christian period; Arabic-language records from 13th-century

3318:, p. 85: "The Assyrians are a group of Christians, also known as Nestorians, with a long history in the Middle East. From historical and archaeological evidence, it is thought that their ancestors formed part of the Mesopotamian civilization". 1219:

and a stronger association with ancient Assyria through nationalism is not a unique development in regard to the Assyrians. Greeks, for instance, due to associating the term "Hellene" with the pagan religion, overwhelmingly self-identified as

1096:(1849), Layard argued that the Christians he met in northern Mesopotamia were "descendants of the ancient Assyrians". It is possible that Layard's knowledge of them as such derived from his partnership with the local Assyrian archaeologist 278:

developed near the end of the 19th century, coinciding with increasing contacts with Europeans, increasing levels of ethnic and religious persecution, along with increased expressions nationalism in other Middle Eastern groups, such as the

145:. No archaeological, genetic, linguistic, anthropological, or written historical evidence exists of the original Assyrian and Mesopotamian population being exterminated, removed, bred out, or replaced in the aftermath of the 1691:, Mohammad Taghi Akbari, Sunder S. Papiha, Derek Frank Roberts and Dariush Farhud. Numerous scholars who themselves are of Assyrian origin, such as Efrem Yildiz, Sargon Donabed and Odisho Malko Gewargis, have also published 1635:

prominent historical Assyriologists, such as Austen Henry Layard and Sidney Smith, Assyrian continuity enjoys wide support within contemporary Assyriology. Among proponents of continuity are prominent Assyriologists such as

922: 268:, meaning Assyrian. The academic consensus is that the modern name "Syria" originated as a shortened form of "Assyria" and applied originally only to Mesopotamian Assyria and not to the modern Levantine country of Syria. 1727:

and Sîn is hardly surprising given the Christianization of the Assyrians; similar cases of native names being increasingly replaced by Biblically derived names are also known from numerous other Christianized peoples.

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only in terms of their behavior, as lacking correct religious practices, and as doing wrongdoings against Assyria. All things considered, there does not appear to have been any well-developed concepts of ethnicity or

910:, mother of corruption". In a similar fashion, the term in this context was also sometimes applied to the later Muslim rulers. Though not used by the overall Syriac-speaking community in the Middle Ages, the term 448: 1377:, Ignatius Aphrem I took an anti-Assyrian stance, which came to influence the religious mindset of the Syriac Orthodox community. The church was then called the Assyrian Apostolic Church of Antioch in the 3600:

Banoei, Mohammad Mehdi; Chaleshtori, Morteza Hashemzadeh; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Shariati, Parvin; Houshmand, Massoud; Majidizadeh, Tayebeh; Soltani, Niloofar Jahangir; Golalipour, Massoud (2008).

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Assyria". Just a year later, Smith had completely abandoned the idea of the Assyrians having been eradicated and recognized the persistence of Assyrians through the Christian period into the present.

668:) and other Mesopotamian gods such as Shamash, Ishtar, Sin, Adad and Tammuz. Assur may even have been the capital of its own semi-autonomous or vassal state, either under the suzerainty of the 1336:

For communities that identify themselves as Assyrian, Assyrian continuity forms a key part of their self-identity. Many modern Assyrians are named after ancient Mesopotamian figures, such as

1882:

Sargon II was for instance due to being mentioned only once in the Bible long forgotten in western scholarship and was only accepted as a real Assyrian king within Assyriology in the 1860s.

149:, modern contemporary scholarship "almost unilaterally" supports Assyrian continuity, recognizing the modern Assyrians as the ethnic, linguistic, historical, and genetic descendants of the 390:

Though the Bible and other Hebrew texts describe the destruction of the Assyrian Empire, they do not actually claim that the Assyrian people were destroyed or replaced. The 2nd century BC

19: 1152:

dialects. Through the promotion of an identity rooted in ancient Assyria, various communities could transcend their denominational differences and unite under one national identity.

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ancient Assyria is clear in Assur and other cities during this period, with personal names of the city's denizens greatly reflecting names used in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as

745:

Surviving evidence suggests that the ancient Assyrians had a relatively open definition of what it meant to be Assyrian. Modern ideas such as a person's ethnic background, or the

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Naby, Eden (2006). "Assyrian Nationalism in Iraq: Survival under Religious and Ethnic Threat". In Burszta, Wojciech J.; Kamusella, Tomasz & Wojchiechowski, Sebastian (eds.).

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Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (2014). "Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

228:, was itself a creation of the Assyrian Empire and its people, and with its retention of an Akkadian grammatical structure and Akkadian words and names, is distinct from the 4784:

Radner, Karen (2021). "Diglossia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire's Akkadian and Aramaic Text Production". In Jonker, Louis C.; Berlejung, Angelika & Cornelius, Izak (eds.).

1744:; this indicates that the community has historically been relatively closed owing to their religious and cultural traditions, with little intermixture with other groups. 315:, Assyrian intellectuals and authors hoped to inspire the unification of the Assyrian nation, transcending long-standing religious denominational divisions between the 5204: 4715:

Payne, Richard (2012). "Avoiding Ethnicity: Uses of the Ancient Past in Late Sasanian Northern Mesopotamia". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Payne, Richard (eds.).

1828: 244:, and Elamites deported into the Assyrian heartland are also likely to quickly have been absorbed, self-identified, and been regarded, as Assyrians. The population of 3167:"There is no reason to believe that there would be no racial or cultural continuity in Assyria since there is no evidence that the population of Assyria was removed". 1314:

distinguish that which is religion or church from that which is nation …" and even proposed uniting all Assyrians under a single patriarch of the Church of the East.

382:. In the millennia following the fall of Assyria, knowledge of the ancient empire chiefly survived in western literary tradition through accounts of Assyria in the 375: 146: 937:

Assyrian royalty were forwarded both for figures in folklore and by actual living high-ranking members of society in northern Mesopotamia. Figures like Sargon II,

4521: 3969: 968:, for instance by and large characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to Christianity. 169: 1049:

in northern Mesopotamia in the 19th century observed connections between the indigenous Christian population and the ancient Assyrians. The British traveller

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Connections between the modern population and ancient Assyrians were further popularized in the west and academia by the British archaeologist and traveller

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are the predominant self-designations used by Assyrians in their native language, though they are typically translated as "Assyrian" rather than "Syrian".

5988: 5243: 1254: 612:

530–522 BC) and were closely linked to a local cult dedicated to Ashur. Many individuals with clearly Assyrian names are also known from the rule of the

672:, or under direct Parthian suzerainty. Though this second golden age of Assur came to an end with the conquest, sack and destruction of the city by the 890:, which also survived as a designation for the region surrounding its last great capital, Nineveh. The reluctance of Medieval Syriac Christians to use 4657:

Novák, Mirko (2016). "Assyrians and Arameans: Modes of Cohabitation and Acculuration at Guzana (Tell Halaf)". In Aruz, Joan; Seymour, Michael (eds.).

