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598:, a dime novelist who was Rynders' chief assistant. Buntline and his followers had set up relays to bombard the theater with stones, and fought running battles with the police. They and others inside tried (but failed) to set fire to the building, many of the anti-Macready ticket-holders having been screened and prevented from coming inside in the first place. The audience was in a state of siege; nonetheless, Macready finished the play, again in "
688:, away from the working-class precincts and the rowdiness of the Bowery. Nevertheless, the creators of that theater learned at least one lesson from the riot and the demise of the Astor Opera House: the new venue was less strictly divided by class than the old one had been. Though Forrest's reputation was badly damaged, his heroic style of acting can be seen in the matinee idols of early Hollywood and performers such as
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370:
439:, it was ironic that both were famous as Shakespearean actors: in an America that had yet to establish its own theatrical traditions, one way to prove its cultural prowess was to do Shakespeare as well as the British, and even to claim that Shakespeare, had he been alive at the time, would have been, at heart at least, an American.
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Many of those killed were innocent bystanders, and almost all of the casualties were from the working class; seven of the dead were Irish immigrants. Dozens of injured and dead were laid out in nearby saloons and shops, and the next morning mothers and wives combed the streets and morgues for their loved ones.
332:
In the early- to mid-19th century, the
American theatre was dominated by British actors and managers. The rise of Edwin Forrest as the first American star and the fierce partisanship of his supporters was an early sign of a home-grown American entertainment business. The riot had been brewing for 80
324:
In the first half of the 19th century, theatre as entertainment was a mass phenomenon, and theatres were the main gathering places in most towns and cities. As a result, star actors amassed an immensely loyal following, comparable to modern celebrities or sports stars. At the same time, audiences had
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The promptness of the authorities in calling out the armed forces and the unwavering steadiness with which the citizens obeyed the order to fire on the assembled mob, was an excellent advertisement to the
Capitalists of the old world, that they might send their property to New York and rely upon the
623:
reported: "As one window after another cracked, the pieces of bricks and paving stones rattled in on the terraces and lobbies, the confusion increased, till the Opera House resembled a fortress besieged by an invading army rather than a place meant for the peaceful amusement of civilized community."
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a few blocks to the west. Forrest's muscular frame and impassioned delivery were deemed admirably "American" by his working-class fans, especially compared to
Macready's more subdued and genteel style. Wealthier theatergoers, to avoid mingling with the immigrants and the Five Points crowd, had built
447:
Macready and
Forrest each toured the other's country twice before the riot broke out. On Macready's second visit to America, Forrest had taken to pursuing him around the country and appearing in the same plays to challenge him. Given the tenor of the time, most newspapers supported the "home-grown"
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Fearing they had lost control of the city, the authorities called out the troops, who arrived at 9:15, only to be jostled, attacked, and injured. Finally, the soldiers lined up and, after unheard warnings, opened fire, first into the air and then several times at point blank range into the crowd.
695:
According to Cliff, the riots furthered the process of class alienation and segregation in New York City and
America; as part of that process, the entertainment world separated into "respectable" and "working-class" orbits. As professional actors gravitated to respectable theaters and vaudeville
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which was attended by thousands, with speakers crying out for revenge against the authorities whose actions they held responsible for the fatalities. During the melée, a young boy was killed. An angry crowd headed up
Broadway toward Astor Place and fought running battles with mounted troops from
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was a fervent backer of
Forrest and had been one of those behind the mobilization against Macready on May 7. He was determined to embarrass the newly ensconced Whig powers, and distributed handbills and posters in saloons and restaurants across the city, inviting working men and patriots to show
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to a grinding halt by throwing at the stage rotten eggs, potatoes, apples, lemons, shoes, bottles of stinking liquid, and ripped up seats. The performers persisted in the face of hissing, groans, and cries of "Shame, shame!" and "Down with the codfish aristocracy!", but were forced to perform in
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and loudly hissed him. For his part, Macready had announced that
Forrest was without "taste". The ensuing scandal followed Macready on his third and last trip to America, where half the carcass of a dead sheep was thrown at him on the stage. The climate worsened when Forrest instigated divorce
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A class struggle between those groups who largely supported
Forrest, and the largely Anglophile upper classes, who supported Macready. The two actors became figureheads for Britain and the United States, and their rivalry came to encapsulate two opposing views about the future of American
337:, when an entire theatre was torn apart while British actors were performing on stage. British actors touring around the United States had found themselves the focus of often violent anti-British anger, because of their prominence and the lack of other visiting targets.
