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775:. The most common recycled component in asphalt concrete is reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). RAP is recycled at a greater rate than any other material in the United States. Many roofing shingles also contain asphalt, and asphalt concrete mixes may contain reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS). Research has demonstrated that RAP and RAS can replace the need for up to 100% of the virgin aggregate and asphalt binder in a mix, but this percentage is typically lower due to regulatory requirements and performance concerns. In 2019, new asphalt pavement mixtures produced in the United States contained, on average, 21.1% RAP and 0.2% RAS.
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and RAS are prone to exhibiting lower workability and increased susceptibility to fatigue cracking. These issues are avoidable if the recycled components are apportioned correctly in the mix. Practicing proper storage and handling, such as by keeping RAP stockpiles out of damp areas or direct sunlight, is also important in avoiding quality issues. The binder aging process may also produce some beneficial attributes, such as by contributing to higher levels of rutting resistance in asphalts containing RAP and RAS.
299:(i.e., partly oxidised) in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added. The bitumen aggregate mixture is cooked (matured) for around 6–8 hours and once it is ready, the mastic asphalt mixer is transported to the work site where experienced layers empty the mixer and either machine or hand lay the mastic asphalt contents on to the road. Mastic asphalt concrete is generally laid to a thickness of around 20–30 millimetres (
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and allow cold-weather paving or longer hauls. Use of warm mix is rapidly expanding. A survey of US asphalt producers found that nearly 25% of asphalt produced in 2012 was warm mix, a 416% increase since 2009. Cleaner road pavements can be potentially developed by combining WMA and material recycling. Warm Mix
Asphalt (WMA) technology has environmental, production, and economic benefits.
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compaction must be performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot. In many locales paving is restricted to summer months because in winter the base will cool the asphalt too quickly before it can be packed to the required density. HMA is the form of asphalt concrete most commonly used on high traffic
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RAS may be received by asphalt plants as post-manufacturer waste directly from shingle factories, or they may be received as post-consumer waste at the end of their service life. Processing of RAS includes grinding the shingles and sieving the grinds to remove oversized particles. The grinds may also
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of asphalt allows it to conveniently form a convex surface, and a central apex to streets and roads to drain water to the edges. This is not, however, in itself an advantage over concrete, which has various grades of viscosity and can be formed into a convex road surface. Rather, it is the economy of
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Further research has been conducted to discover new forms of waste that may be recycled into asphalt mixes. A 2020 study conducted in
Melbourne, Australia presented a range of strategies for incorporating waste materials into asphalt concrete. The strategies presented in the study include the use of
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In mixes with higher recycled content, the addition of virgin binder becomes less effective, and rejuvenators may be used. Rejuvenators are additives that restore the physical and chemical properties of the aged binder. When conventional mixing methods are used in asphalt plants, the upper limit for
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or similar surface treatment may be applied. As the number, width and length of cracks increases, more intensive repairs are needed. In order of generally increasing expense, these include thin asphalt overlays, multicourse overlays, grinding off the top course and overlaying, in-place recycling, or
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Construction quality is critical to pavement performance. This includes the construction of utility trenches and appurtenances that are placed in the pavement after construction. Lack of compaction in the surface of the asphalt, especially on the longitudinal joint, can reduce the life of a pavement
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With regard to structural performance, the asphalt behaviour depends on a variety of factors including the material, loading and environmental condition. Furthermore, the performance of pavement varies over time. Therefore, the long-term behaviour of asphalt pavement is different from its short-term
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One approach to balancing the performance aspects of RAP and RAS is to combine the recycled components with virgin aggregate and virgin asphalt binder. This approach can be effective when the recycled content in the mix is relatively low, and has a tendency to work more effectively with soft virgin
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During its service life, the asphalt cement binder, which makes up about 5–6% of a typical asphalt concrete mix, naturally hardens and becomes stiffer. This aging process primarily occurs due to oxidation, evaporation, exudation, and physical hardening. For this reason, asphalt mixes containing RAP
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It is far less expensive to keep a road in good condition than it is to repair it once it has deteriorated. This is why some agencies place the priority on preventive maintenance of roads in good condition, rather than reconstructing roads in poor condition. Poor roads are upgraded as resources and
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High temperatures soften the asphalt binder, allowing heavy tire loads to deform the pavement into ruts. Paradoxically, high heat and strong sunlight also cause the asphalt to oxidize, becoming stiffer and less resilient, leading to crack formation. Cold temperatures can cause cracks as the asphalt
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Recycled asphalt components may be reclaimed and transported to an asphalt plant for processing and use in new pavements, or the entire recycling process may be conducted in-place. While in-place recycling typically occurs on roadways and is specific to RAP, recycling in asphalt plants may utilize
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and vapors. This improves working conditions, and lowers laying-temperature, which leads to more rapid availability of the surface for use, which is important for construction sites with critical time schedules. The usage of these additives in hot-mixed asphalt (above) may afford easier compaction
