352:. This fungus has also been found in a wide variety of agricultural commodities like corn, peanuts, cottonseed, rice, tree nuts, cereal grains, and fruits. Similarly the presence of this fungus has been documented in coffee beans Apart from the actual colonies of fungi growing on substances, the toxins and metabolites produced by this fungus have also been found in a variety of places. For example, the mycotoxin OTA produced by this fungus was found to be present in airborne dust. Likewise, secondary metabolites of this fungus have been isolated from marine sponges. This fungus has also been found to be associated with the contamination of an edible caterpillar, named the phane worm. In terms of climate preferences, this fungus has been found to mainly colonise temperate and tropical geographical areas.
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fungus has caused a number of diseases. Some of these diseased conditions are, subcutaneous edema, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, pulmonary atelectasis, edema of the mesentery and perirenal edema. The edema produced in these animals is so massive that ascites, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium develop, in addition to subcutaneous edema and mesenteric edema. Affected animals die within a few hours generally. In addition to these conditions, renal lesions have been reported, which consist of tubular degeneration, necrosis, hyaline tubular casts, interstitial fibrosis and tubular cell regeneration. Extensive interstitial fibrosis of the cortical labyrinth was another observation in the swine population. Bovine abortions have also been associated with
182:. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic biseriate conidiophores. Traditionally a soil fungus, has now began to adapt to varied ecological niches, like agricultural commodities, farmed animal and marine species. In humans and animals the consumption of this fungus produces chronic neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. Its airborne spores are one of the potential causes of asthma in children and lung diseases in humans. The pig and chicken populations in the farms are the most affected by this fungus and its mycotoxins. Certain fungicides like
510:. Recently an alcohol producing yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to inhibit the growth of OTA. Transcriptional regulation of OTA biosynthetic gene was the inhibitory mechanism used by the bacteria to do so. Dietary exposure to OTA today is mainly a result of failures during processing and conservation procedures used by food industries. Improper agricultural technology, storage and transport practices as well as method of processing food are key checkpoints to avoid toxic consumption of OTA.
367:, contaminates food and initiates apoptosis of plant cells. Significant loss in nutritive value and hazardous effect on the food chain are caused due to the same OTA toxin contamination in barley grains of Spain. OTA has been isolated from plant acquired foods products like cereal, vegetables, coffee, wine, liquorice and also animal acquired food products like pork and poultry. Apart from being found in human food products from farm animals, this fungus was also isolated from the poultry feed.
39:
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subglobose vesicle". The vesicles, which are globose with thin walls and a diameter of 35 × 50 μm, produce sterigmata over the entire surface in culture. The primary sterigmata measures 15–25 × 5–6 μm, while the secondaries are 7–11 × 2–3.3 μm. The conidia are arranged in dry, upright chains, often massing into two or more short columns per head, in wet microscopic mounts hyaline. The diameter of the conidia are around 2.5–3.5 μm.
463:
otitis. But the dog was treated with oral itraconazole and topical miconazole, which cured the dog after three weeks of medication. In a study, to test the toxicity of OTA in rats, a different dietary dose of OTA was administered to male
Fischer rats. Only chronic administration of OTA manifested as
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are arranged on the conidial heads in a biseriate fashion (i.e., phialides are attached to intermediate cells called metulae, which in turn are attached to the vesicle). The metulae all around the perimeter grows in a radial orientation. In culture the conidial heads at first appear globose, but with
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produces both OTA and
Penicillic acid in poultry feed at optimum temperatures and moisture levels. Combinations of low temperature and moisture favored the growth of Penicillic acid, on the other hand combinations of high temperature and moisture favored the growth of OTA. In addition to poultry and
489:
growth at appropriate doses, temperature and time. These fungicides also decrease the capacity of this fungus to produce the mycotoxin OTA. Ozonated air can be used to prevent the growth of this fungus on foods products like sausages. In another study they found that, gamma irradiations are useful
