933:
596:
921:
430:
948:
966:
655:
diaspora could not till or maintain the properties they owned while living elsewhere) to have the land they owned confiscated by the state and sold to third parties. Another law made it illegal for non-Turkish nationals to purchase land in Mardin province, where most
Assyrians would have immigrated to. Regardless of those laws a few did come, such as those who still had their citizenship and could buy property and managed to avoid having their land taken – but many more who could have come back could not due to the laws passed.
2418:
980:
659:
731:
59:
2407:
314:
42:
3727:
3737:
2429:
677:. A refugee center is located near Midyat, but due to there being a small Assyrian community in Midyat, many of the Assyrian refugees at the camp went to Midyat hoping for better conditions than the refugee camp had. Many refugees were given help and accommodation by the local Assyrian community there, perhaps wishing that the refugees stay, as the community in Midyat is in need of more members.
4167:
49:
3331:
3319:
352:
642:. This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland. By the 1980s the Assyrian population of Turkey was around 70,000 people, although down from the 300,000 or so in total who survived after the genocide. The currently diminished number of 28,000 Assyrians today was caused largely due to
425:
did not want to pay an annual tribute to the older churches through local bishops who then passed some of it up to the
Patriarch who then passed some of it to the Porte in the form of taxes. They wanted to deal directly with the Porte, across ethnic lines (even if through a Muslim administrator), in
587:
those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their actual citizenship rights, many
Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their own properties from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship. Some Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s; this
654:
In 2001, the
Turkish government invited Assyrians/Syriacs to return to Turkey, but some speculate that the offer was more of a publicity stunt, as a land law passed a short time before caused Assyrians who owned untilled farms or land with forests on them (which a large amount did, as those in
514:
status—in theory granting them full autonomy—with subordinated farmers. Hakkari is very mountainous with peaks reaching up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) separated by steep gorges, such that many areas could only be accessed by footpaths carved into the side of mountains. The
Assyrian tribes
703:
On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th
Circuit Administrative Court ruled in favor of Assyrians' right to use their mother tongue as stated in the Treaty of Lausanne. The Ministry of Education accepted the decision and a first kindergarten opened in 2014. In 2023,
451:, was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority, although divided between Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants. Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as
543:(northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari), which was mountainous but less so than Hakkari, but the bulk of Chaldeans lived farther south, in modern-day Iraq and outside of the zone that suffered genocide during World War I.
646:
in the 1980s and the bad state of most of the Middle East, along with the forever looming issue of
Turkish governmental discrimination. By the end of the conflict in the late 1990s, less than 1,000 Assyrians were still in
383:" administrative pattern. Each religious minority answered to the government through its chief religious representative. The Christians that the Ottomans conquered gradually but definitively with the conquest of
1190:
Nisan 2002, p.188: "The wild
Christian tribes of Hakkari, whither no Government of any sort has ever extended, still pay tribute to their Patriarch for transmission to the Sultan; and not taxes through the tax
932:
588:
was the last substantial
Christian population in Turkey living rurally in its original homeland. Some scholars have described ongoing exclusion and harassment of Syriacs in Turkey as a continuation of the
579:
was expelled from Turkey in 1924, despite its declarations of loyalty to the new
Turkish government. Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923
1464:
292:. According to Yusuf Çetin, Spiritual Leader of the Syriac Orthodox Community, as of 2023, there are 25,000-30,000 Assyrians in Turkey, including 17,000 to 22,000 in Istanbul, most of them in
1798:
2139:
Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities".
741:
The Assyrians are an ethnic group divided into a variety of different Christian churches, and those churches vary dramatically in liturgy and structure, and even dictate identity (see
688:
opened, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. As of 2023, the Syriac community owns 113 properties registered in the name of community foundations.
920:
3239:
1713:
1089:
576:
443:
Gaunt has estimated the Assyrian population at between 500,000 and 600,000 just before the outbreak of World War I, significantly higher than reported on Ottoman census figures.
1486:
765:, and towns. Some of these locations are dominated by Syriacs while others are dominated by the Kurds. Additionally, there are a few Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in
1602:
370:." That is, they made allowances for accepted monotheists with a scriptural tradition and distinguished them from people they defined as pagans. As People of the Book (or
680:
In 2013, Assyrians were allowed to open the first school operating in their mother tongue since 1928. The same year, 55 Syriac churches, monasteries, and cemeteries in
4155:
2347:
643:
2250:
1110:
1010:
583:. The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish aghas, and were subjected to constant harassment and abuse which pushed them to emigrate. Turkish laws
1626:
979:
4311:
3661:
947:
3131:
2386:
1454:
2072:
1540:
1138:
750:
1676:
3641:
2564:
965:
426:
order to have their own voice and not be subjected to the rule of the Patriarchal system. This general Protestant charter was granted in 1850.)
3773:
813:
64:
3692:
2240:
2183:
2129:
2110:
2084:
2029:
1064:
387:
in 1453 were already divided into many ethnic groups and denominations, usually organized into a hierarchy of bishops headed by a patriarch.