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Water trapped under the pavement softens the subbase and subgrade, making the road more vulnerable to traffic loads. Water under the road freezes and expands in cold weather, causing and enlarging cracks. In spring thaw, the ground thaws from the top down, so water is trapped between the pavement
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before mixing with the aggregate. While in its emulsified state, the asphalt is less viscous and the mixture is easy to work and compact. The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates and the cold mix will, ideally, take on the properties of an HMA pavement. Cold mix is commonly used as a
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Beyond RAP and RAS, a range of waste materials can be re-used in place of virgin aggregate, or as rejuvenators. Crumb rubber, generated from recycled tires, has been demonstrated to improve the fatigue resistance and flexural strength of asphalt mixes that contain RAP. In
California, legislative
344:
MPa). This makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the base layer up to 25% (depending on the temperature) in relation to conventional bitumen, while offering as very high fatigue strengths. High-modulus asphalt layers are used both in reinforcement operations and in the construction of new
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and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mixing. Mixing is generally performed with the aggregate at about 150 °C (300 °F) for virgin asphalt and 170 °C (330 °F) for polymer modified asphalt, and the asphalt cement at 93 °C (200 °F). Paving and
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on-site, but pavements may also be ripped out in larger sections and crushed in the plant. RAP millings are typically stockpiled at plants before being incorporated into new asphalt mixes. Prior to mixing, stockpiled millings may be dried and any that have agglomerated in storage may have to be
339:
This uses a very hard bituminous formulation (penetration 10/20), sometimes modified, in proportions close to 6% by weight of the aggregates, as well as a high proportion of mineral powder (between 8–10%) to create an asphalt concrete layer with a high modulus of elasticity (of the order of
748:
budget allow. In terms of lifetime cost and long term pavement conditions, this will result in better system performance. Agencies that concentrate on restoring their bad roads often find that by the time they have repaired them all, the roads that were in good condition have deteriorated.
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mandates require the
Department of Transportation to incorporate crumb rubber into asphalt paving materials. Other recycled materials that are actively included in asphalt concrete mixes across the United States include steel slag, blast furnace slag, and cellulose fibers.
832:
RAP content before rejuvenators become necessary has been estimated at 50%. Research has demonstrated that the use of rejuvenators at optimal doses can allow for mixes with 100% recycled components to meet the performance requirements of conventional asphalt concrete.
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Maintaining and cleaning ditches and storm drains will extend the life of the road at low cost. Sealing small cracks with bituminous crack sealer prevents water from enlarging cracks through frost weathering, or percolating down to the subbase and softening it.
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be screened with a magnetic sieve to remove nails and other metal debris. The ground RAS is then dried, and the asphalt cement binder can be extracted. For further information on RAS processing, performance, and associated health and safety concerns, see
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Factors that cause asphalt concrete to deteriorate over time mostly fall into one of three categories: construction quality, environmental considerations, and traffic loads. Often, damage results from combinations of factors in all three categories.
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by 30 to 40%. Service trenches in pavements after construction have been said to reduce the life of the pavement by 50%, mainly due to the lack of compaction in the trench, and also because of water intrusion through improperly sealed joints.
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before mixing with the aggregate. While in its dissolved state, the asphalt is less viscous and the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid down the lighter fraction evaporates. Because of concerns with pollution from the
427:, more noise is produced as the speed of a vehicle increases. The notion that highway design might take into account acoustical engineering considerations, including the selection of the type of surface paving, arose in the early 1970s.
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The life of a road can be prolonged through good design, construction and maintenance practices. During design, engineers measure the traffic on a road, paying special attention to the number and types of trucks. They also evaluate the
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The damage a vehicle causes is roughly proportional to the axle load raised to the fourth power, so doubling the weight an axle carries actually causes 16 times as much damage. Wheels cause the road to flex slightly, resulting in
403:. In principle, the determination of appropriate asphalt performance characteristics must take into account the volume of traffic in each vehicle category, and the performance requirements of the friction course. In general, the
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cracking, which often leads to crocodile cracking. Vehicle speed also plays a role. Slowly moving vehicles stress the road over a longer period of time, increasing ruts, cracking, and corrugations in the asphalt pavement.
1099:
Cheraghian, Goshtasp; Cannone
Falchetto, Augusto; You, Zhanping; Chen, Siyu; Kim, Yun Su; Westerhoff, Jan; Moon, Ki Hoon; Wistuba, Michael P. (September 2020). "Warm mix asphalt technology: An up to date review".
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binders. A 2020 study found that the addition of 5% RAS to a mix with a soft, low-grade virgin binder significantly increased the mix's rutting resistance while maintaining adequate fatigue cracking resistance.
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above and the still-frozen soil underneath. This layer of saturated soil provides little support for the road above, leading to the formation of potholes. This is more of a problem for
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Polaczyk, Pawel; Huang, Baoshan; Shu, Xiang; Gong, Hongren (September 2019). "Investigation into
Locking Point of Asphalt Mixtures Utilizing Superpave and Marshall Compactors".
