1226:
902:. The terrain and thick forests made clearing a foundation exceedingly difficult. Late in the month, McDougall reported that there was "little progress in clearing, the place being so full of half decayed trunks, large fallen timber & thick brush." No one among the party had previous experience in the logging industry and many hadn't used an axe before in general. Trees had a layer of hardened resin and were of a massive size. Four men worked as a team on platforms at least eight feet above the ground to effectively cut a tree, with it taking typically two days for a single tree to be felled. Medical issues quickly became another major issue for the party as there was not a single medical officer among the passengers brought on the
1618:
1274:. Wapato provided a common source of calories for Chinookans and other nations. The Astorians described the tuber as "a good substitute for potatoes" Purchases of Wapato occurred in such volumes that a small cellar had to be created specifically to house the produce. Other typical purchases from Chinookans included manufactured goods. In particular woven hats were frequently bought for protection against the seasonal rains. These hats were tightly interwoven, making them essentially waterproof. Of benefit to the Astorians was that they were typically wide enough to cover the shoulders. Ross described the common artwork depicted them as "chequered" with various animal designs that were "not painted, but ingeniously interwoven."
389:
1693:
1559:
1603:
arose due to dwindling food stockpiles. By 31 October there was enough provisions to last for five days. In early
November there were not many animals in the area to gather for food, the few that were caught by the hunting parties were beaver. The traveling partners agreed to end travel by canoe, finding the mode of transportation too difficult continue using. Hunt ordered several groups go in various directions to contact neighboring Indigenous for material support. In the meantime the PFC expedition began to deposit its trade goods in small caches to lighten the workload of the men.
1782:
the night. A skirmish arose at sunrise between arriving Wascos and Reed, who was defending several bales of goods with one man. After being grievously injured, Reed lost the box containing the dispatches. Additional PFC arrived at the scene and two natives were reportedly killed in the struggle. The
Chinookans returned in larger numbers and armed several hours later. To avoid more bloodshed Stuart was able to negotiate a settlement with the aggrieved families. In return for a reported six blankets and tobacco, the Astorians were able to continue their journey up the Columbia.
2016:
1817:
4036:
374:. The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons, including the loss of two supply ships, the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company. Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that "The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great, but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders."
1471:
537:
887:
1088:
1396:
2000:
38:
921:
470:. The venture was planned on methods used in the AFC for the collection of fur pelts. Complements of employees (later called "Astorians") would operate in various parts of the region to complete trapping excursions. Outposts maintained by the PFC would be freighted necessary foodstuffs and supplies by annual cargo ships from New York City. Trade goods such as beads, blankets, and copper would be exchanged with the
1881:
2032:
695:
2077:. In a short time the HBC controlled the majority of the fur trade across the Pacific Northwest. This was done in a manner that "the Americans were forced to acknowledge that Astor's dream" of a multi-continent economic web "had been realized... by his enterprising and far-sighted competitors." The PFC held additional influence on the region in some particular and subtle ways. The book
597:
1061:
were taken to land on 1 September and work soon began on Fort
Okanogan. A residence crafted from driftwood acquired from the Okanogan River. While construction of the post was ongoing, four men that included Pillet were detailed to inform the progress of inland trade. The party arrived back at the company headquarters on 11 October and gave its favorable report.
1457:
any of Hunt's party were harmed he'd take it as an offense against him as well. In setting the standard rate for purchasing horses, "carbines, powder, ball, tomahawks knives" were in high demand as the
Arikara were planning an attack upon the Sioux. Lisa and Hunt made a deal allowing for Hunt's boats to be exchanged for additional horses, kept at
1296:
demonstrations. This fear by the natives convinced the
Astorians that "they are not friendly disposed towards us..." having "a desire to harm us." According to Jones, this "latent distrust" of Chinookans by Astorians from this incident was probably unfounded, as they entered the post "for an innocent purpose" and were frightened by the drills.
1671:
easy descent to the river banks for water. Sources of hydration became very limited and despite intercourse with several groups of
Indigenous the situation didn't improve. Water was collected on 20 November after it rained the previous night. Up to that point "several Canadians had begun to drink their urine" in desperation.
1917:. The movement of workers to their assigned locales began in late June. Robert Stuart led a party bound for St. Louis to send information to Astor as Reed had attempted earlier in the year. His group was composed two French-Canadians and four Americans. John Day became afflicted by mental instability and Stuart paid several
1720:, was found and brought along with the party. They finally arrived at Fort Astoria on 18 January 1812. The party was described as clothed in "nothing but fluttering rags." While waiting for the main contingent under Hunt to arrive, the men informed the personnel of the overland journey's progress from St. Louis.
434:. Capital for the PFC amounted to $ 200,000 divided into 100 shares individually valued at $ 2,000 and was funded entirely by Astor. The American Fur Company held half of the stock and the other half divided among prospective management and clerks. The chief representative of Astor in the daily operations was
528:
later on. PFC contracts were atypically favorable for hired men when compared to its
Montreal competitors. Terms included a forty percent larger annual salary, double the cash advanced prior to departure and a length of service lasting five years, rather than the more common two or three year employment.
1123:
Chinookans were highly important in company explorations of the
Pacific Coast. In particular, they were instrumental in finding a suitable location for what became Fort Astoria. In early April 1811 McDougall and David Stuart visited Comcomly, who advised them not to return to the Columbia River as it
637:
throughout
September and October. These were recorded on the company ledger and particular purchases been argued as the men collecting goods to trade with various Indigenous nations they would visit. In particular, these negotiations by the French-Canadians have been thought to be steps towards later
485:
to bring much needed provisions. By cooperating with
Russian colonial authorities to strengthen their material presence in Russian America, it was hoped by Astor to stop the NWC or any other British presence to be established upon the Pacific Coast. A tentative agreement for merchant vessels owned by
1282:
visited Fort Astoria. In dialogue with them McDougall inquired why they would rarely directly trade with the PFC. The Chehalis merchants responded that Chinooks affiliated with Comcomly claimed that the Astorians were "very inveterate against their nation." McDougall concluded this story was used by
1064:
Stuart led Montigny and two other men to follow the course of the Okanogan, leaving only Ross at the post. As promised, the Syilx provided security for the station, frequently alerting Ross when intruders from other nations came near. Despite planning on exploring the Okanogan watershed for a month,
2064:
During a NWC shareholder meeting in July 1814, the partners declared that the sale "greatly facilitated the getting out of the Country our competitors the American Fur Company. They also concluded that the sale of Astoria and other PFC properties gave "considerable" advancements for their company.
1950:
was relayed to the Astorians at Fort Spokane, information that Donald McKenzie brought to Fort Astoria in January 1813. As Franchere recalled, a council of clerks and management noted that the Astorians were "almost to a man British subjects", forcing them to agree to "abandon the establishment" of
1938:
left Fort Astoria under supplied and heavily reliant upon neighboring Chinookans for sustenance. Competition from the interior based North West Company threatened to the loss of major fur producing Oregon Country regions. The Overland Expedition would arrive many months later than planned by Astor.