481:(the working-class entertainment area). With its dress code of kid gloves and white vests, the very existence of the Astor Opera House was taken as a provocation by populist Americans for whom the theater was traditionally the gathering place for all classes.
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pantomime, as they could not make themselves heard over the crowd. Meanwhile, at
Forrest's May 7 performance, the audience rose and cheered when Forrest spoke Macbeth's line "What rhubarb, senna or what purgative drug will scour these English hence?"
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A dispute between Macready, who had the reputation as the greatest British actor of his generation, and Forrest, the first real American theatrical star. Their friendship became a virulent theatrical rivalry, in part because of the poisonous
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Astor Opera House did not survive its reputation as the "Massacre Opera House" at "DisAstor Place," as burlesques and minstrel shows called it. It began another season, but soon gave up the ghost, the building eventually going to the
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star Forrest. On Forrest's second visit to London, he was less popular than on his first trip, and he could only explain it to himself by deciding that Macready had maneuvered against him. He went to a performance of Macready playing
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After his disastrous performance, Macready announced his intention to leave for Britain on the next boat, but he was persuaded to stay and perform again by a petition signed by 47 well-heeled New Yorkers – including authors
536:– who informed the actor that "the good sense and respect for order prevailing in this community will sustain you on the subsequent nights of your performance." On May 10, Macready once again took the stage as Macbeth.
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A growing sense of cultural alienation from Britain among mainly working-class Americans, along with Irish immigrants; though nativist Americans were hostile to Irish immigrants, both found a common cause against the
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at the Opera House, which had opened itself to less elevated entertainment, unable to survive on a full season of opera, and was operating with the name "Astor Place Theatre". Forrest was scheduled to perform
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Between 22 and 31 rioters were killed, and 48 were wounded. Fifty to 70 policemen were injured. Of the militia, 141 were injured by the various missiles. Three judges presided over a related trial, including
419:. The question of who was the greater actor became a notorious bone of contention in the British and, particularly, the American media, which filled columns with discussions of their respective merits.
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and left between 22 and 31 rioters dead, and more than 120 people injured. It was the deadliest to that date of a number of civic disturbances in Manhattan, which generally pitted immigrants and
567:, a total of 350 men who would be added to the 100 policemen outside the theater in support of the 150 inside. Additional policemen were assigned to protect the homes in the area of the city's "
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their feelings about the British, asking "Shall Americans or English Rule This City?" Free tickets were handed out to Macready's May 10 show, as well as plans for where people should deploy.
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always treated theaters as places to make their feelings known, not just towards the actors, but towards their fellow theatergoers of different classes or political persuasions, and theatre
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356:, miners whiled away the harsh winter months by sitting around campfires and acting out Shakespeare's plays from memory; his words were well known throughout every stratum of society.
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By the time the play opened at 7:30 as scheduled, up to 10,000 people filled the streets around the theater. One of the most prominent among those who supported Forrest's cause was
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On May 7, 1849, three nights before the riot, Forrest's supporters bought hundreds of tickets to the top level of the Astor Opera House, and brought Macready's performance of
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proceedings against his English wife for immoral conduct, and the verdict came down against Forrest on the day that Macready arrived in New York for his farewell tour.