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In-place recycling methods allow roadways to be rehabilitated by reclaiming the existing pavement, remixing, and repaving on-site. In-place recycling techniques include
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plastics, particularly high-density polyethylene, in asphalt binders, and the use of glass, brick, ceramic, and marble quarry waste in place of traditional aggregate.
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reinforcements for medium and heavy traffic. In base layers, they tend to exhibit a greater capacity of absorbing tensions and, in general, better fatigue resistance.
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Kocak, Salih; Kutay, M. Emin (2017-01-02). "Use of crumb rubber in lieu of binder grade bumping for mixtures with high percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement".
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or sometimes water to the asphalt binder prior to mixing. This allows significantly lower mixing and laying temperatures and results in lower consumption of
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Different types of asphalt concrete have different performance characteristics in roads in terms of surface durability, tire wear, braking efficiency and
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can crack asphalt even in one winter. Filling the cracks with bitumen is a temporary fix, but only proper compaction and drainage can slow this process.
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RAP, RAS, or both. In 2019, an estimated 97.0 million tons of RAP and 1.1 million tons of RAS were accepted by asphalt plants in the United States.
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Silva, Hugo; Oliveira, Joel; Jesus, Carlos (2012-03-01). "Are totally recycled hot mix asphalts a sustainable alternative for road paving?".
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Rejuvenators may also be produced from recycled materials, including waste engine oil, waste vegetable oil, and waste vegetable grease.
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asphalt concrete that renders it more frequently used. Concrete is found on interstate highways where maintenance is highly crucial.
1559:"Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on Recycled Materials and Warm-Mix Asphalt Usage 2019 (Information Series 138) 10th Annual Survey"
1344:"Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations"
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to see how much load it can withstand. The pavement and subbase thicknesses are designed to withstand the wheel loads. Sometimes,
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1198:. Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia: State of Queensland (Australia) Department of Transport and Main Roads. Archived from
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As shown in this cross-section, many older roadways are smoothed by applying a thin layer of asphalt concrete to the existing
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98:. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the twentieth century. It consists of
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1630:"Laboratory designed hot mix asphalt mixtures with post-consumer Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) utilizing AASHTO PP78"
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Roads Were Not Built for Cars: How
Cyclists Were the First to Push for Good Roads & Became the Pioneers of Motoring
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Al-Qadi, Imad; Elseifi, Mostafa; Carpenter, Samuel (2007-03-01). "Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement – A Literature Review".
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and underdrains are used to remove water from the roadbed, preventing it from weakening the subbase and subsoil.
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1745:"Determining optimum rejuvenator dose for asphalt recycling based on Superpave performance grade specifications"
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High-modulus asphalt concrete, sometimes referred to by the French-language acronym EMÉ (enrobé à module élevé)
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pavements, which are permeable and allow water to drain through the pavement for controlling storm water.
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Other causes of damage include heat damage from vehicle fires, or solvent action from chemical spills.
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Espersson, Maria (November 2014). "Effect in the high modulus asphalt concrete with the temperature".
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2029:"Sustainable use of COVID-19 discarded face masks to improve the performance of stone mastic asphalt"
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A variety of specialty asphalt concrete mixtures have been developed to meet specific needs, such as
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asphalt is a maintenance measure that helps keep water and petroleum products out of the pavement.
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as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation,
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1856:"Evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb rubber"
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to reduce the allowable weight of trucks during the spring thaw season and protect their roads.
1085:
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Asphalt concrete is a recyclable material that can be reclaimed and reused both on-site and in
211:. It is also used as an environmental liner for landfills, reservoirs, and fish hatchery ponds.
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Zhu, Jiasheng; Saberian, Mohammad; Li, Jie; Yaghoubi, Ehsan; Rahman, Md Tareq (2023-09-22).
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are used to reinforce the subbase and further strengthen the roads. Drainage, including
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in the lighter fraction, cut-back asphalt has been largely replaced by asphalt emulsion.
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1815:"Recycled asphalt shingle modified asphalt mixture design and performance evaluation"
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109:(a substance also independently known as asphalt), laid in layers, and compacted.
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364:—have been called "the tarmac" at times, despite not being constructed using the
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contracts. Cold asphalt is also less resilient and more vulnerable to cracking.
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are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define
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1229:. 6th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields.
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Environmental factors include heat and cold, the presence of water in the
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1970:"Recycling of Waste Materials for Asphalt Concrete and Bitumen: A Review"
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863: – Part of a paving machine that spreads and smooths paving material
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Recently, discarded face masks have been incorporated into stone mastic.
729:
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323: in) for footpath and road applications and around 10 millimetres (
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Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of several ways:
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1994:
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Chunks of
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) are deposited for recycling.
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477: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Rahman, Md Tareq; Mohajerani, Abbas; Giustozzi, Filippo (2020-03-25).
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159:, referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material.
