Assyrians in Iraq - Knowledge (XXG)

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massacred by Kurds in 1843. In 1915 Kurds massacred more than 27,000 Assyrians in Urmia region alone and destroyed more than 100 villages Assyrian villages in March 1915 alone. In 1916 Kurds and Turks massacred Assyrians in Bohtan region. Both Kurdish and Turkish nationalists deny the fact that Assyrians were the original inhabitants of south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq. The Assyrian population was so small in the aftermath of the genocide that the region called Assyria in ancient times came to be known as "Kurdistan". The Kurds and Turks cynically resisted Assyrian and Armenian efforts to attain statehood after World War II. While the Kurdish population doubled from two million in 1970 to four million in 2002, the Christian population decreased.

914:, for having written articles on the Internet critical of the KDP. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Some activists have claimed that membership in Kurdish parties is necessary to obtain "employment and educational opportunities" in Iraqi Kurdistan. The US State department report said that "Kurdish authorities abused and discriminated against minorities in the North, including Turcomen, Arabs, Christians, and Shabak", and that Kurdish authorities "denied services to some villages, arrested minorities without due process and took them to undisclosed locations for detention, and pressured minority schools to teach in the Kurdish language". Christian minorities in Kirkuk also "charged that Kurdish security forces targeted Arabs and Turcomen". 471:

Assyrians residing at the Thuma region have been massacred...." British writer William Eagleton said that "in 1843 and 1846, Bedirhan started a massacre and booting campaign against the Christian Assyrians (Nestorians) he was anxious about whose getting stronger and independent through becoming able to rule themselves. It was intolerable for Bedirhan to see the Assyrians living on his own territories getting stronger. Thus he killed ten thousand Assyrians. Even though Bedirhan was a feudal tribal leader, he was expressing the aspirations of Kurdish nationalism." Kurdish and Arab attacks on Assyrians continued, culminating in the August 1933 Simele massacres. About 3000 Assyrians were killed in that single month alone.

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Kurdish political parties "encouraged and supported resettlement of Kurds in Kirkuk outside the framework of the IPCC". However Arabs remained "in antagonistic and extremely poor conditions, facing pressure from Kurdish authorities to leave the province". In 2015 elections, many of the mostly Christian residents in the Nineveh Plain were unable to vote, "polling places did not open, ballot boxes were not delivered, and incidents of voter fraud and intimidation occurred". Kurdish militia refused to "allow ballot boxes to pass to predominantly Christian villages". The KRG also reportedly "pressured NGOs into hiring only Kurds and dismissing non-Kurds on security grounds"."

966:, said most young Syriacs were trying to get out of Iraq. "Most of our young people are trying to get out of Iraq and Syria. They find it difficult to stay in Iraq, because they have lost confidence in their government, they have faced so much persecution. More than 60,000 Syriacs were forced to leave the Nineveh Plain in one night. In total, more than 120,000 Christians were obliged to flee to Kurdistan, and from there they have been going to the west. A good number returned home, and that is a good sign, because we have a mission in this part of the Middle East. But many families are still trying to get out." 660:

freedom of speech, religion, movement, and press are strongly restricted throughout Iraq, these freedoms do exist to a certain extent in parts of the Kurd-controlled area "(USDOS 25 Feb. 2000). However, reports regarding isolated human rights abuses continued in 1999. The US State government reported that in 1999 Assyrian Christian Helena Aloun Sawa was murdered, and according to AINA, "the murder resembles a well-established pattern of complicity by Kurdish authorities in attacks against Assyrian Christians in the north". The murder was investigated by a commission appointed by the

455:"rose in revolt against the "atheist government of Ankara" and demanded autonomy, the restoration of religious laws and of the sultanate". In 1932 Iraqi forces commanded by Kurdish general Bakr Sidki killed 600 Assyrians at Simel, near Mosul. Kurds committed the slaughter "in which 65 Nestorian villages in northern Iraq were plundered and burned down, priests were tortured and Christians were forced to renounce their religion while others in Dohuk were deported and about a 100 were shot". In 1843 Nestorians in the Tauris region refused to pay Kurds the 4176: 2457:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005. March 8, 2006. "The Kurdish parties also control "the pursuit of formal education and the granting of academic positions". In 2015 Kurdish security forces in Bartalah reportedly broke up a peaceful demonstration by Shabak people, thereby assaulting several demonstrators. The US State department reported on allegations that the KRG discriminated against Christian minorities. Christians living in areas north of 4165: 102: 1156: 541: 501: 5485: 647:. Aramaic was also to be taught at intermediate and secondary schools in which the majority of students spoke that language in addition to Arabic, but it never happened. Special Assyrian programs were to be broadcast on public radio and television and three Syriac-language magazines were planned to be published in the capital. An Association of Syriac-Speaking Authors and Writers had also been established. 5495: 4187: 5089: 109: 947:

targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the KRG for the lack of investigation. According to the US Department of State the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again.

5077: 38: 726:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq. Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by 678:

sources "regional Kurdish authorities refused to allow the classes to begin." However, details of this practice were not available, and Kurdish authorities denied the accusations. In 1999, the Kurdistan Observer claimed that "the Central Government had warned the administration in the Kurdish region against allowing

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Beginning in August 1933 Iraqi soldiers and Kurdish militia killed thousands of Assyrias in Simele (Iraq). The massacre had a big influence on Raphael Lemkin, the jurist who coined the word "genocide. The Simmele Massacre is also commemorated yearly with the official Assyrian Martyrs Day on 7 August.