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houses responded by mounting skits on "serious" Shakespeare, Shakespeare was gradually removed from popular culture into a new category of highbrow entertainment.
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and the American Committee (also known as the Order of United Americans) and handed out prior to, and complicit in instigating, the Astor Place riot.
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Rioters at the Astor Place Opera House on the night of the riot. In the foreground is the New York Militia firing upon rioters.
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The city's elite were unanimous in their praise of the authorities for taking a hard line against the rioters. Publisher
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The riot resulted in the largest number of civilian casualties due to military action in the United States since the
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mayor, that there was not sufficient manpower to quell a serious riot, and Woodhull called out the militia. General
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Forrest's connections were substantial with working people and the gangs of New York: he had made his debut at the
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certainty that it would be safe from the clutches of red republicanism, or chartists, or communionists [
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probably called the Earth "Shakespeare." Shakespeare's plays were not just the favorites of the educated: in
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can be ascribed to the Bard's reputation in the 19th century as the icon of English culture.
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behind improvised barricades, but this time the authorities quickly got the upper hand.
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Account of the Terrific and Fatal Riot at the New-York Astor Place Opera House
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The Shakespeare Riots: Revenge, Drama, and Death in Nineteenth-Century America
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against each other, or together against the wealthy who controlled the city's
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1281:. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. Vol. 10. Cambridge:
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on the same night, only a few blocks away at the huge Broadway Theater.
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Highbrow/lowbrow : the emergence of cultural hierarchy in America
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deals mainly with the events surrounding and leading up to the riot.
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The roots of the riot were multifold, but had three main strands:
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The fact that both Forrest and Macready were specialists in
2254:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
278:, one of the best-known American actors of that time, and
1347:"When New York City Rioted Over Hamlet Being Too British"
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of American Shakespearean actors whose members included
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On the other side, similar preparations took place.
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755:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
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627:The next night, May 11, a meeting was called in
247:occurred on May 10, 1849, at the now-demolished
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1341:(1849) by H.M. Ranney at the Internet Archive.
968:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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715:The riot was featured in a 2006 episode of
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1225:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
602:", and only then slipped out in disguise.
348:, for instance, wrote in his journal that
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2320:Riots and civil disorder in New York City
2259:Mass racial violence in the United States
1161:"Remembering New York City's Opera Riots"
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329:were not a rare occurrence in New York.
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760:United Kingdom–United States relations
27:1849 theatre-related riot in Manhattan
1345:Kellem, Betsy Golden (19 July 2017).
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736:. This novel tells the story of the
539:On the day of the riot, police chief
417:Anglo-American relations of the 1840s
7:
1136:"War of Hams Where the Stage Is All"
500:Macready was scheduled to appear in
1398:in the history of the United States
1279:John Barrymore, Shakespearean Actor
2221:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
865:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 761–766
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2209:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
1075:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1046:The Encyclopedia of New York City
613:Fight between rioters and militia
2290:1849 crimes in the United States
1941:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
1811:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
1724:New York anti-abolitionist riots
1610:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
390:
368:
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2058:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
1134:Rich, Frank (17 January 1992).
649:, who pressed for convictions.
136:New York City Police Department
1355:. The Smithsonian Institution.
1331:New International Encyclopedia
647:New York Court of Common Pleas
1:
2215:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
1486:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
1325:"Astor Place Riot, The"
1277:Morrison, Michael A. (1999).
141:7th New York Militia Regiment
1853:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1829:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
1581:Gloucester County Conspiracy
962:Levine, Lawrence W. (1988).
787:Staff (September 20, 1899).
1834:Philadelphia nativist riots
1563:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
1491:New York Conspiracy of 1741
674:New York Mercantile Library
2336:
2082:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
2033:Marais des Cygnes massacre
2027:Battles of Franklin's Fort
1880:1811 German Coast uprising
1557:Philadelphia Election riot
1315:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1283:Cambridge University Press
1186:Fowler, Karen Joy (2022).