1628:
Haas, Edwin; Ericson, Christopher L.; Bennert, Thomas (2019-11-30).
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surfaces. Because tire noise is generated through the conversion of
1819:
Journal of
Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)
439:, which is specifically focusing on long-term pavement behaviour.
4206:
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3594:
1743:
Zaumanis, Martins; Mallick, Rajib B.; Frank, Robert (2014-10-30).
1477:. Federal Highway Administration, U.S Department of Transportation
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The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian-American inventor
46:
36:
2144:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
2074:
1675:
Blades, Christopher; Kearney, Edward; Nelson, Gary (2018-05-01).
1300:
Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973). "Analysis of highway noise".
2105:
1511:"Material-Related Aspects of Asphalt Recycling—State-of-the-Art"
1192:
High Modulus Asphalt (EME2) Pavement Design (Technical Note 142)
947:. International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from
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568:
436:
432:
3496:
2078:
1854:
Saberi.K, Farshad; Fakhri, Mansour; Azami, Ahmad (2017-11-01).
190:
This is produced by heating the asphalt binder to decrease its
2936:
598:
446:
235:
1813:
Wang, He; Rath, Punyaslok; Buttlar, William G. (2020-04-01).
1226:
Assessment of Durability of High Modulus Base (HMB) Materials
357:
may be added to improve the properties of the final product.
349:
In addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as
261:
This is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with an
3492:
575:
soils than sandy or gravelly soils. Some jurisdictions pass
559:
or subgrade soil underlying the pavement, and frost heaves.
1223:
Balkema, AA; Choi, YK; Collop, AC; Airey, GD (March 2002).
375:, which is designed to ensure a strong wearing surface, or
1690:
Speight, James G. (2016-01-01), Speight, James G. (ed.),
1378:"Can Permeable Pavements Help Solve Australian Flooding?"
266:
patching material and on lesser-trafficked service roads.
923:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. p. 106.
921:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
885: – British World War II stone aggregate ship armour
78:
in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a
51:
A machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck
1404:
Concrete pavement design, construction, and performance
1078:"Survey finds growth in recycled materials for asphalt"
807:, hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and
227:
Warm-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as WMA)
187:
Hot-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMA)
411:
Asphalt concrete generates less roadway noise than a
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2124:
2115:
1698:, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 361–408,
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1285:
widening project between Raritan and East Brunswick
1059:. National Asphalt Pavement Association. 1984-11-15
811:. For further information on in-place methods, see
629:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
891: – Road covered with durable surface material
879: – Construction equipment used to lay asphalt
219:Asphaltic concrete laying machine in operation in
787:RAP is typically received by plants after being
30:"Blacktop" redirects here. For other uses, see
1509:Karlsson, Robert; Isacsson, Ulf (2006-02-01).
3508:
2090:
1364:"TRB: Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies"
902: – Decorative finish on asphalt concrete
360:Areas paved with asphalt concrete—especially
295:This is produced by heating hard grade blown
8:
1945:"Bill Text - AB-338 Recycling: crumb rubber"
1406:(Second ed.). Boca Raton. p. 125.
945:"Asphalt concrete cores for embankment dams"
836:Other recycled materials in asphalt concrete
755:to help prioritize maintenance and repairs.
333: in) for flooring or roof applications.
540:, and grade depressions. In cold climates,
3515:
3501:
3493:
2889:
2534:
2121:
2097:
2083:
2075:
1434:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1189:Jones, Jason; Bryant, Peter (March 2015).
1054:"Asphalt for Environmental Liners (PS 17)"
744:full-depth reconstruction of the roadway.
415:surface, and is typically less noisy than
2044:
2003:
1993:
1830:
1794:
1515:Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
972:Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
689:Learn how and when to remove this message
493:Learn how and when to remove this message
292:Mastic asphalt concrete, or sheet asphalt
1696:Asphalt Materials Science and Technology
1295:
1293:
1275:
1273:
504:
386:
166:
4198:
1561:. National Asphalt Pavement Association
912:
1592:Resources, Conservation, and Recycling
1427:
739:For somewhat more distressed roads, a
3193:Median / Central reservation
1808:
1806:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1623:
1621:
1527:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2006)18:1(81)
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1349:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
395:, one of the uses of asphalt concrete
276:produced by dissolving the binder in
7:
4180:
1151:. Cornell Local Roads Program. 2003.
705:Machine sealcoating asphalt pavement
627:adding citations to reliable sources
595:Prevention and repair of degradation
475:adding citations to reliable sources
2033:Construction and Building Materials
1749:Construction and Building Materials
1634:Construction and Building Materials
1402:Delatte, Norbert J. (22 May 2014).
