482:
1478:, in 1906. Similar specimens were subsequently reported from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut; the buds appeared on the rachis of sterile fronds, and were often only detected when mounting the specimen. In 1924, Frederick G. Floyd argued that the formation of these proliferations was a normal characteristic of the species, which appeared regularly, if not universally, and did not warrant a varietal designation. He also observed the formation of proliferating buds on a fertile rachis of
81:
31:
58:
1078:, this variety may be recognized by a longest pinna length greater than 3.5 centimeters (1.4 in) and the almost universal presence of sori on erect fronds. They described it as bearing fertile fronds up to 70 centimeters (28 in), with as many as seventy pinnae, and a coarse appearance with roughly toothed leaf edges intergrading with
677:, is also pinnately cut with a dark, glossy rachis, but the pinnae are oval and somewhat rounded rather than broadly oblong, usually less than two times as long as wide. Neither of these two species, nor the other pinnate American spleenworts, have dimorphic fertile and sterile fronds. It is very similar to Boydston's spleenwort,
1836:, so that viable sporophytes can develop from intragametophytic self-fertilization with 83–89% success. This means that new sporophytes can usually grow from the gametophyte formed from a single spore. This has allowed ebony spleenwort to be an early colonizer, from distant locations, of recently disturbed habitats, such as
647:, covered in clathrate scales, occasionally with roots if the bud has begun to develop. Contact with soil at the plant base stimulates their development, and the decay of their connection with the parental leaf results in the development of a new plant. Similar buds have also been reported from the single-sorus spleenwort,
638:
populations they studied; very rarely did more than one bud per plant occur. They occurred, on average, on 1 out of 6 plants, both on sterile and fertile fronds, and their position at the base of the lowest pinnae made them difficult to find among the cluster of fronds. The buds are button-like, pale
1688:
is native throughout the eastern United States from southern Maine to the southeastern corner of
Wisconsin, south to Florida and west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and in the far southeast of Canada. It is also found around the meeting point of Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma,
1760:
walls. In South Africa, it is generally found at altitudes over 600 meters (2,000 ft), in habitats similar to those it prefers in North
America (under small bushes and on rocky banks). It typically occurs neither in full shade nor in full sun, but at the base of rocks in grasslands and at
633:
Ebony spleenwort is capable of proliferating by forming new plantlets from buds on the rachis at the base of the plant. These allow new individuals to form at different levels when prostrate fronds become buried in the leaf litter. Wagner & Johnson found proliferous buds in almost every site in
371:
in 1789, until the rediscovery and revival of the
Linnaean epithet in the late nineteenth century. Several forms and varieties of the species have been described, but few are recognized today; in particular, larger and more fertile specimens, those with more or less toothed leaves, and those with
625:, with a straight laesura with a margo (raised border). They are 41 to 52 microns long along their long axis. The perine (outermost layer of the spore) appears spiny, with rough ridges forming a netted pattern. The region of the perine between ridges has a smooth, rather than granular, texture.
387:
The formation of proliferating buds is one of several unusual adaptations for reproduction in this species. The buds form near the base of the stipe, and when covered with soil, can grow into new individuals as the frond that bore them dies. Ebony spleenwort is also well-adapted to propagate by
1892:
under moist to dry conditions. Both acid and alkaline soils are acceptable. Good drainage is essential, and the species will grow even in dry soil. Partial sun or low to high light is recommended, although full shade is tolerated. Plants are said to be easy to maintain once they have become
5330:
Xu, Ke-Wang; Zhang, Liang; Rothfels, Carl J.; Smith, Alan R.; Viane, Ronald; Lorence, David; Wood, Kenneth R.; Cheng, Cheng-Wei; Knapp, Ralf; Zhou, Lin; Lu, Ngan Thi; Zhou, Xin-Mao; Wei, Hong-Jin; Fan, Qiang; Chen, Su-Fang; Cicuzza, Daniele; Gao, Xin-Fen; Li, Wen-Bo; Zhang, Li-Bing (2020).
1747:
3.5–4.0) to subalkaline (pH 8.0–8.5), although it prefers subacid soils (pH 4.5–5.0) over mediacid. Unlike many other North
American spleenworts, it can grow on soil as well as rock. When growing in soil, it can be found in forests and woodlands, including sandy pinelands, as well as
1267:
by
Frances B. Horton, for whom Davenport named the variety. In this variety, all the pinnae (including the more reduced basal pinnae) are obliquely toothed or cut very nearly into separate, toothed pinnules. The upright fronds are sterile. Willard Clute treated it as a form,
751:
in 1753 (the official starting point of modern botanical nomenclature). Linnaeus' treatment came from a 1745 dissertation by his student J. B. Heiligtag, which in turn drew on the descriptions by several earlier authorities. The first description listed was that of
530:
granules are stored in tissue at the base of the stipe and, to a lesser extent, in the rhizome, giving the bases an enlarged appearance and a firm texture. The stipe bases are long-lived and may survive the disintegration of the rest of the stipe and the blade.
509:
scales, black to dark brown in color and strongly clathrate (bearing a lattice-like pattern). The scales are 2 to 4 millimeters (0.08 to 0.2 in) or 5 millimeters (0.2 in) long and 0.3 to 0.6 millimeters (0.01 to 0.02 in) wide, with margins
1848:
in a disturbed habitat in
Slovakia, 6,500 kilometers (4,000 mi) from the nearest known sites in eastern North America, is probably the result of long-distance dispersal, which may also have allowed it to colonize and naturalize in South Africa.
872:. Therefore, the combination has historically been attributed to Oakes or Oakes ex D.C.Eaton. However, in 1981, David B. Lellinger pointed out that Eaton had not, in fact, accepted the combination in 1878, preferring the more descriptive epithet
956:
subclade to define it, but members of the subclade do share a chestnut-brown stipe base. Relationships within the clade are not well-resolved; it includes species from South
America, Europe, and China, but no other North American species.
1787:
describes it as lacking "serious insect or disease problems". However, a population of several hundred individuals in
Florida was reported to have been almost wiped out by insect activity. It is susceptible to slugs. The black fern aphid
542:(pointed) at its tip and gradually tapers at its base. The blade is shiny and has a few scattered hairs, or lacks them entirely. The rachis (leaf axis), like the stipe, is reddish-, purplish- or blackish-brown, shiny and hairless.
1812:
can survive periods of drought for up to a month. There is some evidence to show that the prothallia may undergo clonal reproduction and fission, which has been induced in the laboratory through variations in light intensity.
561:
and angled towards the leaf base, those in the middle of the leaf blade measuring from 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 in) in length and from 0.3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 in) in width. Each pinna has an obvious
538:(slightly wider in the upper half of the blade) in shape, measuring from 4 to 50 centimeters (2 to 20 in) long and from 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 in) wide, sometimes as wide as 7 centimeters (3 in). It is
1244:). As these plants occur throughout the range of the species intermixed with typical specimens and intergrading with them morphologically, Wagner and Johnson did not think them worth of taxonomic recognition.
3492:
An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the
British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d
1828:, and will grow in both sun and shade. The starchy stipe bases provide energy for rapid growth in the spring, allowing the fronds to keep ahead of competing vegetation. The erect fertile fronds, unusual for
1120:. Although described as having pinnae largely "incised-pinnatifid", most of the pinnae in the type material are doubly serrate (toothed) or serrate-incised. In 1873, Elihu S. Miller collected fronds from
598:
on their underside, each 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) long. Each pair of sori forms a chevron, pointing towards the base of the pinna along its midvein, on which they are centered. An
1506:
would be assigned to various other varieties if they were not proliferous. Wagner & Johnson, in 1981, declined to recognize the taxon on grounds similar to Floyd's, and Wagner's treatment in
566:
at its base, pointing towards the tip of the blade and overlapping the rachis. Sometimes a small auricle pointing at the base of the blade is present as well The edges of the pinnae are
1832:, help release spores into the wind for long-distance dispersal, while the proliferative buds allow clonal propagation in moist, fertile habitats. The species also carries a very low
1737:
region, where it was formerly uncommon. Though widespread in southern Africa, it is not particularly abundant, and in that part of its range is most commonly found in
Lesotho.
522:
The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is 1 to 10 centimeters (0.4 to 4 in) long, and comprises one-quarter to one-third of the length of the blade. It lacks
1528:) has been collected only rarely, but on multiple occasions, this hybrid has undergone chromosome doubling to give rise to the fertile species known as Bradley's spleenwort (
404:
region in the late 20th century. Long-distance dispersal may also explain its naturalized appearance in South Africa, and the existence of an isolated population found in
4364:
5560:
526:, and is a shiny reddish-brown or blackish-brown throughout its length. Towards the base, it has a few threadlike scales similar in color to those of the rhizome.
1442:
The formation of proliferating buds in ebony spleenwort has also given rise to a taxonomic distinction. Bud formation was first observed by the nurseryman Conrad
5700:
5622:
348:
at the base of each pinna points towards the tip of the frond. The dimorphic fronds and alternate, rather than opposite, pinnae distinguish it from the similar
1098:
to be distinct from typical material except for its size, and recommended it be given taxonomic status no higher than that of a form, if recognized at all.