4148:
4133:
3956:
3368:
2340:
1404:
3214:
491:
1081:
3702:
2891:
2417:
4306:
2060:
1964:
1933:
1872:
1400:"The Assyrians of Turkey are a remnant population of the formerly large Assyrian Jacobite faction. They number about 70,000 souls."
1209:
685:
662:
297:
3616:
1494:
3899:
1651:
1516:
4337:
4021:
3829:
3273:
2175:
317:
Percentage of the prewar population that was Assyrian, presented by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the 1919 peace conference.
595:
4141:
2559:
2333:
1992:
1202:
Muslim–Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition
4036:
3849:
2954:
2939:
2921:
2897:
2879:
2873:
2802:
2627:
1431:
4097:
3874:
3451:
971:
3697:
429:
4220:
4112:
4064:
3961:
3656:
3561:
2808:
2769:
2683:
2554:
2261:
2020:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".
1677:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne"
276:, northeast Syria, and northwest Iran. Most of those who survived the genocide and stayed in Turkey left the country for
4332:
4069:
3921:
3879:
3666:
3521:
3293:
3268:
3204:
2968:
107:
4074:
3611:
3576:
3531:
2785:
1799:"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir"
1006:
722:
In a 2017 survey, 64% of Assyrians in Istanbul declared "Assyrian" as their mother tongue, while 27% declared Turkish.
4026:
4016:
3606:
3501:
3496:
3476:
3391:
3278:
3224:
3087:
2504:
2479:
2473:
2396:
2230:
856:
845:
837:
742:
503:
407:
395:
199:
195:
3991:
3951:
3931:
3911:
3814:
3621:
3596:
3511:
3491:
3441:
3411:
3401:
2022:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo - The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
507:
281:
4102:
3926:
3707:
3586:
3581:
3461:
2226:
4122:
4107:
4054:
4006:
4001:
3976:
3834:
3766:
3651:
3601:
3591:
3556:
3536:
3526:
3426:
3288:
2510:
376:), Jews, Christians and Mandaeans (in some cases Zoroastrians) received second-class treatment but were tolerated.
203:
4031:
3981:
3941:
3894:
3889:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3839:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3626:
3541:
3406:
3396:
272:(1915, also known as the Assyrian genocide), most were murdered or forced to emigrate to join fellow Assyrians in
4117:
4059:
3996:
3986:
3971:
3966:
3946:
3916:
3884:
3869:
3844:
3671:
3571:
3506:
3486:
3471:
3436:
3421:
3416:
2064:
716:
4092:
4011:
3936:
3906:
3712:
3631:
3566:
3546:
3481:
3456:
3446:
3431:
2406:
1865:
Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom
4242:
3551:
3516:
3466:
3383:
3361:
3209:
2747:
2498:
630:
but they had many hardships nevertheless. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians/Syriacs in
552:
191:
487:
as well as villages. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke other languages.
3298:
2832:
2820:
2693:
2592:
2103:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
705:
658:
380:
2569:
898:
to Lebanon, where the See was reestablished. There is still a tiny Syriac Catholic community that lives in
875:
after he and his followers settled there in the 1660s, making Turkey the center of their church structure.
4215:
4171:
3053:
2665:
2467:
2461:
2290:
985:
879:
746:
734:
700:
and could not open schools teaching their language. The last Assyrian-language school was closed in 1928.
615:
603:
187:
4232:
3759:
2677:
2653:
953:
599:
464:
730:
58:
4225:
4195:
3260:
3246:
3194:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
2903:
2597:
2428:
2295:
471:. Outside of the area of core Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in the towns of
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4200:
3681:
3354:
3335:
3219:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3164:
2844:
2753:
2671:
2659:
2607:
2602:
2442:
2422:
2381:
2141:
623:
285:
222:
140:
3736:
696:
Unlike Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923
4205:
3234:
3154:
3075:
3048:
2765:
2391:
2158:
1459:
890:
due to oppression by the Syriac Orthodox Church. A large community lived in the southeast in the
829:
697:
580:
448:
367:
234:
168:
399:
2369:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
2076:
2044:
757:, where between 12,000 and 18,000 live. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Syriac Orthodoxs still live in
4237:
3229:
3199:
3026:
2977:
2963:
2933:
2814:
2617:
2285:
2236:
2214:
2179:
2125:
2106:
2080:
2025:
1960:
1929:
1868:
1780:
1696:
1401:
1205:
1060:
627:
238:
230:
226:
210:
95:
3112:
832:
in Turkey. Diyarbakir was the city in which the Chaldean Catholic Church was founded when it
4252:
3174:
2759:
2612:
2584:
2490:
2453:
2206:
2150:
2068:
1956:
1688:
1603:"Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights"
1581:
864:
619:
456:
257:
218:
171:
152:
128:
1768:
859:
mountains on the southeastern edge of Turkey's border, which is now part of the modern day
4210:
4190:
3102:
2927:
2717:
2711:
2574:
2549:
2529:
2356:
1751:
1408:
860:
852:
825:
793:, and a few other places. As part of the return movement some Syriac Orthodox returned to
681:
499:
391:
313:
273:
265:
261:
214:
179:
160:
41:
30:
1111:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te"
567:. Many were forced to abandon their properties and flee to Syria, eventually settling in
2120:
Polatel, Mehmet (2019). "The State, Local Actors and Mass Violence in Bitlis Province".