1781:
was to retrieve the caches left by Hunt near Fort Henry. To complete several of the necessary portages at the Dalles, Wascos were hired to help freight the trade goods. Two bales of trade goods and later some personal items were however stolen. Stuart ordered his men to complete the portages during
1759:
and her two children on six canoes. McDougall was apprehensive about feeding all these additional people, a sentiment Franchère shared, as the post had recently faced issues with provisions. Due to seasonal salmon runs harvested by various Chinookans however, there was a sizable food supply at Fort
1127:
Additional services tendered was the relaying information from more distant peoples to the Astorians. Reports were circulated by them in late April 1811 of a trade post maintained by white men in the interior. This was correctly conjectured by PFC employees to be their NWC rivals, later found to be
604:
Thirteen men signed contracts in Montreal to join Hunt on the journey to the Pacific coast by land. Notably only one had previously operated under a contract lasting longer than a year. The generous cash advancements were taken advantage by three men who deserted before Hunt and the remaining group
527:
The customary time for free agents to be sent into the interior from Montreal was in May, leaving few men left in the city available for hire. The recruitment effort stalled in part from the bitter treatment by the NWC and Hunt's lack of prior experience as a fur merchant, the source of many issues
1798:
were there them, exhausted from several months of tribulations. Wandering over a large area, the two men at one point received the help of an Umatilla noble, Yeck-a-tap-am, who "in particular treated us like a father." After being robbed by another band of Natives, Crooks and Day were able to find
1602:
due to these fierce currents. Over course of the remainder of September through early November, four incidents of canoes capsizing killed one man meant major losses in trade goods and food supplies. In addition to the hardships caused from attempting to follow the course of the Snake more problems
1586:
or so called "Mad River" to the Columbia. This was done as it felt no longer necessary to travel with pack horses, a decision that would soon cause more issues for the party. On the 10th, four men and two Natives under the command of Joseph Miller departed to begin trapping in the area. The horses
1456:
intervening. After this incident the rival fur companies refrained from interacting and camped on opposite sides of the Missouri River. Despite this, Lisa and Hunt led their parties north towards an Arikara village and reached it on 12 June. In a council with local leadership Lisa declared that if
1152:
warriors. McKay was able to request a parlay, during which the Cowlitz stated they were armed for combat against the nearby Skilloot Chinookan village near the river mouth. Reaching the Dalles on 10 May, no trade station was found at the important fishery. Due to Coalpo's fear of reprisal from his
1110:
Diplomatic relationships with the Chinookan villages near the Columbia were critical for the viability of Fort Astoria. Scholars have affirmed that the American company and its "economic success depended on mutually beneficial economic exchanges with Indian groups... who controlled trade." Many of
1060:
were encountered. Prominent members of the nation entreated the fur traders to reside among their people, proclaiming "themselves to be always be our friends, to kill us plenty of beavers, to furnish us at all times with provisions, and to ensure our protection and safety." The cargo of the canoes
1670:
to reach Fort Astoria ahead of the main contingent. All that remained in the company stores was "forty pounds of corn, twenty of fat, and nearly five pounds of bouillon tablets." On 9 November the two groups began traveling on either side of the Snake. Soon the cliffs became too steep to allow an
1277:
Chinookans near Fort Astoria employed various means of retaining their valuable middle man position between various neighboring Indigenous peoples and the PFC. Additional tactics involved manipulating the perception neighboring Natives had of the American company. In August 1811, a small party of
1295:
In June 1812, the number of men at Fort Astoria were reduced to 11 Hawaiians and 39 European descendants. Fear of attack by Chinookans was high and drills were directed by McDougall frequently. A delegation of Chinookans visited Fort Astoria on 2 July quickly left after witnessing these military
1291:
It wasn't always that the Astorians, especially McDougall trusted Comcomly or Chinookans in general. His judgment of them, despite eventually marrying a daughter of Comcomly was that they were often ready to attack the fort. In particular Jones noted that he "seems to place implicit faith in any
1208:
However, Chinookans were not always willing to help Astorians in visiting distant locations. This was a means of delaying the Astorians from making commercial connections with Indigenous peoples on the Upper Columbia. One particular incident has been described by historian Robert F. Jones as "an
1933:
Funds provided by Astor established several major trading stations across the Pacific Northwest. While intended to gain control of the regional fur trade, the Pacific Fur Company would ultimately flounder. This came from a variety of issues, many caused by the tumultuous diplomatic relationship
2072:
established a "joint occupancy" of the Pacific Northwest between the United States and the United Kingdom was confirmed, each nation agreeing not to inhibit the activities of each other's citizens. During 1821, the British Government ordered the NWC to be merged in their long time rivals, the
1785:
The conflict raised security concerns of crossing into further Indigenous nations, forcing the three parties to all travel to Fort Okanogan. Arriving there on the 24th of April, the clerks, voyageurs and trappers departed for Fort Astoria on the 29th, leaving Alexander Ross and two men at the
1321:
As the leader of the expedition Hunt would make a number of decisions which were disastrous. The movement of Hunt's group has been described as "a company of traders forging westward in haphazard fashion." He ordered the expedition to leave St. Louis just before the winter to reduce company
1435:
were loaded with powder and fired to intimidate the Sioux bands. The artillery were then loaded with live ammunition, but the Sioux across the river began to "spread their buffalo robes before them, and moved them side to side." Dorion stopped the firing of the armaments a second time, as he
1381:
with him to the Nodaway camp, as previously agreed upon. The party left St. Louis on 12 March and reached Fort Osage on the 8th of April. Early into the travel Dorion physically abused his wife and caused her to flee for a day. At the station Ramsay Crooks was waiting for them and the group
650:
of the Columbia River. Necessary trade goods for deals with Indigenous and needed supplies to establish the station were shipped on the same vessel In addition to beginning the company headquarters, this party would block any attempts by the NWC to create a station in the area. The ship
1124:
was then quite tumultuous. The two men didn't listen and shortly afterward their canoe capsized in the river. The "timely succor" of Comcomly and his villagers ensured the partners were saved before they drowned. After recuperating there for three days, they returned to the PFC camp.
1001:
territory, Stuart failed establish favorable relations with them. Watlala men performed several military displays and stole a small amount of goods. Naukane agreed to join the NWC shortly after this episode and the two parties separated. Stuart was able to secure the protection of
1461:
further up the Missouri River. Crooks was sent with a small group to fetch the horses and while they reached Fort Lisa on the 23rd, they had to wait until the 25th for Lisa to arrive to finalize the transaction. The party left the following day and returned south to Hunt's camp.
632:
After the men were finally gathered in early August, Hunt and the party departed for St. Louis and arrived there on 3 September. The hired voyageurs and fur trappers completed many transactions with various merchants in St. Louis and in the nearby French-Canadian settlement of
2048:
1237:
Consistently small stockpiles of foodstuffs at Fort Astoria created the need for frequent transactions with Chinookans for sustenance. Seasonal fish runs provided the major nutritional sources for the Columbian River-based Natives. After ceremonial rituals during each major
1892:
made management consider "grander schemes" for the summer. New establishments would be created to challenge the NWC across the region in addition to pursuing trading expeditions among various Indigenous nations. A total of almost 60 men were directed to locations from the
966:
on 15 July. Thompson later stated that his group "set off on a voyage down the Columbia River to explore this river in order to open out a passage for the interior trade with the Pacific Ocean." The competing fur traders were cordially received at Astoria.
1498:
nations at the time were typically unreceptive to trespass from European descendants and made a showing of military force against the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This changed Hunt's plans, who according determined it best to avoid the Niitsitapi peoples.
761:
in February 1811. Due to the possibility of men abandoning their posts to live in the tropical islands, Thorn assembled all of the crew and PFC employees to harass them to remain on the ship. Commercial transactions with Hawaiians saw the crew purchasing
519:
throughout May to July 1810. Hunt was designated to lead the Overland Expedition, despite his inexperience in dealing with Indigenous cultures, or residing in the wilderness. It was suggested that Hunt instead trade positions with McKay and travel on the
345:
forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC. While the transactions were not finalized until 1814, due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City, the company was functionally defunct by 1813. A party of Astorians returning overland to
1951:
Fort Astoria and its secondary stations. A British warship was learned from NWC clerks to be en route to capture the station. The PFC management agreed to sell its assets across the Oregon Country, formalized on 23 October 1813 with the raising of the
1373:(MFC), something that would lead to tensions between the fur companies later in the year. In the end Hunt was able to secure Dorion, on the condition that Marie and his two children be brought along as well. Once finalized, he took British naturalists
1980:
arrived on the Columbia, delivering much-needed supplies to Fort George. She then sailed on to China, and England. She carried some PFC personnel, many of whom were former employees of the NWC, back to England, from where they returned to Montreal.
1674:
Crooks reunited with Hunt's party in early December alone. Crooks was so weakened from starvation that his pace would have slowed the expedition immensely. Hunt left two men to tend to Crooks while the main group pushed forward. Several villages of
1407:
village in early May. Active commercial transactions were completed there, with Omaha merchants offering "jerked buffalo meat, tallow, corn, and marrow" for vermilion, beads and tobacco carrots. Bradbury detailed that the Omaha village had plots of
442:
businessman with no outback experience who received five shares. Each working partner was assigned four shares with the remaining shares held in reserve for hired clerks. Fellow partners in the venture were recruited from the NWC, the members being
1451:
On 3 June, employees of the Missouri Fur Company under the command of Manuel Lisa were encountered on the Missouri River. Lisa reminded Dorion of his pending debt to the company, and a duel between the two men was narrowly averted by Bradbury and
734:. The stranded men were taken on board after Robert Stuart threatened to kill Thorn. Communication between company workers was no longer held in English to keep the captain excluded from discussions. Company partners held talks in their ancestral
1534:"We spent the first day of September buying some robes and belts and trading our tired, maimed horses for fresh ones... thereby augmenting the number of our horses to about 121, most of which were well-trained and able to cross the mountains."
1448:. Hunt explained that the expedition intended to travel to the Pacific Ocean and they had no interest in the neighboring Indigenous groups. This was found to be acceptable by the Sioux leaders, and the PFC was allowed to depart further north.
1225:
1160:
Despite not finding the NWC post, management at Fort Astoria soon became "anxious to acquire a knowledge of the country & the prospects of trade... within our reach". On 6 June 1811, Robert Stuart went north on a tour of western
1269:
were not found in large numbers around Fort Astoria. This made them another important source of trade for the Chinookans when visiting the PFC station. Another frequent item sold when fish supplies were low in the winter was the
486:
Astor to ship furs gathered in Russian America into the Qing Empire was signed in 1812. Company ships then were directed to sail to the port of Guangzhou, where furs were then sold for impressive profits. Chinese products like
1679:
were visited and vitally needed food sources such as horses along with "some dried fish, a few roots, and some pounded dried cherries" were purchased. A Shoshone was convinced to act as a scout to guide the PFC group to the
576:"We sang as we rowed; which, joined to the unusual sight of a birch bark canoe impelled by nine stout Canadians, dark as Indians, and as gayly adorned, attracted a crowd upon the wharves to gaze at us as we glided along."