1439:
and considered them to be the same. Wagner & Johnson noted that such forms were a frequent developmental error in many species of North American fern.
1868:
considers it to be critically imperiled in Arizona and Colorado, imperiled in Nebraska, Maine, Rhode Island, and Quebec, and vulnerable in Minnesota.
693:; however, Boydston's spleenwort has an elongated, acute frond tip similar to that of Tutwiler's spleenwort. Among similar South African spleenworts,
952:
clade has a worldwide distribution, and members vary widely in form and habitat. There is no clear morphological feature that has evolved within the
5787:
5508:
1743:
can be found in a wide variety of habitats, at altitudes from 0 to 1,300 meters (0 to 4,300 ft). It will tolerate soils ranging from mediacid (
880:. Eaton's use, therefore, was to be treated as provisional, and not as a published combination by him. Eaton aside, the first valid publication of
5573:
5521:
1046:. He described it as standing from 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) high, with twenty to thirty "elongated" sori on each pinna. A large variety of
5661:
671:. However, this stipe of this species is darker, and the pinnae are opposite, rather than alternate, along the rachis. Maidenhair spleenwort,
3724:
3678:
784:; the specimens upon which the other descriptions are based, including that of Plukenet which yielded the specific epithet, are a mixture of
1824:
habitats may also have played a role in its expansion in the Great Lakes region. It tolerates broad variation in soil conditions, including
1062:, who was then unaware of Featherman's publication. He subsequently deemed the two to be identical, and transferred Featherman's variety to
5853:
372:
proliferating buds are considered to fall within the natural range of variation of the species, and do not require taxonomic distinction.
5838:
5828:
4067:
1861:
860:, that was used by American botanists throughout most of the 19th century. The transfer of Linnaeus' specific epithet to form the name
1697:
is found in tropical and subtropical southern Africa, a distribution not known for any other North American fern. It ranges from the
1407:
A form with forked fronds was known around the end of the nineteenth century, and was formally described in 1909 by Willard Clute as
5848:
4731:
3975:
3601:
1522:
complex", ebony spleenwort has been found to form hybrids with a number of other spleenworts. The hybrid with mountain spleenwort (
1148:. However, both epithets continued to be recognized by authors for some time. Britton, Sterns and Poggenburg transferred var.
4464:
Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History
5800:
5547:
5381:
3511:
Preliminary catalog of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, reported as growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City
400:
to self-fertilize with a high degree of success. This dispersal ability seems to have helped the species spread rapidly in the
65:
5601:
4172:
1353:
993:, larger and more fertile than the others with toothed pinnae. However, they note that both these varieties intergrade, and
5578:
4400:
1498:
recognized it in a discussion of infraspecific taxa in the species in 1976. However, these authors noted that specimens of
730:
This species is commonly known as "ebony spleenwort" or "brownstem spleenwort" for the dark color of its stipe and rachis.
501:, from 1 to 2.5 millimeters (0.04 to 0.1 in) or perhaps 4 millimeters (0.2 in) in diameter, bears a few narrowly
3505:
889:
217:
4536:
Robinson, A. G. (1966). "Review of the Fern Aphids in North America With Descriptions of a New Species and a New Genus".
3800:
3419:
Belling, Alice J.; Heusser, Calvin J. (1975). "Spore Morphology of the Polypodiaceae of Northeastern North America. II".
1820:
an aggressive colonizer, even weedy, when compared with other spleenworts, although a warming climate and an increase in
936:
published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study.
1543:
929:
by Sizuo Momose in 1960. Neither combination was widely accepted and current authorities do not recognize these genera.
574:(bearing rounded or small sharp teeth); they are more deeply cut in small forms. The tips of the pinnae may be acute or
5687:
3828:
1542:
is believed to have been collected twice, from a now-destroyed site in Pennsylvania, and in a preliminary report from
1320:
in 1928. In 1937, Arthur Leeds explicitly distinguished it at varietal level, noting that a photograph of the type of
603:
575:
571:
567:
558:
554:
539:
535:
523:
511:
506:
502:
1597:
1236:
as having doubly serrate pinnae cut less than 80% of the way to the costa, with normal fertility (unlike the sterile
5674:
5627:
4665:
3496:
1660:
has been collected three times, from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. A hybrid with Asian walking fern,
1577:
1368:, some of the pinnae in his material were completely cut into pinnules, which were themselves deeply lobed. Taylor
1094:(well to the northwest of the supposed range of the variety) did not consider morphological variation in var.
712:
679:
80:
1336:, having merely toothed rather than deeply cut and overlapping pinnae. Edgar Wherry also explicitly distinguished
5596:
5430:
4990:
4508:
4372:
1784:
1181:
5843:
5679:
5166:
1790:
786:
1553:
4659:
Smith, Dale M.; Levin, Donald A. (1963). "A chromatographic study of reticulate evolution in the Appalachian
892:
in 1888, which implicitly references Linnaeus's basionym. Despite the revival of Linnaeus' epithet, the name
1897:. Conrad Loddiges found it necessary to use artificial heat to cultivate ebony spleenwort in Great Britain.
1643:
1050:
found throughout the southeastern United States, with distinct rather than confluent sori, was described by
761:
5500:
5008:
1667:
1558:), regularly appears where the two parent species grow together. At one locality, in Havana Glen, Alabama,
363:, although Linnaeus' type drew on material from several other species as well. It was more commonly called
213:
5495:
5392:
3868:
3483:
1631:
1625:
1591:
1547:
1121:
1039:
885:
792:
753:
718:
424:
209:
4892:
1248:
868:
in 1878, who attributed the combination to a pencil notation by William Oakes in the margin of a copy of
695:
649:
5526:
5316:
5303:
4872:
4426:
3823:
3454:
1637:
1113:
1091:
922:
840:
673:
392:: the upright sterile fronds help the spores enter the airstream for long-distance dispersal, and a low
188:
5482:
4694:
4598:
3519:
1661:
1563:
1305:
1264:
1161:
689:
411:
Ebony spleenwort has broad habitat preferences, growing both on rocks like many other North American
1486:. Floyd's position was not universally accepted: Louise Tanger made a new combination for the form,
1450:. However, the phenomenon was overlooked until 1879, when D. C. Eaton observed it in specimens from
716:, but that species is generally much larger and has a green, scaly stipe and rachis. Fishbone fern,
4900:
4455:
1749:
1117:
1020:
is only known from sporadic, sterile specimens, with pinnae imbricate and deeply cut and lobed. In
667:
349:
47:
5614:
1596:), a descendant of mountain spleenwort and walking fern, to produce the rare Kentucky spleenwort (
5833:
5746:
5362:
5268:
5232:
5190:
5143:
5118:
5093:
5056:
4968:
4927:
4852:
4819:
4782:
4710:
4682:
4647:
4639:
4616:
Smith, Dale M.; Bryant, Truman R.; Tate, Donald E. (1961). "New evidence on the hybrid nature of
4586:
4553:
4524:
4496:
4443:
4352:
4317:
4281:
4248:
4210:
4147:
4123:
4111:
3954:
3917:
3884:
3845:
3767:
3703:
3632:
3471:
3436:
1853:
1752:
and other disturbed sites. It can colonize a variety of rocks, particularly (but not limited to)
1529:
1523:
420:
225:
75:
5738:
5666:
1423:, which he described as having "fronds much branched, the ultimate divisions crested" and named
340:, which die off in the winter, are darker green and stand upright, while the sterile fronds are
5565:
549:(leaflets) throughout its length, from 15 to 45 pairs per leaf. The pinnae are distinctly
30:
5635:
5469:
5354:
5215:
5206:
4727:
4608:
4214:
4168:
3971:
3734:
3720:
3694:
3674:
3644:
Crist, Kathryn Carvey; Farrar, Donald R. (1983). "Genetic load and long-distance dispersal in
3597:
1906:
1419:
only in forking near the apex of the blade. Robert M. Tetrick II discovered similar plants in
865:
849:
747:
481:
415:
and in a variety of soils. Unlike many other spleenworts, it is not particularly sensitive to
5640:
5344:
5260:
5224:
5202:
5182:
5085:
5048:
5004:
4960:
4917:
4909:
4888:
4844:
4811:
4774:
4674:
4631:
4578:
4545:
4488:
4435:
4329:
4309:
4293:
4273:
4240:
4139:
4103:
4059:
4009:
4001:
3946:
3837:
3759:
3657:
3624:
3529:
3463:
3428:
1821:
1757:
1455:
1087:
897:
828:
769:
563:
546:
467:
345:
264:
41:
fronds; the smaller frond on the left is sterile, the longer frond on the right is fertile.
3509:
602:
covers each sorus; these are whitish and translucent or silvery with a slightly toothed or
5244:
5019:. Vol. 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1718:
1610:
1205:
1136:. Although Miller's type material has not been located, specimens determined as var.