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was sometimes employed in Syriac writings as a term for enemies of Christians. In this context, the term was sometimes applied to the Persians of the

515:

Though the Assyrian bureaucracy and governmental institutions disappeared with Assyria's fall, Assyrian population centers and culture did not. At

5421: 5052:"The Land of Syria in the Late Seventeenth Century: ʿAbd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi and Linking City and Countryside through Study, Travel, and Worship" 716:

are largely based in self-perception and self-designation. In ancient Assyria, a distinct Assyrian identity appears to have formed already in the

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Haider, Peter W. (2008). "Tradition and change in the beliefs at Assur, Nineveh and Nisibis between 300 BC and AD 300". In Kaizer, Ted (ed.).

4999: 4978: 4853: 4647: 4289: 3864: 3792: 3702: 1253:(Assyrian genocide) and various other massacres, a majority of the Assyrians have been displaced from their homeland, and today they live in 581:

Individuals with Assyrian names are attested at multiple sites in Assyria and Babylonia during the Neo-Babylonian Empire, including Babylon,

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gradually went extinct but other aspects of Assyrian culture, such as religion, traditions, and naming patterns, and the Akkadian influenced

5197: 4017:"Representing Greekness: French and Greek Lithographs from the Greek War of Independence (1821–1827) and the Greek-Italian War (1940–1941)" 965: 926: 807:

were not distinct and mutually exclusive identities, but rather interchangeable terms used to refer to the same people; the Syriac author

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dialects specific to Mesopotamia survived in a reduced but highly recognizable form before giving way to specifically native forms of

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as a self-designation could perhaps be explained by the Assyrians described in the Bible being prominent enemies of Israel; the term

5155: 4934: 4626: 4396: 4350: 4245: 3841: 3813: 3662: 6130: 378:, with most of its major population centers violently sacked and most of its territory incorporated into the fellow Mesopotamian 4498:

Makko, Aryo (2012). "Discourse, Identity and Politics: A Transnational Approach to Assyrian Identity in the Twentieth Century".

4187: 5416: 5190: 3942:

Donabed, Sargon (2019). "Persistent Perseverance: A Trajectory of Assyrian History in the Modern Age". In Rowe, Paul S. (ed.).

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is attested as a thriving city, but only very late in the Neo-Babylonian period, and there were attempts to revive the city of

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inscribed with text in both Akkadian and Aramaic. A recorded drop in the number of cuneiform documents late in the reign of

1073:, which he himself had been using. Armenian and Georgian sources have since antiquity consistently referred to Assyrians as 6213: 5665: 5626: 5540: 5411: 4616: 1602:

669–631 BC) could indicate a greater shift to Aramaic, often written on perishable materials like leather scrolls or

985:

and the historical Sennacherib, with his illustrious descent manifesting in Mar Qardagh's mastery of archery, hunting and

914:

did survive as a self-identity throughout the period as it was the typically used designation for a Syriac Christian from

661: 252:

between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, with Mesopotamian religion enduring among Assyrians in small pockets until the late

6150: 6125: 6061: 5825: 430: 264:, sometimes alternatively translated as "Syrian" or "Syriac", is generally accepted to derive from the ancient Akkadian 5642: 67: 6135: 6081: 5944: 5361: 5336: 5330: 5253: 4139: 1808: 1480: 1357: 1266: 1161: 755: 336: 332: 328: 316: 5115:

Valk, Jonathan (1 November 2020). "Crime and Punishment: Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony".

4168:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

1545:

lingua franca, with Akkadian becoming relegated to a language of the political elite (i.e. governors and officials).

738:, a people that also lived in northern Mesopotamia, and by the culture of southern Mesopotamia, particularly that of 660:), reflecting names extant in the lafe 3rd millennium BC. The Assyrians at Assur continued to follow the traditional 4391:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6145: 5367: 4535: 4448:

Lundgren, Svante (2023). "When the Assyrian Tragedy Became Seyfo: A Study of Swedish-Assyrian Politics of Memory".

1833: 1672: 4386: 1306: 3242:, "there are still Assyrians living in the regions of Iran and northern Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day". 1684: 1229: 817: 209: 5263: 860: 783: 6066: 5604: 5355: 3977:

Donabed, Sargon; Mako, Shamiran (2009). "Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians".

3827: 1818: 1783: 1664: 1527: 1484: 1391: 1282: 320: 4945: 1651:, J. A. Brinkman and Mirko Novák. Historians of other fields have also supported Assyrian continuity, such as 1181:, several prominent Aramaic-language authors and intellectuals promoted Assyrian nationalism. Among them were 3617: 1329:, once promoter of the Assyrian identity, while later rejecting it for the followers of his church after the 886:

in other contexts, particularly in relation to ancient Assyria. Ancient Assyria was typically referred to as

6155: 5689: 5677: 5550: 5449: 1699: 1145: 1116: 601:. The Assyrians in Uruk apparently continued to exist as a community until the reign of the Achaemenid king 5426: 5056:

Grounded Identities: Territory and Belonging in the Medieval and Early Modern Middle East and Mediterranean

997:, sometimes play significant roles in the writings. Certain Christian texts considered the Biblical figure 770:

722–705 BC), explicitly encouraged assimilation and mixture of foreign cultures with that of Assyria.

5910: 5522: 5324: 5318: 4477:

Luukko, Mikko; Van Buylaere, Greta (2017). "Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3651:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East" 1813: 1768: 1476: 1366: 1326: 1310: 973: 726: 505: 476:, extending from 609 BC to around AD 250 with the destruction of the semi- independent Assyrian states of 324: 213: 4551:

Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

4237:

Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

3164: 141:

in particular. Assyrian continuity and Mesopotamian heritage is a key part of the identity of the modern

5534: 5510: 4988:

Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum (2011). "The name of Syria in ancient and modern usage". In Beshara, Adel (ed.).

4786:

Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts

3675:

Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism

1614: 1588: 1500: 1149: 473: 443: 398: 379: 364: 193: 3602:"Variation ofDAT1 VNTR Alleles and Genotypes Among Old Ethnic Groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus Region" 1720: 4696: 1103:

Towards the end of the 19th century, a so-called "religious renaissance" or "awakening" took place in

882:

is not the typical self-designation in pre-modern sources. Syriac sources did however prominently use

778: 6117: 6103: 6051: 6026: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5760: 5454: 5285: 4321:

Islamic Manuscripts of Late Medieval Rum, 1270s-1370s: Production, Patronage and the Arts of the Book

1803: 1278: 1024: 617: 271: 256:. Assyrian Aramaic-language sources from the Christian period predominantly use the self-designation 4697:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 1088:(1817–1894), responsible for the early excavations of several major ancient Assyrian sites, such as 1015:) were descendants of ancient Assyrian nobility who lived in the city during the time of Sargon II. 6192: 6076: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6021: 5939: 5701: 5610: 5528: 5516: 5464: 5459: 5299: 5279: 1853: 1763: 1758: 1692: 1623: 1565: 1423: 1274: 1085: 1038: 717: 702: 237: 221: 134: 1365:(then bishop, later patriarch between 1933 and 1957) was a part of the Assyrian Delegation to the 1302: 6091: 6011: 5932: 5905: 5622: 5248: 5132: 5038: 5030: 4892: 4884: 4832: 4824: 4753: 4718:

Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100

4515: 4465: 4419: 4039: 3963: 3930: 3895: 3637: 3621: 3588: 3580: 3512: 1773: 1395: 1298: 1286: 680:

were still worshipped at Assur more than 800 years after the Assyrian Empire had been destroyed.