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purple sclerotia may be present. The characteristic colour of the conidiophores is chalky yellow to pale yellow-brown. The heights of the conidiophores are up to 1500 μm high. The appearances of these conidiophores are granular with pale yellow-brown walls that attach abruptly to a "globose to
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The consumption of OTA is found to have neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects in humans. Toxicological studies have shown OTA to have strong carcinogenic mycotoxin effects on the liver and kidney of humans. Renal failure in human subjects have been reported
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is seen in chickens and other animals elsewhere. In this mycotoxicoses we see suppression of hemopoiesis, acute nephrosis, hepatic necrosis and enteritis. The mechanisms by which this fungus causes the nephrotoxicity in animals are cell apoptosis and lipid peroxidation. In the pig population this
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in children too. Cases of occupational environmental hazards are also documented, due to the presence of this fungus in organic dust of poultry industry. The workers in the poultry farm, subjected to this contaminated organic dust suffer from lung inflammation and decreased pulmonary function. In
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in the substrate mixture, which contained wheat bran and wheat straw liquor. The secondary metabolites of this fungus have shown to possess antibacterial activities that manifest the potential to inhibit human pathogens. For example, α- Campholene aldehyde, Lucenin-2 and 6-Ethyloct- 3-yl- 2-
2249:
Abidin, Z.; Khan, M.Z.; Khatoon, A.; Saleemi, M.K.; Khan, A.; Javed, I. (1 August 2013). "Ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on haematological and serum biochemical parameters in White
Leghorn cockerels given ochratoxin A contaminated feed".
494:(OTA). The ethonolic extracts from the bark of the tree Clausena heptaphylla, has shown to inhibit the growth of this fungus as well. Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), extracted from Linum usitatissimum seeds, have been found to reduce the radial hyphal growth of
1776:
Michelin, M; Polizeli Mde, L; Ruzene, DS; Silva, DP; Vicente, AA; Jorge, JA; Terenzi, HF; Teixeira, JA (January 2012). "Xylanase and β-xylosidase production by
Aspergillus ochraceus: new perspectives for the application of wheat straw autohydrolysis liquor".
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after the inhalation of OTA. In addition to organ damage after inhalation of OTA, cases of allergy development have also been found. A disease named allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, has been found to be caused due to the antigenic effects of
372:
agricultural products the harvesting of edible insects is also an important economic activity. The rural population of
Botswana eat a caterpillar called 'phane worm'. As already mentioned above, this lepidopteran larva is often contaminated by
1630:
Michelin, M; Polizeli Mde, L; Ruzene, DS; Silva, DP; Ruiz, HA; Vicente, AA; Jorge, JA; Terenzi, HF; Teixeira, JA (September 2012). "Production of xylanase and β-xylosidase from autohydrolysis liquor of corncob using two fungal strains".
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Mateo, EM; Gil-Serna, J; Patiño, B; Jiménez, M (15 September 2011). "Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in stored barley grain in Spain and impact of PCR-based strategies to assess the occurrence of aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic
875:
Nonnenmann, MW; Bextine, B; Dowd, SE; Gilmore, K; Levin, JL (December 2010). "Culture-independent characterization of bacteria and fungi in a poultry bioaerosol using pyrosequencing: a new approach".
2214:
Pandey, Abhay K.; Singh, Pooja; Palni, Uma T.; Tripathi, N.N. (1 September 2013). "Application of Linn. essential oil as botanical fungicide for the management of fungal deterioration in pulses".
978:
Zimmermann, JL; Carlton, WW; Tuite, J (September 1979). "Mycotoxicosis produced in swine by cultural products of an isolate of
Aspergillus ochraceus. I. Clinical observations and pathology".
735:
Cui, CM; Li, XM; Meng, L; Li, CS; Huang, CG; Wang, BG (29 November 2010). "7-Nor-ergosterolide, a pentalactone-containing norsteroid and related steroids from the marine-derived endophytic
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grow rapidly (45 to 55 mm in 7 days). The optimum temperature for their growth is 25 °C. In an agar plate the vegetative mycelium is mostly submerged in the agar, while the
498:, even though slightly less than "Aspergillus flavus". In a very similar fashion, some essential oils extracted from aromatic plants, have shown to have fungicidal effects on
1995:
Kumar M, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK, Sankar M, Patil RD, Singh ND (2014). "Apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in ochratoxin A- and citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits".