1164:Construction and Building Materials
383:Roadway performance characteristics
3111:Risk compensation (road transport)
1903:Road Materials and Pavement Design
1704:10.1016/b978-0-12-800273-5.00009-x
1084:. February 5, 2014. Archived from
984:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002839
516:Asphalt deterioration can include
230:This is produced by adding either
27:Composite material used for paving
25:
2046:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132524
1761:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.035
1646:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.314
1176:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.088
1082:Construction Demolition Recycling
4179:
4143:
4142:
4132:
3889:Extended producer responsibility
3618:
3477:Glossary of road transport terms
1692:"Chapter 9 - Asphalt Technology"
603:
451:
1612:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.013
1287:, Bolt Beranek and Newman, 1973
1033:"Asphalt Pavement Technologies"
614:needs additional citations for
462:needs additional citations for
280:or another lighter fraction of
3544:
1679:. Cornell Local Roads Program.
1452:. Virginia Asphalt Association
1302:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
1:
4055:Container-deposit legislation
3459:Pavement performance modeling
3449:International roughness index
1915:10.1080/14680629.2016.1142466
1880:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.079
1860:Journal of Cleaner Production
1122:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122128
1102:Journal of Cleaner Production
1011:. Island Press. p. 120.
435:is a research program by the
3454:Present serviceability index
3248:Sidewalk / Pavement
2793:Diamond grinding of pavement
1472:"Pavement Management Primer"
3750:Materials recovery facility
3426:Underpass / Tunnel
3421:Overpass / Flyover
3175:High-occupancy vehicle lane
3065:Driving under the influence
2139:Freeway / Motorway
1677:"Asphalt Paving Principles"
1281:Acoustical analysis of the
1250:Valdes, Fred (2009-08-21).
1035:. Asphalt Pavement Alliance
443:Degradation and restoration
133:bituminous asphalt concrete
4273:
2353:Highway systems by country
1949:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1832:10.1016/j.jtte.2019.09.004
753:pavement management system
287:volatile organic compounds
29:
4128:
3616:
3472:
3464:Granular base equivalency
3283:Traffic signal preemption
2691:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
2597:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1145:Asphalt Paving Principles
872:Marshall Stability Method
269:Cut-back asphalt concrete
258:Cold-mix asphalt concrete
82:commonly used to surface
32:Blacktop (disambiguation)
3444:Pavement condition index
3170:High-occupancy toll lane
3165:Contraflow lane reversal
3140:Barrier transfer machine
413:Portland cement concrete
173:portland cement concrete
147:, is sometimes used for
4080:Reverse vending machine
2298:Express-collector setup
1256:. Xlibris Corporation.
199:such as those on major
42:Asphalt batch mix plant
4211:asphaltcalculators.com
4120:Water recycling shower
3964:Reuse of human excreta
3934:Recycling (ecological)
3919:Material flow analysis
3482:Road types by features
3377:Raised pavement marker
3344:Constant-slope barrier
3268:Traffic directionality
3258:Street running railway
2681:Protected intersection
1005:Reid, Carlton (2015).
809:full-depth reclamation
768:
706:
513:
396:
246:, thus releasing less
223:
180:
70:in North America, and
52:
44:
3909:Interchangeable parts
3904:Industrial metabolism
3339:Concrete step barrier
2676:Offset T-intersection
766:
704:
508:
390:
218:
170:
50:
40:
4207:"Asphalt Calculator"
4115:Water heat recycling
4105:Waste management law
3382:Road surface marking
3080:Single-vehicle crash
2803:Full depth recycling
2701:Seagull intersection
867:Pavement engineering
861:Free floating screed
751:Some agencies use a
623:improve this article
471:improve this article
373:stone-matrix asphalt
355:antistripping agents
163:Mixture formulations
151:but can also denote
4065:Ethical consumerism
3999:Urban lumberjacking
3929:Product stewardship
3879:Eco-industrial park
3208:Pedestrian crossing
2771:Reinforced concrete
2607:Three-level diamond
2318:Two-lane expressway
2303:Farm-to-market road
1986:2020Mate...13.1495R
1872:2017JCPro.165.1125S
1604:2012RCR....60...38S
1450:"Pavement Drainage"
1314:1973WASP....2..387H
1283:New Jersey Turnpike
1114:2020JCPro.26822128C
509:Asphalt damaged by
4237:Building materials
4138:Environment portal
4009:Waste minimisation
3954:Reusable packaging
3899:Industrial ecology
3238:Runaway truck ramp
3060:Driver's education
2848:Rubberized asphalt
2783:Crocodile cracking
2706:Split intersection
2474:Hierarchy of roads
2435:Single carriageway
1995:10.3390/ma13071495
1322:10.1007/BF00159677
769:
707:
638:"Asphalt concrete"
518:crocodile cracking
514:
397:
224:
181:
177:composite pavement
137:bituminous mixture
94:, and the core of
80:composite material
53:
45:
18:Asphaltic concrete
4252:Road construction
4195:
4194:
3949:Resource recovery
3939:Refill (campaign)
3884:Ecological design
3864:Dematerialization
3674:Fluorescent lamps
3490:
3489:
3298:Wide outside lane
3124:
3123:
3101:Automotive safety
2982:Road slipperiness
2729:
2728:
2577:Diverging diamond
2524:
2523:
2440:Single-track road
2382:Bicycle boulevard
1713:978-0-12-800273-5
1557:Williams, Brett.