4185:
3323:
2982:
2909:
2885:
2773:
2544:
2539:
1753:
The Assyrian case: The impact of the European Union on Turkey`s minority rights concept
872:
833:
762:
638:. Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding in
540:
384:
363:
293:
277:
253:
120:
4326:
3730:
3092:
2826:
2433:
2411:
2162:
2122:
The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
2052:
2039:
939:
868:
774:
584:
472:
468:
422:
411:
2850:
1981:
1569:
3097:
1714:
Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952)
1423:
790:
103:
2154:
1950:
1919:
3740:
2735:
2729:
2366:
2172:
States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey
806:
782:
519:
allies. Church of the East settlement began to the east on the western shore of
455:, where they populated almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts.
684:
confiscated by the Turkish state were returned to them. On 8 October 2023, the
3751:
3063:
3058:
2856:
1822:
1726:
1692:
1007:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey"
817:
778:
524:
520:
241:. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be
183:
2308:
2218:
1784:
1700:
3346:
3330:
3283:
3117:
2997:
2838:
2779:
2232:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
1925:
1042:
B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349
957:
891:
849:
794:
758:
648:
635:
626:, the Assyrian community of Turkey managed to sustain its numbers after the
607:
495:
452:
403:
356:
288:. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in
745:). The predominant Christian denomination among Assyrians in Turkey is the
753:. Due to migration, the Syriacs' main residential area in Turkey today is
708:
announced the opening of a new Assyrian school, funded by the government.
3068:
3041:
3014:
3002:
2987:
2741:
2688:
1586:
766:
754:
572:
484:
379:
In the Ottoman Empire, this religious status became systematized as the "
289:
90:
2723:
2645:
2525:
2210:
911:
798:
786:
665:, the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey
532:
1541:"Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open"
1139:"President Erdoğan inaugurates Türkiye's 1st post-republic era church"
828:, and Istanbul. In 2016 it was estimated that there were about 48,594
351:
4166:
3303:
3107:
3036:
3009:
2992:
899:
887:
883:
821:
802:
770:
712:
674:
639:
631:
568:
480:
460:
444:
372:
246:
242:
175:
124:
99:
48:
844:
there was also a large community of Nestorians, or followers of the
2194:
3031:
3019:
2915:
2325:
1627:"Türkiye'de modern tarihin ilk Süryani Kilisesi için temel atıldı"
907:
895:
841:
729:
657:
594:
589:
564:
556:
555:
campaign that negatively affected the Syriac communities (such as
536:
528:
435:
428:
350:
312:
280:
in the 2nd half of the 20th century, due to conflicts between the
269:
2251:"The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016. Source: Annuario Pontificio"
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1769:"SÜRYANİCE ANADİLİNDE EĞİTİM HAKKI: SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ"
903:
670:
560:
516:
476:
4137:
3755:
3350:
2329:
894:
region until they were massacred and forced to flee during the
245:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from
1487:"Middle Eastern Christians Flee Violence for Ancient Homeland"
867:. Additionally, the Patriarch of the Nestorian church had his
415:
816:, which has around 7,000–8,000 members who live primarily in
1982:"Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"
1727:"Government's Move Expected to Help Save Assyrian Language"
1568:
Arikan, Arda; Varli, Ozan; Kürüm, Eyüp Yaşar (2017-05-01).
1402:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyrians-in-iran#pt3
535:, was a Chaldean enclave. There was a Chaldean area around
1082:"Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey"
871:
until mid-1915 based in a village in that region known as
1318:
1316:
366:
had an elaborate system of administering the non-Muslim "
1360:
1358:
938:
Mar Pithyoun (St. Anthony) Chaldean Catholic Church in
252:
The Assyrians were once a large ethnic minority in the
1652:"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'"
1517:"'Syriac Orthodox church gives Istanbul new richness'"
1345:
1343:
1291:
1289:
1248:
1246:
1221:
1219:
1217:
914:. Syriac Protestant Churches exist in Turkey as well.
902:
and Istanbul, but most Syriac Catholics now live in
433:
Assyrian women fleeing through the mountains during
4299:
4251:
4178:
4083:
4045:
3787:
3680:
3640:
3382:
3259:
3130:
2962:
2953:
2866:
2795:
2702:
2643:
2626:
2583:
2524:
2489:
2452:
2441:
2374:
2309:"İstanbul - Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği"
2101:Gaunt, David (2020). "The Long Assyrian Genocide".
134:
114:
83:
71:
27:
2043:
1681:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
749:, with their 15,000–20,000 followers being called
1756:(masterThesis thesis). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
1570:"A Study of Assyrians' Language Use in Istanbul"
1767:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (2021-06-30).