618:
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So this fungus is also of economic importance in cultures that consume insects. Wineries are also subject to losses resulting from OTA contamination as a result of
2524:
2167:"Evaluation of antifungal activity of free fatty acids methyl esters fraction isolated from Algerian Linum usitatissimum L. seeds against toxigenic Aspergillus"
2038:
Iacumin, L; Manzano, M; Comi, G (April 2012). "Prevention of
Aspergillus ochraceus growth on and Ochratoxin a contamination of sausages using ozonated air".
1466:
Wang, Y; Hao, J; Zhao, W; Yang, Z; Wu, W; Zhang, Y; Xu, W; Luo, Y; Huang, K (July 2013). "Comparative proteomics and physiological characterization of
637:
Wilson, DM; Mubatanhema, W; Jurjevic, Z (2002). "Biology and
Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus Species as Related to Economic and Health Concerns".
2295:"A Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain inhibits growth and decreases Ochratoxin A biosynthesis by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus"
821:
Reponen T, Lockey J, Bernstein DI, Vesper SJ, Levin L, Khurana
Hershey GK, Zheng S, Ryan P, Grinshpun SA, Villareal M, Lemasters G (September 2012).
2459:
1030:"Impact of non-selective fungicides on the growth and production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus and A. carbonarius in barley-based medium"
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was used for the industrial production of xylanase and β-xylosidase. In addition to producing enzymes, recently in a study done by Lee Ki in 2013,
654:
401:(STEC) O157, implicating industrial use of this phenomenon to develop anti-bacterial drugs. In another study pertaining to the conversion of
506:, chronic haematological damage caused by (OTA) exposure can be reduced by exogenous supplementation using a combination of L-carnitine and
284:
form pinkish to purple, irregular, pebble-like sclerotia up to 1 mm in diameter. The reverse look on a petri dish is pale to brownish.
1922:
Mantle, P; Kulinskaya, E (November 2010). "Lifetime, low-dose ochratoxin A dietary study on renal carcinogenesis in male
Fischer rats".
1857:
Di Paolo, N; Guarnieri, A; Garosi, G; Sacchi, G; Mangiarotti, AM; Di Paolo, M (1994). "Inhaled mycotoxins lead to acute renal failure".
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contamination caused mycotoxic nephropathy in farm pigs and chickens from Bulgaria. Just as in Bulgaria, the mycotoxicoses produced by
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was found to be able to convert it into a stronger antioxidant, increasing the compounds radical scavenging properties. The process of
1979:
1096:
1029:
602:
922:
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1560:"Production of penicillic acid and ochratoxin A on poultry feed by Aspergillus ochraceus: temperature and moisture requirements"
1733:
Tronina, T; Bartmańska, A; Popłoński, J; Huszcza, E (5 March 2013). "Transformation of xanthohumol by Aspergillus ochraceus".
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that colonized pulses. In animals too, attempts have been made to cure (OTA) toxicosis. For example, in the White Leghorn
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ethylhexyl ester are the three secondary metabolites that showed antimicrobial effects against potential human pathogens.
2165:
Abdelillah, A; Houcine, B; Halima, D; Meriem, CS; Imane, Z; Eddine, SD; Abdallah, M; Daoudi, CS; Eddine, AD (June 2013).
1196:
López-Gresa, M Pilar; González, M Carmen; Primo, Jaime; Moya, Pilar; Romero, Vanessa; Estornell, Ernesto (1 June 2005).
780:
2116:"Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Clausena heptaphylla"
1112:
Christensen, Martha (1982). "The Aspergillus ochraceus Group: Two New Species from Western Soils and a Synoptic Key".
923:"Mycotoxic nephropathy in Bulgarian pigs and chickens: complex aetiology and similarity to Balkan endemic nephropathy"
38:
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1421:
Magan, N; Aldred, D (20 October 2007). "Post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain".
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Ravelo Abreu, A; Rubio Armendáriz, C; Gutiérrez Fernández, AJ; Hardisson de la Torre, A (November–December 2011).
1884:
Novey, HS; Wells, ID (November 1978). "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus ochraceus".
553:
Ghibaudo, G; Peano, A (October 2010). "Chronic monolateral otomycosis in a dog caused by Aspergillus ochraceus".