807:
321:
5653:
4024:
5441:
5648:
4745:
4225:
3985:
1603:
1562:
has undergone chromosome doubling to produce a fertile species, Tutwiler's spleenwort (
1177:
1109:
1028:, the rachis is multiply branched near the tip, but the form appears otherwise normal.
459:
325:
105:
5705:
4041:
3860:
Report of botanical survey of southern and central Louisiana made during the year 1870
3780:
1930:
The laesura marks the line of division where a monolete spore splits from its sisters.
5822:
5366:
4864:
4602:
4182:
4161:
3487:
3405:
1653:
1467:
1447:
1420:
1309:
1051:
998:
802:
742:
368:
356:
289:
275:
246:
237:
205:
5298:
5248:
5170:
5069:
5032:
4981:
4940:
4832:
4795:
4762:
4651:
4566:
4557:
4476:
4459:
4297:
4261:
4127:
4083:
3989:
3930:
3612:
3523:
3449:
5751:
5281:
4252:
4014:
3409:
1833:
1702:
1698:
586:
or rejoin each other). A few minute scales may also be scattered on the underside.
435:
between allotetraploids and the parents are collectively known as the "Appalachian
393:
155:
145:
135:
5474:
5461:
5131:
5106:
4698:
4512:
4186:
3897:
3872:
3747:
3689:
3528:. Illustrated by William Walworth Stilson. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
1396:. While Wagner and Johnson declined to distinguish most infraspecific taxa within
997:
does not recognize any infraspecific taxa. In addition to these varieties, three
594:
Pinnae of the fertile fronds carry from one to twelve, or even eighteen, pairs of
488:, showing fertile fronds (long and erect) and sterile fronds (short and spreading)
5778:
5692:
4226:"Evaluation of fern and moss protein‐based defenses against phytophagous insects"
3576:
3559:
3542:
639:
in color, and appear on the upper side of the lowest pinnae. Each bud contains a
5728:
5609:
5588:
5534:
5424:
4741:
1889:
1865:
1805:
1734:
1690:
820:
635:
550:
401:
397:
255:
5415:
4421:
4163:
A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada
1602:). Evidence for these hybridizations was obtained through cytological studies,
1247:
Another taxon characterized by deeply incised margins was described in 1901 by
3669:
Crouch, Neil R; Klopper, Ronell R; Burrows, John E; Burrows, Sandra M (2011).
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
1857:
1801:
1797:
1763:
1753:
1710:
847:, however, had already been used by Linnaeus in 1767, making Michaux's name a
797:
644:
615:
607:
583:
412:
5451:
5209:(1985). "Electrophoretic evidence of reticulate evolution in the Appalachian
3858:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1652:
is known from one specimen, collected from a limestone cliff overlooking the
4622:
4005:
3533:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1939:
The description read "Filix Polypodium dicta minima virginiana platyneuros".
1877:
1837:
1352:, erroneously duplicating Clute's 1909 combination. Material collected from
1260:
1043:
913:
777:
684:
475:
471:
432:
428:
341:
165:
5718:
5358:
5070:"Ecological, biosystematic, and nomenclatural notes on Scott's spleenwort,
4205:. Vol. I. George Cooke (illustrator). Hackney: C. Loddiges & Sons.
1372:
noted that much of Benedict's material, however, resembled typical f.
5282:"Soil acidity—its nature, measurement, and relation to plant distribution"
4922:
3826:(1931). "Fern Notes II. Ferns in the Herbarium of Parke, Davis & co".
1976:
Older literature often attributes the epithet to Gray, rather than Miller.
1038:
was first described in 1871 by Americus Featherman. His epithet refers to
5772:
5713:
5409:
5156:
4549:
4196:
1726:
1676:, but the frond is linear in shape, rather than being wider at the base.
1607:
1443:
1133:
734:
640:
622:
599:
405:
5147:
5122:
4763:"Ferns and fern allies of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1931 and 1932"
4714:
4607:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.
4528:
3921:
3888:
3707:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2427:
2425:
1893:
established, but it has been described as "rather difficult" to grow in
5792:
5513:
5333:"A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Asplenium (Aspleniaceae)"
5272:
5236:
5194:
5097:
5060:
4972:
4931:
4856:
4823:
4786:
4686:
4643:
4590:
4500:
4447:
4356:
4321:
4285:
4151:
4115:
3958:
3849:
3771:
3636:
3475:
3440:
1894:
1780:
1714:
1706:
1451:
498:
452:
416:
333:
5539:
5349:
5332:
722:, is likewise larger, with yellowish-green pinnae and a green rachis.
380:, a sterile form with the pinnae cut to toothed pinnules, and f.
5068:
Walter, Kerry S.; Wagner, Warren H. Jr.; Wagner, Florence S. (1982).
2490:
2488:
1881:
527:
463:
329:
293:
5386:
5286:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
5264:
5228:
5186:
5161:(Working Draft, 21 May 2015 ed.). University of North Carolina.
5089:
5052:
4964:
4913:
4848:
4815:
4778:
4678:
4635:
4582:
4492:
4439:
4313:
4277:
4200:
4143:
4107:
3950:
3841:
3763:
3661:
3628:
3467:
3432:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
1800:
are fairly tolerant of drought, but require well-drained soils. The
1435:
compared the type of this form with Clute's illustration of f.
819:
color of its stalk. The species was also independently described by
5552:
5320:
4794:
Taylor, W. Carl; Mohlenbrock, Robert H.; Burton, Fredda J. (1976).
4460:"New stations of rare plants-remarkable varieties and observations"
4333:
4244:
3010:
3008:
606:(irregularly jagged) edge, soon withering to reveal the sori. Each
557:(roughly rectangular) or quadrangular in shape, sometimes somewhat
3719:. Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press.
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1388:, and noted that specimens of the latter could approach var.
1042:, where he found it growing at the edges of cultivated fields and
816:
611:
595:
480:
474:, and shorter, spreading, lighter green sterile fronds, which are
455:
389:
337:
279:
92:
3372:
3370:
3368:
1888:, subacid garden soil, other gravelly, sandy or gritty soils, or
1689:
and in isolated small populations in New Mexico, Arizona and the
497:
This fern does not spread and form new plants via the roots. The
5805:
3594:
A Field Guide to Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America
2289:
2287:
1885:
1841:
579:
324:. It takes its common name from its dark, reddish-brown, glossy
125:
115:
5487:
5390:
3237:
3195:
3193:
3191:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1864:
at the northern and western edges of its North American range.
1124:
which were wider than usual and sharply serrate. This he named
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
1722:
1666:, has been produced in cultivation and is informally known as
1292:. Clute transferred the epithet at the varietal level to form
4949:, a new triploid hybrid produced under artificial conditions"
1172:
in 1901, and the combination at this rank was transferred to
768:("flat nerves") was drawn from a description by the botanist
419:. It hybridizes with several other spleenworts, particularly
4387:
Momose, Sizuo (1960). "The prothallia of Aspleniaceae (5)".
3592:
Cobb, Boughton; Farnsworth, Elizabeth; Lowe, Cheryl (2005).
3355:
3353:
2882:
2880:
2878:
911:
The species has twice been placed in genera segregated from
4724:
Field guide to the ferns and other pteridophytes of Georgia
4224:
Markham, Kevin; Chalk, Tanya; Stewart, C. Neal Jr. (2006).
2083:
1825:
1744:
4422:"A study of spore characteristics of the ferns of Indiana"
3596:. Peterson Field Guides. New York City: Houghton Mifflin.
2400:
2398:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1224:
under that epithet. He also created the epithet var.
1012:, discussed below, is not recognized by later treatments.
3543:"A checklist of the North American fernworts (continued)"
1994:
1992:
1852:
While globally secure, ebony spleenwort is considered an
776:
of 1696. Unfortunately, only Clayton's specimen, now the
534:
The leaf blade of ebony spleenwort is linear to narrowly
470:, with long, erect, dark green fertile fronds, which are
427:; these species, their sterile hybrid offspring, fertile
3212:
3210:
3208:
1090:
and David M. Johnson, who collected similar material in
760:
of 1743, based on a specimen collected by the collector
443:
and spleenworts outside of this complex are also known.
5015:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
3741:. Vol. 1 pt. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: B. Whidden.
2982:
2869:
2833:
2730:
2728:
2659:
2618:
2570:
2535:
2431:
1466:. Willard Clute reduced its status from a variety to a
332:(leaf stalk and midrib), which support a once-divided,
2757:
2755:
1232:, reviewing these treatments, distinguished var.
801:. In 1789, the species was independently described by
5171:"The earliest record of proliferous ebony spleenwort"
3284:
2995:
2993:
2991:
780:
for the species, represents the species now known as
4893:"Reticulate Evolution in the Appalachian Aspleniums"
3994:
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
3014:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2479:
5762:
5399:
5031:Wagner, Warren H. Jr.; Wagner, Florence S. (1990).