520: 275: 173: 107: 5051: 843:, though sometimes translated to "Syrian", is believed to derive from the ancient Akkadian term 5226:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

4407: 6086: 6056: 5883: 5834: 5820: 5790: 5671: 5474: 5151: 5101: 5094:

Trolle Larsen, Mogens (2017). "The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

5080: 5059: 4995: 4974: 4930: 4909: 4849: 4789: 4770: 4722: 4664: 4643: 4622: 4583: 4558: 4503: 4484: 4392: 4371: 4346: 4325: 4306: 4285: 4262: 4241: 4220: 4172: 4121: 4100: 4079: 4058: 4001: 3982: 3949: 3860: 3837: 3809: 3788: 3767: 3719: 3698: 3693:

Bedford, Peter R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).

3679: 3658: 3650: 3629: 3547: 1733: 1515: 1475:

is a three-day fast found in all of the traditional churches of modern Assyrians, such as the

1370: 1362: 1322: 1270: 1058: 1002: 960: 903: 746: 613: 402: 245: 205: 168:

in general, which were composed of both the old native Assyrian population and of neighboring

150: 104: 5969: 307:. Through the large-scale promotion of long extant terms and promotion of identities such as 6031: 5616: 5469: 5441: 5347: 5310: 5124: 5022: 4876: 4816: 4745: 4457: 4367: 4300: 4031: 3920: 3887: 3749: 3613: 3572: 3537: 1793: 1788: 1419: 1382: 1262: 1182: 1170: 1007: 990: 669: 421: 249: 225: 1390:), some identifying as Syriac and Assyrian or Aramean interchangeably. Some members of the 5959: 5784: 5574: 5568: 5431: 5406: 5386: 5213: 4679: 4216:

The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

4135: 3909:"Rethinking Nationalism and an Appellative Conundrum: Historiography and Politics in Iraq" 1740:

support Assyrians as genetically distinct from other groups in the Middle East, with high

1668: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1619: 1550: 1472: 1374: 1373:

for the Assyrian people. The patriarchal residence was later moved to Syria and after the

1337: 1330: 1317: 1112: 899: 852: 693: 673: 636: 632: 625: 564: 497: 461: 340: 229: 142: 100: 4619:: An Overview of Nationalisms in State-Endowed and Statless Nations, Volume II: the World 3524:

Akbari, Mohammad Taghi; Papiha, Sunder S.; Roberts, Derek Frank; Farhud, Dariush (1986).

1041:(1817–1894), credited with the popularization of Assyrian continuity in western academia 878:

is thus clearly connected to "Assyrian", the more prevalent term for ancient Assyrians,

624:. The temple dedicated to Ashur in Assur was rebuilt by local Assyrians in the reign of 6180: 5839: 5766: 5742: 5630: 5401: 5396: 4964: 4598: 4093:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3823: 3542: 3525: 1688: 1660: 1644: 1610: 1345: 1232:, when a more strong association with Ancient Greece spread among the populace. Today, 1141: 1097: 795: 465: 425: 394: 304: 220:

administrations of Assyria and Babylonia themselves. In fact, the new language of the

49: 6207: 5949: 5683: 5290: 5268: 5136: 5042: 4896: 4836: 4757: 4469: 4202: 4043: 3934: 3899: 3592: 1823: 1577: 1504: 1381:, a name Ignatius Aphrem I came to change to the Syrian Orthodox. In 1981, Patriarch 1378: 1349: 1065:(1844) he remarked with surprise that Armenians referred to the Syriac Christians as 1050: 868: 847:("Assyrian"), which was sometimes even in ancient times rendered in the shorter form 791: 80: 3641: 1495: 5707: 4844:

Reade, Julian Edgeworth (2018). "Nineveh Rediscovered". In Brereton, Gareth (ed.).

1719:

in the Arabic text), a relative of a Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church named

1703: 1648: 1636: 1592: 1361:

by creating of separate "Syrian" or "Arameans" identities. For instance, Patriarch

1046: 516: 489: 417: 383: 114: 110: 5954: 1560:

859–824 BC), given that Aramaic writings are known from a palace he built in

1463: 5145: 5095: 5074: 4989: 4968: 4924: 4716: 4658: 4637: 4573: 4552: 4478: 4361: 4340: 4319: 4256: 4235: 4214: 4166: 4115: 4094: 4073: 4052: 3995: 3943: 3925: 3908: 3852: 3831: 3803: 3782: 3761: 3713: 3673: 5592: 5586: 5223: 4599:""A Kindred Sigh for Thee": British Responses to the Greek War for Independence" 1676: 1406: 1341: 1244: 1178: 1124: 1108: 1034: 978: 938: 930: 621: 602: 549: 525: 493: 253: 196:

from the 6th century BC through to the 7th century AD when Assyria was known as

188: 165: 84: 25: 4749: 4016: 3891: 83:(top) prominently incorporates ancient Assyrian iconography, including the god 5920: 5915: 5713: 5026: 4888: 4864: 4432: 4342:

Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins

3576: 1680: 1166: 949: 657: 537: 524:

officials with Assyrian titles and invoke the ancient Assyrian national deity

391: 356: 154: 4507: 4234:

Harper, Prudence O.; Klengel-Brandt, Evelyn; Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim (1995).

3986: 3875: 1443:, has been continuously inhabited since the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 6187: 6140: 5974: 5854: 5695: 5636: 3303: 1857: 1778: 1675:). Other scholars supporting continuity include, among others, the linguist 1205: 811:(154–222) is for instance referred to in 4th-century Syriac translations of 808: 760: 750: 739: 709: 568: 501: 284: 201: 4310: 4154: 3655:

Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World

3633: 4461: 4035: 3551: 179:

Due to an initial long-standing shortage of historical sources beyond the

5925: 5898: 5871: 5859: 5844: 5598: 5545: 4278:"The Quest for Sargon, Pul and Tiglath-Pileser in the Nineteenth Century" 3802:

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo & Piazza, Alberto (1994).

1741: 1541: 1531: 1055:

Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan and on the site of Ancient Nineveh

812: 735: 598: 485: 300: 241: 158: 4639:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

4530: 4423: 4363:

Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

4114:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Assyria in the Hebrew Bible". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3625: 3601: 3584: 3560: 3516: 5580: 5502: 5382: 4828: 3760:

Butts, Aaron Michael (2017). "Assyrian Christians". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3500: 1753: 1712: 1603: 1519: 1290: 1221: 1127:

were introduced to the Assyrians in Urmia, who began to adopt the term

1069:, which Southgate associated with the English "Assyrians", rather than 1012: 856: 713: 545: 532:

in Babylonia attest to there being royally appointed governors at both

481: 453: 413: 371: 161: 138: 88: 5034: 5010: 4804: 4255:

Hauser, Stefan R. (2017). "Post-Imperial Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3695:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

60: 6160: 5964: 5893: 5866: 5849: 1861: 1561: 1457: 1453: 1120: 1089: 998: 982: 981:, out to be a descendant of the legendary Biblical Mesopotamian king 864: 698: 594: 590: 582: 560: 529: 233: 197: 126: 5166: 4820: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2069: 2067: 2065: 5128: 4880: 2218: 2216: 5888: 5876: 5772: 5182: 4991:

The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, pioneers and identity

3715:

Assyrians in Modern Iraq: Negotiating Political and Cultural Space

1494: 1462: 1440: 1411: 1405: 1316: 1294: 1249: 1165: 1137: 1133: 1104: 1033: 994: 929:; their legend prominently incorporates the ancient Assyrian king 921: 920: 915: 777: 692: 563:

was revitalized, with its great temple dedicated to the lunar god

541: 533: 477: 457: 452:

Stele in the style of ancient Assyrian royal steles, inscribed in

447: 355: 296: 288: 280: 180: 122: 30: 3501:"Aramaic Loanwords in Akkadian – A Reassessment of the Proposals" 1185:(1891–1926), who in 1911 published an influential article titled 616:, sometimes in high levels of government. A prominent example is 5076:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

5015:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London

2707: 2705: 2703: 1724: 1200:. The early 20th century saw an increase in the use of the term 986: 586: 292: 130: 118: 34: 5186: 4603:

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

4433:"Remembrance at Assur: The Case of the dated Aramaic memorials" 3482: 2191: 2189: 1715:

for instance record a man by the name Nebuchadnezzar (rendered

1683:, the genocide researcher Hannibal Travis, and the geneticists 1422:

in Iraq, has been continuously inhabited since the days of the

508:

around 637 AD, and support a continuity into the present day.

4057:. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. 2515: 3526:"Genetic differentiation among Iranian Christian communities" 2475: 2473: 1856:, there were around 20 million Assyrians. Settlers came from 859:

texts from the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as the

3326: 3324: 3299: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2142: 2140: 412:

605–562 BC) "ruled over the Assyrians in the great city of

4500:

The Assyrian Heritage: threads of continuity and influence

3997:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

3358: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3339: 3199: 3197: 1698:

Some academics, most notably the historians J.F. Coakley,

1148:, a new literary language based on the at the time spoken 4072:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Introduction". In E. Frahm (ed.).

3315: 2157: 2155: 1063:

Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia

652:("Ashur has given a brother", a late version of the name 512:

the actual extant sources from the post-imperial period.

5147:

The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East

3618:

10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2

2385: 2383: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 906:

for instance referred to the Sasanian Empire as "filthy

260:("Syrian") alongside "Athoraya" and "Asoraya" The term 4280:. In Chavalas, Mark W.; Younger, Jr, K. Lawson (eds.). 4165:

Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017).

3735:"My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology" 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2734: 2732: 2625: 2623: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2033: 2031: 2006: 2004: 1941: 1939: 1609:

Though modern Assyrian languages, most prominently the

2526: 2524: 2448: 2446: 2310: 2308: 1991: 1989: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 5117:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

4846:

I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria

559:

560–556 BC), who returned a cult statue to the site.

528:. Two Neo-Babylonian texts discovered at the city of 184:

name of the land and people continued to be applied.

1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1671:, Aryo Makko and Joshua J. Mark (contributor of the 6116: 5987: 5819: 5810: 5723: 5652: 5559: 5500: 5483: 5440: 5381: 5346: 5309: 5298: 5231: 3945:

Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East

1173:(1891–1926), a prominent early Assyrian nationalist 4660:Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age 3068: 3020: 2073: 1514:727–722 BC). The weight is inscribed in both 5167:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality" 4621:. Bygoszcz: School of Humanities and Journalism. 4408:"The Assyrian heartland in the Achaemenid period" 4302:History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine 3165:Assyrian Academic Society: Summary of the Lecture 2967: 1192:, in which he pointed out the connection between 1011:, twelve of the noble families of Karka (ancient 2711: 1829:List of ethnic Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs 1053:(1787–1821) referenced "Assyrian Christians" in 192:Assyrian history is now regarded to be the long 4736:Petrosian, Vahram (2006). "Assyrians in Iraq". 3302:, p. 218: "They are Christian and are possibly 3104: 3080: 376:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 16:Continuity between ancient and modern Assyrians 5150:. London: East & West Publishing Limited. 3857:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 3561:"Race and Ethnicity in Mesopotamian Antiquity" 1228:) up until nationalism around the time of the 1196:and "Assyrian" and argued for the adoption of 571:whose mother was an Assyrian from that city. ( 99:is the study of continuity between the modern 5198: 3499:Abraham, Kathleen; Sokoloff, Michael (2011). 2991: 2222: 1576:BC onwards, given that Tiglath-Pileser's son 1297:. Some Assyrians who were not members of the 23:Assyrians celebrating the annual festival of 8: 5222:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 3979:Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand 3657:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415. 2874: 1301:also embraced Assyrian nationalism, such as 374:fell in the late 7th century BC through the 2955: 2602: 2479: 664:, worshipping Ashur (at this time known as 519:, one of the largest settlements along the 438:Post-imperial Assyria in modern Assyriology 5816: 5497: 5306: 5205: 5191: 5183: 4767:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction 4520:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3422: 3374: 1305:(1901–1979), who in 1933 helped found the 4345:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4324:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4000:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3924: 3836:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3833:Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World 3808:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3718:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3541: 3203: 2665: 2641: 2195: 352:Early assumption of Assyrian annihilation 113:, religious, and linguistic minority in 4663:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4240:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3805:The History and Geography of Human Genes 3678:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3398: 3362: 3306:descendants of their ancient namesakes". 2943: 2886: 2161: 2131: 1309:and religiously identified himself as a 1144:. This time also saw the development of 1030:19th century identities and developments 18: 4865:"The Terms "Assyria" and "Syria" Again" 3446: 3434: 3345: 3116: 3092: 3003: 2898: 2862: 2578: 2413: 2146: 2085: 2010: 1894: 1845: 1622:, an Aramaic dialect today mainly used 1467:Map of modern Assyrian Aramaic dialects 1456:until at least the 10th century and at 1156:Contemporary identities and name debate 4642:(2nd ed.). Jefferson: McFarland. 4579:: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran 4513: 3961: 3470: 3386: 3330: 3287: 3275: 3056: 3044: 3032: 2850: 2694: 2653: 2590: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2503: 2491: 2464: 2437: 2425: 2401: 2389: 2345: 2326: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2234: 2207: 2056: 2037: 540:, another Assyrian site in the north. 87:(bottom left) and the star of the god 3410: 3251: 3227: 3215: 3188: 3140: 3128: 2979: 2931: 2910: 2838: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2723: 2682: 2629: 2614: 2452: 2374: 2357: 2314: 2263: 2246: 2180: 2114: 2102: 1995: 1980: 1968: 1945: 1910: 1204:as a self-identity. Also used as the 1107:, Iran. Perhaps partly encouraged by 7: 5171:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 4704:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 4684:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 4195:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 4147:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 3742:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 3458: 3263: 3239: 3176: 3152: 2022: 1190:? How is Our Nation to Be Raised Up? 1119:missionary efforts, the concepts of 966:Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs 927:Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs 918:(ancient Nineveh) and its vicinity. 5079:. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. 4788:. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media. 4769:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3697:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1695:in support of Assyrian continuity. 1211:, perhaps inspired by the Armenian 1132:time, such as among the Armenians, 959:681–669 BC), Ashurbanipal and 347:Assyrians after the Assyrian Empire 6219:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups 5100:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4946:"A Name Chaldeans Forgot: Assyria" 4929:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 4575:Memory and Identity in the Syriac 4557:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4483:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4388:The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic 4261:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4120:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4099:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4078:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 3766:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 3530:American Journal of Human Genetics 1460:until as late as the 18th century. 500:, or to the end of Sassanid ruled 14: 5244:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 4944:Salem, Chris (24 December 2020). 925:A medieval icon depicting Saints 835:, which also occurs in the forms 620:, who served as the secretary of 319:, its 17th century offshoot, the 6186: 6174: 6131:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 5284: 5273: 5262: 1587:727–722 BC) owned a set of 1293:of the newly created country of 902:; the 4th-century Syriac writer 66: 59: 48: 4869:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4848:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4721:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 4412:Pallas. Revue d'études antiques 4186:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002). 4024:Journal of Modern Greek Studies 3787:. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. 2968:Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017 1597: 1582: 1570: 1555: 1549:administration by the reign of 1509: 1019:Modern identity and nationalism 954: 943: 782:Photograph of a portion of the 765: 747:Roman idea of legal citizenship 705:king, accompanied by attendants 607: 573: 554: 407: 5797:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 5660:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 5011:"Notes on "The Assyrian Tree"" 4450:Genocide Studies International 4431:Livingstone, Alasdair (2009). 3069:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 3021:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 2074:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017 424:as "king of Assyria", and the 1: 5541:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4617:Nationalisms Across the Globe 4437:Studia Orientalia Electronica 1325:(patriarch 1933–1957) of the 730: 721: 676: 662:ancient Mesopotamian religion 460:in the 2nd century AD (under 6151:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 6126:Assyrian Democratic Movement 4385:Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974). 4284:. Edinburgh: A&C Black. 4276:Holloway, Steven W. (2003). 3926:10.1080/14608944.2012.733208 3880:Altorientalische Forschungen 3155:, pp. 276–277, 419–420. 2712:Kalimi & Richardson 2014 1414:(ancient Arbela), today the 1307:Assyrian National Federation 1061:(1812–1894). In Southgate's 689:Development and distinctions 6136:Assyrian Universal Alliance 5362:Assyrian Church of the East 5337:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 5331:Assyrian Evangelical Church 5254:Terms for Syriac Christians 4973:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4923:Saggs, Henry W. F. (1984). 