430:, he incorporated an AFC subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company. The commercial venture was originally designed to last for twenty years. Unlike its major competitor the Canadian owned NWC, the Pacific Fur Company was not a
1436:
understood this action by the Sioux meant they desired a parley. Peace talks were held and the Sioux explained that they had formed to prevent the PFC from trading with the neighboring nations they were at war with, the
514:
to staff company locations. Recruiting for the company's two expeditions were led by Wilson Hunt and Donald Mackenzie for the overland party and Alexander McKay for the naval bound group. All three men were based out of
1041:, who gave two horses to the fur traders as a gift in addition to several more being purchased. While passing through other Indigenous homelands the PFC continued financial dealings for food supplies. Members of the
1617:
1386:
acquaintances rather than continue with the expedition. The group reached the winter camp on the 17th. The overland group at this point amounted to almost sixty men, forty being French-Canadian voyageurs.
1217:. Afterwards, the headman cited the seasonal flooding as making the Columbia unsafe to travel further upriver. This forced Pillet to return to Astoria with what pelts he had purchased from the Skilloots.
1530:
visited the camp. The following day a delegation of Apsáalooke on horseback invited them to visit their nearby village. Hunt recalled the importance of mercantile deals with the Apsáalooke stating that:
564:. On 3 August they reached New York City, with the group's "hats decorated with parti-colored ribands and feathers..." causing some Americans to believe them to Natives. The following day lodgings at
2065:
Plans were considered to use the stations much in the same manner Astor meant, for trade with China. The Columbia also offered a less costly means of supplying the interior NWC posts in the region.
1313:
and the fort was "put in readiness for an attack." Jones has pointed out that these movements of Indigenous was very likely a part of seasonal fishing, rather than a supposed hostile gathering.
1242:, trade for caught fish would begin in earnest with the Astorians. A constant task for Hawaiians would be to perform fisherman duties. Major fish populations active in the Columbia included the
898:, an "emporium of the west", began in the middle of April 1811. It was built upon Point George, the location being about 5 miles (8 km) from the Lewis and Clark Expedition winter camp of
1213:
was ordered to make a trading trip along the Columbia. Accompanied by a Chinook headman, they left Fort Astoria in late June 1811. Small trade deals were completed with Skilloots near modern
906:. This left treatments rudimentary at best. During the initial months on the Columbia River at any time upwards of half of the expedition was unable to perform manual labor due to illness.
638:
establishing themselves as independent traders in relatively unexploited fur regions. Most of the men in the Overland Party were engaged as hunters, interpreters, guides and voyageurs.
462:
To establish the fledgling PFC trade posts in the distant Oregon Country, Astor's plan called for an extensive movement of large groups of employees overland following the route of the
1309:
rumors spread of a coming attack on Astoria in August 1812. There were large numbers of Chinookans and Chehalis near Comcomly's village at the time. This expedited construction on two
621:
was convinced to join the company and assisted in recruiting additional men. Over the sixteen days spent there, a total seventeen men were recruited to the concern with sixteen being
1751:
the previous year. The remaining three horses of the party were used to purchase two canoes from Wasco merchants. Several portages were required on the Columbia, especially at the
1735:
were provided during their stay. While exploring the area, Hunt found out from particular Liksiyu that there was an active white fur trader in the area. This would turn out to be
548:. The majority of the group remained in Montreal until late July, when they given directives to withdraw to New York City. A canoe provided transportation for the trip down the
4604:
1664:
261:
Management, clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810. The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the
710:
assaulted a local noble late in 1811. The clash would destroy the ship along with the entire crew, leaving Fort Astoria without extensive supplies until the following year.
1346:. French-Canadian employees made frequent purchases from the company store during the idle season, especially those hired at Michilimackinac. Small items like blue beads,
1888:
Failure to accomplish many of the tasks set for work the hinterland earlier in 1812 did not discourage the Astorians. The supplies and reinforcements brought aboard the
824:
The Columbia River was reached in March 1811. Despite stormy conditions, over several days Thorn ordered two boats dispatched to scout a safe route over the treacherous
3922:
1382:
recuperated for two days. The group left Fort Osage on the 10th of April and during the day Dorion "severely beat his squaw" as Marie desired to stay with newly made
4614:
4609:
3631:
1836:
on 9 May 1812. While stopping at the Kingdom of Hawaii, more men were recruited as Kanakas for the company. After unloading necessary supplies to the Fort, the
1427:
and had around six hundred armed men. Tensions quickly arose between the two disparate groups and both took up positions by the Missouri River. The two company
1073:, Stuart developed cordial relations with them. Finding their areas rich in beaver populations, he promised to return later that year to create a trading post.
872:
nation and the ship was destroyed. This put the occupants of Fort Astoria in a tough position, having no access to seaborne transport until the following year.
1884:
A plaque marking the spot along the Snake River in modern Wyoming where Stuart's party had horses stolen from them by a Native raiding party in September 1812.
1773:
In late March, three clerks in command of fourteen men were ordered to depart for the hinterlands. Robert Stuart was take needed trade goods to Fort Okanogan.
1832:
was the second supply ship sent by Astor to the Pacific Coast, with Cornelius Sowle as its captain. It sailed from New York City in October 1811 and reached
4584:
4564:
585:
243:
471:
629:
and other roles. Likely suggested by Crooks, interested men already hired by other companies would have their contracts purchased from their employers.
1258:. This dependence on fish made it a primary food source for the Astorians, which caused some discontent among employees desiring a more familiar diet.
4599:
4035:
1684:. On 23 December, thirteen men assigned to Crooks party were met who gave the unfortunate news that they hadn't seen him since he left Hunt's group.
1098:
gained him significant profits in deals with Fort Astoria. In particular he controlled the sale of many of the pelts originating from the Chinookan,
4589:
4594:
1357:
On January 1811, Hunt sailed down the Missouri River to complete several pending transactions at St. Louis. It was during this time he recruited
4223:
2085:
in 1836, after interviewing some men connected to the venture and consulting documents held by Astor. Two surviving members of the Astorians,
1578:
and made a camp there. The post was later abandoned. While at the location work began creating enough canoes necessary to take the party down
3461:
3443:
308:
3953:
3915:
1507:
1939:
Wilson Hunt's inexperience in the outback in along with dwindling supplies would leave the majority of the expedition facing starvation.
1033:
populations and rapids, almost losing one canoe and the men aboard it to a section of swift currents. Stuart and his men were greeted by
1423:
Proceeding further the Missouri River, the Sioux party was encountered on 31 May. The Sioux bands were a conglomeration of Yankton and
388:
3510:
1539:
1412:, melons, beans, squashes, and corn under cultivation. While at the Omaha settlement, Hunt received information from several visiting
962:
would take a party to with KaĂşxuma to the Syilx. Before they left however the inhabitants of Astoria were surprised by the arrival of
1755:. The main body of the expedition reached Fort Astoria on 15 February to much fanfare. Besides Hunt there was thirty men, along with
395:
established the Pacific Fur Company as part of his grandiose plans to gain commercial hegemony over major fur producing areas in the
4513:
3624:
3541:
3425:
3369:
3340:
3320:
540:
Montreal was the first location men were hired by the PFC, made difficult in part from opposition from the rival North West Company.
1065:
Stuart and his three men did not return until 22 March 1812. Upon reaching the Okanogan headwaters the party then went over to the
1637:
At the suggestion of Ramsay Crooks, the expedition was divided into two parties of nineteen men each, with each member receiving 5
1025:
welcomed the fur traders. Once the reception was complete, the PFC men continued up the Columbia and passed by the future site of
4102:
4025:
1963:
1946:
brought much needed trading goods, foodstuffs and additional employees, events would soon see the ending of the PFC. News of the
287:
began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria. The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior, primarily
4495:
3908:
1482:
While at the Arikara village, Hunt met and employed several American trappers that had previously worked for the MFC in modern
864:, where Thorn caused an uproar by hitting a Tla-o-qui-aht noble with a pelt. In the ensuing conflict all of men brought on the
1514:. In total 36 horses were purchased from the Cheyenne. The expedition broke camp on 6 August and Hunt ordered six men to hunt
4559:
4404:
4319:
3968:
3674:
814:
1478:
peoples deterred the Overland party from continuing to follow the Lewis & Clark Expedition's path up the Missouri River.
1006:
leadership in early August. Groups of Chinookan laborers were used to cross the portages of the Columbia in their homeland.