3781:"The ferns and fern allies of Tennessee: an update"
3261:
1356:was described by James E. Benedict, Jr. in 1947 as
4343:Miller, E. S. (1873). "Suffolk Co.-Wading River".
4160:
3715:Diggs, George M. Jr.; Lipscomb, Barney L. (2014).
3050:
2230:
2158:
2023:
1955:(Featherm.) Fernald is erroneously referred to as
1590:is also known to hybridize with lobed spleenwort (
4980:Wagner, Warren H. Jr.; Johnson, David M. (1981).
4167:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
3966:Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe; Moran, Robbin C. (2001).
1300:in 1909, but he also equated this with var.
835:; both these names were reduced to synonymy with
4726:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
3748:"New or little-known ferns of the United States"
2134:
1259:. These specimens were found in 1900 growing on
1228:for the normal form of ebony spleenwort. Taylor
320:, is a fern native to North America east of the
3062:
965:Three varieties were recognized by Carl Taylor
896:continued to be widely used through 1896, when
710:might be confused with a young Christmas fern,
458:, growing in tufts, with a shiny reddish-brown
408:in 2009, its first known occurrence in Europe.
4722:Snyder, Lloyd H. Jr.; Bruce, James G. (1986).
4051:(L.) Link with an emphasis on spore morphology
3376:
3122:
2194:
5249:"The soil reactions of certain rock ferns—II"
5158:Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States
4219:. Vol. II. London: Groombridge and Sons.
3199:
3158:
2630:
2558:
2242:
2218:
2146:
1876:The ebony spleenwort is sometimes grown as a
1779:have been shown to deter insect predation on
1276:, in 1906. B. L. Robinson, in 1908, declared
384:, with forking fronds, are still recognized.
8:
4513:"Vascular plants of the Northeastern States"
4191:. Vol. II. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.
3086:
2443:
3788:Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science
3690:"A plumose variety of the ebony spleenwort"
3388:
3344:
3332:
3146:
2278:
1998:
1733:has spread rapidly and aggressively in the
969:in 1976 in their treatment of the species:
355:The species was first described in 1753 by
5387:
5299:"The ferns and lycosphens of Pennsylvania"
4982:"Natural history of the ebony spleenwort,
3990:"Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts"
3673:. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Nature.
3074:
2582:
1208:, in 1940, synonymized not only var.
1192:in 1908, and Farwell recognized var.
756:, botanist and mentor of Linnaeus, in his
582:are clearly visible and free (they do not
56:
29:
20:
5348:
5033:"Another nothospecies in the Appalachian
5003:Wagner, Warren H. Jr.; Moran, Robbin C.;
4921:
4699:"Reports on the flora of Massachusetts-I"
4013:
3359:
3296:
2898:
2746:
2404:
2377:
2254:
2170:
2044:
1705:northwards along the eastern seaboard to
908:with explicit reference to the basionym.
5325:. Vol. 5 pt. 1. Berlin: G. C. Nauk.
4833:"A new form of the brownstem spleenwort"
3863:. New Orleans: Office of the Republican.
3308:
2946:
2886:
2821:
2773:
2707:
2695:
2389:
2293:
1446:in 1817, in specimens in cultivation in
4986:(Aspleniaceae) in the Great Lakes area"
4338:. Vol. 2. Paris: Charles Crapelet.
4233:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3873:"Midsummer vascular plants of Virginia"
3320:
3216:
3170:
3134:
3098:
2857:
2719:
2606:
2594:
2455:
2365:
2317:
2305:
1988:
1923:
1364:, noting that while similar to f.
1144:to be indistinguishable from var.
578:(blunt. On the underside of the blade,
5017:Flora of North America North of Mexico
3799:Ekrt, Libor; Hrivnák, Richard (2010).
3182:
3026:
2999:
2970:
2934:
2922:
2845:
2734:
2671:
2467:
2353:
2266:
2206:
2182:
1717:. An isolated population was found on
1713:provinces, its distribution including
451:Ebony spleenwort is a small fern with
4345:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
3752:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
3450:"A new form of Asplenium platyneuron"
3421:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
3110:
3038:
2983:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2958:
2910:
2870:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2834:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2809:
2797:
2785:
2761:
2683:
2660:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2619:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2571:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2536:Taylor, Mohlenbrock & Burton 1976
2432:Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg 1888
2416:
2329:
1884:plant. It can be cultivated in sandy
396:allows spores that have grown into a
7:
3414:. Vol. 3. London: George Nicol.
2642:
2341:
876:to the less accurate through senior
699:has proliferating frond tips, while
4068:Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
3249:
3238:Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
1636:), and with maidenhair spleenwort (
1576:is known as Boydston's spleenwort (
985:, with more deeply cut pinnae, and
621:The light to dark brown spores are
4750:Journal für die Botanik (Schrader)
3970:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
3514:. New York: Torrey Botanical Club.
3015:Werth, Guttman & Eshbaugh 1985
1672:in horticulture. It is similar to
1624:can also hybridize with wall-rue (
703:has only one sorus on each pinna.
14:
5680:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1207931-2
3717:The Ferns and Lycophytes of Texas
3560:"More additions to the checklist"
3262:Markham, Chalk & Stewart 2006
1783:to a significant extent, and the
1582:), occurring in nature only with
1376:, although approaching var.
665:is the black-stemmed spleenwort,
4756:. Göttingen: Heinrich Dieterich.
4567:"Ferns of Duval County, Florida"
3805:, a new pteridophyte for Europe"
3051:Walter, Wagner & Wagner 1982
2231:Cobb, Farnsworth & Lowe 2005
2159:Cobb, Farnsworth & Lowe 2005
2024:Cobb, Farnsworth & Lowe 2005
1630:), forming Morgan's spleenwort (
1552:), known as Scott's spleenwort (
1546:. The hybrid with walking fern (
79:
4128:"Notes on North American ferns"
3504:Britton, N. L.; Sterns, E. E.;
1642:) to form Virginia spleenwort (
1454:. He took this for an aberrant
1415:. The form differs from normal
1074:, in 1936. According to Taylor
618:has a chromosome number of 72.
514:(untoothed) or very nearly so.
344:and lie flat on the ground. An
5132:"Asplenium ebeneum proliferum"
5107:"Asplenium ebeneum proliferum"
4939:Wagner, Warren H. Jr. (1956).
4298:"Notes on American ferns—XXII"
4262:"Proliferous ebony spleenwort"
4033:Biota of North America Program
2135:Wagner, Moran & Werth 1993
1816:A variety of adaptations make
1380:in size. They equated f.
1328:did not closely correspond to
643:and one or sometimes two leaf
439:complex". Two hybrids between
1:
4796:"Variation in North American
4761:Tanger, Louise F. A. (1933).
3857:Featherman, Americus (1871).
3688:Davenport, George E. (1901).
3063:Smith, Bryant & Tate 1961
1400:, they did recognize f.
1308:continued to recognize it in
1140:by Gray were found by Taylor
4420:Oliver, Jeanette C. (1968).
4159:Lellinger, David B. (1985).
3611:Correll, Donovan S. (1939).
1756:ones, and will also grow on
1693:. Outside of North America,
1616:Outside of the "Appalachian
1544:Sequatchie County, Tennessee
1518:As part of the "Appalachian
687:with Tutwiler's spleenwort,
661:The species most similar to
5854:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4746:"Genera et species filicum"
4565:Satchwell, Mary W. (1916).
4477:"Notes on xerophytic ferns"
4407:. NatureServe. October 2015
3829:American Midland Naturalist
3575:Clute, Willard N. (1909b).
1599:A. × kentuckiense
1510:does not mention the form.
1354:St. Mary's County, Maryland
1164:lowered its rank to become
900:, in Britton & Brown's
610:in a sorus carries 64
553:along the rachis. They are
5870:
5839:Ferns of the United States
5829:NatureServe secure species
5280:Wherry, Edgar T. (1920b).
4831:Tetrick, R. M. II (1949).
4666:American Journal of Botany
4389:Journal of Japanese Botany
3739:The Ferns of North America
3650:Canadian Journal of Botany
3558:Clute, Willard N. (1909).
3541:Clute, Willard N. (1906).
3377:Hoshizaki & Moran 2001
3123:Hoshizaki & Moran 2001
2195:Belling & Heusser 1975
1729:in 2009. Since the 1960s,
1579:A. × boydstoniae
1404:as a "rare sterile form".
1312:, treating it as the form
1001:were recognized by Taylor
782:Asplenium platyneuron
713:Polystichum acrostichoides
5322:Linnaei species plantarum
5297:Wherry, Edgar T. (1940).
4991:Canadian Field-Naturalist
4875:: Tropicos. November 2013
4604:The Ferns of South Africa
4538:The Canadian Entomologist
4373:Missouri Botanical Garden
4082:Leeds, Arthur N. (1937).
4023:Kartesz, John T. (2014).
3779:Evans, A. Murray (1989).