4597:Morrison, Susannah (2018). 4015:Efstathiadou, Anna (2011). 3105:Abraham & Sokoloff 2011 3081:Abraham & Sokoloff 2011 1809:Assyrian Church of the East 1503:once belonging to the king 1481:Assyrian Church of the East 1369:in 1919, which asked for a 1358:Assyrian Church of the East 1243:Today, as a consequence of 1162:Terms for Syriac Christians 684:Identity in ancient Assyria 420:refers to the Persian king 317:Assyrian Church of the East 147:fall of the Assyrian Empire 6235: 6146:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 5368:Ancient Church of the East 5144:Wilmshurst, David (2011). 5054:. In Tamari, Steve (ed.). 4926:The Might That Was Assyria 4863:Rollinger, Robert (2006). 4750:10.1163/157338406777979322 4536:World History Encyclopedia 4201:(1): 77–95. Archived from 4153:(1): 69–70. Archived from 3892:10.1524/aofo.1993.20.1.134 3874:Dalley, Stephanie (1993). 3505:Archiv für Orientforschung 3300:Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994 1834:Nationalist historiography 1679:, the political scientist 1673:World History Encyclopedia 1418:capital of the autonomous 1159: 1022: 774:Pre-modern self-identities 648:("Ashur judges") and even 441: 6169: 5260: 5220: 5073:Travis, Hannibal (2010). 5027:10.1017/S0041977X00102599 4803:Reade, Julian E. (1998). 4680:"Assyrians after Assyria" 4636:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 4299:Hitti, Philip K. (1951). 4282:Mesopotamia and the Bible 4051:Filoni, Fernando (2017). 3994:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 3748:(1): 1–23. Archived from 3733:Biggs, Robert D. (2005). 3577:10.1080/00438240500509843 3254:, pp. 47, 51, 68–70. 1873:Later "Syriac", see below 1685:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza 1402:Other forms of continuity 1311:Syriac Orthodox Christian 1230:Greek War of Independence 971:The 7th-century Assyrian 464:rule) by the local ruler 274:centered on a desire for 214:Eastern Rite Christianity 5666:Muslim conquest of Syria 5356:Chaldean Catholic Church 4970:Edessa: The Blessed City 4805:"Greco-Parthian Nineveh" 4529:Mark, Joshua J. (2018). 4318:Jackson, Cailah (2020). 3907:Donabed, Sargon (2012). 3781:Cameron, Averil (2009). 3672:Becker, Adam H. (2015). 3649:Becker, Adam H. (2008). 3559:Bahrani, Zainab (2006). 1819:Chaldean Catholic Church 1784:History of the Assyrians 1528:Late Bronze Age collapse 1485:Chaldean Catholic Church 1392:Chaldean Catholic Church 977:made the titular saint, 429:1925, the Assyriologist 321:Chaldean Catholic Church 153:-speaking population of 6193:Christianity portal 6156:Syriac Military Council 5755:Massacres of Diyarbekir 5690:Principality of Antioch 5643:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 5450:Assyrian folk/pop music 3712:Benjamen, Alda (2022). 2956:Donabed & Mako 2009 2603:Donabed & Mako 2009 1094:Nineveh and its Remains 1001:to have prophesied the 137:in general and ancient 5911:Al-Hasakah Governorate 5749:Massacres of Badr Khan 5523:Middle Assyrian Empire 5325:Syriac Catholic Church 5319:Syriac Orthodox Church 5165:Yildiz, Efrem (1999). 5097:A Companion to Assyria 5050:Tamari, Steve (2019). 5009:Smith, Sidney (1926). 4904:Roux, Georges (1992). 4765:Radner, Karen (2015). 4695:Parpola, Simo (2004). 4678:Parpola, Simo (1999). 4572:Minov, Sergey (2020). 4554:A Companion to Assyria 4480:A Companion to Assyria 4406:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 4258:A Companion to Assyria 4171:. New York: Berghahn. 4140:"Reply to John Joseph" 4117:A Companion to Assyria 4096:A Companion to Assyria 4075:A Companion to Assyria 3876:"Nineveh after 612 BC" 3851:Deutscher, G. (2009). 3763:A Companion to Assyria 1814:Syriac Orthodox Church 1769:Middle Assyrian Empire 1523: 1477:Syriac Orthodox Church 1468: 1426: 1367:Paris Peace Conference 1333: 1327:Syriac Orthodox Church 1174: 1146:Literary Urmia Aramaic 1042: 974:History of Mar Qardagh 933: 786: 727:Middle Assyrian Empire 706: 644:("command of Ashur"), 468: 367: 325:Syriac Orthodox Church 37: 5779:Independence movement 5535:Post-imperial Assyria 5511:Early Assyrian period 4994:. Oxford: Routledge. 4738:Iran and the Caucasus 4462:10.3138/GSI-2022-0002 4305:. London: MacMillan. 4036:10.1353/mgs.2011.0023 3204:Crone & Cook 1977 1864:, among other places. 1852:At the height of the 1630:Academia and politics 1615:Neo-Aramaic languages 1498: 1466: 1409: 1320: 1169: 1045:Early travellers and 1037: 924: 781: 696: 451: 444:Post-imperial Assyria 380:Neo-Babylonian Empire 359: 22: 6214:Assyrian nationalism 5455:Music of Mesopotamia 5402:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 5397:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 4339:Jupp, James (2001). 3859:. Oxford: Elsevier. 2794:, pp. 187, 191. 2726:, pp. 205, 217. 1804:Assyrian nationalism 1501:Assyrian lion weight 1434:Assyrian settlements 1177:In the years before 1025:Assyrian nationalism 567:being rebuilt under 474:post-imperial period 272:Assyrian nationalism 194:post-imperial period 133:) and the people of 5761:Rise of nationalism 5702:Jalayirid Sultanate 5529:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5517:Old Assyrian period 5460:Syriac sacral music 5280:Aramean-Syriac flag 5239:Assyrian continuity 3913:National Identities 3461:, pp. 527–528. 3377:, pp. 413–416. 3278:, pp. 148–151. 2685:, pp. 600–601. 2644:, pp. 285–287. 2302:, pp. 135–136. 2290:, pp. 560–561. 2225:, pp. 583–584. 2198:, pp. 143–144. 1854:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1764:Old Assyrian Empire 1759:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1653:Richard Nelson Frye 1624:liturgical language 1566:Tiglath-Pileser III 1526:In the wake of the 1499:Line drawing of an 1424:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1187:Who are the Syrians 1086:Austen Henry Layard 1039:Austen Henry Layard 861:Çineköy inscription 784:Çineköy inscription 718:Old Assyrian period 238:Canaanite languages 236:which replaced the 222:Neo-Assyrian Empire 204:, during which the 135:Ancient Mesopotamia 97:Assyrian continuity 26:Kha b-Nisan (Akitu) 6181:History portal 5623:Church of the East 5412:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 5249:Chaldean Catholics 4188:"We Are Assyrians" 4054:The Church in Iraq 3483:Banoei et al. 2008 3316:Akbari et al. 1986 3230:, p. 297-317. 3083:, pp. 22, 59. 2992:Trolle Larsen 2017 2617:, p. 600-601. 2516:Harper et al. 1995 2223:Trolle Larsen 2017 1774:Achaemenid Assyria 1524: 1469: 1427: 1334: 1299:Church of the East 1215:. The adoption of 1175: 1043: 948:705–681 BC), 934: 787: 707: 469: 368: 276:self-determination 174:Assyrian heartland 164:specifically, and 38: 6201: 6200: 6112: 6111: 5828: 5806: 5805: 5773:Assyrian genocide 5672:Abbasid Caliphate 5494: 5377: 5376: 5058:. Leiden: BRILL. 5001:978-0-415-61504-4 4980:978-0-19-821545-5 4908:. Penguin Books. 4855:978-0-500-48039-7 4649:978-0-7864-1375-1 4582:. Leiden: BRILL. 4577:Cave of Treasures 4291:978-1-84127-252-8 4219:. Leiden: BRILL. 3866:978-0-08-087774-7 3794:978-1-4051-9833-2 3704:978-0-19-537158-1 3565:World Archaeology 3179:, pp. 69–70. 2875:Efstathiadou 2011 2581:, pp. 56–57. 2149:, pp. 16–17. 2025:, p. 77-103. 1721:Philoxenus Nemrud 1687:, Paolo Menozzi, 1564:. By the time of 1363:Ignatius Aphrem I 1356:Followers of the 1348:, and the modern 1323:Ignatius Aphrem I 1059:Horatio Southgate 1003:Star of Bethlehem 961:Shamash-shum-ukin 904:Ephrem the Syrian 697:Glazed tile from 614:Achaemenid Empire 403:Nebuchadnezzar II 246:Upper Mesopotamia 206:Akkadian language 117:(particularly in 6226: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6177: 5824: 5817: 5791:Post-Saddam Iraq 5617:Nestorian schism 5611:Christianization 5583:(132 BCE–244 CE) 5577:(247 BCE–224 CE) 5537:(609 BCE–240 CE) 5498: 5488: 5348:East Syriac Rite 5311:West Syriac Rite 5307: 5288: 5277: 5266: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5178: 5161: 5140: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5046: 5005: 4984: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4940: 4919: 4900: 4859: 4840: 4799: 4780: 4761: 4732: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4674: 4653: 4632: 4610: 4593: 4568: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4494: 4473: 4444: 4427: 4402: 4381: 4368:Brill Publishers 4356: 4335: 4314: 4295: 4272: 4251: 4230: 4209: 4207: 4192: 4182: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4136:Frye, Richard N. 4131: 4110: 4089: 4068: 4047: 4021: 4011: 3990: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3938: 3928: 3903: 3870: 3847: 3828:Cook, Michael A. 3819: 3798: 3777: 3756: 3754: 3739: 3729: 3708: 3689: 3668: 3645: 3596: 3555: 3545: 3520: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3333:, p. 16-19. 