1050:
1048:
926:Syriac Orthodox Church and Cemetery in Istanbul
563:or Adiyaman) that had not been affected by the
515:sometimes fought each other on behalf of their
406:, who the Tribes worshipped because it was the
355:Map of Assyrian settlements in their homeland,
1823:"T.C. MARDİN ARTUKLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ - Süryanice"
1455:"Hopes to Revive the Christian Area of Turkey"
651:or Hakkari, with the rest living in Istanbul.
506:mountains (east of Tur Abdin, adjacent to the
4149:
3767:
3362:
2341:
410:'s Holy See: was directly subservient to the
8:
2365:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
1264:
1162:
1133:
1131:
22:
1918:Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003).
1418:
1416:
886:during the 1800s after being driven out of
4156:
4142:
4134:
3774:
3760:
3752:
3369:
3355:
3347:
2959:
2640:
2449:
2348:
2334:
2326:
1773:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
1424:"Turkey's Duplicitous Game With Assyrians"
673:have found temporary homes in the city of
57:
21:
2195:"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide"
2124:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 119–140.
1921:The Church of the East: A Concise History
1585:
761:, and they are spread among 30 villages,
551:After 1923, local politicians went on an
531:and surrounding villages; just north, in
418:to which they collected from the tribes.
2073:United States Government Printing Office
1563:
1561:
1030:
1952:The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East
998:
916:
812:The second largest denomination is the
1905:
1204:, State Univ of New York Press, 1983,
16:Ethnic group in the Republic of Turkey
1467:from the original on January 20, 2023
1388:
1376:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1307:
1295:
1280:
1252:
1237:
1225:
1178:
1057:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq
459:was centered in two monasteries near
7:
2260:. 2016. pp. 3–4. Archived from
1980:Aprim, Frederick A. (7 March 2008).
1434:from the original on 15 January 2015
1080:DHA, Daily Sabah with (2019-01-10).
84:Regions with significant populations
492:Patriarch of the Church of the East
300:was inaugurated on 8 October 2023.
2105:. Berghahn Books. pp. 56–96.
1998:from the original on 7 August 2017
1493:. 29 December 2014. Archived from
814:Chaldean Catholic Church in Turkey
669:Some Assyrians who have fled from
14:
2387:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
2061:United States Library of Congress
2045:"The Society and Its Environment"
2024:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32.
1453:Gusten, Susanne (April 4, 2012).
686:Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church
663:Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church
298:Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church
186:, with most being members of the
4165:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3329:
3317:
3274:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
2427:
2416:
2405:
2176:University of Pennsylvania Press
1055:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019).
978:
964:
946:
931:
919:
209:They share a common history and
47:
40:
1092:from the original on 2019-01-10
1013:from the original on 2020-04-25
63:Turkish Assyrian Christians in
3693:British Indian Ocean Territory
2940:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2803:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
2199:Genocide Studies International
1750:Köseoğlu, Ayman (2018-08-06).
268:provinces, but, following the
1:
2684:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1675:Akbulut, Olgun (2023-10-19).
1059:. Nineveh Press. p. 14.
174:ethnic group and minority of
4312:Provinces by life expectancy
3294:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
3269:Assyrian Democratic Movement
2170:Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2019).
2155:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789
988:of the Virgin Mary, Istanbul
848:, and Syriac Catholics. The
711:Classical Syriac and modern
577:Syriac Orthodox patriarchate
490:Under the leadership of the
108:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3782:Assyrians/Syriacs in Europe
3279:Assyrian Universal Alliance
2505:Assyrian Church of the East
2480:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
2474:Assyrian Evangelical Church
2397:Terms for Syriac Christians
2235:. Oxford University Press.
1601:Sabah, Daily (2019-08-26).
1574:Sustainable Multilingualism
972:St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır
846:Assyrian Church of the East
838:Assyrian Church of the East
743:Terms for Syriac Christians
421:Those who had converted to
408:Assyrian Church of the East
200:Assyrian Evangelical Church
196:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
4354:
3289:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
2511:Ancient Church of the East
1863:Giesel, Christoph (2017).
204:Ancient Church of the East
3721:
3377:Assyrians/Syriacs in Asia
3312:
2403:
2363:
2065:Federal Research Division
1867:. Springer. p. 169.
1693:10.1163/15718115-bja10134
717:Mardin Artuklu University
634:, the regional centre of
139:
119:
88:
76:
56:
38:
4243:Demographics of Istanbul
3442:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2809:Muslim conquest of Syria
2499:Chaldean Catholic Church
2059:. Area Handbook Series.