2075:"Inactivation of A. ochraceus spores and detoxification of ochratoxin A in coffee beans by gamma irradiation"
1684:
Lee, KI; Kobayashi, N; Watanabe, M; Sugita-Konishi, Y; Tsubone, H; Kumagai, S; Hara-Kudo, Y (6 August 2013).
2595:
1328:"Analytical characterization and structure elucidation of metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus MP2 fungi"
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heads are typically arranged in zones. The characteristic colour of the colony is yellow. Some colonies of
2365:
1686:"Spread and change in stress resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on fungal colonies"
133:
1239:"Molecular detection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species isolated from coffee beans in Saudi Arabia"
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1382:"A mycological investigation of phane, an edible caterpillar of an emperor moth, Imbrasia belina"
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Skaug, MA; Eduard, W; Størmer, FC (2001). "Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia".
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to occupy a great variety of environmental niches. It has been isolated from the marine alga
311:(OTA). Mellein and 4-hydroxymellein are other toxic metabolites produced by this fungus. The
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have inhibitory effects on the growth of this fungus and its mycotoxin producing capacities.
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1198:"Circumdatin H, a New Inhibitor of Mitochondrial NADH Oxidase, from Aspergillus ochraceus"
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Moslem, MA; Mashraqi, A; Abd-Elsalam, KA; Bahkali, AH; Elnagaer, MA (23 November 2010).
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age, the conidial chains adhere and develop into two or three divergent columns.
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641:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 504. pp. 3–17.
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Stoev, SD; Dutton, MF; Njobeh, PB; Mosonik, JS; Steenkamp, PA (January 2010).
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2008:
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Medical mycology : the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes
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Cubaiu, L; Abbas, H; Dobson, AD; Budroni, M; Migheli, Q (10 December 2012).
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was found to inhibit the growth of a Shiga toxin-producing bacteria called
2399:
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1182:
1149:"Mellein and 4-hydroxymellein production by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm"
1028:
Mateo, EM; Valle-Algarra, FM; Mateo-Castro, R; Jimenez, M (January 2011).
699:
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A 4-year-old male mixed breed dog was diagnosed with ear discharge due to
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in 1877. After this discovery, some other species that looked similar to
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683:"Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin"
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appear as a powdery mass. Microscopically, smooth or finely roughened
2503:
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Fakruddin, M; Mannan, KS; Mazumdar, RM; Afroz, H (27 November 2012).
1443:
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217:
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60:
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823:"Infant origins of childhood asthma associated with specific molds"
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isolated by Balista et Maia in 1957 are all considered synonyms of
2346:
593:
Anderson, K.H. Domsch ; W. Gams ; Traute-Heidi (1993).
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Fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride, and sulfur inhibit
339:
335:
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Bacon, CW; Sweeney, JG; Robbins, JD; Burdick, D (August 1973).
783:[Ochratoxin A in foods for human consumption: review].
539:. New Orleans, Louisiana: Tulane University. pp. 294–295.
260:
was isolated from soils collected in southcentral Wyoming and
174:, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and
2073:
Kumar, S; Kunwar, A; Gautam, S; Sharma, A (February 2012).
781:"La ocratoxina A en alimentos de consumo humano: revisión"
1380:
Simpanya, MF; Allotey, J; Mpuchane, SF (January 2000).
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were considered synonyms of this fungus. For example,
451:
causing paranasal sinusitis have also been reported.
681:
Ostry, V; Malir, F; Ruprich, J (17 September 2013).
2372:
442:was found to be associated with the development of
412:, which has antioxidant and anticancer properties,
632:
630:
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464:renal carcinogenesis in these rats. Low levels of
356:Mycotoxin of importance in agriculture and farming
1321:
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877:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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342:. Evolutionary development has now well adapted
1832:Wei Sheng Yan Jiu = Journal of Hygiene Research
1375:
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1371:
1147:Moore, JH; Davis, ND; Diener, UL (June 1972).
827:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
588:
586:
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548:
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2171:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
1963:
1961:
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1915:
1332:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
816:
814:
597:(Reprint 1980. ed.). Eching: IHW-Verl.
380:grows on grapes, dried vine fruits and wine.
338:. This fungus was first isolated from varied
8:
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1326:Meenupriya, J; Thangaraj, M (October 2011).