1413:978-1-4665-7511-0
1263:978-1-4653-2242-5
1018:978-1-61091-689-9
930:978-0-547-04101-8
779:Recycling methods
699:
698:
691:
673:
503:
502:
495:
431:performance. The
263:emulsifying agent
100:mineral aggregate
58:(commonly called
16:(Redirected from
4264:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4203:
4183:
4182:
4146:
4145:
4136:
4110:Waste management
4100:Waste collection
3959:Reuse of bottles
3859:Circular economy
3836:Northern Ireland
3622:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3334:Cat's eye (road)
3155:Complete streets
2927:Dead Man's Curve
2890:
2828:Pavement milling
2743:Asphalt concrete
2686:Quadrant roadway
2627:
2549:
2535:
2501:Street hierarchy
2149:Elevated highway
2122:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2048:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1740:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1506:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1297:
1288:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1002:
996:
995:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
935:
934:
917:
798:Asphalt Shingles
694:
687:
683:
680:
674:
672:
631:
607:
599:
498:
491:
487:
484:
478:
455:
447:
343:
332:
331:
327:
322:
321:
317:
314:
308:
307:
303:
274:cold mix asphalt
149:asphalt concrete
56:Asphalt concrete
21:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4124:
4095:Waste-to-energy
4060:Dumpster diving
4028:
4004:Waste hierarchy
3979:Right to repair
3847:
3816:The Netherlands
3771:Rate by country
3759:
3713:
3623:
3614:
3526:
3521:
3491:
3486:
3468:
3436:
3430:
3401:
3392:Traffic barrier
3352:F-Shape barrier
3307:
3263:Traffic calming
3223:Reversible lane
3213:Pedestrian zone
3198:Motorcycle lane
3160:Contraflow lane
3132:time allocation
3131:
3120:
3116:Underride guard
3084:
3046:
2932:Expansion joint
2894:
2884:
2877:
2863:Stamped asphalt
2725:
2656:Continuous flow
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2550:
2546:grade-separated
2543:
2542:
2520:
2479:Private highway
2452:
2357:
2271:
2153:
2111:
2103:
2071:
2070:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1796:10.1.1.390.3460
1788:
1787:
1776:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1508:
1507:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1426:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1004:
1003:
999:
978:(9): 04019188.
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
943:
942:
938:
931:
919:
918:
914:
909:
900:Stamped asphalt
857:
838:
821:
781:
761:
695:
684:
678:
675:
632:
630:
620:
608:
597:
499:
488:
482:
479:
468:
456:
445:
385:
341:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
312:
310:
305:
301:
300:
165:
153:asphalt content
114:Edward De Smedt
96:embankment dams
76:bitumen macadam
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4140:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Bottle cutting
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Land recycling
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3831:United Kingdom
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3642:Automotive oil
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Jersey barrier
3359:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Unused highway
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Traffic island
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Drowsy driving
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Level crossing
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Channelization
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:3-way junction
2632:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2530:Road junctions
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:business route
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2422:Primitive road
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:County highway
2290:
2288:Collector road
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:United Kingdom
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Czech Republic
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:Limited-access
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2019:
1960:
1936:
1909:(1): 116–129.
1893:
1846:
1825:(2): 205–214.
1802:
1774:
1724:
1712:
1682:
1667:
1617:
1571:
1540:
1488:
1463:
1441:
1412:
1394:
1369:
1355:
1335:
1308:(3): 387–392.
1289:
1279:John Shadely,
1269:
1262:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1181:
1154:
1135:
1091:
1088:on 2014-02-23.
1069:
1045:
1024:
1017:
997:
962:
951:on 7 July 2012
936:
929:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
897:
892:
886:
883:Plastic armour
880:
874:
869:
864:
856:
853:
837:
834:
820:
817:
780:
777:
773:asphalt plants
760:
757:
697:
696:
611:
609:
602:
596:
593:
501:
500:
459:
457:
450:
444:
441:
421:kinetic energy
384:
381:
377:porous asphalt
362:airport aprons
347:
346:
337:
334:
293:
290:
270:
267:
259:
256:
248:carbon dioxide
228:
213:
212:
188:
164:
161:
157:asphalt cement
105:together with
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4168:organizations
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Simple living
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Pallet crafts
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Waste picking
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Repairability
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Green economy
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3843:United States
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3755:Waste sorting
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Mobile phones
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Noise barrier
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Cable barrier
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Traffic lanes
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Refuge island
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Living street
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Climbing lane
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3052:Human factors
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Traffic light
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Oversize load
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Manhole cover
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Crushed stone
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Michigan left
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2623:Intersections
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Directional T
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:special route
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Frontage road
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Arterial road
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2267:United States
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Types of road
2114:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:: 1125–1132.