3328: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2958:, p. 80-81. 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2480:Livingstone 2009 2477: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2060: 2054: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1949: 1943: 1914: 1908: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1850: 1794:Assyrian cuisine 1789:Assyrian culture 1601: 1599: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1559: 1557: 1530:around 1200 BC, 1513: 1511: 1420:Kurdistan Region 1383:Ignatius Zakka I 1183:Freydun Atturaya 1171:Freydun Atturaya 1117:Russian Orthodox 1008:History of Karka 958: 956: 947: 945: 769: 767: 732: 723: 678: 670:Kingdom of Hatra 654:Aššur-aḫu-iddina 611: 609: 577: 575: 558: 556: 506:Islamic Conquest 411: 409: 397:states that the 226:Imperial Aramaic 70: 63: 52: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6108: 5983: 5960:Mardin Province 5823: 5802: 5785:Simele massacre 5719: 5648: 5613:(1st to 3rd c.) 5595:(64 BCE–637 CE) 5589:(66 BCE–217 CE) 5575:Parthian Empire 5569:Seleucid Empire 5561: 5555: 5551:Assyrian tribes 5519:(2025–1364 BCE) 5513:(2600–2025 BCE) 5492: 5490: 5487: 5479: 5436: 5389: 5373: 5342: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5227: 5216: 5214:Assyrian people 5211: 5181: 5164: 5158: 5143: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5049: 5008: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4965:Segal, Judah B. 4963: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4922: 4916: 4903: 4862: 4856: 4843: 4821:10.2307/4200453 4802: 4796: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4735: 4729: 4714: 4699: 4694: 4677: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4629: 4613: 4596: 4590: 4571: 4565: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4528: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4476: 4447: 4430: 4418:(43): 239–254. 4405: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4359: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4317: 4298: 4292: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4212: 4205: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4164: 4157: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4019: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3941: 3906: 3873: 3867: 3850: 3844: 3824:Crone, Patricia 3822: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3780: 3774: 3759: 3752: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3648: 3599: 3558: 3523: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3423:Wilmshurst 2011 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3375:Wilmshurst 2011 3373: 3369: 3361: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119:, p. 5–22. 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2063: 2055: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1952: 1944: 1917: 1909: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1750: 1669:Mordechai Nisan 1657:Philip K. Hitti 1641:Robert D. Biggs 1632: 1620:Syriac language 1596: 1581: 1569: 1554: 1551:Shalmaneser III 1508: 1493: 1473:Fast of Nineveh 1449: 1436: 1404: 1375:Simele massacre 1331:Simele massacre 1269:, Denmark, the 1257:communities in 1164: 1158: 1032: 1027: 1021: 953: 942: 900:Sasanian Empire 776: 764: 691: 686: 674:Sasanian Empire 626:Cyrus the Great 618:Pan-Ashur-lumur 606: 572: 553: 498:Sassanid Empire 456:and erected in 446: 440: 406: 361:Fall of Nineveh 354: 349: 341:Assyrian people 230:Western Aramaic 143:Assyrian people 103:, a recognised 101:Assyrian people 94: 93: 92: 77: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 71: 64: 55: 54: 53: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6183: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6087:United Kingdom 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5840:Nineveh Plains 5831: 5829: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5767:Adana massacre 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5743:Schism of 1552 5740: 5737:Ottoman Empire 5734: 5731:Safavid Empire 5727: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5678:Emirs of Mosul 5675: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5525:(1363–912 BCE) 5520: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5495: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5179: 5162: 5156: 5141: 5129:10.1086/710485 5112: 5107:978-1118325247 5106: 5091: 5086:978-1594604362 5085: 5070: 5065:978-9004385337 5064: 5047: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4961: 4941: 4935: 4920: 4915:978-0140125238 4914: 4901: 4889:10.1086/511103 4881:10.1086/511103 4875:(4): 283–287. 4860: 4854: 4841: 4800: 4795:978-1991201164 4794: 4781: 4776:978-0198715900 4775: 4762: 4733: 4728:978-1409427094 4727: 4712: 4692: 4675: 4670:978-1588396068 4669: 4654: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4594: 4589:978-9004445505 4588: 4569: 4564:978-1118325247 4563: 4548: 4526: 4495: 4490:978-1118325247 4489: 4474: 4445: 4428: 4403: 4397: 4382: 4377:978-9004265615 4376: 4357: 4351: 4336: 4331:978-1474451505 4330: 4315: 4296: 4290: 4273: 4268:978-1118325247 4267: 4252: 4246: 4231: 4226:978-9004167353 4225: 4210: 4208:on 2003-04-21. 4183: 4178:978-1785334986 4177: 4162: 4160:on 2020-07-11. 4132: 4127:978-1118325247 4126: 4111: 4106:978-1118325247 4105: 4090: 4085:978-1118325247 4084: 4069: 4064:978-0813229652 4063: 4048: 4030:(2): 191–218. 4012: 4007:978-1108478748 4006: 3991: 3974: 3955:978-1138649040 3954: 3939: 3919:(4): 407–431. 3904: 3886:(1): 134–147. 3871: 3865: 3848: 3842: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3784:The Byzantines 3778: 3773:978-1118325247 3772: 3757: 3755:on 2008-02-27. 3730: 3725:978-1108838795 3724: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3685:978-0226145280 3684: 3669: 3663: 3646: 3597: 3556: 3521: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3475: 3473:, p. 149. 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 412. 3439: 3427: 3425:, p. 415. 3415: 3413:, p. 215. 3403: 3391: 3389:, p. 396. 3379: 3367: 3350: 3348:, p. 118. 3335: 3320: 3308: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3218:, p. 181. 3208: 3193: 3191:, p. 519. 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3095:, p. 164. 3085: 3073: 3071:, p. 314. 3061: 3059:, p. 190. 3049: 3047:, p. 180. 3037: 3035:, p. 147. 3025: 3023:, p. 318. 3008: 2996: 2994:, p. 584. 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2934:, p. 599. 2915: 2913:, p. 604. 2903: 2891: 2879: 2877:, p. 191. 2867: 2855: 2853:, p. 328. 2843: 2841:, p. 602. 2820: 2818:, p. 217. 2808: 2806:, p. 203. 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 208. 2767: 2765:, p. 205. 2755: 2753:, p. 209. 2743: 2741:, p. 214. 2728: 2716: 2699: 2697:, p. 241. 2687: 2670: 2668:, p. 284. 2666:Rollinger 2006 2658: 2656:, p. 113. 2646: 2642:Rollinger 2006 2634: 2632:, p. 601. 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2569:, p. 145. 2559: 2547: 2535: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2494:, p. 197. 2484: 2482:, p. 154. 2469: 2467:, p. 193. 2457: 2442: 2440:, p. 238. 2430: 2418: 2406: 2404:, p. 194. 2394: 2392:, p. 230. 2379: 2377:, p. 240. 2362: 2350: 2348:, p. 229. 2331: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2278:, p. 134. 2268: 2266:, p. 286. 2251: 2249:, p. 239. 2239: 2237:, p. 560. 2227: 2212: 2210:, p. 192. 2200: 2196:Petrosian 2006 2185: 2183:, p. 603. 2166: 2151: 2136: 2119: 2117:, p. 298. 2107: 2105:, p. 600. 2090: 2078: 2076:, p. 319. 2061: 2059:, p. 149. 2042: 2040:, p. 240. 2027: 2015: 2000: 1998:, p. 290. 1985: 1973: 1950: 1948:, p. 132. 1915: 1913:, p. 605. 1893: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799:Assyrian Music 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1734:Ba'athist Iraq 1693:academic works 1689:Alberto Piazza 1661:Patricia Crone 1645:H. W. F. Saggs 1631: 1628: 1611:Suret language 1492: 1489: 1448: 1445: 1435: 1432: 1403: 1400: 1346:Nebuchadnezzar 1271:United Kingdom 1157: 1154: 1113:Roman Catholic 1098:Hormuzd Rassam 1031: 1028: 1020: 1017: 818:Church History 775: 772: 690: 687: 685: 682: 439: 436: 426:Book of Isaiah 399:Neo-Babylonian 395:Book of Judith 353: 350: 348: 345: 129:and northwest 91:(bottom right) 78: 65: 58: 57: 56: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6231: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092:United States 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684:Buyid amirate 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5605:Roman Assyria 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5531:(911–609 BCE) 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5432:Syriac script 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5292: 5291:Chaldean flag 5287: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5269:Assyrian flag 5265: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5157:9781907318047 5153: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4936:9780312035112 4932: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4628:83-87653-46-2 4624: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4456:(2): 95–108. 