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In 2009, the Kurdistan Regional Government reported that more than 40,000 Christians had moved from Baghdad, Basra and Mosul to the Iraqi Kurdistan cities. The reports also stated that the number of Christian families moving to Iraqi Kurdistan is growing and they were providing support and financial

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describing them as a blood-thirsty savage population which is used to plundering and a nomadic life. Kurds also played a major part in the Ottoman army, also through the Hamidiye. The Kurdish chieftain Bedr Khan during his rise to power massacred about 10,000 Assyrians in 1842. Nestorian tribes were

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Global Catholic Network; after being informed about the deteriorating situation of the Assyrians; President Bush was quoted as saying "This is a Muslim government that has failed to protect the Christians. In fact, it discriminates against them....It's time to order U.S. troops to protect Christian

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in Mosul. Iskander's church as well as several other churches placed 30 large posters around the city to distance themselves from the Pope's words. The relatives of the Christian priest who was beheaded three days later in Mosul, have said that his Muslim captors had demanded his church condemn the

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have criticized that while Kurds are very well funded, the Assyrian Christians receive almost no funding for their schools. Assyrians have also said that Kurds have modified and falsified school textbooks (kurdification) and changed traditional Christian names to Kurdish names. In textbooks it was

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Reports from various sources "indicate a better human rights situation overall in the Kurdish-controlled areas of Northern Iraq than exists elsewhere in the country" (AI 2000, 135; U.K. Immigration & Nationality Directorate Sept. 1999; USDOS 25 Feb. 2000) Also, according to the reports, "while

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Leaders of Iraq's Christian community estimate that over two-thirds of the country's Christian population may have fled the country or been internally displaced since the US-led invasion in 2003. While exact numbers are unknown, reports suggest that whole neighborhoods of Christians have left the

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Education in any language other than Arabic and Kurdish was prohibited by the government in Baghdad. Therefore, Assyrians were not permitted to attend classes in Syriac. In the Kurdish-controlled northern areas, classes in Syriac have been permitted since 1991. However, according to some Assyrian

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and Armenian people and ordered to massacre and annihilate them". Kurdish writers have recounted that "the Kurdish troops attacked the Assyrians and started slaughters. Consequently, a few Assyrians were killed, their villages were destroyed and set into fire... For the second time, in 1846, the

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The US State government also reported that in Kurdish controlled areas Assyrian schools and classes Syriac were not permitted or prevented in some cases. There were also incidents of mob violence by Kurdistan Workers party (KWP) against Christians in northern Iraq. Christian Assyrians were also

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In 2011, Islamist extremists assassinated Christians randomly using sniper rifles. Two months before the incident, two Christians had been shot for unknown reasons in Baghdad and two other Christians had been shot by Jihadis in Mosul. Human rights organizations have recorded 66 assault cases on

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According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate, "the Central Government has engaged various abuses against the Assyrian Christians, and has often suspected them of 'collaborating' with Kurds" (Sept. 1999). According to a report by The World Directory of Minorities "Assyrians were

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said that the KRG seized their property without compensation and that the KRG began building Kurdish settlements on their land. Assyrian Christians also said that the "KDP-dominated judiciary routinely discriminated against non-Muslims and legal judgments in their favor were not enforced". The

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were targeted by car bombs, killing 13-year-old worshipper Fadi Raad Elias. No militants claimed to be retaliating for the pictures, nor was this the first time Iraqi churches have been bombed; but the bishop of the church stated "The church blasts were a reaction to the cartoons published in

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in 1993 is "allowed to walk around freely" in Kurdistan. The impunity for those who attacked or killed Assyrians in the Kurdistan region was criticized. Assyrian Christian David Jindo was one of many murdered Christian politicians. Other prominent Assyrian leaders who were killed by Kurdish

459:, and "by way of reprisal 4350 Nestroians were slaughtered, about 400 women and children were reduced to slavery and all their houses and churches destroyed". Historians have noted that in "Kurdistan Jews, Nestorians and Armenians were subject to tallage and corvees at whim of authorities". 1030:

stating, "Expel the (Assyrian) Crusaders and infidels from the streets, schools, and institutions because they have offended the person of the prophet." It has been reported that Muslim students beat up a Christian student at Mosul University in response to the fatwa on the same day.

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to protect Assyrian towns, villages and regions in the north. In 2008 the Assyrian Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho of the Chaldean Catholic Church in Mosul was assassinated by some Kurds while some have claimed assassins were hired by local Arab tribes. Rahho was a defender of Assyrian

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in 2013 by General Aref al-Zebari and his brother Habib al-Hares Zabari, reportedly by Kurdish peshmerga soldiers. It has been reported that many Assyrian girls are forced into prostitution by Kurdish criminal organizations, and the families of these girls have also been threatened.

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but no results of the investigation were reported by year's end. There were also incidents of mob violence by Muslims against Christians in northern Iraq. Christian Assyrians were also targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the

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The bill turned out to be a failure. The radio stations created as the result of this decree were closed after a few months. While the two magazines were allowed to be published, only 10 percent of their material was in Aramaic. No school was allowed to teach in Aramaic either.

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In 2008, the charity Barnabas conducted research into 250 Iraqi Christian IDPs who had fled to the north of the country (Iraqi Kurdistan) to seek refugee status and found nearly half had witnessed attacks on churches or Christians, or been personally targeted by violence.

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Iraqi Christians have been victims of executions, forced displacement campaigns, torture, violence and the target of Islamist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS. Since the 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi Christians have fled from the country and their population has collapsed under the

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on 30 September 2005 led to an increase in violence against the Assyrian community. At first, the cartoons did not get much attention, but when the Egyptian media picked up on the publication in late December 2005, violence and protests erupted around the world.

598:. After engaging in several unsuccessful clashes with armed Assyrian tribesmen, on 11 August 1933, Sidqi permitted his men to attack and kill about 3,000 unarmed Assyrian civilian villagers, including women, children and the elderly, at the Assyrian villages of 669:

for the lack of investigation. According to the AINA, the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again.

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Boy Scout Battalions) threatened to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize to Muhammad within three days. Christian leaders in Iraq asked their parishioners not to leave their homes, after two Assyrians were stabbed and killed in Baghdad.

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Kurdish and Turkish militia began attacking Christians, plundering Assyrian villages. In 1915 Kurds and Turks plundered villages, about 7000 Assyrians were killed. In 1915 Turkish troops "with Kurdish detachments" committed mass slaughters of Assyrians in

818:(ISIS) ordered all Christians in the area of its control, where the Iraqi Army had collapsed, to pay a special tax of approximately $ 470 per family, convert to Islam, or be killed. Many of them took refuge in nearby Kurdish-controlled regions of Iraq. 606:. Having scapegoated the Assyrians as dangerous national traitors, this massacre of unarmed civilians became a symbol of national pride, and enhanced Sidqi's prestige. The British, though represented by a powerful military presence as provided by the 917:

Assyrians have criticized the kurdification of the school curricula, and have complained about the confiscation and occupation of Assyrian lands, and "that the Kurds invent new and impossible laws when the legitimate owners ask for their lands".