1023:
1021:
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772:
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617:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
420:was found to be enhanced by the addition of
1087:Kwon-Chung, K.J.; Bennett, John E. (1992).
676:
674:
2360:
2120:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1607:"Fungi producing significant mycotoxins".
1520:International Journal of Food Microbiology
1423:International Journal of Food Microbiology
490:in the detoxification and inactivation of
178:. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin
22:
2320:
2310:
2216:Biological Agriculture & Horticulture
2190:
2141:
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1924:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
1798:
1709:
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1470:seedlings in responses to Ochratoxin A".
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1037:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
930:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
846:
730:
728:
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698:
1974:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
530:
528:
526:
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447:addition to lung diseases, instances of
518:
287:To the naked eye, the conidiophores of
1886:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
1779:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
610:
1859:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
1633:Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
246:Aspergillus Ochraceus- petali- formis
242:Aspergillus ochraceus var. microspora
7:
2540:89cdaf8e-e0e3-4e44-8f6c-ad468fc71c99
252:. In 1979 two new species under the
1091:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
244:isolated by Traboschi in 1908, and
14:
1532:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.006
1435:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.034
2092:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02572.x
567:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00884.x
264:from northcentral North Dakota.
37:
1830:Li, F; Ji, R (March 2003). "".
1243:Genetics and Molecular Research
1165:10.1128/AEM.23.6.1067-1072.1972
363:(OTA), a mycotoxin produced by
212:. Under this genus the species
208:was first described in 1729 by
164:is a mold species in the genus
1126:10.1080/00275514.1982.12021493
236:isolated by Berkeley in 1875,
1:
2183:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60094-5
1968:Rippon, John Willard (1982).
1735:Journal of Basic Microbiology
1576:10.1128/AEM.26.2.155-160.1973
1344:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60083-X
240:isolated by Bainier in 1881,
216:was discovered by the German
2264:10.1080/00071668.2013.796509
2228:10.1080/01448765.2013.822828
1936:10.1080/19440049.2010.502302
1609:IARC Scientific Publications
1049:10.1080/19440049.2010.529621
889:10.1080/15459624.2010.526893
429:Effects of human consumption
741:Journal of Natural Products
647:10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_2
307:produces a mycotoxin named
198:History and related species
170:known to produce the toxin
2612:
1399:10.4315/0362-028X-63.1.137
1386:Journal of Food Protection
1202:The Journal of Antibiotics
992:10.1177/030098587901600511
839:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.030
639:Mycotoxins and Food Safety
1791:10.1007/s12010-011-9428-3
1645:10.1007/s00449-012-0705-5
1484:10.1007/s11103-013-0064-x
942:10.1080/02652030903207227
797:10.3305/nh.2011.26.6.5381
139:
132:
34:Scientific classification
32:
25:
2133:10.1186/1472-6882-12-232
2052:10.1016/j.fm.2011.06.018
2009:10.1177/0748233712452598
595:Compendium of soil fungi
481:Treatment and prevention
330:The ecological roots of
2591:Fungi described in 1877
2252:British Poultry Science
2079:Journal of Food Science
1702:10.1111/1751-7915.12071
1690:Microbial Biotechnology
1472:Plant Molecular Biology
1292:10.1023/A:1010953401173
256:group were discovered.
1747:10.1002/jobm.201200320
785:Nutricion Hospitalaria
555:Veterinary Dermatology
262:Aspergillus campestris
238:Sterigmatocystis helva
2374:Aspergillus ochraceus
2354:Aspergillus ochraceus
2312:10.3390/toxins4121468
1898:10.1093/ajcp/70.5.840
737:Aspergillus ochraceus
700:10.3390/toxins5091574
500:Aspergillus ochraceus
496:Aspergillus ochraceus
487:Aspergillus ochraceus
466:Aspergillus ochraceus
449:Aspergillus ochraceus
440:Aspergillus ochraceus
436:Aspergillus ochraceus
422:Aspergillus ochraceus
414:Aspergillus ochraceus
393:Aspergillus ochraceus
389:Aspergillus ochraceus
369:Aspergillus ochraceus
344:Aspergillus ochraceus
332:Aspergillus ochraceus
305:Aspergillus ochraceus
289:Aspergillus ochraceus
282:Aspergillus ochraceus
274:Aspergillus ochraceus
254:Aspergillus ochraceus
250:Aspergillus ochraceus
234:Aspergillus alutaceus
230:Aspergillus ochraceus
214:Aspergillus ochraceus
161:Aspergillus ochraceus
143:Aspergillus ochraceus
27:Aspergillus ochraceus
1564:Applied Microbiology
1468:Arabidopsis thaliana
1256:10.4238/vol9-4gmr943
1153:Applied Microbiology
980:Veterinary Pathology
258:Aspergillus bridgeri
210:Pier Antonio Micheli
2352:Mycobank Record on
1865:(Suppl 4): 116–20.