3525:Our Ferns in their Haunts
3495:. Vol. I. New York:
3285:Missouri Botanical Garden
3200:Wagner & Johnson 1981
3159:Wagner & Johnson 1981
2631:Wagner & Johnson 1981
2559:Wagner & Johnson 1981
2243:Diggs & Lipscomb 2014
2219:Wagner & Johnson 1981
2147:Wagner & Johnson 1981
1963:(Fernald) Fernald in the
1785:Missouri Botanical Garden
1658:A. × virginicum
1645:A. × virginicum
1568:). The backcross between
1216:, but included var.
1182:Benjamin Lincoln Robinson
1116:and described in 1869 by
888:, Emerson E. Sterns, and
231:
224:
194:
187:
76:Scientific classification
74:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
5849:Plants described in 1753
5072:× Asplenosorus ebenoides
4867:Asplenium trichomanoides
4260:Marshall, M. A. (1923).
4197:Conrad Loddiges and Sons
4049:Camptosorus rhizophyllus
4040:Kinder, Lois A. (1966),
3906:(Featherman), comb. nov"
3671:Ferns of Southern Africa
3577:"Rare Forms of Ferns-XI"
3448:Benedict, J. E. (1947).
3087:Wagner & Wagner 1990
2444:Britton & Brown 1896
1791:Idiopterus nephrelepidis
1771:Ecology and conservation
1680:Distribution and habitat
1674:A. × ebenoides
1669:A. × crucibuli
1560:A. × ebenoides
1555:A. × ebenoides
856:It was Aiton's epithet,
845:Asplenium trichomanoides
833:Asplenium trichomanoides
787:Pleopeltis polypodioides
706:Among the larger ferns,
350:black-stemmed spleenwort
261:Asplenium trichomanoides
5764:Acrostichum platyneuros
5205:; Guttman, Sheldon I.;
4475:Pickett, F. L. (1931).
4365:"Asplenium platyneuron"
4335:Flora boreali-americana
4060:"Asplenium platyneuron"
4015:2027/coo.31924001690514
4006:10.5962/bhl.title.55096
3896:Fernald, M. L. (1936).
3534:10.5962/bhl.title.33037
3497:Charles Scribner's Sons
3389:Ekrt & Hrivnák 2010
3345:Ekrt & Hrivnák 2010
3333:Crist & Farrar 1983
3147:Ekrt & Hrivnák 2010
2279:Snyder & Bruce 1986
1650:A. × morganii
1633:A. × morganii
1534:). A backcross between
1132:, at the suggestion of
977:, the typical variety,
919:Chamaefilix platyneuros
825:Asplenium polypodioides
764:. The specific epithet
739:Acrostichum platyneuros
680:Asplenium × boydstoniae
361:Acrostichum platyneuros
271:Chamaefilix platyneuros
252:Asplenium polypodioides
234:Acrostichum platyneuros
5317:Willdenow, Carl Ludwig
5155:Weakley, Alan (2015).
5130:Waters, C. E. (1904).
5105:Waters, C. E. (1903).
4618:Asplenium kentuckiense
3824:Farwell, Oliver Atkins
3075:Smith & Levin 1963
1965:Flora of North America
1775:Protein extracts from
1508:Flora of North America
1184:transferred var.
1122:Wading River, New York
1040:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
995:Flora of North America
932:A global phylogeny of
793:Polypodium virginianum
719:Nephrolepis cordifolia
545:The blade is cut into
489:
367:, a name published by
5431:Asplenium platyneuron
5401:Asplenium platyneuron
5382:Flora of Pennsylvania
5253:American Fern Journal
5175:American Fern Journal
5078:American Fern Journal
5041:American Fern Journal
5011:Asplenium platyneuron
4984:Asplenium platyneuron
4953:American Fern Journal
4889:Wagner, Warren H. Jr.
4873:Saint Louis, Missouri
4837:American Fern Journal
4804:American Fern Journal
4798:Asplenium platyneuron
4767:American Fern Journal
4571:American Fern Journal
4481:American Fern Journal
4427:American Fern Journal
4403:Asplenium platyneuron
4302:American Fern Journal
4266:American Fern Journal
4202:The botanical cabinet
4132:American Fern Journal
4096:American Fern Journal
4064:Native Plant Database
4045:Asplenium platyneuron
3939:American Fern Journal
3933:Asplenium platyneuron
3929:Floyd, F. G. (1924).
3900:Asplenium platyneuron
3803:Asplenium platyneuron
3746:Eaton, D. C. (1879).
3646:Asplenium platyneuron
3617:American Fern Journal
3520:Clute, Willard Nelson
3506:Poggenburg, Justus F.
3455:American Fern Journal
2296:, pp. 1069–1070.
1741:Asplenium platyneuron
1114:Poestenkill, New York
1092:Cass County, Michigan
1056:Asplenium platyneuron
1048:Asplenium platyneuron
906:Asplenium platyneuron
882:Asplenium platyneuron
862:Asplenium platyneuron
841:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
811:, and given the name
663:Asplenium platyneuron
486:Asplenium platyneuron
484:
312:), commonly known as
305:Asplenium platyneuron
198:Asplenium platyneuron
4550:10.4039/Ent981252-12
3968:Fern Grower's Manual
2197:, pp. 116, 120.
1913:Notes and references
1844:. The appearance of
1761:forest edges and in
1627:A. ruta-muraria
1593:A. pinnatifidum
1549:A. rhizophyllum
1494:in 1933, and Taylor
1265:Brattleboro, Vermont
890:Justus F. Poggenburg
690:Asplenium tutwilerae
683:, an extremely rare
318:brownstem spleenwort
4943:Asplenium ebenoides
4211:Lowe, Edward Joseph
4124:Lellinger, David B.
3113:, pp. 141–142.
2633:, pp. 164–165.
2308:, pp. 382–383.
2221:, pp. 160–161.
2149:, pp. 159–160.
1957:A. platyneuron
1949:A. platyneuron
1846:A. platyneuron
1818:A. platyneuron
1810:A. platyneuron
1777:A. platyneuron
1731:A. platyneuron
1695:A. platyneuron
1686:A. platyneuron
1656:in Maryland, while
1639:A. trichomanes
1622:A. platyneuron
1588:A. platyneuron
1570:A. platyneuron
1540:A. platyneuron
1500:A. platyneuron
1488:A. platyneuron
1425:A. platyneuron
1417:A. platyneuron
1409:A. platyneuron
1398:A. platyneuron
1358:A. platyneuron
1346:A. platyneuron
1338:A. platyneuron
1314:A. platyneuron
1294:A. platyneuron
1286:A. platyneuron
1249:George E. Davenport
1238:A. platyneuron
1196:when he segregated
1190:A. platyneuron
1174:A. platyneuron
1154:A. platyneuron
1080:A. platyneuron
1068:A. platyneuron
1064:A. platyneuron
1022:A. platyneuron
1014:A. platyneuron
1006:A. platyneuron
987:A. platyneuron
979:A. platyneuron
971:A. platyneuron
961:Forms and varieties
938:A. platyneuron
927:Tarachia platyneura
815:, referring to the
737:for the species is
708:A. platyneuron
674:A. trichomanes
650:Asplenium monanthes
441:A. platyneuron
421:mountain spleenwort
374:A. platyneuron
285:Tarachia platyneura
180:A. platyneuron
48:Conservation status
39:A. platyneuron
5207:Eshbaugh, W. Hardy
3931:"Proliferation of
2084:Crouch et al. 2011
1854:endangered species
1794:) can feed on it.
1684:In North America,
1663:A. ruprechtii
1584:A. tutwilerae
1574:A. tutwilerae
1565:A. tutwilerae
944:subclade" of the "
629:Proliferating buds
493:Roots and rhizomes
490:
336:leaf. The fertile
5816:
5815:
5636:Open Tree of Life
5393:Taxon identifiers
5350:10.1111/cla.12384
5216:Systematic Botany
5203:Werth, Charles R.
5005:Werth, Charles R.
4544:(12): 1252–1259.
4294:Maxon, William R.
4188:Species Plantarum
4086:Asplenium ebeneum
3902:(L.) Oakes, var.
3726:978-1-889878-37-9
3680:978-1-77007-910-6
3613:"Some fern notes"
3323:, pp. 54–55.
3185:, pp. 45–46.
2872:, pp. 67–68.
2836:, pp. 66–67.
2269:, pp. 80–81.
1907:Asplenium hybrids
1458:, which he named
1253:Asplenium ebeneum
1126:Asplenium ebeneum
1108:was collected by
1102:Asplenium ebeneum
1032:Asplenium ebeneum
923:Oliver A. Farwell
902:Illustrated Flora
894:Asplenium ebeneum
850:nomen illegitimum
837:Asplenium ebeneum
813:Asplenium ebeneum
748:Species Plantarum
701:A. monanthes
696:A. lunulatum
668:A. resiliens
466:. The fronds are
365:Asplenium ebeneum
310:Asplenium ebeneum
301:
300:
296:
282:
267:
258:
249:
243:Asplenium ebeneum
240:
69:
24:Ebony spleenwort
5861:
5809:
5808:
5796:
5795:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5709:
5708:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5682:
5670:
5669:
5657:
5656:
5644:
5643:
5631:
5630:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5543:
5542:
5530:
5529:
5517:
5516:
5504:
5503:
5491:
5490:
5478:
5477:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5388:
5370:
5352:
5326:
5312:
5293:
5276:
5245:Wherry, Edgar T.