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Kurdish-Christian Armenian relations were bitter at the turn of the 19th century and land conflicts were a major problem. Many Christians and Europeans regarded the Kurds as barbarians and a major threat, the French consul at

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also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. The ethnic make-up of the

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regime initially tried to change the suppression of Assyrians in Iraq through different laws that were passed. On 20 February 1972, the government passed the law to recognize the cultural rights of Assyrians by allowing

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expressed his "closeness to Christians", whom he called "brothers" in the face of this "attack that changed their joy to sadness and anxiety". Two days later, on 8 January, two more churches were bombed in the city of

1038:, Iraq, by the militant group "The Military Wing for the Army of Justice" demanding that Christians "halt their religious rituals in churches and other worship places because they insulted Islam and Muslims." 1667: 673:

According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate "despite Tariq Aziz's lofty position in the Baghdad regime, Christians have little political influence in the Ba'ath government" (Sept. 1999).

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http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geusM03GBKm5MAw7VXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTByMDhrMzdqBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=12dpb27io/EXP=1247948212/**http://www.iraqslogger.com/downloads/Iraqis_in_Jordan.pdf

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unable to avoid the Kurdish conflict. As with the Kurds, some supported the government, others allied themselves with the Kurdish nationalist movement" (Minority Rights Group International 1997, 346).

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http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuyrT32BK5qIAHqhXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBybnZlZnRlBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=12cuifo46/EXP=1247949139/**http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/projects/idp/200706iraq.pdf

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In 2006, an Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, was snatched off the streets of Mosul by a Sunni Arab group that demanded a ransom. His body was later found, with his arms and legs having been cut off.

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Kurdish KDP security forces have been criticized for human rights abuses, abuses "ranged from threats and intimidation to detention in undisclosed locations without due process." In 2015, the local

852:. By early August 2004 this persecution included church bombings, and fundamentalist groups' enforcement of Muslim codes of behavior upon Christians, e.g., banning alcohol, forcing women to wear 779:

in southern Baghdad, with some Sunni extremists accusing the Christians of being allies of the Americans. A total number of 239 similar cases were registered by police between 2007 and 2009.

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There have been reports of writing on Assyrian church doors stating "If the Pope does not apologise, we will bomb all churches, kill more Christians and steal their property and money."

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In 2008, a priest called Ragheed Ganni, was shot dead in his church along with three of his companions. In the same year, there were reports that Christian students were being harassed.

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The Assyrian repression marked the entrance of the military into Iraqi politics, a pattern that has periodically re-emerged since 1958, and offered an excuse for enlarging conscription.

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took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches in Baghdad and Mosul, killing and wounding a large number of Christians. The Jordanian jihadist and 1st emir of Al-Qaeda in Iraq

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Eric Davis, Memories of State (Los Angeles: University of California Press 2005): 62; Records of Iraq, v. 7, Consul Mon ypenny to Mr. Ogilvie- Forbes, 21 Aug. 1933, 580. Cited

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priest with Saint Peter's Church in Baghdad's Karada neighbourhood, was killed by gunmen while travelling in a car on 5 April 2008. On 11 April, President Bush was interviewed by

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Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.

2544: 1745:"Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1993: Iraq. 14/06/96, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Iraqi government's point of view)" 1541: 447:". In these places "the system of persecutions and extorsions became intolerable to populations who had become accustomed to their slavery". According to Cambon, the 1671: 3872: 3097: 1447: 1298: 1019:

in Iraq now feel like "Westerners should not give wild statements everyone can attack us " and "Today I'm afraid to walk the streets, because I'm Christian."

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self-administration. Some observers have claimed that Kurdish KDP forces often used to practice their shooting on important Assyrian cultural heritage sites.

2859: 943:(one of the first female Peshmerga) and Francis Shabo. Many of these figures were killed "in spite of their attempts to engage with, or work under, Kurds". 1990: 1092:

The Iraqi militia Jaish al-Mujahedin (Holy Warriors' Army) announced its intention to "destroy their cross in the heart of Rome… and to hit the Vatican."

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registered protest against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam, contained in the quotation by the Pope of the following passage:

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Despite the Pope's comments dying down in the media, attacks on Assyrian Christians continued and on 9 October Islamic extremist group kidnapped priest

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churches and monasteries until 2012, as well as about 200 kidnappings. On 30 May 2011, a Christian man was beheaded by a Salafi extremist in Mosul.

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refused reforms and persisted in "maintaining a veritable regime of terror, arrests, assassinations and rape.". In 1924 the Muslim Kurds around

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was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Its officials say that while armed members of the

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Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. see in hommaire de hell, voyage en turquie 2:22-24, where it is recounted

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a Syrian Catholic church in Baghdad during Sunday evening Mass on 31 October, killing more than 60 and wounding 78 Iraqi Christians.

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Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory herausgegeben, Rene Lemarchand. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011 Chapter 7.

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On 2 August 2011 a Catholic church was bombed by Sunni extremists in the Turkmen area of Kirkuk, wounding more than 23 Christians.

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Arabic and its Alternatives: Religious Minorities and their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920-1950)

3124: 1519: 5031: 2530: 1930: 3607:"Minorities in Iraq: National Legal Framework, Political Participation, and the Future of Citizenship Given the Current Changes" 2977: 895:. This led some Assyrians and Iraqi and foreign politicians to call for an Assyrian Christian autonomous region in those areas. 707: 4317: 4091: 1718:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century, Sargon Donabed Edinburgh University Press, 2015

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even claimed that some biblical figures were Kurdish. It was reported that the man accused of killing the Christian politician

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During July 1933, about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back by the French. While

5524: 4566: 4527: 4441: 4312: 3858: 2568: 1159: 899: 666: 3070: 5051: 5026: 4962: 4726: 1556:""""THE SIMELE MASSACRE AS A CAUSE OF IRAQI NATIONALISM: HOW AN ASSYRIAN GENOCIDE CREATED IRAQI MARTIAL NATIONALISM """" 1283: 826: 822: 794: 4543: 2365: 5036: 4982: 4845: 4262: 4237: 4231: 4154: 4036: 3936: 1668:"The Assyrian Genocide, 1914 to 1923 and 1933 up to the present | Rutgers–Newark Colleges of Arts & Sciences" 3324:"They that Remain: Syrian and Iraqi Christian Communities amid the Syria Conflict and the Rise of the Islamic State" 1421: 1219:

numbers report on Iraq estimated 98,000 Chaldeans, 30,000 Nestorians, 25,000 Syriac Catholics and 12,000 Jacobites.