4574:
4482:
4055:
3730:
3715:
1841:
1558:
666:
658:
657:
was purchased by Astor in 1810 to start commercial operations on the Pacific Ocean. The majority of the company partners.
452:
444:
190:
186:
1777:
was to take food supplies to the stranded Crooks and Day, in addition to later taking dispatches for Astor to St. Louis.
4264:
3888:
3617:
2015:
1786:
station. Stockpiles of pelts accumulated there amounted to an estimated 2,500 were taken as well. Near the mouth of the
1743:. On 21 January, the expedition finally reached the banks of the Columbia River. Hunt soon entered discussions with the
844:
to start trading further north along the Pacific Coast as instructed by Astor. After 65 days on the Columbia River, the
722:
left New York on September 8, 1810. PFC employees numbered thirty-three men in total on board. The vessel landed at the
1692:
4460:
4379:
4193:
3781:
3720:
2022:
1921:
men of Cathlapotle village to transport him back to Fort Astoria. The group would make the important discovery of the
1667:
975:
731:
674:
456:
3857:
1210:
979:
799:
338:(NWC) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast, a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities nor Astor favored.
790:, hogs, goats, two sheep, and poultry in return for "glass beads, iron rings, needles, cotton cloth". Upon entering
4489:
4468:
4384:
3958:
3725:
3581:
Wheeler, Mary E. (1971), "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company",
1853:
1816:
1503:
1374:
481:
were seen as a means to gain more furs. Cargo ships en route from the Columbia were planned to then sail north for
463:
459:. Astor and the partners met in New York on 23 June 1810 to sign the Pacific Fur Company's provisional agreement.
4060:
3771:
3735:
1736:
1579:
1571:
971:
963:
959:
448:
371:
194:
4554:
3791:
3574:
Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793–1858
2054:
1458:
1453:
1030:
974:
departed on 22 July for the Syilx territories. The personnel assigned to join Stuart were eight men, including
730:. Captain Thorn attempted to abandon eight of the crew still on shore, among them clerks Gabriel Franchère and
662:
634:
478:
396:
323:
231:
3766:
3700:
1209:
effort to keep Comcomly's Chinooks as middlemen between the natives of the upper Columbia and the Astorians."
1712:, and seven other men continued to march ahead of the two main PFC groups. While traversing the lands of the
4579:
4518:
4228:
4085:
3973:
3963:
2074:
1971:
1587:
that remained in the possession of the PFC, amounting to seventy-seven, were left in the care of "two young
1339:
404:
4528:
1824:
would for decades provide manpower for visiting naval and fur merchants, including the Pacific Fur Company.
4523:
4339:
4213:
4070:
4015:
3776:
1975:
1774:
1705:
1299:
Fears of attack didn't disappear and Astorians kept themselves guarded in dealing with natives. After the
1202:
943:
625:. This group of men, unlike those hired in Montreal, had extensive experience working in the fur trade as
617:
fur trade, the island was where Hunt focused on hiring more men for the company. The veteran fur merchant
990:. The group joined David Thompson and his eight men in traveling up the Columbia, staying together until
4549:
4474:
4439:
4289:
4279:
4173:
1214:
581:
283:
took with it the majority of the annual trading goods. Commercial competition with the British-Canadian
43:
1790:
the party was surprised to loudly hear English shouted among an assembled group of Indigenous, perhaps
358:. This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the
4259:
3943:
3761:
3756:
3679:
3576:, Okanagan: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice of the University of British Columbia
2006:
1922:
1640:
1595:
1543:
1370:
1343:
1271:
1069:. Snows in mountain passes made it exceedingly difficult for the party to travel. Detained among the
931:
795:
670:
569:
419:
383:
351:
218:
3664:
1470:
4409:
4198:
3988:
3852:
3351:
Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811–1813
1413:
557:
431:
3786:
3283:
Bridgewater, Dorothy (1949), "John Jacob Aster relative to his settlement on the Columbia River",
1522:
and the hunting party rejoined on the 18th of August, having killed 8 Bison. While at the base of
536:
4569:
4354:
4344:
4208:
4112:
3948:
3832:
3812:
3598:
2115:
2110:
1799:
the Umatilla once more. Taking two worn men with them, the party reached Fort Astoria on 11 May.
1795:
1575:
1014:
991:
400:
335:
284:
129:
3299:
Narrative of a voyage to the Northwest coast of America, in the years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814
1026:
303:
was also opened in 1811, the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations. The
3567:, translated by Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S., Seattle: University of Washington Press
311:
and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation. Despite losing men crossing the
4505:
4419:
4414:
4314:
4294:
4269:
4183:
4065:
3842:
3837:
3822:
3817:
3710:
3537:
3506:
3457:
3439:
3421:
3365:
3336:
3316:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2038:
1956:
1902:
1894:
1821:
1756:
1709:
1676:
1547:
1409:
1358:
1266:
1162:
1133:
1082:
998:
983:
886:
758:
561:
435:
427:
239:
182:
170:
162:
946:. KaĂşxuma offered accounts of the interior and recommended that the station be opened at the
4434:
4244:
4218:
4203:
4148:
4097:
4075:
4000:
3994:
3695:
3590:
1918:
1914:
1860:
was in poor repair and sailed for the Kingdom of Hawaii instead. Hunt was left there as the
1717:
1399:
A Sioux village. Many of the Plains nations visited by the expedition had similar dwellings.
1186:
1087:
1022:
853:
723:
487:
411:
392:
363:
280:
235:
96:
1403:
Hunt's expedition broke the Nodaway winter camp on April 21. The Astorians reached a major
1395:
4394:
4374:
4359:
4334:
4249:
4143:
4133:
1791:
1306:
1279:
1198:
1178:
1166:
1103:
1099:
1038:
869:
861:
811:
771:
739:
735:
622:
610:
606:
549:
482:
423:
355:
327:
270:
144:
1350:, brass rings, tobacco "carrots", small axes among others were used in transactions with
3900:
4429:
4329:
4274:
4178:
4168:
4153:
4128:
4091:
4050:
3978:
3874:
3827:
3751:
3297:
2120:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2069:
2047:
1999:
1974:
who oversaw the formal takeover of PFC properties. Later in March 1814, the NWC's ship
1787:
1778:
1752:
1697:
1681:
1563:
1378:
1362:
1331:
1327:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1182:
1149:
1137:
1066:
1053:
951:
715:
707:
689:
653:
553:
292:
275:
262:
255:
247:
213:
166:
37:
1925:, critical for the later westward movement of tens of thousands of American migrants.
1594:
Traveling down the Snake River proved highly difficult due to the many rapids such as
1193:
offered the best location to secure these furs. Additionally he gave the opinion that
4543:
4399:
4299:
4284:
4010:
3983:
3881:
3705:
3669:
3659:
1849:
1845:
1811:
1744:
1740:
1625:
1527:
1424:
1335:
1301:
1262:
1154:
1145:
1129:
1046:
1018:
1003:
924:
915:
857:
751:
703:
618:
415:
300:
296:
288:
251:
77:
73:
3530:
3309:
1880:
1049:
offered their "abundance of salmon" and "many horses" to the fur trappers for sale.
828:. Both boats would capsize and eight men lost their lives. Finally on March 24, the
584:. The official assured McKay that in the event of war between the United States and
580:
While waiting to depart for the Pacific, McKay met with British diplomatic official
4424:
4324:
4304:
4158:
4005:
3654:
1833:
1588:
1404:
1383:
1190:
1165:
with Calpo acting as a guide again. Returning on 24 June, Stuart reported that the
1095:
1042:
899:
895:
881:
825:
803:
560:
additional men that were employed by McKay joined the southbound party, among them
544:
During the summer of 1810, Alexander McKay hired thirteen French-Canadians for the
499:
367:
359:
312:
266:
140:
1420:
was gathering further up the river to stop the expedition from traveling further.
3482:
3471:
3388:
3359:
3273:
1510:, the party to rest for several days while transactions were made with a band of
1233:
hat, similar to those crafted by Chinookans that were often sold to PFC laborers.
4444:
4389:
4369:
4364:
4349:
4309:
4254:
4188:
4163:
4138:
2031:
1947:
1865:
1727:
on 8 January, whom hosted the downtrodden expedition for a week. Meals of dried
1713:
1591:". The party departed from Fort Henry on 19 September on the newly made canoes.
1583:
1445:
1366:
942:
people, and his wife arrived at Fort Astoria on 15 June 1811 with a letter from
727:
647:
614:
565:
342:
316:
17:
2282:, pp. 190, 234, 389, 485, 551, 553, 566, 583, 698, 713, 779, 838, 840–841.
1840:
sailed to Russian America. Hunt joined the crew to negotiate with RAC governor
319:, they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria.