1611:(158): 1–30. 2012.
1997:Toxicol Ind Health
1215:10.1038/ja.2005.54
318:was isolated from
188:copper oxychloride
2573:
2572:
2548:Open Tree of Life
2366:Taxon identifiers
2040:Food Microbiology
833:(3): 639–644.e5.
753:10.1021/np100386q
656:978-1-4613-5166-5
349:Sargassum miyabei
157:
156:
125:A. ochraceus
18:Species of fungus
2603:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2517:BMSSYS0000001963
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2361:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1089:Medical mycology
1084:
1069:
1068:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1011:
975:
962:
961:
927:
918:
909:
908:
872:
861:
860:
850:
818:
809:
808:
776:
765:
764:
732:
723:
722:
712:
702:
678:
669:
668:
634:
623:
622:
616:
608:
590:
579:
578:
550:
541:
540:
532:
398:Escherichia coli
272:The colonies of
145:
42:
41:
23:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2368:
2343:
2338:
2305:(12): 1468–81.
2292:
2291:
2287:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1930:(11): 1566–73.
1921:
1920:
1913:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1478:(4–5): 321–37.
1465:
1464:
1460:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1015:
977:
976:
965:
925:
920:
919:
912:
874:
873:
864:
820:
819:
812:
778:
777:
768:
734:
733:
726:
680:
679:
672:
657:
636:
635:
626:
609:
605:
592:
591:
582:
552:
551:
544:
537:Mycology Series
534:
533:
520:
516:
483:
457:
455:Animal diseases
431:
386:
358:
328:
270:
200:
153:
147:
141:
128:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2596:Fungus species
2593:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2544:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2394:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2347:AspergillusWeb
2342:
2341:External links
2339:
2337:
2336:
2285:
2258:(4): 471–477.
2241:
2222:(3): 197–208.
2206:
2157:
2106:
2065:
2030:
1987:
1981:978-0721675862
1980:
1957:
1911:
1876:
1849:
1822:
1768:
1725:
1676:
1639:(7): 1185–92.
1622:
1599:
1545:
1505:
1458:
1429:(1–2): 131–9.
1413:
1367:
1313:
1280:Mycopathologia
1270:
1229:
1208:(6): 416–419.
1188:
1159:(6): 1067–72.
1139:
1120:(2): 210–225.
1104:
1098:978-0812114638
1097:
1070:
1013:
963:
910:
862:
810:
791:(6): 1215–26.
787:(in Spanish).
766:
747:(11): 1780–4.
724:
693:(9): 1574–86.
670:
655:
624:
604:978-3980308380
603:
580:
542:
517:
515:
512:
482:
479:
456:
453:
430:
427:
385:
384:Industrial use
382:
357:
354:
327:
324:
269:
266:
199:
196:
155:
154:
148:
137:
136:
130:
129:
122:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
101:Aspergillaceae
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
81:Eurotiomycetes
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
30:
29:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2608:
2597:
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2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
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2500:
2496:
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2340:
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2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2085:(2): T44–51.
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:(2): 229–32.
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(2): 336–47.
1784:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:(2): 155–60.
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:(2): 118–26.
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1392:(1): 137–40.
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:(5): 376–80.
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1249:(4): 2292–9.
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:(5): 583–92.
985:
981:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:(12): 693–9.
882:
878:
871:
869:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
620:
614:
606:
600:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
547:
543:
538:
535:Bennet, J.W.