5519: 5455: 5046: 4268: 3924: 3919: 1258: 907: 762: 661: 607: 5414: 5319: 3143: 2863: 1400: 3801: 3535: 2227: 2143:"Religious minorities in the Arab world between terrorism and crises of fragile States: Observation and Analysis" 1223: 1150: 959: 444: 156: 5424: 4164: 5534: 5369: 5334: 5289: 5141: 5119: 4967: 4505: 4256: 2523:"Syria Comment » Archives "The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospets" by Mardean Isaac - Syria Comment" 1955: 1706:

The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone, Janet Klein Stanford University Press, 2011

1051: 466:(also known as Bedirhan) called the Kurdish Muslims to fight a sacred war against Christian Syriac, Nestorian, 429: 5259: 5254: 5149: 2802: 856:. The violence against the community has led to the exodus of perhaps as much as half of the community. While 5379: 5354: 5269: 5249: 5199: 5169: 5159: 3845: 1744: 5465: 5344: 5339: 5219: 5056: 4590: 4578: 4451: 4350: 3435:"Ethnic and Religious Factors of Chaldo-Assyrian Identity in an Interface with the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan" 2342: 5409: 5359: 5314: 5294: 5284: 5184: 4327: 2153: 834:

briefly (September 2003 – June 2004) guiding Iraq after the invasion included a single Assyrian Christian,

5384: 5299: 5164: 4811: 4423: 4225: 4219: 1505: 1195: 963: 940: 394: 5429: 5264: 5194: 5179: 5174: 1377:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria" 5470: 5389: 5324: 5304: 5239: 5214: 5204: 5189: 4435: 4411: 1234: 699: 452: 207: 5309: 5274: 3675: 3514:"Assyrian Christians in Iraq, the League of Nations and Transnational Christian Advocacy (1920s–1940s)" 3262:"Arabic and the Syriac Christians in Iraq: Three Levels of Loyalty to the Arabist Project (1920-1950)" 2445:

HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT ON ASSYRIANS IN IRAQ 2013, by Assyria Council of Europe and the Assyria Foundation

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In 2007, there were reports of a push to drive Christians out of the historically Christian suburb of

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Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

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Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the

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with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

3813: 3781: 1837: 868:, Assyrians are over-represented among the Iraqi refugees (as much as 13%) who are stranded in 5224: 4987: 4957: 4784: 4721: 4572: 4375: 3994: 3817: 3762: 3754: 3660: 3657:

In-Between Spaces: Christian and Muslim Minorities in Transition in Europe and the Middle East

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Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire

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in Mosul and Baghdad were coordinately attacked with multiple car bombs. Iraqi vice-president

1047: 982: 978: 727: 723: 635: 615: 351: 339: 323: 319: 311: 177: 173: 123: 4870: 3652: 3606: 2948: 2504: 2454: 2012: 951: 838:, a leader of the Assyrian Democratic Movement and an opponent of Saddam Hussein since 1979. 17: 4932: 4517: 4370: 4342: 4248: 4211: 3889: 3805: 3733: 3698: 3690: 3468: 3269: 2922: 2237: 1330:اشبال) as meaning "lion cub; a capable young man, brave youth, young athlete." Compare with 1248:

has determined the Assyrian population of Iraq to be at a total of 142,105 in October 2022.

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European papers. But Christians are not responsible for what is published in Europe." Many

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https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=akron1464911392&disposition=inline

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A large number of Assyrians have found refuge in ancient Assyrian Christian villages in

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almost 1000 people were beheaded and 5000 Assyrian women were taken to Kurdish harems.

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The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies Richard G. Hovannisian (2011).

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be taught schools in which the majority of pupils spoke that language in addition to

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elsewhere. A significant number have emigrated to the United States, notably to the

4608: 4041: 4009: 3189: 479:, and Kurdish and Arab irregulars. There were about 3,000 victims of the massacre. 231: 4855: 2472: 1693: 3653:"The Christian Minorities in Iraq: The Question of Religious and Ethnic Identity" 3585: 3562: 3539: 3513: 3492: 3411: 3388: 3367: 3346: 3323: 3240: 594:

of the "Assyrian problem". This policy was implemented by an Iraqi-Kurd, General

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Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges

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From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series

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Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area

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Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

3273: 3047: 2788: 2770: 2685: 1071: 595: 476: 401: 382: 258: 194: 1924:"Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1 De-ba'athification of Iraqi Society" 5088: 5041: 4875: 4755: 4596: 4537: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3755:"Fleeing ISIS: Aramaic-speaking Christians in the Niniveh Plains after ISIS" 3694: 3261: 3000:"AKI - Adnkronos international Iraq: Vice-president condemns church attacks" 2369: 1180: 1121: 586:

had briefly left the country for medical reasons, the Minister of Interior,

405: 268: 3301:"Safeguarding the Cross: Emergence of Christian Militias in Iraq and Syria" 1508:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. 1237:

when doing censuses of Chaldean Catholic diocese in Iraq in 2012 and 2013,

807:

On 15 August 2011 a church was bombed by al-Qaeda in the center of Kirkuk.

790:

assistance for 11,000 of those families, and some are employed by the KRG.

614:

under their command to do so, and indeed helped whitewash the event at the

3439:

Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket

3393:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

1566: 416:

thought of the Assyrians as foreigners and as allies of colonial Britain.

393:, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in 4826: 4799: 4772: 4760: 4745: 4499: 4446: 3941: 2343:"Worthy Christian News » Iraqi Christians speed exodus to Kurdistan" 1227: 1138: 1082: 1074:, several churches were bombed by insurgent groups. A previously unknown 985: 849: 845: 679: 3459:(1974). "Religious Communities in Late Sasanian and Early Muslim Iraq". 2803:"Violence against Christians grows in Iraq, Ekklesia, 29 September 2006" 2771:"Christian Killed in Iraq in Response to Pope's Speech: Islamic Website" 2487:"Kurden und Christen: Ein Krieg um Schulbücher bestimmt Syriens Zukunft" 1898: 718:

military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President

4481: 4403: 4283: 4046: 4029: 4024: 3982: 3850: 3722:"Christians in Iraq: The Transition from Religious to Secular Identity" 3703: 3676:"Christians in Iraq: An Analysis of Some Recent Political Developments" 3540:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period" 3480: 3330:. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–488. 1176: 1079: 1075: 1055: 1007: 989: 877: 841:

Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq have faced a high rate of persecution by

747: 484: 475:

The massacre was carried out by the Iraqi Army, led by Kurdish General

372: 181: 1588:

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 116-18

1230:, the number of Christians in Iraq was estimated at over 1.5 million. 443:

regiments as "the official organization for pillage at the expense of

358:

and Chicago; a sizeable community is also found in Sydney, Australia.

5061: 4865: 4794: 4767: 4750: 4019: 3977: 2877: 2059:

The Gospel of Rutba: War, Peace, and the Good Samaritan Story in Iraq

1137:

Maar Afram Church, wounding three bystanders. Since the start of the

1130: 1035: 1011: 881: 873: 683: 644: 599: 425: 299: 190: 5104: 3587:

Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day

3472: 3207: 2789:"Second Assyrian Christian Killed in Retaliation for Pope's Remarks" 1354: 322:

who are of Iraqi-Assyrian heritage. They share a common history and

1606:

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 188

419:

Persecution of Assyrians has a long and bitter history. In 1895 in

4789: 4777: 4673: 4083: 2458: 1597:

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeʼor. 40

1154: 1027: 1023: 869: 853: 735: 456: 413: 409: 186: 127: 1442: 2686:"Iraq Islamic Group Asks Christians to Stop Prayers in Churches" 1443:"Assyria: Growing Number of Diaspora Reconnecting with Homeland" 1203: 1134: 1003: 861: 731: 715: 131: 108: 5108: 4087: 3854: 3759:

Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

3634:

Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

3611:

Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq

1767:

http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/1999/feb22_1999.html

1141:, there have been at least 46 churches and monasteries bombed. 1100:

pope's recent comments about Islam and pay a $ 350,000 ransom.

950:

An example of Kurdification is the attack on the Assyrian town

400:

Scholars have said that Kurds also fought against the Assyrian

3075: 2366:"Displaced Mosul Christians celebrate Easter in Nineveh Plain" 2150:

Geneva Center for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue

1216: 535: 495: 408:

or their European allies could take control of the area. Both

31: 1318:

Ashbāl has been mistranslated in the media as Boy Scout. The

1873: 1628:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2002. p. 102. 2625: 2623: 2084:"The status of Christians in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq" 1537:

Margins of empire. S.l.: Stanford University Press., and

1022:

Also on 29 January, a Muslim Cleric in the Iraqi city of

910:

security forces arrested and detained political activist

630:

Recognition of the Syriac language by the Ba'thist regime

3461:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3190:"Current Chaldean Dioceses [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 2923:"In 20 years, there will be no more Christians in Iraq" 552: 512: 55: 2393:"TIMMERMAN: Iraqi Christians to Congress: Please help" 1650:"The Assyrians in the Christian Asia Minor Holocaust" 1120:) five Assyrian churches, one Armenian church, and a 3412:"Changing Demography: Christians in Iraq since 1991" 2418:"Christian Security Forces Growing Stronger In Iraq" 1070:

After the Pope's comments were known throughout the

898:

In 2008 the Assyrians formed their own militia, the

610:, failed to intervene or allow the well-disciplined 5438: 5398: 5140: 5017: 4888: 4720: 4711: 4624: 4553: 4460: 4401: 4384: 4341: 4282: 4247: 4210: 4199: 4132: 4060: 3965: 3888: 3569:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 237–284. 3520:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 253–304. 2653:تفجيرات الكنائس العراقية على علاقة برسومات الدنمارك 1874:"Refworld | The Leader in Refugee Decision Support" 1569:? accession=akron1464911392&disposition=inline 318:residing in the country of Iraq, or members of the 249: 224: 201: 163: 138: 3780: 3351:(3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3144:"Journalist Asks Bush to Protect Iraqi Christians" 2631:"Iraq Christians on edge as cartoon row escalates" 3761:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 125–150. 3636:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 113–124. 3022:"AFP: Car bombings target churches in north Iraq" 1956:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq" 1694:"The 1933 Massacre of Assyrians in Simmele, Iraq" 1626:Islam and Dhimmitude: where civilizations collide 1395: 1393: 3166:"National Intelligence Survey: Iraq: Section 43" 3071:"Iraq's Christians Remain Displaced This Easter" 2949:"عاجل سلسلة تفجيرات تطال كنائس في بغداد والموصل" 2862:. Aljazeera.net. 12 October 2006. Archived from 1872:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 1811:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 1078:-based group, Kataab Ashbal Al-Islam Al-Salafi ( 3613:. London: Transnational Press. pp. 11–32. 3546:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. 2588:"2000 County Reports on Human Rights Practices" 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1064: 3098:"Population 'under attack', Radio Free Europe" 2547:. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. 1448:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 1437: 1435: 1116:, released in summer 2007. On 6 January 2008 ( 5120: 4099: 3866: 3497:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3395:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 294–304. 2846:"Growing violence against Christians in Iraq" 2441: 2439: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1299:Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State 8: 4123:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 2974:"Churches, monastery bombed in Iraq: Police" 2824:"Vatikan verschärft Sicherheitsvorkehrungen" 2582: 2580: 2578: 1422:"The Plight of the Middle East's Christians" 1034:On 6 February, leaflets were distributed in 864:population before the war, according to the 381:The Assyrians are typically Syriac-speaking 93: 3726:International Journal of Asian Christianity 2473:"The Genocide of Assyrians -- then and Now" 1806: 1804: 1133:; the Chaldean Cathedral of Kirkuk and the 5127: 5113: 5105: 4717: 4398: 4207: 4106: 4092: 4084: 3873: 3859: 3851: 3268:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 143–170. 2860:"2006 Iraq priest killed over pope speech" 2201:"Analysis: Iraq's Christians under attack" 117: 92: 3846:Assyrian Council of Europe Press Releases 3702: 3372:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1464:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism" 1060:Islamic politicians and religious leaders 821:After Saddam Hussein's fall in 2003, the 78:Learn how and when to remove this message 3810:United States Government Printing Office 2656:(in Arabic). Elaph.com. 29 January 2006. 2646: 2644: 2180:"Iraq church bombing wounds at least 20" 2117:"Baghdad Church Attack Hits Iraq's Core" 1480: 1233:According to statistics gathered by the 3659:. Brussel: Peter Lang. pp. 45–57. 3418:. London: Routledge. pp. 783–796. 3125:"Christian priest shot dead in Baghdad" 2735: 2733: 1567:https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file 1346: 1311: 1279:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 860:made up only just over 5% of the total 3307:. Wien: LIT Verlag. pp. 217–238. 2976:. Business.maktoob.com. Archived from 2550: 2324: 2313: 2282: 2271: 2228:"Iraqi Christians celebrate Christmas" 1993:. Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009 1899:"U.S. Department of State | Home Page" 1813:"Refworld | Iraq: Chaldean Christians" 1790: 1779: 761:On 1 August 2004 a series of car bomb 4691: 1162:: The church was used as a prison by 7: 3590:. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing. 3441:. Cham: Springer. pp. 213–257. 3048:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004" 287: 164:Regions with significant populations 2745:, last accessed September 17, 2006" 2391:Timmerman, Kenneth (1 March 2011). 2226:Qais al-Bashir (25 December 2006). 2115:Shadid, Anthony (1 November 2010). 2035:"Leaders condemn Iraq church bombs" 1420:Walter Russell Mead (15 May 2015). 1320:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 1104:Massacres and harassment since 2003 1042:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy 1002:On 29 January, six churches in the 634:In the early 1970s, the secularist 295: 147:150,000 - 200,000 (2020 estimate) 2848:. Ianpaisley.org. 26 October 2006. 2775:Assyrian International News Agency 2710:In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope 1527:. The University of Chicago Press. 1462:Lewis, Jonathan Eric (June 2003). 1114:Assyrian International News Agency 25: 3798:United States Library of Congress 3782:"The Society and Its Environment" 2921:Lattimer, Mark (6 October 2006). 2712:last accessed September 17, 2006" 2345:. Worthynews.com. 8 February 2011 1241:in Iraq numbered 230,071 people. 5493: 5484: 5483: 5087: 5075: 5032:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 4185: 4174: 4163: 3024:. 9 January 2008. Archived from 2743:Pope sorry for offending Muslims 1244:A population project run by the 602:(Simele) district, and later at 539: 499: 107: 100: 36: 3299:BarAbraham, Abdulmesih (2018). 3142:Cliff Kincaid (11 April 2008). 1355:"The Shlama Population Project" 962:, bishop Jules Boutros, of the 793:In 2010, Sunni Islamist groups 712:Coalition Provisional Authority 5451:British Indian Ocean Territory 4698:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 4561:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 3567:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 3544:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 3494:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest 2791:. Aina.org. 17 September 2006. 1980:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19. 1269:Assyrian independence movement 832:Iraq Interim Governing Council 590:, adopted a policy aimed at a 1: 4442:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 3348:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 3069:Arraf, Jane (31 March 2018). 3002:. Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003 1222:According to a report by the 1160:Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul 900:Qaraqosh Protection Committee 435:In 1894, the French diplomat 428:. In the Assyrian village of 144: 126:(Akitu) celebration in 2019, 18:Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq 5052:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 5027:Assyrian Democratic Movement 3720:Teule, Herman G. B. (2018). 