5240:
5198:
5167:Weatherby, C. A.
5162:
5151:
5126:
5101:
5064:
5027:
5025:
5024:
4999:
4976:
4935:
4925:
4897:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4860:
4827:
4790:
4757:
4737:
4718:
4690:
4655:
4612:
4594:
4561:
4532:
4504:
4471:
4451:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4396:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4360:
4339:
4325:
4289:
4256:
4230:
4220:
4216:Our native ferns
4206:
4192:
4178:
4166:
4155:
4119:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4055:
4036:
4019:
4017:
3981:
3962:
3925:
3892:
3883:(442): 378–413.
3864:
3853:
3819:
3809:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3742:
3730:
3711:
3684:
3665:
3656:(6): 1809–1814.
3640:
3607:
3588:
3571:
3554:
3537:
3515:
3500:
3479:
3444:
3415:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2087:
2081:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2002:
1999:NatureServe 2015
1996:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1586:at Havana Glen.
1536:A. bradleyi
1531:A. bradleyi
1525:A. montanum
940:belongs to the "
925:in 1931, and as
904:, used the name
898:Lucien Underwood
770:Leonard Plukenet
314:ebony spleenwort
287:
273:
263:
254:
245:
236:
200:
84:
83:
63:
60:
59:
33:
21:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5844:Ferns of Canada
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5804:
5799:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5712:
5704:
5699:
5691:
5686:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5660:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5634:
5626:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5586:MichiganFlora:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5468:
5460:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5395:
5378:
5373:
5329:
5315:
5296:
5279:
5265:10.2307/1543831
5243:
5229:10.2307/2418344
5201:
5187:10.2307/1544260
5165:
5154:
5142:(70): 210–211.
5129:
5117:(59): 272–273.
5104:
5090:10.2307/1546598
5067:
5053:10.2307/1547317
5030:
5022:
5020:
5002:
4979:
4965:10.2307/1545364
4938:
4914:10.2307/2405636
4895:
4887:
4878:
4876:
4869:Kunze homonyms"
4863:
4849:10.2307/1545605
4830:
4816:10.2307/1546521
4793:
4779:10.2307/1544780
4760:
4740:
4734:
4721:
4695:Smith, Lyman B.
4693:
4679:10.2307/2439783
4658:
4636:10.2307/2805345
4615:
4597:
4583:10.2307/1544707
4564:
4535:
4509:Robinson, B. L.
4507:
4493:10.2307/1543887
4474:
4454:
4440:10.2307/1546271
4419:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4386:
4377:
4375:
4363:
4342:
4328:
4314:10.2307/1545080
4292:
4278:10.2307/1543840
4259:
4228:
4223:
4209:
4195:
4181:
4175:
4158:
4144:10.2307/1546734
4122:
4108:10.2307/1544303
4081:
4072:
4070:
4058:
4047:(L.) Oakes and
4039:
4022:
3986:Hoffmann, Ralph
3984:
3978:
3965:
3951:10.2307/1544373
3928:
3904:bacculum-rubrum
3895:
3867:
3856:
3842:10.2307/2420088
3822:
3807:
3798:
3783:
3778:
3764:10.2307/2476818
3758:(52): 306–307.
3745:
3733:
3727:
3714:
3687:
3681:
3668:
3662:10.1139/b83-190
3643:
3629:10.2307/1545572
3610:
3604:
3591:
3574:
3557:
3540:
3518:
3503:
3482:
3468:10.2307/1545333
3447:
3433:10.2307/2484733
3418:
3411:Hortus Kewensis
3404:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3198:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2583:Featherman 1871
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2090:
2082:
2051:
2043:
2030:
2022:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1961:bacculum-rubrum
1953:bacculum-rubrum
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1903:
1874:
1856:in some of the
1773:
1719:serpentine soil
1682:
1611:electrophoresis
1516:
1480:A. ebeneum
1472:A. ebeneum
1460:A. ebeneum
1394:bacculum-rubrum
1378:bacculum-rubrum
1330:A. ebeneum
1322:A. ebeneum
1278:A. ebeneum
1270:A. ebeneum
1218:bacculum-rubrum
1212:with var.
1206:Edgar T. Wherry
1166:A. ebeneum
1118:Charles H. Peck
1096:bacculum-rubrum
1072:bacculum-rubrum
1036:bacculum-rubrum
991:bacculum-rubrum
963:
954:A. incisum
942:A. incisum
870:Flora Virginica
808:Hortus Kewensis
758:Flora Virginica
741:, published by
728:
659:
631:
592:
590:Sori and spores
520:
495:
449:
322:Rocky Mountains
283:
269:
259:
250:
241:
220:
202:
196:
183:
78:
70:
61:
57:
50:
17:
16:Species of fern
12:
11:
5:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5797:
5784:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:wfo-0001110406
5743:
5733:
5723:
5710:
5697:
5684:
5671:
5658:
5645:
5632:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5583:
5570:
5557:
5544:
5531:
5518:
5505:
5492:
5479:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5421:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5376:External links
5374:
5372:
5371:
5327:
5313:
5294:
5277:
5241:
5223:(2): 184–192.
5199:
5163:
5152:
5127:
5102:
5065:
5028:
5000:
4977:
4936:
4923:2027.42/137493
4908:(2): 103–118.
4885:
4861:
4828:
4791:
4758:
4738:
4732:
4719:
4709:(349): 12–19.
4691:
4673:(9): 952–958.
4656:
4630:(3): 289–292.
4613:
4599:Sim, Thomas R.
4595:
4562:
4533:
4523:(110): 29–34.
4505:
4472:
4452:
4417:
4397:
4384:
4361:
4340:
4330:Michaux, André
4326:
4308:(4): 140–144.
4290:
4257:
4245:10.1086/497651
4239:(1): 111–117.
4221:
4207:
4193:
4179:
4173:
4156:
4120:
4079:
4056:
4037:
4020:
4000:(5): 171–382.
3982:
3976:
3963:
3926:
3893:
3869:Fernald, M. L.
3865:
3854:
3836:(8): 233–311.
3820:
3796:
3776:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3712:
3685:
3679:
3666:
3641:
3623:(3): 102–105.
3608:
3602:
3589:
3572:
3555:
3538:
3516:
3501:
3488:Brown, Addison
3484:Britton, N. L.
3480:
3445:
3427:(3): 115–127.
3416:
3406:Aiton, William
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3391:, p. 362.
3381:
3379:, p. 202.
3364:
3362:, p. 241.
3360:Lellinger 1985
3349:
3347:, p. 361.
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3297:Satchwell 1916
3289:
3266:
3264:, p. 116.
3254:
3252:, p. 141.
3242:
3221:
3204:
3202:, p. 158.
3187:
3175:
3173:, p. 259.
3163:
3161:, p. 156.
3151:
3149:, p. 358.
3139:
3127:
3125:, p. 197.
3115:
3103:
3101:, p. 102.
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3041:, p. 105.
3031:
3019:
3004:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2913:, p. 307.
2903:
2899:Weatherby 1924
2891:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2751:
2747:Davenport 1901
2739:
2724:
2722:, p. 270.
2712:
2700:
2698:, p. 193.
2688:
2686:, p. 314.
2676:
2664:
2647:
2645:, p. 104.
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2597:, p. 382.
2587:
2575:
2563:
2561:, p. 164.
2540:
2523:
2519:Xu et al. 2020
2511:
2507:Xu et al. 2020
2499:
2495:Xu et al. 2020
2484:
2480:Xu et al. 2020
2472:
2460:
2458:, p. 269.
2448:
2436:
2421:
2409:
2405:Lellinger 1981
2394:
2382:
2380:, p. 329.
2378:Willdenow 1810
2370:
2368:, p. 265.
2358:
2346:
2344:, p. 169.
2334:
2332:, p. 462.
2322:
2320:, p. 383.
2310:
2298:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2257:, p. 231.
2255:Lellinger 1985
2247:
2245:, p. 102.
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2171:Lellinger 1985
2163:
2151:
2139:
2088:
2086:, p. 612.
2049:
2047:, p. 240.
2045:Lellinger 1985
2028:
2003:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1941:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1873:
1870:
1772:
1769:
1681:
1678:
1604:chromatography
1515:
1512:
1392:and var.
1306:Lyman B. Smith
1220:and var.
1178:Ralph Hoffmann
1110:Elliot C. Howe
962:
959:
864:was mooted by
727:
724:
658:
657:Identification
655:
630:
627:
614:. The diploid
591:
588:
519:
516:
494:
491:
448:
445:
429:allotetraploid
299:
298:
229:
228:
222:
221:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:Polypodiopsida
123:
119:
118:
116:Polypodiophyta
113:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
71:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5866:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5029:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4733:0-8203-2385-3
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4378:September 14,
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4073:September 22,
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3977:9780881924954
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3794:(3): 103–105.