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4398:0-226-62281-9 4394: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4352:0-521-80789-1 4348: 4344: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4247:0-87099-743-2 4243: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3843:9780521211338 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3815:0-691-08750-4 3811: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3664:9783161494116 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606:Human Biology 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485:, p. 79. 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3401:, p. 71. 3400: 3399:Holloway 2003 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3365:, p. 89. 3364: 3363:Gewargis 2002 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3206:, p. 55. 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3107:, p. 59. 3106: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3006:, p. 21. 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2970:, p. ix. 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944:Lundgren 2023 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2901:, p. 11. 2900: 2895: 2892: 2889:, p. 39. 2888: 2887:Morrison 2018 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2605:, p. 81. 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593:, p. 37. 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2557:, p. 81. 2556: 2551: 2548: 2545:, p. 39. 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518:, p. 18. 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506:, p. 19. 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455:, p. 71. 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329:, p. 20. 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 69. 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2164:, p. 17. 2163: 2162:Shehadeh 2011 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:Benjamen 2022 2128: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2088:, p. 15. 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2013:, p. 22. 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983:, p. 10. 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1824:Name of Syria 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1590: 1579: 1578:Shalmaneser V 1567: 1563: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1505:Shalmaneser V 1502: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1379:United States 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1350:Assyrian flag 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:United States 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1100:(1826–1910). 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Claudius Rich 1048: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975: 969: 967: 962: 951: 940: 932: 928: 923: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 793: 785: 780: 773: 771: 762: 757: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 728: 719: 715: 711: 704: 700: 695: 688: 683: 681: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 578:556–539 BC). 570: 566: 562: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 518: 513: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 445: 437: 435: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 404: 400: 396: 393: 388: 385: 381: 377: 373: 366: 362: 358: 351: 346: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:Christianized 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 185: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 151:East Assyrian 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 90: 86: 82: 81:Assyrian flag 69: 62: 51: 36: 32: 28: 27: 21: 5708:Qara Qoyunlu 5571:(312–63 BCE) 5302:Christianity 5238: 5174: 5170: 5146: 5120: 5116: 5096: 5075: 5055: 5021:(1): 69–76. 5018: 5014: 4990: 4969: 4953:. 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B. Perley 1248: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1176: 1128: 1102: 1093: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1047:missionaries 1044: 1006: 972: 970: 935: 911: 907: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 873: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 822: 816: 804: 800: 788: 744: 708: 703:Neo-Assyrian 701:depicting a 665: 653: 649: 645: 641: 630: 580: 548:in reign of 517:Dur-Katlimmu 514: 510: 490:Beth Nuhadra 470: 431:Sidney Smith 418:Book of Ezra 389: 384:Hebrew Bible 369: 360: 312: 308: 270: 265: 261: 257: 248:was largely 218: 210:East Aramaic 186: 178: 125:, southeast 121:, northeast 115:Western Asia 96: 95: 24: 6067:New Zealand 6062:Netherlands 5826:Settlements 5739:(1555–1917) 5716:(1453–1501) 5710:(1375–1468) 5704:(1335–1432) 5698:(1258–1335) 5692:(1098–1268) 5653:Middle ages 5593:Roman Syria 5587:Syrian Wars 5224:Middle East 5177:(1): 15–30. 4609:(1): 37–55. 4542:27 February 4502:. Uppsala. 3471:Travis 2010 3387:Becker 2008 3331:Yildiz 1999 3288:Travis 2010 3276:Travis 2010 3057:Frahm 2017b 3045:Frahm 2017b 3033:Radner 2021 2851:Becker 2015 2695:Hauser 2017 2654:Tamari 2019 2591:Filoni 2017 2567:Düring 2020 2555:Michel 2017 2543:Düring 2020 2531:Radner 2015 2504:Radner 2015 2492:Haider 2008 2465:Haider 2008 2438:Hauser 2017 2426:Radner 2015 2402:Frahm 2017b 2390:Hauser 2017 2346:Hauser 2017 2327:Radner 2015 2300:Dalley 1993 2288:Frahm 2017c 2276:Dalley 1993 2235:Frahm 2017c 2208:Frahm 2017b 2057:Radner 2021 2038:Hauser 2017 1717:Bukthanaṣar 1700:John Joseph 1677:Judah Segal 1342:Sennacherib 1283:New Zealand 1245:World War I 1179:World War I 1150:Neo-Aramaic 1125:nationalism 979:Mar Qardagh 939:Sennacherib 931:Sennacherib 650:Assor-heden 646:Assor-tares 622:Cambyses II 603:Cambyses II 550:Neriglissar 494:Beth Garmai 466:Rʻuth-Assor 365:John Martin 254:Middle Ages 189:Assyriology 166:Mesopotamia 79:The modern 6208:Categories 5950:Diyarbakır 5921:Tell Tamer 5916:Al-Hasakah 5812:By country 5724:Modern era 5714:Aq Qoyunlu 5686:(945–1055) 5680:(905–1383) 5674:(750–1258) 5489:(including 5465:Folk dance 5123:: 77–103. 4744:(1): 138. 4710:(2): 5–22. 4443:: 151–157. 4366:. Leiden: 3981:: 71–113. 3948:. London. 3853:"Akkadian" 3411:Payne 2012 3252:Segal 1970 3228:Makko 2012 3216:Nisan 2002 3189:Hitti 1951 3141:Saggs 1984 3129:Biggs 2005 2980:Salem 2020 2932:Butts 2017 2911:Butts 2017 2839:Butts 2017 2816:Payne 2012 2804:Minov 2020 2792:Minov 2020 2780:Payne 2012 2763:Payne 2012 2751:Payne 2012 2739:Payne 2012 2724:Payne 2012 2683:Butts 2017 2630:Butts 2017 2615:Butts 2017 2453:Reade 1998 2375:Kuhrt 1995 2358:Frahm 2017 2315:Smith 1926 2264:Reade 2018 2247:Kuhrt 1995 2181:Butts 2017 2115:Makko 2012 2103:Butts 2017 1996:Saggs 1984 1981:Biggs 2005 1969:Frahm 2017 1946:Novák 2016 1911:Butts 2017 1890:References 1681:James Jupp 1321:Patriarch 1160:See also: 1023:See also: 950:Esarhaddon 658:Esarhaddon 631:Under the 442:See also: 392:apocryphal 363:(1829) by 155:Bronze Age 108:indigenous 6141:Dawronoye 6072:Palestine 6002:Australia 5975:Tur Abdin 5855:Tel Keppe 5775:(1914–20) 5763:(19th c.) 5745:(16th c.) 5733:(1508–55) 5696:Ilkhanate 5645:(502–628) 5639:(226–651) 5637:Asoristan 5607:(116–118) 5562:antiquity 5560:Classical 5493:contexts) 5390:languages 5137:225379553 5043:178173677 4955:6 January 4897:162760021 4837:191474172 4815:: 65–83. 4758:154905506 4531:"Assyria" 4516:cite book 4508:1654-630X 4470:257178308 4044:144506772 3987:1608-7526 3964:cite book 3935:145265726 3900:163383142 3593:144093611 3511:: 22–76. 3459:Naby 2006 3304:bona fide 3264:Jupp 2001 3240:Mark 2018 3177:Frye 1999 3153:Roux 1992 2023:Valk 2020 1858:Babylonia 1779:Asoristan 1396:Chaldeans 1279:Australia 1259:countries 1217:ʾāthorāyā 1206:neologism 1202:ʾāthorāyā 1198:ʾāthorāyā 1129:ʾāthorāyā 912:ʾāthorāyā 896:ʾāthorāyā 892:ʾāthorāyā 884:ʾāthorāyā 880:ʾāthorāyā 874:Although 809:Bardaisan 761:Sargon II 740:Babylonia 710:Ethnicity 642:Qib-Assor 569:Nabonidus 502:Asoristan 309:ʾĀthorāyā 285:Armenians 202:Asoristan 6118:Politics 5989:Diaspora 5970:Mazıdağı 5926:Qamishli 5899:Sanandaj 5872:Shaqlawa 5860:Bartella 5845:Qaraqosh 5821:Homeland 5619:(5th c.) 5601:(15–116) 5599:Adiabene 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