1633:(in Turkish). 2019-08-03
1117:(in Turkish). 2023-10-06
614:Unlike other persecuted
282:Kurdistan Workers' Party
192:Chaldean Catholic Church
28:
4338:Ethnic groups in Turkey
4307:Provinces by population
3703:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3336:Christianity portal
3299:Syriac Military Council
2898:Massacres of Diyarbekir
2833:Principality of Antioch
2786:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2593:Assyrian folk/pop music
2051:. In Curtis, Glenn E.;
1924:. London and New York:
457:Syriac Orthodox culture
414:, who the see paid the
65:Cevizağacı, Beytüşşebap
4172:Demographics of Turkey
3830:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3054:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2892:Massacres of Badr Khan
2666:Middle Assyrian Empire
2468:Syriac Catholic Church
2462:Syriac Orthodox Church
2291:Christianity in Turkey
986:Syriac Orthodox Church
880:Syriac Catholic Church
747:Syriac Orthodox Church
738:
735:Syriac Catholic Church
666:
611:
508:Ottoman–Persian border
440:
359:
348:
237:, as well as with the
188:Syriac Orthodox Church
156:
2922:Independence movement
2678:Post-imperial Assyria
2654:Early Assyrian period
2193:Gaunt, David (2015).
2057:Iran: A Country Study
1949:Joseph, John (2000).
1887:Çaglar (2013), p. 122
954:Mor Gabriel Monastery
733:
661:
600:Mor Hananyo Monastery
598:
575:, or the Khabur. The
463:(west of Tur Abdin),
432:
354:
316:
163:: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) or
3617:United Arab Emirates
2598:Music of Mesopotamia
2545:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
2540:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
2313:www.suryanikadim.org
2296:Minorities in Turkey
1896:Güsten (2016), p. 11
1587:10.1515/sm-2017-0003
706:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
644:Kurdish insurgencies
223:religious traditions
4333:Assyrians in Turkey
4046:States with limited
3644:limited recognition
2904:Rise of nationalism
2845:Jalayirid Sultanate
2672:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2660:Old Assyrian period
2603:Syriac sacral music
2423:Aramean-Syriac flag
2382:Assyrian continuity
2142:Citizenship Studies
1497:on 29 December 2014
1491:National Geographic
1115:www.hurriyet.com.tr
1033:, pp. 100–101.
400:Shimun Patriarchate
322: More than 50%
286:Turkish Land Forces
213:, rooted in shared
157:Türkiye Süryanileri
149:Assyrians in Turkey
141:Syriac Christianity
79:~600,000 (diaspora)
24:
3324:History portal
2766:Church of the East
2555:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
2392:Chaldean Catholics
2211:10.3138/gsi.9.1.05
1827:www.artuklu.edu.tr
1460:The New York Times
1407:2015-02-04 at the
830:Chaldean Catholics
739:
698:Treaty of Lausanne
667:
612:
581:Treaty of Lausanne
547:Republic of Turkey
449:Diyarbekir vilayet
441:
368:People of the Book
360:
349:
235:Assyrians in Syria
4320:
4319:
4131:
4130:
3749:
3748:
3686:other territories
3344:
3343:
3255:
3254:
2971:
2949:
2948:
2916:Assyrian genocide
2815:Abbasid Caliphate
2637:
2520:
2519:
2286:Assyrian homeland
2242:978-0-19-965522-9
2185:978-0-8122-9659-4
2131:978-1-78831-241-7
2112:978-1-78920-451-3
2086:978-0-8444-1187-3
2031:978-1-78533-499-3
1391:, pp. 14–15.
1325:, pp. 86–87.
1169:, pp. 18–19.
1066:978-91-984101-7-4
882:had their See in
865:Hakkari provinces
834:separated in 1552
628:Assyrian Genocide
527:, in the town of
392:5 Assyrian Tribes
239:Assyrian diaspora
231:Assyrians in Iran
227:Assyrians in Iraq
165:Turkish Assyrians
146:
145:
23:Turkish Assyrians
4345:
4253:Census in Turkey
4170:
4169:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4084:Dependencies and
3788:Sovereign states
3776:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3698:Christmas Island
3384:Sovereign states
3371:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3321:
3320:
2967:
2960:
2934:Post-Saddam Iraq
2760:Nestorian schism
2754:Christianization
2726:(132 BCE–244 CE)
2720:(247 BCE–224 CE)
2680:(609 BCE–240 CE)
2641:
2631:
2491:East Syriac Rite
2454:West Syriac Rite
2450:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2255:
2246:
2227:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
2222:
2189:
2166:
2149:(3–4): 367–379.
2135:
2116:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2069:Washington, D.C.
2067:(5th ed.).
2050:
2047:
2035:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1642:
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1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1598:
1592:
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1589:
1565:
1556:
1555:
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1552:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1450:
1444:
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1441:
1439:
1420:
1411:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
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1262:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1198:
1192:
1188:
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1176:
1170:
1160:
1154:
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1151:
1150:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1107:
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1100:
1098:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1003:
982:
968:
950:
935:
923:
616:Christian groups
602:is an important
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
296:, where the new
256:, living in the
172:Semitic-speaking
72:Total population
61:
52:
51:
45:
44:
29:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ (
25:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4295:
4247:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4132:
4127:
4085:
4079:
4065:Northern Cyprus
4047:
4041:
3962:North Macedonia
3783:
3780:
3750:
3745:
3717:
3685:
3676:
3657:Northern Cyprus
3643:
3636:
3378:
3375:
3345:
3340:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3251:
3126:
3103:Mardin Province
2966:
2945:
2928:Simele massacre
2862:
2791:
2756:(1st to 3rd c.)