3793:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3603:0-618-39406-0
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:Fern Bulletin
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:Fern Bulletin
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:Fern Bulletin
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:Robinson 1966
3305:
3302:
3299:, p. 41.
3298:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:, p. 87.
3218:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3089:, p. 44.
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3053:, p. 73.
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3029:, p. 24.
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:, p. 68.
2984:
2979:
2976:
2973:, p. 16.
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:Marshall 1923
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:Loddiges 1817
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:Benedict 1947
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2800:, p. 14.
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:, p. 21.
2787:
2782:
2779:
2776:, p. 30.
2775:
2774:Robinson 1908
2770:
2767:
2764:, p. 86.
2763:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:, p. 14.
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:, p. 29.
2709:
2708:Robinson 1908
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:Hoffmann 1922
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:, p. 41.
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:, p. 65.
2661:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2621:, p. 67.
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:, p. 75.
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:, p. 63.
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:, p. 43.
2520:
2515:
2512:
2509:, p. 42.
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:, p. 36.
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:, p. 27.
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2446:, p. 23.
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:, p. 73.
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:, p. 21.
2418:
2413:
2410:
2407:, p. 90.
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:Tropicos 2013
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2356:, p. 53.
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:Linnaeus 1753
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:, p. 86.
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:, p. 72.
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:, p. 11.
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 30.
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2161:, p. 71.
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:, p. 70.
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:second growth
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:Potomac River
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Great Britain
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:West Virginia
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:with f.
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Massachusetts
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:a synonym of
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:euroaustrinum
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Willard Clute
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:euroaustrinum
1057:
1053:
1052:M. L. Fernald
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:André Michaux
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:William Aiton
800:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Jan Gronovius
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
731:
725:
723:
721:
720:
715:
714:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
656:
654:
652:
651:
646:
642:
637:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
508:
504:
500:
492:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
431:hybrids, and
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
369:William Aiton
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
297:
295:
291:
286:
281:
277:
272:
266:
262:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:Tracheophytes
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
67:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5763:
5654:tro-26603822
5400:
5343:(1): 22–71.
5340:
5336:
5321:
5308:
5302:
5289:
5285:
5259:(2): 45–52.
5256:
5252:
5220:
5214:
5210:
5181:(3): 95–96.
5178:
5174:
5157:
5139:
5135:
5114:
5110:
5084:(3): 65–75.
5081:
5077:
5071:
5047:(2): 44–49.
5044:
5040:
5034:
5021:. Retrieved
5016:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4959:(2): 75–82.
4956:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4905:
4899:
4877:. Retrieved
4866:
4843:(3): 92–93.
4840:
4836:
4810:(2): 63–68.
4807:
4803:
4797:
4773:(1): 13–18.
4770:
4766:
4753:
4749:
4742:Swartz, Olof
4723:
4706:
4702:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4603:
4577:(1): 39–42.
4574:
4570:
4541:
4537:
4520:
4516:
4487:(2): 49–57.
4484:
4480:
4467:
4463:
4431:
4425:
4411:December 18,
4409:. Retrieved
4402:
4392:
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4369:Plant Finder
4368:
4351:(9): 41–42.
4348:
4344:
4334:
4305:
4301:
4269:
4265:
4236:
4232:
4215:
4201:
4187:
4183:Linnaeus, C.
4162:
4138:(3): 90–94.
4135:
4131:
4102:(1): 30–31.
4099:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4071:. Retrieved
4063:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4026:
3997:
3993:
3967:
3945:(1): 13–17.
3942:
3938:
3932:
3916:(453): 304.
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3880:
3876:
3859:
3833:
3827:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3791:
3787:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3735:Eaton, D. C.
3716:
3699:
3693:
3670:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3620:
3616:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3567:
3563:
3550:
3546:
3524:
3510:
3491:
3462:(1): 11–12.
3459:
3453:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3384:
3340:
3328:
3321:Pickett 1931
3316:
3304:
3292:
3257:
3245:
3217:Weakley 2015
3178:
3171:Wherry 1920b
3166:
3154:
3142:
3135:Kartesz 2014
3130:
3118:
3106:
3099:Correll 1939
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2865:
2858:Tetrick 1949
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2742:
2720:Farwell 1931
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2607:Fernald 1936
2602:
2595:Fernald 1935
2590:
2578:
2566:
2514:
2502:
2475:
2463:
2456:Farwell 1931
2451:
2439:
2412:
2385:
2373:
2366:Michaux 1803
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2318:Fernald 1935
2313:
2306:Fernald 1935
2301:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1840:in southern
1834:genetic load
1829:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1806:gametophytes
1796:
1789:
1776:
1774:
1762:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1725:woodland in
1703:South Africa
1701:province of
1699:Western Cape
1694:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1256:
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1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
953:
949:
948:clade". The
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:
926:
918:
912:
910:
905:
901:
893:
884:was that of
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
855:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
823:in 1801, as
812:
806:
796:
791:
785:
781:
773:
765:
762:John Clayton
757:
746:
738:
732:
729:
717:
711:
707:
705:
700:
694:
688:
678:
672:
666:
662:
660:
648:
632:
620:
593:
544:
536:oblanceolate
533:
521:
496:
485:
450:
440:
436:
425:walking fern
410:
394:genetic load
386:
381:
377:
373:
364:
360:
354:
317:
313:
309:
304:
303:
302:
284:
270:
260:
251:
242:
233:
232:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
156:Aspleniaceae
146:Aspleniineae
136:Polypodiales
99:
38:
18:
5610:NatureServe
5535:iNaturalist
5425:Wikispecies
4947:platyneuron
4456:Peck, C. H.
4434:(1): 5–12.
4272:(1): 7–13.
4043:A study of
3935:(L.) Oakes"
3702:(25): 1–2.
3587:(3): 88–89.
3570:(1): 20–21.
3553:(3): 86–90.
3398:Works cited
3183:Wherry 1920
3027:Wherry 1940
3000:Wagner 1954
2971:Tanger 1933
2935:Waters 1904
2923:Waters 1903
2846:Clute 1909b
2735:Wherry 1940
2672:Miller 1873
2468:Momose 1960
2354:Swartz 1801
2267:Wagner 1956
2207:Oliver 1968
2183:Kinder 1966
1890:potting mix
1872:Cultivation
1866:NatureServe
1838:coal spoils
1798:Sporophytes
1735:Great Lakes
1691:West Indies
1198:Chamaefilix
1088:Herb Wagner
1054:in 1935 as
975:platyneuron
950:Schaffneria
946:Schaffneria
878:platyneuron
866:D. C. Eaton
843:. The name
831:in 1803 as
821:Olof Swartz
766:platyneuros
636:Great Lakes
447:Description
433:backcrosses
413:spleenworts
402:Great Lakes
398:gametophyte
268:nom. illeg.
66:NatureServe
5823:Categories
5736:WisFlora:
5649:Plant List
5337:Cladistics
5292:: 247–268.
5213:complex".
5023:2012-11-11
4998:: 156–166.
4879:22 October
4663:complex".
4470:: 102–105.
4174:0874746035
3818:: 357–364.
3111:Maxon 1938
3039:Evans 1989
2959:Floyd 1924
2911:Eaton 1879
2810:Leeds 1937
2798:Smith 1928
2786:Clute 1909
2762:Clute 1906
2684:Clute 1901
2417:Eaton 1878
2330:Aiton 1789
2173:, Pl. 366.
1984:References
1951:var.
1802:prothallia
1764:Leucosidea
1754:calcareous
1750:old fields
1711:Mpumalanga
1620:complex",
1504:proliferum
1492:proliferum
1482:var.
1476:proliferum
1464:proliferum
1462:var.
1429:multifidum
1348:var.
1340:var.
1332:var.
1324:var.
1296:var.
1288:var.
1280:var.
1255:var.
1156:var.
1128:var.
1104:var.
1082:var.
1070:var.
1058:var.
1044:canebrakes
1034:var.
1010:proliferum
989:var.
981:var.
973:var.
798:sensu lato
774:Almagestum
616:sporophyte
608:sporangium
584:anastomose
142:Suborder:
112:Division:
5834:Asplenium
5779:Q21870046
5553:1207931-2
5501:233500195
5367:201197385
5211:Asplenium
5035:Asplenium
4901:Evolution
4661:Asplenium
4623:Brittonia
4027:Asplenium
2643:Peck 1869
2342:Lowe 1869
1967:synonymy.
1878:terrarium
1862:provinces
1830:Asplenium
1618:Asplenium
1520:Asplenium
1431:. Taylor
1382:dissectum
1362:dissectum
1261:limestone
1204:in 1931.
1202:Asplenium
1180:in 1922.