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1236:90-5809-398-0
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1205:on 2016-12-21
1201:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
950:
946:
940:
937:
932:
926:
922:
916:
913:
906:
901:
898:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
852:
849:
846:
842:
835:
833:
829:
825:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
793:
790:
785:
778:
776:
774:
765:
758:
756:
754:
749:
745:
742:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
693:
690:
682:
671:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
640: –
639:
635:
634:Find sources:
628:
624:
618:
617:
612:This article
610:
606:
601:
600:
594:
592:
589:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
564:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
507:
497:
494:
486:
483:February 2017
476:
472:
466:
465:
460:This section
458:
454:
449:
448:
442:
440:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
406:
402:
401:roadway noise
394:
389:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
338:
335:
298:
294:
291:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:Is a form of
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:Laredo, Texas
217:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
178:
175:, creating a
174:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
110:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4215:. Retrieved
4213:. 2023-08-12
4210:
4201:
4184:
4045:Cogeneration
3874:Durable good
3397:Traffic cone
3387:Rumble strip
3288:Truck bypass
3243:Shared space
3203:Passing lane
3188:Managed lane
3145:Bicycle lane
3027:Washboarding
3022:Traffic sign
2947:Hairpin turn
2742:
2716:Texas U-turn
2646:Box junction
2540:Interchanges
2484:Route number
2392:Country lane
2134:Bike freeway
2072:
2036:
2032:
2022:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1822:
1818:
1752:
1748:
1717:, retrieved
1695:
1685:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1595:
1591:
1563:. Retrieved
1521:(1): 81–92.
1518:
1514:
1479:. Retrieved
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1403:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1384:. 2022-04-22
1381:
1372:
1358:
1347:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1280:
1252:
1245:
1225:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1191:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1144:
1138:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:the original
1081:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1027:
1007:
1000:
975:
971:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
939:
920:
915:
889:Road surface
850:
847:
843:
839:
830:
826:
822:
813:Road Surface
802:
794:
786:
782:
770:
750:
746:
738:
734:
728:
724:storm drains
708:
685:
676:
666:
659:
652:
645:
633:
621:Please help
616:verification
613:
590:
581:
565:
561:
554:
550:
546:
542:frost heaves
524:, upheaval,
515:
511:frost heaves
489:
480:
469:Please help
464:verification
461:
429:
410:
398:
370:
359:
348:
273:
244:fossil fuels
182:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
111:
88:parking lots
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
4158:by material
4019:Wishcycling
3969:Repurposing
3869:Downcycling
3821:Switzerland
3657:PET bottles
3605:Cooking oil
3590:Refrigerant
3435:Performance
3367:Kassel kerb
3324:Botts' dots
3312:Demarcation
3012:Storm drain
2977:Road debris
2902:Aquaplaning
2895:environment
2883:Road safety
2761:Cobblestone
2711:Superstreet
2516:Winter road
2464:Concurrency
2457:Other terms
2448:Sunken lane
2417:Main street
2362:Local roads
1980:(7): 1495.
1755:: 159–166.
1640:: 662–672.
1170:: 638–643.
819:Performance
730:Sealcoating
536:, shoving,
425:sound waves
391:An airport
4231:Categories
4217:2023-09-17
4163:by product
4153:by country
4070:Freeganism
4050:Composting
4024:Zero waste
3924:Precycling
3745:Collection
3735:Blue boxes
3637:Appliances
3437:indicators
3406:Structures
3357:Guard rail
3233:Road verge
3106:Seat belts
3042:Snowsquall
3007:Speed bump
2987:Road train
2808:Glassphalt
2748:Bioasphalt
2721:Turnaround
2696:Roundabout
2626:(at-grade)
2592:Roundabout
2557:Cloverleaf
2412:Green lane
2348:Trunk road
2276:Main roads
2159:By country
2039:: 132524.
1954:2020-12-17
1719:2020-12-16
1565:2020-12-14
1388:2022-05-21
1209:2016-12-20
1108:: 122128.
1063:2014-09-13
1039:2014-09-13
907:References
805:rubblizing
679:April 2021
649:newspapers
577:frost laws
366:tarmacadam
238:, asphalt
205:racetracks
119:The terms
4257:Pavements
3994:Upcycling
3988:Green Dot
3776:Australia
3764:Countries
3730:Blue bags
3718:Apparatus
3664:Computers
3647:Batteries
3540:Aluminium
3532:Materials
3524:Recycling
3228:Road diet
3130:Space and
3075:Road rage
2962:Oil spill
2922:Crosswind
2912:Black ice
2907:Avalanche
2833:Permeable
2666:Jughandle
2661:Hook turn
2567:Free-flow
2511:Toll road
2430:Side road
2387:Boulevard
2343:Super two
2338:Ring road
2313:Link road
2212:Hong Kong
2167:Australia
2109:hierarchy
2063:260027537
2055:0950-0618
1974:Materials
1931:137932692
1923:1468-0629
1888:0959-6526
1841:2095-7564
1791:CiteSeerX
1769:0950-0618
1662:201284220
1654:0950-0618
1598:: 38–48.