4080:
1952:
1856:. Orders from Astor dictated that the ship to return to the Columbia, but the
1523:
1495:
1487:
1475:
1432:
1323:
1239:
947:
935:
849:
837:
807:
787:
783:
767:
510:
The PFC required a sizable number of laborers, fur trappers and in particular
3239:
3237:
1322:
expenses of supporting employees. The group departed on October 21, 1810 for
927:
was the second station opened, intended to compete against near by NWC posts.
4107:
1747:
when entering their villages. It was here he learned the destruction of the
1728:
1351:
1347:
1201:
should be recruited to hunt various fur bearing animals at the hypothetical
1174:
1070:
747:
694:
646:
The advanced party was sent to create the initial base of operations at the
626:
596:
511:
467:
439:
347:
63:
920:
588:, all PFC employees that were British employees would be treated as such.
3807:
3330:
1934:
between the United Kingdom and the United States. The destruction of the
1910:
1732:
1511:
1428:
1243:
1170:
1112:
1091:
1034:
1010:
791:
516:
331:
3847:
3602:
3275:
Travels into the Interior of America, in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
1906:
1724:
1599:
1570:
The expedition reached Fort Henry on 8 September, made by MFC employee
1519:
1491:
1437:
1310:
1194:
995:
987:
939:
833:
818:
779:
763:
524:. However, it was determined to keep Hunt in charge of the land party.
491:
326:
was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in
3609:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
502:
and head for European and American markets to sell the Chinese wares.
1898:
1872:
then proceeded to New York City and entered the city harbor in 1816.
1441:
1144:
acting as guide and interpreter. The following day they explored the
1141:
1111:
the settlements near the station were under the influence of headman
148:
3594:
1502:
The expedition left their Arikara hosts in late July for the nearby
1029:. Towards the end of August the party began to become troubled with
2811:
2809:
1566:
would prove to be a major challenge for the Overland Party to pass.
1879:
1691:
1557:
1515:
1483:
1417:
1394:
1086:
1057:
955:
885:
595:
387:
202:
2645:
2643:
1868:
kept the ship at the port for the remainder of the conflict. The
3361:
Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River
1261:
Terrestrial animals like members of the family Cervidae such as
775:
600:
Fort Mackinac was a center of the Great Lakes regional fur trade
3904:
3613:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2497:
2495:
1518:. Hunt's party continued southwest through the modern state of
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2144:
2142:
2140:
495:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2366:
2364:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
848:
departed with a crew of 23 with McKay was aboard the ship as
3416:
Boyd, Robert T.; Ames, Kenneth A.; Johnson, Tony A. (2015),
2940:
2938:
2936:
2923:
2921:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2425:
2423:
1283:
Comcomly to continue his commercial hegemony over the area.
1157:, the party went back to Fort Astoria, returning on 14 May.
817:
were hired with the approval of Kamehameha I, who appointed
726:
on 4 December to make repairs and take on water supplies at
3454:
French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630–1815
3550:
Ronda, James (1986), "Astoria & the Birth of Empire",
3315:, translated by Franchère, Hoyt. C., Oregon Book Society,
3116:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3097:
3095:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2572:
2570:
1132:. Departing on 2 May, McKay led Robert Stuart, Franchère,
613:
on 28 July 1810. Acting as a major depot for the regional
422:. To create a chain of trading stations spread across the
3380:
On the Oregon Trail, Robert Stuart's Journal of Discovery
1326:. The expedition traveled 450 miles (720 km) up the
3436:
Freshwater Passages, the Trade and Travels of Peter Pond
3082:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2381:
2379:
1852:
124,000 in value, with payment in seal skins located on
802:, the latter acting an interpreter in negotiations with
3589:(4), Oakland: University of California Press: 419–441,
3243:
2879:
2877:
498:
were to be purchased; with the ships then to cross the
238:
that functioned from 1810 to 1813. It was based in the
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1848:. The cargo was purchased by the Russians amounted to
1645:
46:, the main source of animal pelts collected by the PFC
3505:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.,
3302:, translated by Huntington, J. V., New York: Redfield
2216:
2214:
1666:
pounds of dried meat. A third small group was led by
1643:
3496:(2nd ed.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press
1608:
1365:
in St. Louis at the time. Notably he was in debt to
4504:
4453:
4237:
4121:
4043:
3936:
3866:
3800:
3744:
3688:
3647:
3378:Stuart, Robert (1953), Kenneth A. Spaulding (ed.),
1966:Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. On board the
1045:traded "some salmon, roots, and berries" and later
212:
200:
176:
156:
135:
125:
117:
102:
92:
69:
59:
51:
3529:
3308:
1658:
1486:. The men advised strongly against going into the
568:were reached and the scene was described by clerk
3349:McDougall, Duncan (1999), Robert F. Jones (ed.),
2331:
2243:
1704:Donald Stuart and his party of Robert McClellan,
1013:nations and on the 12th of August an assembly of
1136:and a number of voyaguers up the Columbia, with
1009:Stuart's party soon began to travel through the
669:would head this detachment. In addition, clerks
330:. This was planned in part to prevent the rival
3452:Englebert, Robert; Teasdale, Guillaume (2013),
2649:
1148:and soon encountered a large canoe flotilla of
242:, an area contested over the decades among the
3558:(3), Helena: Montana Historical Society: 22–35
3492:Morton, Arthur (1973), Lewis G. Thomas (ed.),
1962:arrived at the Columbia River and in honor of
1361:, as he was the only qualified speaker of the
3916:
3625:
3476:, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown
3387:Thompson, David (1916), J. B. Tyrrell (ed.),
840:. Captain Thorn stressed the urgency for the
832:crossed the bar, passing into the Columbia’s
273:). The destruction of the company vessel the
8:
3456:, East Langsing: Michigan State University,
3400:Documents Relating to the North West Company
1992:Authors of first hand accounts about the PFC
868:were killed besides an interpreter from the
350:in 1813 made the important discovery of the
30:
4605:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
3420:, Seattle: University of Washington Press,
1598:. The party was forced to perform multiple
1542:, the PFC party followed the course of the
1189:. Stuart felt that a company trade post in
890:Fort Astoria two years after its foundation
341:The lack of military protection during the
244:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3923:
3909:
3901:
3632:
3618:
3610:
1292:possible hostile actions by the natives."
1052:While at the junction of the Columbia and
29:
3565:A History of the Russian-American Company
3536:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
3523:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
3494:A History of the Canadian West to 1870–71
3438:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
3353:, New York City: Fordham University Press
3255:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3132:
3008:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2800:
2783:
2771:
2747:
2723:
2711:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2634:
2549:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2486:
2469:
2414:
2402:
2370:
2343:
2300:
2148:
1644:
1642:
3552:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
3332:Proposed general fishery and fur company
3156:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2944:
2927:
2912:
2895:
2868:
2588:
2537:
1815:
1562:Features of the Snake River such as the
1469:
1224:
919:
693:
535:
307:faced military hostilities from several
304:
3418:Chinookan Peoples of the Lower Columbia
3311:The Overland Diary of Wilson Price Hunt
2220:
2136:
1177:and trade their pelts for the valuable
677:would join them on the planned voyage.
4615:American companies established in 1810
4610:Clothing companies established in 1810
3382:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
3192:
3180:
3120:
2883:
2851:
2429:
2312:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2205:
2193:
2160:
1546:, crossed the Divide and followed the
27:American fur-trading company (1810–13)
3931:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
3398:William Stewart Wallace, ed. (1934),
3168:
2735:
7:
3473:The History of Oregon and California
3144:
3103:
3086:
3069:
3052:
3025:
2759:
2622:
2605:
2576:
2561:
2450:
2385:
2355:
2181:
2093:, would later become farmers on the
1864:went west to Guangzhou. News of the
1574:the previous year, near present-day
1474:The military prowess of the various
3291:(2), New Haven, CT: Yale University
477:Ongoing supply issues faced by the
234:venture wholly owned and funded by
4585:Pre-Confederation British Columbia
4565:Expeditions from the United States
3487:, Paris: Baudry's European Library
3364:, London: Smith, Elder & Co.,
1716:, a stranded employee of the PFC,
1540:Continental Divide of the Americas
1526:on 30 August, a scouting party of
806:and prominent government official
25:
1330:before setting up winter camp on
279:later that year off the shore of
4600:Pre-statehood history of Montana
4034:
3969:Oregon & California Railroad
3402:, Toronto: The Champlain Society
3393:, Toronto: The Champlain Society
2046:
2030:
2014:
1998:
1964:George III of the United Kingdom
1769:Attempted expedition to interior
1616:
1538:Continuing westward towards the
958:peoples. It was determined that
370:routes, collectively called the
322:A beneficial agreement with the
36:
4590:Pre-statehood history of Oregon
4496:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
3285:Yale University Library Gazette
1659:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}
1624:The Columbia River east of the
4595:Pre-statehood history of Idaho
3521:John Jacob Astor: Business Man
466:and navally by sailing around
1:
4056:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
3329:MacKenzie, Alexander (1802),
2650:Boyd, Ames & Johnson 2015
2332:Englebert & Teasdale 2013
2244:Englebert & Teasdale 2013
1842:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1723:Hunt's group found a band of
3278:, London: Smith & Galway
3244:William Stewart Wallace 1934
821:to oversee their interests.