1160:in 1888;
934:Asplenium
914:Asplenium
827:, and by
778:lectotype
685:backcross
645:primordia
572:serrulate
551:alternate
476:evergreen
472:deciduous
468:dimorphic
437:Asplenium
342:evergreen
174:Species:
167:Asplenium
89:Kingdom:
5773:Wikidata
5726:VASCAN:
5719:26603822
5714:Tropicos
5615:2.155256
5566:10188956
5416:Q4808139
5410:Wikidata
5359:34618950
5319:(1810).
5311:: 11–37.
5304:Bartonia
5247:(1920).
5169:(1924).
5148:23293520
5123:23293834
5037:complex"
5007:(1993).
4891:(1954).
4744:(1801).
4715:23298120
4697:(1928).
4652:29551918
4601:(1915).
4558:83990776
4529:23294017
4511:(1908).
4458:(1869).
4332:(1803).
4296:(1938).
4213:(1869).
4199:(1817).
4185:(1753).
4126:(1981).
4090:hortonae
4054:(thesis)
3988:(1922).
3922:23300856
3889:41764202
3871:(1935).
3737:(1878).
3708:23293237
3522:(1901).
3508:(1888).
3493:Meridian
3490:(1896).
3408:(1789).
3250:Sim 1915
2889:, Pl. 5.
1959:f.
1901:See also
1781:soybeans
1758:mortared
1727:Slovakia
1608:allozyme
1502:f.
1490:f.
1484:serratum
1474:f.
1444:Loddiges
1437:furcatum
1427:f.
1413:furcatum
1411:f.
1402:hortonae
1386:hortonae
1374:hortonae
1366:hortonae
1360:f.
1342:hortonae
1334:hortonae
1318:hortonae
1316:f.
1298:hortonae
1282:hortonae
1274:hortonae
1272:f.
1257:hortonae
1242:hortonae
1240:f.
1210:serratum
1194:serratum
1170:serratum
1168:f.
1158:serratum
1150:serratum
1138:serratum
1134:Asa Gray
1130:serratum
1026:furcatum
1024:f.
1018:hortonae
1016:f.
1008:f.
743:Linnaeus
735:basionym
726:Taxonomy
623:monolete
600:indusium
406:Slovakia
382:furcatum
378:hortonae
376:f.
357:Linnaeus
226:Synonyms
218:Poggenb.
152:Family:
5793:3913870
5641:1079925
5597:MoBotPF
5514:2650714
5273:1543831
5237:2418344
5195:1544260
5136:Rhodora
5111:Rhodora
5098:1546598
5061:1547317
4973:1545364
4932:2405636
4857:1545605
4824:1546521
4787:1544780
4703:Rhodora
4687:2439783
4644:2805345
4591:1544707
4517:Rhodora
4501:1543887
4448:1546271
4357:2476976
4322:1545080
4286:1543840
4253:3120202
4152:1546734
4116:1544303
4084:"As to
3959:1544373
3910:Rhodora
3877:Rhodora
3850:2420088
3812:Preslia
3772:2476818
3695:Rhodora
3637:1545572
3476:1545333
3441:2484733
1895:Germany
1767:scrub.
1715:Lesotho
1707:Gauteng
1514:Hybrids
1456:variety
1452:Florida
1390:incisum
1350:incisum
1326:incisum
1302:incisum
1290:incisum
1234:incisum
1226:typicum
1214:incisum
1186:incisum
1146:incisum
1106:incisum
1084:incisum
983:incisum
886:Britton
874:ebeneum
858:ebeneum
772:in his
568:crenate
564:auricle
559:falcate
507:deltate
499:rhizome
453:pinnate
417:soil pH
346:auricle
334:pinnate
210:Britton
162:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
93:Plantae
64: (
62:Secure
5806:3813-2
5706:740-21
5662:PLANTS
5628:210162
5602:285848
5540:122056
5527:401929
5488:604469
5462:236116
5459:APDB:
5439:AoFP:
5365:
5357:
5271:
5235:
5193:
5146:
5121:
5096:
5059:
4971:
4930:
4855:
4822:
4785:
4730:
4713:
4685:
4650:
4642:
4589:
4556:
4527:
4499:
4446:
4395:: 324.
4355:
4320:
4284:
4251:
4171:
4150:
4114:
3974:
3957:
3920:
3887:
3848:
3770:
3723:
3706:
3677:
3635:
3600:
3474:
3439:
1882:garden
1858:states
1721:in an
1606:, and
1496:et al.
1433:et al.
1370:et al.
1230:et al.
1142:et al.
1076:et al.
1003:et al.
967:et al.
612:spores
576:obtuse
555:oblong
547:pinnae
528:Starch
518:Leaves
512:entire
503:linear
464:rachis
456:fronds
390:spores
338:fronds
330:rachis
308:(syn.
294:Momose
265:Michx.
216:&
214:Sterns
5701:SANBI
5693:73571
5579:17355
5561:IRMNG
5449:APA:
5363:S2CID
5269:JSTOR
5233:JSTOR
5191:JSTOR
5144:JSTOR
5119:JSTOR
5094:JSTOR
5057:JSTOR
4969:JSTOR
4928:JSTOR
4896:(PDF)
4853:JSTOR
4820:JSTOR
4783:JSTOR
4711:JSTOR
4683:JSTOR
4648:S2CID
4640:JSTOR
4587:JSTOR
4554:S2CID
4525:JSTOR
4497:JSTOR
4444:JSTOR
4353:JSTOR
4318:JSTOR
4282:JSTOR
4249:S2CID
4229:(PDF)
4148:JSTOR
4112:JSTOR
4088:var.
3955:JSTOR
3918:JSTOR
3885:JSTOR
3846:JSTOR
3808:(PDF)
3784:(PDF)
3768:JSTOR
3704:JSTOR
3633:JSTOR
3472:JSTOR
3437:JSTOR
1918:Notes
1808:) of
1344:from
1200:from
1066:, as
999:forms
917:: as
817:ebony
641:shoot
604:erose
580:veins
540:acute
524:wings
460:stipe
326:stipe
280:Farw.
247:Aiton
100:Clade
5801:IPNI
5788:GBIF
5739:2654
5729:2751
5675:POWO
5667:ASPL
5623:NCBI
5574:ITIS
5548:IPNI
5522:GRIN
5509:GBIF
5475:HL6V
5442:3599
5355:PMID
5290:1920
4881:2013
4728:ISBN
4413:2016
4380:2013
4169:ISBN
4075:2013
3972:ISBN
3721:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3598:ISBN
1886:peat
1860:and
1842:Iowa
1709:and
1572:and
1538:and
1468:form
790:and
733:The
634:the
596:sori
462:and
423:and
328:and
5747:WFO
5688:RHS
5589:200
5496:FNA
5483:EoL
5470:CoL
5345:doi
5261:doi
5225:doi
5183:doi
5086:doi
5049:doi
4961:doi
4918:hdl
4910:doi
4845:doi
4812:doi
4775:doi
4675:doi
4632:doi
4620:".
4609:140
4579:doi
4546:doi
4489:doi
4436:doi
4310:doi
4274:doi
4241:doi
4237:167
4140:doi
4104:doi
4010:hdl
4002:doi
3947:doi
3838:doi
3760:doi
3658:doi
3648:".
3625:doi
3530:doi
3464:doi
3429:doi
3425:102
1880:or
1723:oak
1648:).
1263:in
1251:as
1188:to
1176:by
1152:as
1112:in
921:by
839:by
805:in
745:in
570:or
359:as
316:or
256:Sw.
5825::
5803::
5790::
5775::
5749::
5716::
5703::
5690::
5677::
5664::
5651::
5638::
5625::
5612::
5599::
5576::
5563::
5550::
5537::
5524::
5511::
5498::
5485::
5472::
5452:63
5427::
5412::
5361:.
5353:.
5341:36
5339:.
5335:.
5309:21
5307:.
5301:.
5288:.
5284:.
5267:.
5257:10
5255:.
5251:.
5231:.
5221:10
5219:.
5189:.
5179:14
5177:.
5173:.
5138:.
5134:.
5113:.
5109:.
5092:.
5082:72
5080:.
5076:.
5055:.
5045:80
5043:.
5039:.
4996:95
4994:.
4988:.
4967:.
4957:46
4955:.
4951:.
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4926:.
4916:.
4904:.
4898:.
4871:.
4851:.
4841:39
4839:.
4835:.
4818:.
4808:66
4806:.
4802:.
4781:.
4771:23
4769:.
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4752:.
4748:.
4707:30
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4681:.
4671:50
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4638:.
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3875:.
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3367:^
3352:^
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3207:^
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3007:^
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2754:^
2727:^
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2543:^
2526:^
2487:^
2424:^
2397:^
2286:^
2091:^
2052:^
2031:^
2006:^
1991:^
1826:pH
1745:pH
1613:.
1470:,
1304:.
1086:.
853:.
653:.
478:.
352:.
292:)
290:L.
278:)
276:L.
238:L.
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206:L.
102::
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4405:"
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1804:(
1788:(
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288:(
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68:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