1535:0899-1561
1481:9 January
1430:cite book
1422:880702362
1330:109914430
1130:219437990
992:197635732
792:crushed.
759:Recycling
741:chip seal
538:stripping
417:chip seal
405:viscosity
368:process.
282:petroleum
240:emulsions
209:airfields
197:pavements
192:viscosity
125:asphaltic
4247:Concrete
4148:Category
4033:See also
3852:Concepts
3811:Mongolia
3806:Malaysia
3709:Vehicles
3699:Textiles
3629:Products
3550:Concrete
3416:Causeway
3253:Shoulder
3089:Vehicles
3037:Whiteout
2997:Rockfall
2992:Roadkill
2917:Bleeding
2893:Road and
2853:Sealcoat
2778:Corduroy
2766:Concrete
2756:Chipseal
2735:Surfaces
2587:Raindrop
2402:Driveway
2397:Dead end
2377:Backroad
2328:2+2 road
2323:2+1 road
2247:Portugal
2237:Pakistan
2014:32218261
1382:AZoM.com
895:Sealcoat
855:See also
716:geogrids
530:bleeding
526:raveling
522:potholes
351:polymers
278:kerosene
252:aerosols
232:zeolites
201:highways
141:concrete
129:concrete
92:airports
68:pavement
64:blacktop
4242:Asphalt
4186:Commons
3791:Ireland
3652:Bottles
3585:Plastic
3545:Asphalt
3319:Bollard
3303:Woonerf
3032:Washout
2972:Pothole
2885:factors
2873:Texture
2843:Plastic
2823:Macadam
2612:Trumpet
2562:Diamond
2333:Parkway
2308:Highway
2222:Ireland
2202:Germany
2192:Croatia
2172:Belgium
2005:7177983
1982:Bibcode
1868:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1310:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
955:3 April
720:ditches
712:subsoil
663:scholar
585:fatigue
557:subbase
534:rutting
393:taxiway
328:⁄
318:⁄
304:⁄
297:bitumen
121:asphalt
107:bitumen
60:asphalt
3984:Symbol
3826:Taiwan
3796:Israel
3786:Canada
3781:Brazil
3679:Lumber
3600:Timber
3575:Gypsum
3565:Energy
3560:Cotton
3555:Copper
3412:Bridge
3096:Airbag
2868:Tarmac
2813:Gravel
2641:Bowtie
2582:Parclo
2506:Stroad
2469:Detour
2444:Street
2372:Avenue
2257:Taiwan
2242:Poland
2207:Greece
2182:Canada
2177:Brazil
2061:
2053:
2012:
2002:
1929:
1921:
1886:
1839:
1793:
1767:
1710:
1660:
1652:
1533:
1420:
1410:
1328:
1260:
1253:Tarmac
1233:
1128:
1015:
990:
927:
789:milled
665:
658:
651:
644:
636:
353:, and
342:
135:, and
72:tarmac
4175:Index
4090:Waste
3974:Reuse
3801:Japan
3740:Codes
3704:Tires
3694:Ships
3689:Paint
3669:Drugs
3610:Water
3595:Scrap
3580:Paper
3570:Glass
2838:Plank
2752:Brick
2602:Stack
2368:Alley
2252:Spain
2232:Nepal
2227:Italy
2217:India
2187:China
2059:S2CID
1927:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1475:(PDF)
1456:2 May
1326:S2CID
1203:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1126:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
988:S2CID
877:Paver
670:JSTOR
656:books
569:silty
340:13000
236:waxes
103:bound
84:roads
66:, or
3725:Bins
3348:Curb
3179:Lane
2942:Ford
2858:Sett
2798:Dirt
2426:Road
2106:Road
2051:ISSN
2010:PMID
1919:ISSN
1884:ISSN
1837:ISSN
1765:ISSN
1708:ISBN
1650:ISSN
1531:ISSN
1483:2011
1458:2023
1436:link
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1013:ISBN
957:2011
925:ISBN
642:news
573:clay
437:FHWA
433:LTPP
207:and
123:(or
3002:Rut
2937:Fog
2818:Ice
2041:doi
2037:398
2000:PMC
1990:doi
1911:doi
1876:doi
1864:165
1827:doi
1757:doi
1700:doi
1642:doi
1638:226
1608:doi
1523:doi
1318:doi
1172:doi
1118:doi
1106:268
980:doi
625:by
571:or
473:by
423:to
155:or
74:or
4233::
4209:.
2057:.
2049:.
2035:.
2031:.
2008:.
1998:.
1988:.
1978:13
1976:.
1972:.
1947:.
1925:.
1917:.
1907:18
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1874:.
1862:.
1858:.
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1821:.
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1777:^
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815:.
800:.
722:,
532:,
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520:,
320:16
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302:13
250:,
234:,
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