2738:(64 BCE–637 CE)
2732:(66 BCE–217 CE)
2718:Parthian Empire
2712:Seleucid Empire
2704:
2698:
2694:Assyrian tribes
2662:(2025–1364 BCE)
2656:(2600–2025 BCE)
2635:
2633:
2630:
2622:
2579:
2532:
2516:
2485:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2370:
2359:
2357:Assyrian people
2354:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2282:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2225:
2192:
2186:
2169:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1936:
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1916:
1912:
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1534:
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1523:
1515:
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1510:
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1452:
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1437:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1409:Wayback Machine
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
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1329:
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1199:
1195:
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1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1109:
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1104:
1095:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1031:Hooglund (2008)
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
983:
974:
969:
960:
951:
942:
936:
927:
924:
840:. Prior to the
826:Sirnak province
728:
715:are taught are
694:
682:Mardin Province
604:Syriac Orthodox
549:
500:Assyrian tribes
347:
343:
341:
337:
335:
331:
329:
325:
323:
319:
311:
306:
211:ethnic identity
180:Eastern Aramaic
106:
93:
78:
67:
46:
39:
34:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Turkish people
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4086:other entities
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4037:United Kingdom
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Czech Republic
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3230:United Kingdom
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2983:Nineveh Plains
2974:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2910:Adana massacre
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2886:Schism of 1552
2883:
2880:Ottoman Empire
2877:
2874:Safavid Empire
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2821:Emirs of Mosul
2818:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:(1363–912 BCE)
2663:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
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2303:
2302:External links
2300:
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2247:
2241:
2223:
2190:
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2130:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2053:Hooglund, Eric
2040:Hooglund, Eric
2036:
2030:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1972:
1965:
1941:
1934:
1910:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1838:
1814:
1790:
1775:(in Turkish).
1759:
1742:
1718:
1706:
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1643:
1618:
1593:
1557:
1532:
1508:
1478:
1445:
1412:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 371.
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928:
925:
918:
797:villages from
727:
724:
693:
690:
553:anti-Christian
548:
545:
541:Bitlis vilayet
385:Constantinople
364:Ottoman Empire
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
310:
307:
305:
302:
284:(PKK) and the
278:Western Europe
254:Ottoman Empire
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:
131:
117:
116:
112:
111:
110:(historically)
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36:
35:
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13:
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4292:
4289:
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4284:
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4269:
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4264:
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4124:
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4119:
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4109:
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4101:
4099:
4098:Faroe Islands
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:South Ossetia
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4035:
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4025:
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4018:
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3925:
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3922:Liechtenstein
3920:
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3910:
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3696:
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3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:South Ossetia
3665:
3663:
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3655:
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3649:
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3428:
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3423:
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3410:
3408:
3405:
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3400:
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3327:
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3305:
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3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:United States
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
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3198:
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3018:
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3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
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2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:Buyid amirate
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:Roman Assyria
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:(911–609 BCE)
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:Syriac script
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
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2527:
2523:
2512:
2509:
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2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2434:Chaldean flag
2430:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2412:Assyrian flag
2408:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
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2328:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2267:on 2016-10-20
2263:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:(1): 83–103.
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1994:
1990:
1989:Fredaprim.com
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1966:9789004116412
1962:
1959:. p. 1.
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1935:9781134430192
1931:
1928:. p. 4.
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1874:9781137270269
1870:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1803:www.aa.com.tr
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:(aop): 1–24.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1656:www.aa.com.tr
1653:
1647:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1379:, p. 69.
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:, p. xv.
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:, p. 88.
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:, p. 59.
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 58.
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:, p. 57.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 19.
1270:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1255:, p. 15.
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:, p. 13.
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 87.
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:0-87395-600-1
1207:
1203:
1200:John Joseph,
1197:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1181:, p. 86.
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
987:
981:
976:
973:
967:
962:
959:
955:
949:
944:
941:
934:
929:
922:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:lived in the
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
725:
723:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
701:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
606:monastery in
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
586:
585:denaturalized
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:1915 genocide
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Deyrulzafaran
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
437:
431:
427:
424:
423:Protestantism
419:
417:
413:
412:Sublime Porte
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:
369:
365:
358:
353:
315:
308:
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:northern Iraq
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
87:
82:
75:
70:
66:
60:
55:
50:
43:
37:
32:
26:
4216:Christianity
4191:Ethnic Kurds
4075:Transnistria
3682:Dependencies
3612:Turkmenistan
3577:Saudi Arabia
3082:
2851:Qara Qoyunlu
2714:(312–63 BCE)
2445:Christianity
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2269:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2231:
2202:
2198:
2171:
2146:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2056:
2021:
2000:. Retrieved
1988:
1975:
1951:
1944:
1920:
1913:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1864:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1779:(44): 3–35.
1776:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1731:www.aina.org
1730:
1721:
1709:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1580:(1): 56–74.