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
519:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
480:
478:
476:
471:
467:
462:
454:
452:
450:
445:
441:
437:
428:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
383:
381:
379:
375:
374:A. ochraceus.
370:
366:
362:
355:
353:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
316:Circumdatin H
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
162:
151:
146:
144:
138:
135:
134:Binomial name
131:
127:
126:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
35:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
2373:
2353:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2177:(6): 443–8.
2174:
2170:
2160:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1970:
1927:
1923:
1892:(5): 840–3.
1889:
1885:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1838:(2): 172–5.
1835:
1831:
1825:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1741:(1): 66–71.
1738:
1734:
1728:
1696:(6): 621–9.
1693:
1689:
1679:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1608:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1389:
1385:
1335:
1331:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1088:
1043:(1): 86–97.
1040:
1036:
983:
979:
936:(1): 72–88.
933:
929:
880:
876:
830:
826:
788:
784:
744:
740:
736:
690:
686:
638:
594:
561:(5): 522–6.
558:
554:
536:
499:
495:
492:ochratoxin A
486:
484:
475:A. ochraceus
474:
470:A. ochraceus
469:
465:
461:A. ochraceus
460:
458:
448:
439:
435:
432:
421:
418:fermentation
413:
396:
392:
388:
387:
378:A. ochraceus
377:
373:
368:
365:A. ochraceus
364:
361:Ochratoxin A
359:
347:
343:
331:
329:
320:A. ochraceus
319:
309:ochratoxin A
304:
303:
288:
286:
281:
273:
271:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:Karl Adolf
213:
203:
201:
172:ochratoxin A
165:
160:
159:
158:
142:
140:
124:
123:
111:
26:
20:
15:
2586:Aspergillus
2473:iNaturalist
2003:(1): 90–8.
1516:Aspergillus
1286:(2): 93–8.
477:infection.
403:Xanthohumol
334:lay in the
205:Aspergillus
167:Aspergillus
112:Aspergillus
2580:Categories
1800:1822/22480
1654:1822/22436
514:References
410:chalconoid
407:prenylated
268:Physiology
222:mycologist
202:The genus
91:Eurotiales
71:Ascomycota
67:Division:
1952:205948591
1671:206991997
1444:1826/2390
1114:Mycologia
613:cite book
508:vitamin E
298:Vinaceous
293:phialides
119:Species:
57:Kingdom:
51:Eukaryota
2499:MycoBank
2491:10980809
2447:Fungorum
2397:BioLib:
2389:Q4807897
2383:Wikidata
2331:23223175
2280:25085318
2272:23829581
2236:86750151
2201:23730556
2152:23181593
2101:22339551
2060:22202877
2025:34544171
2017:22773436
1944:20694869
1844:12793017
1809:22072141
1763:35876671
1755:23463662
1720:23919289
1663:22367528
1617:23477193
1540:21741104
1500:15390503
1492:23625346
1453:17764773
1408:10643785
1362:23569796
1308:25267465
1300:11554583
1265:21128209
1224:16156520
1065:21779143
1057:21128138
1008:46637110
958:26008419
950:19753495
897:21058154
857:22789397
805:22411363
761:21043476
739:EN-31".
719:24048364
665:11922097
575:20409075
504:cockerel
313:alkaloid
278:conidial
218:botanist
184:mancozeb
176:citrinin
97:Family:
47:Domain:
2563:1213366
2465:5259807
2322:3528257
2192:3644571
2143:3533896
2126:: 232.
1871:7800243
1817:1271612
1711:4265080
1594:4795527
1353:3614191
1183:5064985
1134:3792887
905:9016397
848:3432137
710:3798874
326:Ecology
226:Wilhelm
180:mellein
150:Wilhelm
107:Genus:
87:Order:
77:Class:
2560:uBio:
2553:283734
2537:NZOR:
2504:190223
2478:940945
2452:190223
2439:ASPEOC
2426:154913
2400:340085
2329:
2319:
2299:Toxins
2278:
2270:
2234:
2199:
2189:
2150:
2140:
2099:
2058:
2023:
2015:
1978:
1950:
1942:
1906:102184
1904:
1869:
1842:
1815:
1807:
1761:
1753:
1718:
1708:
1669:
1661:
1615:
1592:
1585:379743
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