3674:Teule, Herman G. B. (2012). 3651:Teule, Herman G. B. (2009). 3628:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). 3410:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2019). 3345:Dougherty, Beth K. (2019) . 2898:Bandow, Doug (2 July 2007). 2668:"Sotaliraq.com - صوت العراق" 1284:List of Assyrian settlements 1166:insurgents until the city's 827:Assyrian Democratic Movement 823:Assyrian Democratic Movement 812:2014 Northern Iraq offensive 769:was blamed for the attacks. 5037:Assyrian Universal Alliance 4263:Assyrian Church of the East 4238:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 4232:Assyrian Evangelical Church 4155:Terms for Syriac Christians 3366:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). 3123:Gamel, Kim (6 April 2008). 3100:. Rferl.org. Archived from 2688:. Aina.org. 6 February 2006 2603:"Hope for Syriac Catholics" 848:since the beginning of the 532:Independent Kingdom of Iraq 462:Historians have noted that 155:800,000 - 1.5 million (pre- 5551: 5047:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 4269:Ancient Church of the East 4052:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) 3753:Youkhana, Emanuel (2019). 3561:O'Mahony, Anthony (2009). 3536:Murre van den Berg, Heleen 3512:Müller, Hannelore (2018). 3260:Baarda, Tijmen C. (2020). 3245:. Amherst: Cambria Press. 3194:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 2062:(in Arabic). Orbis Books. 2015:. U.S. Department of State 1840:. U.S. Department of State 1259:Assyrian elections in Iraq 1187:Religious official targets 1148: 629: 608:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 575: 439:described the creation of 370: 5479: 5070: 4161: 4121: 3802:Federal Research Division 3738:10.1163/25424246-00101002 3433:Lalik, Krzysztof (2018). 3274:10.1163/9789004423220_007 2560:Cite uses generic title ( 1518:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). 1384:Assyrian Policy Institute 1224:Assyrian Policy Institute 1207:churches and believers." 1151:Assyrian exodus from Iraq 960:Aid to the Church in Need 746:aimed at Assyrians & 404:because they feared that 254: 229: 206: 168: 143: 116: 98: 5200:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4567:Muslim conquest of Syria 4257:Chaldean Catholic Church 3796:. Area Handbook Series. 3328:Christianity and Freedom 3322:Barber, Matthew (2016). 2652: 1052:University of Regensburg 722:and began a process of " 50:may need to be rewritten 5461:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5094:Christianity portal 5057:Syriac Military Council 4656:Massacres of Diyarbekir 4591:Principality of Antioch 4544:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 4351:Assyrian folk/pop music 3788:. In Curtis, Glenn E.; 3695:10.1515/islam-2011-0010 1426:The Wall Street Journal 149:300,000 - 400,000 (pre 4812:Al-Hasakah Governorate 4650:Massacres of Badr Khan 4424:Middle Assyrian Empire 4226:Syriac Catholic Church 4220:Syriac Orthodox Church 3605:Salloum, Saad (2019). 3387:Habbi, Joseph (1998). 2601:ACN (18 August 2022). 2567:CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2056:Barrett, Greg (2012). 1991:"On Vulnerable Ground" 1506:Wayne State University 1171: 1068: 964:Syriac Catholic Church 350:, as well as with the 314:. They are defined as 5530:Ethnic groups in Iraq 4680:Independence movement 4436:Post-imperial Assyria 4412:Early Assyrian period 4042:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati 3794:Iran: A Country Study 3584:Rassam, Suha (2005). 3171:. CIA. Archived from 2900:"Thrown to the Lions" 1960:National Public Radio 1468:Middle East Quarterly 1334:(Saddam's Lion Cubs). 1235:Roman Catholic Church 1158: 1145:Threats on population 1118:the Feast of Epiphany 958:In an interview with 928:nationalists include 816:Islamic State of Iraq 700:2003 Invasion of Iraq 250:Related ethnic groups 5525:Demographics of Iraq 5375:United Arab Emirates 4356:Music of Mesopotamia 4303:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 4298:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 3882:Demographics of Iraq 3630:"Christians in Iraq" 3389:"Christians in Iraq" 3208:"Population Project" 2878:"Incipient Genocide" 2866:on 12 November 2006. 2832:, 16 September 2006 2777:. 16 September 2006. 2533:on 24 December 2015. 2527:www.joshualandis.com 2397:The Washington Times 1274:Christianity in Iraq 925:Francis Yousif Shabo 810:In 2014, during the 767:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 740:Kurdish nationalists 336:religious traditions 5402:limited recognition 4662:Rise of nationalism 4603:Jalayirid Sultanate 4430:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4418:Old Assyrian period 4361:Syriac sacral music 4181:Aramean-Syriac flag 4140:Assyrian continuity 3178:on 23 January 2017. 3104:on 7 September 2012 2751:. 17 September 2006 2718:. 16 September 2006 1521:Ancient Mesopotamia 1483:, pp. 100–101. 1409:. 24 December 2011. 977:The publication of 744:Dohuk Riots of 2011 686:minority schools." 445:Armenian Christians 395:ancient Mesopotamia 377:Neo-Assyrian Empire 326:, rooted in shared 238:Syriac Christianity 219:Mesopotamian Arabic 95: 5082:History portal 4524:Church of the East 4313:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 4150:Chaldean Catholics 3489:Morony, Michael G. 3457:Morony, Michael G. 2980:on 10 January 2008 2637:. 3 February 2006. 2178:Mohammed Tawfeeq. 2159:on 10 October 2017 2121:The New York Times 2096:on 10 January 2017 1674:on 7 February 2018 1544:2017-01-05 at the 1289:Minorities in Iraq 1172: 979:satirical cartoons 756:Government of Iraq 728:Islamic extremists 694:Post-invasion Iraq 551:. You can help by 511:. You can help by 151:2014 Isis invasion 5520:Assyrians in Iraq 5507: 5506: 5444:other territories 5135:Assyrians in Asia 5102: 5101: 5013: 5012: 4729: 4707: 4706: 4674:Assyrian genocide 4573:Abbasid Caliphate 4395: 4278: 4277: 4145:Assyrian diaspora 4081: 4080: 4061:Foreign nationals 3930:Roman Catholicism 3925:Oriental Orthodox 3823:978-0-8444-1187-3 3768:978-1-912997-15-2 3666:978-90-5201-565-1 3643:978-1-912997-15-2 3620:978-1-912997-15-2 3597:978-0-85244-633-1 3576:978-1-60724-111-9 3553:978-1-60724-111-9 3527:978-1-4632-0730-4 3504:978-0-691-05395-0 3448:978-3-319-93088-6 3425:978-1-138-89901-8 3402:978-0-19-829388-0 3379:978-0-7486-8605-6 3358:978-1-5381-2005-7 3337:978-1-107-56188-5 3314:978-3-643-91023-3 3283:978-90-04-38269-5 3252:978-1-60497-583-3 3212:Shlama Foundation 2607:ACN International 2323:Missing or empty 2281:Missing or empty 2069:978-1-60833-113-0 1789:Missing or empty 1635:978-0-8386-3942-9 1264:Assyrian genocide 1246:Shlama Foundation 1048:Pope Benedict XVI 973:Muhammad cartoons 724:de-Baathification 655:Pre-invasion Iraq 616:League of Nations 569: 568: 529: 528: 352:Assyrian diaspora 340:Assyrians in Iran 320:Assyrian diaspora 312:Upper Mesopotamia 277: 276: 245: 178:Erbil Governorate 174:Dohuk Governorate 124:Assyrian New Year 88: 87: 80: 60:lead layout guide 16:(Redirected from 5542: 5497: 5487: 5486: 5456:Christmas Island 5142:Sovereign states 5129: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5092: 5091: 5080: 5079: 5078: 4725: 4718: 4692:Post-Saddam Iraq 4518:Nestorian schism 4512:Christianization 4484:(132 BCE–244 CE) 4478:(247 BCE–224 CE) 4438:(609 BCE–240 CE) 4399: 4389: 4249:East Syriac Rite 4212:West Syriac Rite 4208: 4189: 4178: 4167: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4085: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3852: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3806:Washington, D.C. 3804:(5th ed.). 