1577:
1573:
1549:. Retrieved
1547:. 2023-10-04
1544:
1535:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1481:
1471:February 28,
1469:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1427:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1330:
1303:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1233:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1145:. 2023-10-08
1142:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1056:
1038:
1026:
1015:. Retrieved
1001:
877:
811:
740:
721:
710:
702:
695:
679:
668:
653:
613:
550:
511:
489:
442:
434:
420:
389:
378:
371:
361:
340: 10–20%
334: 20–30%
328: 30–40%
251:
208:
164:
148:
147:
19:Ethnic group
4233:Immigration
4113:Isle of Man
4048:recognition
4022:Switzerland
3957:Netherlands
3741:Asia portal
3642:States with
3562:Philippines
3502:South Korea
3497:North Korea
3392:Afghanistan
3210:New Zealand
3205:Netherlands
2969:Settlements
2882:(1555–1917)
2859:(1453–1501)
2853:(1375–1468)
2847:(1335–1432)
2841:(1258–1335)
2835:(1098–1268)
2796:Middle ages
2736:Roman Syria
2730:Syrian Wars
2367:Middle East
2075:. pp.
1607:Daily Sabah
1545:Daily Sabah
1191:collector."
1143:Daily Sabah
1086:Daily Sabah
807:Switzerland
737:in Istanbul
494:, based in
465:Mor Gabriel
390:As for the
346: 5–10%
309:Ottoman era
4327:Categories
4226:Irreligion
4196:Minorities
3992:San Marino
3952:Montenegro
3932:Luxembourg
3912:Kazakhstan
3815:Azerbaijan
3622:Uzbekistan
3597:Tajikistan
3512:Kyrgyzstan
3492:Kazakhstan
3412:Bangladesh
3402:Azerbaijan
3093:Diyarbakır
3064:Tell Tamer
3059:Al-Hasakah
2955:By country
2867:Modern era
2857:Aq Qoyunlu
2829:(945–1055)
2823:(905–1383)
2817:(750–1258)
2632:(including
2608:Folk dance
2318:2023-10-09
2271:2022-03-23
2092:13 October
1955:. Leiden:
1906:CNEWA 2016
1832:2023-10-21
1808:2023-10-21
1736:2023-10-21
1661:2023-10-21
1637:2023-10-21
1612:2023-10-21
1551:2023-10-05
1526:2023-10-05
1389:Biner 2019
1377:Gaunt 2020
1365:Biner 2011
1350:Biner 2019
1335:Gaunt 2020
1323:Gaunt 2015
1308:Gaunt 2020
1296:Gaunt 2020
1281:Gaunt 2020
1253:Üngör 2011
1238:Üngör 2011
1226:Gaunt 2015
1179:Gaunt 2015
1149:2023-10-09
1121:2023-10-07
1096:2020-05-20
1017:2020-05-20
994:References
940:Diyarbakır
818:Diyarbakir
779:Diyarbakir
775:İskenderun
521:Lake Urmia
502:ruled the
473:Diyarbakır
215:linguistic
184:Christians
182:–speaking
169:indigenous
94:Cities of
4201:Languages
4103:Gibraltar
3927:Lithuania
3708:Hong Kong
3662:Palestine
3587:Sri Lanka
3582:Singapore
3462:Indonesia
3284:Dawronoye
3215:Palestine
3145:Australia
3118:Tur Abdin
2998:Tel Keppe
2918:(1914–20)
2906:(19th c.)
2888:(16th c.)
2876:(1508–55)
2839:Ilkhanate
2788:(502–628)
2782:(226–651)
2780:Asoristan
2750:(116–118)
2705:antiquity
2703:Classical
2636:contexts)
2533:languages
2219:2291-1847
2163:144086552
1926:Routledge
1785:1300-2929
1701:1385-4879
1521:aa.com.tr
1501:19 August
1438:19 August
958:Tur Abdin
892:Tur Abdin
873:Qodshanis
850:Nestorian
836:from the
795:Tur Abdin
759:Tur Abdin
649:Tur Abdin
636:Tur Abdin
624:Armenians
618:like the
610:, Turkey.
608:Tur Abdin
496:Qudshanis
453:Tur Abdin
404:Qodshanis
357:Tur Abdin
115:Languages
104:Yüksekova
4206:Religion
4123:Svalbard
4108:Guernsey
4055:Abkhazia
4007:Slovenia
4002:Slovakia
3977:Portugal
3835:Bulgaria
3731:Category
3652:Abkhazia
3602:Thailand
3557:Pakistan
3537:Mongolia
3532:Maldives
3527:Malaysia
3427:Cambodia
3261:Politics
3132:Diaspora
3113:Mazıdağı
3069:Qamishli
3042:Sanandaj
3015:Shaqlawa
3003:Bartella
2988:Qaraqosh
2964:Homeland
2762:(5th c.)
2744:(15–116)
2742:Adiabene
2689:Arameans
2644:Ancient
2618:Clothing
2560:Hertevin
2375:Identity
2280:See also
2229:(2011).
2055:(eds.).
2042:(2008).