3519:Porter, Kenneth W. (1931),
3481:Irving, Washington (1836),
3307:Hunt, Wilson Price (1973),
3296:Franchère, Gabriel (1854),
1909:and the vicinity of modern
1094:'s mercantile skills as an
1077:The Lower Chinookan peoples
609:in July. The party reached
4631:
3390:David Thompson's Narrative
1876:Second interior expedition
1809:
1731:meat and loafs of pounded
1080:
913:
879:
794:, the crew was greeted by
750:and sailed north into the
687:
464:Lewis and Clark Expedition
381:
4103:Constitutional Convention
4061:Willamette Cattle Company
4032:
3583:Pacific Historical Review
3572:Watson, Bruce M. (2010),
3563:Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978),
3501:Morris, Larry E. (2013),
3470:Greenhow, Robert (1844),
1942:While the arrival of the
1119:Assistance in exploration
950:of the Columbia and "the
757:The ship anchored at the
372:Westward Expansion Trails
35:
3858:François Benjamin Pillet
3767:William Wallace Matthews
3358:Ross, Alexander (1849),
1494:. The Piikáni and other
1454:Henry Marie Brackenridge
1211:François Benjamin Pillet
1056:, a large encampment of
980:François Benjamin Pillet
970:A party of eight led by
800:Francisco de Paula MarĂn
479:Russian-American Company
397:North American fur trade
324:Russian-American Company
252:United States of America
4229:Willamette Trading Post
4086:Donation Land Claim Act
3974:Oregon boundary dispute
3272:Bradbury, John (1817),
2818:, pp. 100–102 fn..
2097:and participate in the
1340:Andrew County, Missouri
856:she was boarded by the
591:
531:
4514:Native peoples history
4214:Thomas and Ruckle Road
4026:Provisional Government
3434:Chapin, David (2014),
2693:, p. 77, fn. 167.
1885:
1825:
1737:Jacques Raphaël Finlay
1701:
1700:on the Columbia River.
1660:
1567:
1536:
1506:. After following the
1479:
1400:
1391:Following the Missouri
1354:neighboring the camp.
1234:
1107:
928:
891:
738:and the laborers used
711:
601:
578:
541:
472:local Native Americans
408:
230:(PFC) was an American
165:, also referred to as
4560:Botanical expeditions
4290:Abigail Scott Duniway
3528:Ronda, James (1990),
1883:
1819:
1739:, located at the NWC
1695:
1688:Reaching the Columbia
1661:
1561:
1532:
1508:Little Missouri River
1473:
1398:
1228:
1090:
923:
889:
742:. On December 25 the
714:Under the command of
697:
599:
582:Francis James Jackson
574:
539:
391:
44:North American beaver
4575:American Fur Company
3964:Hudson's Bay Company
3944:American Fur Company
3532:Astoria & Empire
3335:, pp. 147–149,
2681:, p. 27 fn. 65.
2075:Hudson's Bay Company
1794:. Ramsay Crooks and
1641:
1490:homelands of modern
1371:Missouri Fur Company
420:American Fur Company
384:American Fur Company
219:American Fur Company
4410:Eliza Hart Spalding
4021:Pacific Fur Company
3989:Oregon missionaries
3954:Executive Committee
3641:Pacific Fur Company
3246:, pp. 260–261.
3231:, pp. 200–201.
3219:, pp. 190–193.
3207:, pp. 166–167.
3171:, pp. 240–241.
3147:, pp. 233–235.
3106:, pp. 186–190.
3011:, pp. 144–151.
2803:, pp. 100–102.
2625:, pp. 151–159.
2608:, pp. 137–146.
2591:, pp. 510–511.
2579:, pp. 124–128.
2504:, pp. 119–120.
2432:, pp. 201–202.
2334:, pp. 190–198.
2258:, pp. 654–655.
2246:, pp. 185–189.
2151:, pp. 116–118.
1466:The Rocky Mountains
1317:Overland Expedition
1287:Fear of hostilities
1173:nations would kill
1031:Western Rattlesnake
836:and laid anchor in
432:Joint-stock company
418:and founder of the
309:Indigenous cultures
305:Overland Expedition
228:Pacific Fur Company
32:
31:Pacific Fur Company
4355:Morton M. McCarver
4345:David Thomas Lenox
4209:Philip Foster Farm
4113:Great Gale of 1880
3949:Columbian exchange
3833:Michel Laframboise
2966:, pp. 97–116.
2842:, p. 113 fn..
2472:, pp. 99–108.
2116:North West Company
2111:Maritime Fur Trade
1886:
1826:
1764:Activities in 1812
1702:
1656:
1654:
1568:
1480:
1401:
1334:, at the mouth of
1235:
1153:enemies among the
1108:
1037:leadership at the
929:
892:
712:
605:left the city for
602:
542:
414:was a merchant of
409:
336:North West Company
285:North West Company
130:North West Company
4537:
4536:
4420:William Vandevert
4315:Cornelius Gilliam
4295:Thomas Lamb Eliot
4270:William H. Boring
4265:François Blanchet
4194:Methodist Mission
4066:Champoeg Meetings
3898:
3897:
3843:Ovide de Montigny
3823:Marie Aioe Dorion
3818:Pierre Dorion Jr.
3757:Gabriel Franchère
3711:Wilson Price Hunt
3503:The Perilous West
3463:978-1-60917-360-9
3445:978-0-8032-4632-4
3409:Secondary sources
3195:, pp. 46–47.
3183:, pp. 27–29.
3123:, pp. 59–63.
3089:, pp. 53–63.
3072:, pp. 43–51.
3055:, pp. 32–40.
3028:, pp. 19–28.
2947:, pp. 82–85.
2930:, pp. 65–69.
2915:, pp. 43–54.
2898:, pp. 35–36.
2871:, pp. 10–14.
2714:, pp. 72–78.
2669:, pp. 21–27.
2528:, pp. 30–35.
2516:, pp. 50–51.
2453:, pp. 71–75.
2417:, pp. 63–64.
2405:, pp. 81–86.
2388:, pp. 31–32.
2373:, pp. 52–55.
2358:, pp. 19–26.
2346:, pp. 41–49.
2303:, pp. 23–32.
2196:, pp. 26–27.
2099:Champoeg Meetings
2083:Washington Irving
2039:Wilson Price Hunt
2007:Gabriel Franchère
1955:. On 30 November
1903:Bitterroot Valley
1895:Willamette Valley
1854:Saint Paul Island
1822:Kingdom of Hawaii
1757:Marie Aioe Dorion
1677:Northern Shoshone
1653:
1635:
1634:
1548:Gros Ventre River
1410:nicotiana rustica
1359:Pierre Dorion Jr.
1267:black-tailed deer
1163:Olympic Peninsula
1155:Wasco and Wishram
1134:Ovide de Montigny
1083:Chinookan peoples
984:Ovide de Montigny
952:Okannaakken River
759:Kingdom of Hawaii
702:being boarded by
671:Gabriel Franchère
642:Oceanic component
570:Gabriel Franchère
562:Ovide de Montigny
506:Labor recruitment
436:Wilson Price Hunt
428:Pacific Northwest
315:and later at the
240:Pacific Northwest
224:
223:
183:Wilson Price Hunt
171:Columbia District
163:Pacific Northwest
16:(Redirected from
4622:
4440:Geo. H. Williams
4435:Narcissa Whitman
4245:George Abernethy
4219:Tualatin Academy
4204:Oregon Institute
4098:Rogue River Wars
4076:Whitman massacre
4038:
4001:Oregon Territory
3995:Oregon Spectator
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3853:François Payette
3731:Duncan McDougall
3726:Robert McClellan
3721:Donald Mackenzie
3696:John Jacob Astor
3634:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3546:
3535:
3524:
3515:
3497:
3488:
3477:
3466:
3448:
3430:
3403:
3394:
3383:
3374:
3354:
3345:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3107:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3029:
3023:
3012:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2489:, pp. 9–17.
2484:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:, pp. 7–10.