3787: 3784: 3772: 3749: 3716: 3706: 3680: 3670: 3647: 3624: 3601: 3580: 3557: 3531: 3508: 3484: 3452: 3429: 3416:The Syriac World 3406: 3383: 3362: 3341: 3318: 3295: 3256: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2906:. 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Archived from 1664: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1509: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1351: 1335: 1316: 1239:Chaldo-Assyrians 1126:Tariq al-Hashimi 1110:ethnic cleansing 912:Kamal Said Kadir 893:Kurdistan Region 625:Republic of Iraq 564: 561: 543: 536: 524: 521: 503: 496: 441:Kurdish Hamidies 297: 289: 235: 216: 146: 139:Total population 121: 112: 111: 105: 104: 96: 83: 76: 72: 69: 63: 56:improve the lead 40: 39: 32: 21: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5535:Society of Iraq 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5475: 5443: 5434: 5415:Northern Cyprus 5401: 5394: 5136: 5133: 5103: 5098: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5009: 4884: 4861:Mardin Province 4724: 4703: 4686:Simele massacre 4620: 4549: 4514:(1st to 3rd c.) 4496:(64 BCE–637 CE) 4490:(66 BCE–217 CE) 4476:Parthian Empire 4470:Seleucid Empire 4462: 4456: 4452:Assyrian tribes 4420:(2025–1364 BCE) 4414:(2600–2025 BCE) 4393: 4391: 4388: 4380: 4337: 4290: 4274: 4243: 4202: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4128: 4117: 4115:Assyrian people 4112: 4082: 4077: 4056: 3961: 3884: 3879: 3842: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3785: 3775: 3769: 3752: 3719: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3650: 3644: 3627: 3621: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3560: 3554: 3534: 3528: 3511: 3505: 3487: 3473:10.2307/3596328 3455: 3449: 3432: 3426: 3409: 3403: 3386: 3380: 3365: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3321: 3315: 3298: 3284: 3259: 3253: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3028:on 24 July 2012 3020: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2910:on 5 July 2007. 2897: 2896: 2892: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2566: 2559: 2549: 2545:"usurped title" 2543: 2542: 2538: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2322: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2280: 2270: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2207:. 2 August 2004 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2037:. 2 August 2004 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1962:. 1 August 2007 1954: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1788: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546:Wayback Machine 1536: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1491: 1487: 1481:Hooglund (2008) 1479: 1475: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1406:TheGuardian.com 1399: 1398: 1391: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1294:Simele massacre 1254: 1213: 1196:Syriac Orthodox 1189: 1153: 1147: 1106: 1097:Paulos Iskander 1044: 995:Jyllands-Posten 983:Islamic prophet 975: 971:Jyllands-Posten 941:Margaret George 696: 682:, Assyrian, or 657: 632: 627: 612:Assyrian Levies 588:Hikmat Sulayman 580: 578:Simele massacre 574: 572:Simele massacre 565: 559: 556: 549:needs expansion 534: 525: 519: 516: 509:needs expansion 494: 492:British Mandate 391:Ancient Assyria 379: 369: 367:Ancient history 364: 324:ethnic identity 302:and linguistic 280:Iraqi Assyrians 273: 234: 217: 210: 193: 185: 157:Assyrian exodus 134: 106: 99: 94:Iraqi Assyrians 91: 84: 73: 67: 64: 53: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5084: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4988:United Kingdom 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4741:Nineveh Plains 4732: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4668:Adana massacre 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4644:Schism of 1552 4641: 4638:Ottoman Empire 4635: 4632:Safavid Empire 4628: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4579:Emirs of Mosul 4576: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4426:(1363–912 BCE) 4421: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4197: 4196: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3894: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3840:External links 3838: 3836: 3835: 3822: 3790:Hooglund, Eric 3777:Hooglund, Eric 3773: 3767: 3750: 3717: 3689:(1): 179–198. 3671: 3665: 3648: 3642: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3558: 3552: 3532: 3526: 3509: 3503: 3485: 3467:(2): 113–135. 3453: 3447: 3430: 3424: 3407: 3401: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3342: 3336: 3319: 3313: 3296: 3282: 3257: 3251: 3237:Aboona, Hirmis 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3199: 3181: 3157: 3134: 3115: 3089: 3061: 3039: 3013: 2991: 2965: 2953:www.ankawa.com 2940: 2913: 2890: 2869: 2851: 2837: 2816: 2794: 2780: 2762: 2729: 2708:"BBC Article. 2699: 2677: 2659: 2640: 2619: 2593: 2574: 2536: 2514: 2496: 2493:. 20 May 2016. 2478: 2464: 2447: 2435: 2409: 2383: 2364:Rizan, Ahmed. 2356: 2334: 2292: 2250: 2218: 2192: 2170: 2133: 2107: 2075: 2068: 2048: 2026: 2004: 1982: 1973: 1947: 1915: 1890: 1851: 1829: 1800: 1758: 1736: 1720: 1708: 1699: 1685: 1659: 1641: 1634: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1558: 1549: 1530: 1510: 1485: 1473: 1454: 1451:. 28 May 2019. 1431: 1412: 1389: 1368: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1212: 1209: 1188: 1185: 1149:Main article: 1146: 1143: 1105: 1102: 1043: 1040: 974: 968: 889:Nineveh Plains 866:United Nations 843:fundamentalist 720:Saddam Hussein 714:disbanded the 695: 692: 656: 653: 631: 628: 626: 623: 592:final solution 576:Main article: 573: 570: 567: 566: 546: 544: 533: 530: 527: 526: 506: 504: 493: 490: 464:Bedir Khan Beg 368: 365: 363: 360: 304:minority group 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 255: 252: 251: 247: 246: 227: 226: 222: 221: 204: 203: 199: 198: 170:Nineveh Plains 166: 165: 161: 160: 141: 140: 136: 135: 122: 114: 113: 89: 86: 85: 45:The article's 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5547: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5425:South Ossetia 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4993:United States 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585:Buyid amirate 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506:Roman Assyria 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4432:(911–609 BCE) 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4333:Syriac script 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4192:Chaldean flag 4188: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4170:Assyrian flag 4166: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 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