1993:Archived
1631:euronews
1465:Archived
1432:Archived
1428:aina.org
1405:Archived
1090:Archived
1011:Archived
783:Adıyaman
755:Istanbul
726:Religion
692:Language
573:Qamishli
485:Adiyaman
294:Yeşilköy
290:Istanbul
219:cultural
178:who are
135:Religion
91:Istanbul
4238:Poverty
4221:Judaism
4032:Ukraine
3982:Romania
3942:Moldova
3900:Ireland
3895:Iceland
3890:Hungary
3880:Germany
3875:Georgia
3865:Finland
3860:Estonia
3855:Denmark
3840:Croatia
3825:Belgium
3820:Belarus
3810:Austria
3805:Armenia
3800:Andorra
3795:Albania
3627:Vietnam
3542:Myanmar
3522:Lebanon
3452:Georgia
3407:Bahrain
3397:Armenia
3247:Uruguay
3240:Detroit
3195:Lebanon
3175:Germany
3170:Georgia
3160:Finland
3150:Belgium
3140:Armenia
3088:Hakkari
2942:(2014–)
2936:(2003–)
2924:(1919–)
2894:(1840s)
2724:Osroene
2646:Assyria
2634:related
2628:History
2613:Cuisine
2585:Culture
2526:Aramaic
2513:(1968–)
2507:(1692–)
2501:(1552–)
2482:(1940–)
2476:(1870–)
2470:(1662–)
2014:Sources
912:Lebanon
857:Hakkari
799:Germany
787:Malatya
763:hamlets
751:Syriacs
533:Salamas
517:Kurdish
510:) with
504:Hakkari
396:Hakkari
304:History
258:Hakkari
225:, with
167:are an
153:Turkish
129:Turkish
96:Hakkâri
89:Mainly
4179:Topics
4118:Jersey
4060:Kosovo
4027:Turkey
4017:Sweden
3997:Serbia
3987:Russia
3972:Poland
3967:Norway
3947:Monaco
3917:Latvia
3885:Greece
3870:France
3845:Cyprus
3672:Taiwan
3607:Turkey
3572:Russia
3507:Kuwait
3487:Jordan
3477:Israel
3437:Cyprus
3422:Brunei
3417:Bhutan
3304:Sutoro
3225:Sweden
3220:Russia
3200:Mexico
3190:Jordan
3185:Israel
3180:Greece
3165:France
3155:Canada
3108:Mardin
3098:Elazığ
3083:Turkey
3076:Khabur
3037:Salmas
3010:Ankawa
2993:Alqosh
2930:(1933)
2912:(1909)
2900:(1895)
2811:(630s)
2805:(630s)
2570:Mlaḥsô
2565:Senaya
2550:Turoyo
2530:Syriac
2464:(518–)
2443:Syriac
2239:
2217:
2182:
2161:
2128:
2109:
2083:
2077:81–142
2028:
1963:
1932:
1871:
1783:
1699:
1267:et al.
1265:Gaunt
1208:
1165:et al.
1163:Gaunt
1063:
910:, and
900:Mardin
888:Aleppo
884:Mardin
861:Sirnak
853:Tribes
822:Mardin
803:Sweden
791:Elazığ
771:Ankara
713:Surayt
675:Midyat
640:Cyprus
632:Midyat
620:Greeks
569:Aleppo
525:Persia
512:aşiret
483:, and
481:Harput
461:Mardin
445:Midyat
439:, 1915
398:, The
381:millet
373:dhimmi
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
266:Mardin
262:Sirnak
247:Turkey
243:Turoyo
176:Turkey
161:Syriac
125:Surayt
100:Mardin
77:25,000
31:Syriac
4300:Lists
4211:Islam
4093:Åland
4012:Spain
3937:Malta
3907:Italy
3713:Macau
3632:Yemen
3592:Syria
3567:Qatar
3547:Nepal
3482:Japan
3457:India
3447:Egypt
3432:China
3049:Syria
3032:Urmia
3020:Zakho
2265:(PDF)
2258:CNEWA
2254:(PDF)
2159:S2CID
2049:(PDF)
2002:6 May
1996:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1957:Brill
908:Syria
896:Sayfo
842:Sayfo
767:İzmir
590:Sayfo
557:Adana
537:Siirt
529:Urmia
447:, in
436:Sayfo
416:taxes
270:Sayfo
202:, or
121:Suret
4291:2020
4286:2010
4281:2000
4276:1990
4271:1965
4266:1935
4261:1927
3552:Oman
3517:Laos
3472:Iraq
3467:Iran
3027:Iran
2978:Iraq
2774:1552
2237:ISBN
2215:ISSN
2180:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2094:2013
2081:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2004:2020
1961:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1781:ISSN
1697:ISSN
1503:2017
1473:2017
1440:2017
1269:2017
1206:ISBN
1167:2017
1061:ISBN
904:Iraq
878:The
863:and
805:and
671:ISIL
622:and
561:Urfa
477:Urfa
467:and
362:The
264:and
233:and
221:and
102:and
3684:and
2770:410
2207:doi
2151:doi
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