2179:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1915:British Columbia
1718:Archibald Pelton
1668:Donald MacKenzie
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1620:
1609:
1416:that a group of
1342:, just north of
1244:Candlefish smelt
1187:Vancouver Island
1179:Dentalium shells
994:. Upon entering
894:Construction on
854:Vancouver Island
724:Falkland Islands
659:Duncan McDougall
457:Donald Mackenzie
453:Duncan McDougall
412:John Jacob Astor
393:John Jacob Astor
281:Vancouver Island
236:John Jacob Astor
208:$ 200,000 (1810)
205:
187:Duncan McDougall
113:
111:
97:John Jacob Astor
87:
85:
40:
33:
21:
18:Astor Expedition
4630:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4555:Astoria, Oregon
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4524:Pioneer history
4519:History to 1806
4500:
4449:
4395:Osborne Russell
4375:James D. Miller
4360:John McLoughlin
4250:Jesse Applegate
4233:
4224:Whitman Mission
4134:Applegate Trail
4117:
4039:
4030:
3932:
3929:
3899:
3894:
3862:
3796:
3762:Donald McGillis
3740:
3716:Alexander McKay
3684:
3680:Clearwater Post
3643:
3638:
3608:
3595:10.2307/3637703
3580:
3571:
3562:
3549:
3544:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3500:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3464:
3451:
3446:
3433:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3348:
3343:
3328:
3323:
3306:
3295:
3282:
3271:
3267:
3265:Primary sources
3262:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3051:
3032:
3024:
3015:
3007:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2656:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2457:
2449:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2107:
2081:was written by
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1931:
1878:
1814:
1808:
1771:
1766:
1690:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1556:
1468:
1393:
1363:Sioux languages
1319:
1307:Russian America
1289:
1223:
1221:Commercial ties
1199:Russian America
1121:
1085:
1079:
1039:Wenatchee River
1027:Fort Nez Percés
918:
912:
884:
878:
862:Clayoquot Sound
812:Native Hawaiian
740:Canadian French
736:Scottish Gaelic
692:
686:
667:Alexander McKay
644:
623:French-Canadian
611:Mackinac Island
607:Michilimackinac
594:
550:Richelieu River
534:
532:McKay's efforts
508:
483:Russian America
474:for fur pelts.
445:Alexander McKay
424:Rocky Mountains
386:
380:
356:Rocky Mountains
328:Russian America
271:Astoria, Oregon
201:
191:Alexander McKay
179:
159:
152:
109:
107:
83:
81:
47:
42:A depiction of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Oregon Country
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4529:Modern history
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4506:Oregon history
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4483:Colonel Wright
4479:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4455:
4454:Transportation
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:Marcus Whitman
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Henry Spalding
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Joseph Kellogg
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Elijah Bristow
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:French Prairie
4176:
4171:
4169:Fort Vancouver
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Elliott Cutoff
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4092:Holmes v. Ford
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Star of Oregon
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Treaty of 1818
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:Oregon Country
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:Étienne Lucier
3835:
3830:
3828:Joseph Gervais
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Alexander Ross
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Russel Farnham
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3665:Fort She-whaps
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3547:
3542:
3525:
3516:
3512:978-1442211124
3511:
3498:
3489:
3478:
3467:
3462:
3449:
3444:
3431:
3426:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3326:
3321:
3304:
3293:
3280:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3258:, p. 169.
3256:Tikhmenev 1978
3248:
3233:
3229:Franchère 1854
3221:
3217:Franchère 1854
3209:
3205:Franchère 1854
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3133:McDougall 1999
3125:
3108:
3091:
3074:
3057:
3030:
3013:
3009:Franchère 1854
2992:
2990:, p. 226.
2980:
2978:, p. 122.
2968:
2949:
2932:
2917:
2900:
2888:
2873:
2856:
2844:
2840:McDougall 1999
2832:
2830:, p. 113.
2828:McDougall 1999
2820:
2816:McDougall 1999
2805:
2801:McDougall 1999
2788:
2786:, p. 115.
2784:McDougall 1999
2776:
2772:McDougall 1999
2764:
2752:
2750:, p. 162.
2748:Franchère 1854
2740:
2738:, p. 221.
2728:
2726:, p. 125.
2724:Franchère 1854
2716:
2712:McDougall 1999
2695:
2691:McDougall 1999
2683:
2679:McDougall 1999
2671:
2667:McDougall 1999
2654:
2652:, p. 263.
2639:
2635:McDougall 1999
2627:
2610:
2593:
2581:
2566:
2564:, p. 115.
2554:
2550:McDougall 1999
2542:
2540:, p. 473.
2530:
2526:McDougall 1999
2518:
2514:McDougall 1999
2506:
2502:Franchère 1854
2491:
2487:McDougall 1999
2474:
2470:Franchère 1854
2455:
2434:
2419:
2415:Franchère 1854
2407:
2403:Franchère 1854
2390:
2375:
2371:Franchère 1854
2360:
2348:
2344:Franchère 1854
2336:
2317:
2315:, p. 698.
2305:
2301:Franchère 1854
2284:
2272:
2270:, p. 183.
2260:
2248:
2225:
2210:
2208:, p. 151.
2198:
2186:
2165:
2163:, p. 503.
2153:
2149:Tikhmenev 1978
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:Astoria (book)
2118:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2095:French Prairie
2091:Joseph Gervais
2087:Étienne Lucier
2070:Treaty of 1818
2053:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2023:Alexander Ross
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1972:John MacDonald
1930:
1927:
1877:
1874:
1810:Main article:
1807:
1801:
1788:Umatilla River
1779:Russel Farnham
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1753:Cascade Rapids
1710:Étienne Lucier
1698:Cascade Rapids
1689:
1686:
1682:Umatilla River
1652:
1649:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1582:and later the
1564:Shoshone Falls
1555:
1552:
1467:
1464:
1392:
1389:
1379:Thomas Nuttall
1332:Nodaway Island
1328:Missouri River
1318:
1315:
1288:
1285:
1256:Chinook salmon
1252:Sockeye salmon
1248:White sturgeon
1231:Nuu-chah-nulth
1222:
1219:
1183:Nuu-chah-nulth
1120:
1117:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1067:Thompson River
1054:Okanogan River
976:Alexander Ross
964:David Thompson
932:KaĂşxuma NĂşpika
914:Main article:
911:
908:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
732:Alexander Ross
716:Jonathan Thorn
706:after Captain
690:Tonquin (1807)
688:Main article:
685:
679:
675:Alexander Ross
643:
640:
635:Ste. Genevieve
593:
592:Hunt's efforts
590:
586:United Kingdom
554:Lake Champlain
533:
530:
507:
504:
382:Main article:
379:
376:
293:Kootanae House
263:Columbia River
256:Russian Empire
248:Spanish Empire
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
206:
198:
197:
180:
177:
174:
173:
167:Oregon Country
160:
157:
154:
153:
143:, present day
139:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
121:Sold at a loss
119:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4627:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Sager orphans
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Robert Newell
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Philip Foster
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:Matthew Deady
4283:
4281:
4280:Tabitha Brown
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Oregon Treaty
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Oregon Lyceum
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3792:Robert Stuart
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Ramsay Crooks
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Wallace House
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Fort Okanogan
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:Trading posts
3646:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3543:0-8032-3896-7
3539:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3427:9780295995236
3423:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3371:9780598286024
3367:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3342:9780665263392
3338:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:0-8032-3896-7
3318:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3159:, p. 44.
3158:
3157:Greenhow 1844
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:, p. 89.
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:Bradbury 1817
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:Bradbury 1817
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:Bradbury 1817
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Bradbury 1817
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:Bradbury 1817
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:Bradbury 1817
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:Bradbury 1817
2892:
2889:
2886:, p. 75.
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:Bradbury 1817
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:, p. xv.
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:, p. 44.
2773:
2768:
2765:
2762:, p. 89.
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:, p. 51.
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:Thompson 1916
2585:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2552:, p. 35.
2551:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:Thompson 1916
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2055:Robert Stuart
2049:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2001:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:New Archangel
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:Beaver (1805)
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:Wasco-Wishram
1742:
1741:Spokane House
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1650:
1647:
1627:
1626:Cascade Range
1619:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:Yankton Sioux
1411:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1375:John Bradbury
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Nodaway River
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:Roosevelt elk
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:Cowlitz River
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Spokane House
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:Chelan nation
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:Wasco-Wishram
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
925:Fort Okanogan
922:
917:
916:Fort Okanogan
910:Fort Okanogan
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
888:
883:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:Tla-o-qui-aht
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
755:
753:
752:Pacific Ocean
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
704:Tla-o-qui-aht
701:
696:
691:
684:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Robert Stuart
660:
656:
655:
649:
641:
639:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
619:Ramsay Crooks
616:
612:
608:
598:
589:
587:
583:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
529:
525:
523:
518:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:New York City
413:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Fort Okanogan
298:
297:Saleesh House
294:
290:
289:Spokane House
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
269:(present-day
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
204:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
175:
172:
168:
164:
161:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
79:
75:
74:New York City
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
19:
4550:Astor family
4488:
4481:
4475:
4469:Lot Whitcomb
4467:
4461:
4425:Elijah White
4325:Chief Joseph
4305:Peter French
4174:Fort William
4159:Fort Astoria
4090:
4020:
4016:Organic Laws
4006:Oregon Trail
3993:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3787:Alfred Seton
3772:Thomas McKay
3736:David Stuart
3670:Fort Spokane
3655:Fort Astoria
3640:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3531:
3520:
3502:
3493:
3483:
3472:
3453:
3435:
3417:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3360:
3350:
3331:
3310:
3298:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3251:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
2983:
2971:
2891:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2686:
2674:
2630:
2584:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2410:
2351:
2339:
2308:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2221:Wheeler 1971
2201:
2189:
2156:
2067:
2063:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1889:
1887:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1837:
1834:Fort Astoria
1829:
1827:
1804:
1784:
1772:
1748:
1722:
1703:
1673:
1636:
1605:
1596:Caldron Linn
1593:
1580:Henry's Fork
1572:Andrew Henry
1569:
1537:
1533:
1501:
1481:
1450:
1422:
1402:
1356:
1320:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1260:
1236:
1207:
1191:Grays Harbor
1181:sold by the
1159:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1096:intermediary
1063:
1051:
1008:
972:David Stuart
969:
960:David Stuart
954:" among the
930:
903:
900:Fort Clatsop
896:Fort Astoria
893:
882:Fort Astoria
876:Fort Astoria
865:
845:
841:
829:
826:Columbia Bar
823:
804:Kamehameha I
756:
743:
719:
713:
699:
682:
661:, David and
652:
645:
631:
603:
579:
575:
545:
543:
526:
521:
509:
500:Indian Ocean
476:
461:
449:David Stuart
410:
407:competitors.
405:Hudson's Bay
399:against his
354:through the
340:
321:
313:Great Plains
274:
267:Fort Astoria
260:
227:
225:
203:Total assets
195:David Stuart
141:Fort Astoria
136:Headquarters
52:Company type
4445:Ewing Young
4390:Joel Palmer
4370:Ezra Meeker
4365:Joseph Meek
4350:Asa Lovejoy
4310:Joseph Gale
4255:Ira Babcock
4199:Oregon City
4189:Meek Cutoff
4164:Fort Dalles
4139:Barlow Road
3701:John Clarke
3193:Stuart 1953
3181:Stuart 1953
3121:Stuart 1953
2884:Morris 2013
2852:Morris 2013
2430:Porter 1931
2313:Watson 2010
2280:Watson 2010
2268:Porter 1931
2256:Watson 2010
2206:Irving 1836
2194:Irving 1836
2161:Morton 1973
1948:War of 1812
1929:Liquidation
1866:War of 1812
1733:Camas bulbs
1584:Snake River
1576:St. Anthony
1554:Snake River
1504:Grand River
1446:Gros Ventre
1431:and single
1367:Manuel Lisa
1272:Wapato root
1169:and nearby
1015:Walla Walla
944:John Stuart
838:Baker’s Bay
796:Isaac Davis
772:purple yams
728:Port Egmont
615:Great Lakes
566:Long Island
343:War of 1812
317:Snake River
158:Area served
4544:Categories
4405:Levi Scott
4380:John Minto
4335:H.A.G. Lee
4320:David Hill
4260:Sam Barlow
4081:Cayuse War
3169:Ronda 1990
2736:Ronda 1990
2127:References
1977:Isaac Todd
1953:Union Jack
1923:South Pass
1544:Wind River
1528:Apsáalooke
1524:Cloud Peak
1496:Niitsitapi
1476:Niitsitapi
1433:Swivel gun
1344:St. Joseph
1324:Fort Osage
1175:Sea otters
992:the Dalles
948:confluence
936:Two-Spirit
860:people of
850:supercargo
808:Kalanimoku
788:breadfruit
784:watermelon
768:sugar cane
401:North West
364:California
352:South Pass
178:Key people
4570:Fur trade
4340:Jason Lee
4184:Linn City
4108:Modoc War
3801:Personnel
3777:John Reed
3145:Ross 1849
3104:Ross 1849
3087:Hunt 1973
3070:Hunt 1973
3053:Hunt 1973
3026:Hunt 1973
2760:Ross 1849
2623:Ross 1849
2606:Ross 1849
2577:Ross 1849
2562:Ross 1849
2451:Ross 1849
2386:Ross 1849
2356:Ross 1849
2182:Ross 1849
2132:Citations
1957:HMS
1919:Multnomah
1775:John Reed
1760:Astoria.
1729:mule deer
1706:John Reed
1459:Fort Lisa
1429:howitzers
1352:Missouria
1348:vermilion
1305:left for
1215:Oak Point
1106:nations.
1071:Secwepemc
1023:Nez Perce
999:Chinookan
938:from the
748:Cape Horn
627:voyageurs
558:Whitehall
512:Voyageurs
488:porcelain
468:Cape Horn
440:St. Louis
378:Formation
348:St. Louis
265:in 1811,
232:fur trade
126:Successor
64:Fur trade
4462:Columbia
4149:Champoeg
3889:Albatros
3813:John Day
3808:Ross Cox
3689:Partners
2105:See also
1911:Kamloops
1796:John Day
1792:Umatilla
1714:NiimĂipu
1600:portages
1512:Cheyenne
1444:and the
1369:and the
1311:bastions
1280:Chehalis
1240:fish run
1171:Quileute
1167:Quinault
1113:Comcomly
1104:Quinault
1100:Chehalis
1092:Comcomly
1035:Wenatchi
1011:Sahaptin
870:Quinault
792:Honolulu
780:coconuts
746:rounded
517:Montreal
492:nankeens
332:Montreal
254:and the
60:Industry
4490:Gazelle
4476:Canemah
4144:Canemah
3959:Ferries
3875:Tonquin
3848:Naukane
3603:3637703
3484:Astoria
2079:Astoria
1936:Tonquin
1907:Montana
1901:to the
1749:Tonquin
1725:Liksiyu
1520:Wyoming
1492:Montana
1488:Piikáni
1438:Arikara
1203:factory
1195:Alutiiq
1150:Cowlitz
1138:Clatsop
1047:Methows
996:Watlala
988:Naukane
940:Ktunaxa
904:Tonquin
866:Tonquin
846:Tonquin
842:Tonquin
834:estuary
830:Tonquin
819:Naukane
815:Kanakas
764:cabbage
744:Tonquin
720:Tonquin
700:Tonquin
683:Tonquin
654:Tonquin
546:Tonquin
522:Tonquin
426:to the
276:Tonquin
169:or the
145:Astoria
108: (
103:Defunct
93:Founder
82: (
80:, (1810
70:Founded
55:Private
4238:People
4129:Albina
4122:Places
4044:Events
3937:Topics
3882:Beaver
3745:Clerks
3601:
3540:
3509:
3460:
3442:
3424:
3368:
3339:
3319:
1985:Legacy
1968:Racoon
1959:Racoon
1944:Beaver
1899:Oregon
1890:Beaver
1870:Beaver
1862:Beaver
1858:Beaver
1838:Beaver
1830:Beaver
1805:Beaver
1589:Snakes
1442:Mandan
1425:Lakota
1302:Beaver
1142:Coalpo
1140:noble
1019:Cayuse
986:, and
665:, and
455:, and
368:Mormon
366:, and
360:Oregon
334:based
250:, the
246:, the
214:Parent
151:, U.S.
149:Oregon
3867:Ships
3599:JSTOR
1516:Bison
1484:Idaho
1418:Sioux
1405:Omaha
1384:Osage
1058:Syilx
956:Syilx
852:. At
810:. 24
708:Thorn
648:mouth
556:. At
3538:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3317:ISBN
2089:and
2068:The
1970:was
1828:The
1820:The
1803:The
1696:The
1377:and
1265:and
1254:and
1102:and
1021:and
934:, a
798:and
776:taro
718:the
698:The
681:The
673:and
552:and
494:and
438:, a
403:and
295:and
226:The
118:Fate
110:1813
106:1813
84:1810
78:U.S.
3591:doi
1913:in
1905:of
1897:of
1844:at
1338:in
1197:in
1185:on
496:tea
4546::
3597:,
3587:40
3585:,
3556:36
3554:,
3289:24
3287:,
3236:^
3111:^
3094:^
3077:^
3060:^
3033:^
3016:^
2995:^
2952:^
2935:^
2920:^
2903:^
2876:^
2859:^
2808:^
2791:^
2698:^
2657:^
2642:^
2613:^
2596:^
2569:^
2494:^
2477:^
2458:^
2437:^
2422:^
2393:^
2378:^
2363:^
2320:^
2287:^
2228:^
2213:^
2168:^
2139:^
2101:.
1708:,
1550:.
1440:,
1250:,
1246:,
1229:A
1205:.
1115:.
1017:,
982:,
978:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
766:,
754:.
490:,
451:,
447:,
362:,
299:.
291:,
258:.
193:,
189:,
185:,
147:,
76:,
3924:e
3917:t
3910:v
3633:e
3626:t
3619:v
3593::
2223:.
1850:â‚˝
1651:4
1648:1
1628:.
572::
112:)
88:)
86:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.