1038:Gilge, Paul A. "Riots" in
571:", the wealthy and elite.
272:American Revolutionary War
2300:19th century in Manhattan
2151:New York City draft riots
2134:New York City Police riot
2116:Detroit race riot of 1863
892:Cliff, pp. 13–18, 260–263
728:The riot is mentioned in
667:] of any description.
541:George Washington Matsell
333:or more years, since the
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155:
127:
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38:Part of the Theatre Riots
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2280:1849 in New York (state)
2175:Cincinnati riots of 1855
1858:1831 Snow Town race riot
1775:Cincinnati riots of 1841
1770:Cincinnati riots of 1836
1765:Cincinnati riots of 1829
1309:"Astor Place Riot"
1078:"Astor Place Riot"
710:Two Shakespearean Actors
280:William Charles Macready
2170:Cincinnati riot of 1853
1230:Oxford University Press
922:Cliff, pp. 150–164, 176
471:Astor Place Opera House
431:According to historian
350:beings on other planets
335:Stamp Act riots of 1765
305:40.729999°N 73.991244°W
100:40.729999°N 73.991244°W
2295:1840s in New York City
2087:Baltimore riot of 1861
1885:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1805:Philadelphia race riot
1694:Abolition Riot of 1836
1688:Ursuline Convent riots
1084:Encyclopedia Americana
789:"Charles P. Daly Dead"
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561:Washington Square Park
555:assembled the state's
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464:neighborhood of lower
156:Commanders and leaders
2180:Battle of Fort Fizzle
2110:Detroit brothel riots
2003:Pottawatomie massacre
1532:War of the Regulation
1496:Battle of Golden Hill
1051:Yale University Press
874:Cliff, pp. 8, 125–129
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473:near the junction of
437:The Shakespeare Riots
310:40.729999; -73.991244
217:Casualties and losses
119:Riot crushed by force
105:40.729999; -73.991244
2233:Southern bread riots
2146:Buffalo riot of 1862
2021:Battle of Osawatomie
2015:Battle of Fort Titus
2009:Battle of Black Jack
1760:1792 Cincinnati riot
1593:Chesapeake rebellion
1520:Culpeper's Rebellion
1352:Smithsonian Magazine
1112:, pp. xii, 177.
1014:Staff (11 May 1849)
680:, farther uptown at
643:Charles Patrick Daly
354:gold rush California
227:70 Policemen injured
167:Caleb Smith Woodhull
2039:Battle of the Spurs
1997:Sacking of Lawrence
1897:Baltimore bank riot
1823:Lombard Street riot
1480:Leisler's Rebellion
1124:, pp. 263–265.
1041:Jackson, Kenneth T.
913:, pp. 133–137.
825:Cliff, pp. 241, 245
816:Cliff, pp. 228, 241
346:Ralph Waldo Emerson
301: /
224:141 Militia injured
183:Charles W. Sandford
172:Police Commissioner
96: /
1730:Flour riot of 1837
1538:Battle of Alamance
1502:1788 doctors' riot
1429:1689 Boston revolt
1140:The New York Times
1029:Cliff, pp. 234–239
1005:Cliff, pp. 209–233
996:Cliff, pp. 196–199
949:Cliff, pp. 165–184
931:Cliff, pp. xiv–xvi
901:Cliff, pp. 120–121
797:The New York Times
732:, a 2022 novel by
700:In popular culture
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2140:Dead Rabbits riot
2105:1849 Detroit riot
2063:Portland Rum Riot
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1799:Fries's Rebellion
1793:Whiskey Rebellion
1699:Broad Street Riot
1640:
1639:
1587:Bacon's Rebellion
1434:Boston bread riot
1269:978-0-345-48694-3
1216:Burrows, Edwin G.
742:John Wilkes Booth
654:James Watson Webb
645:, a judge on the
545:Caleb S. Woodhull
534:Washington Irving
249:Astor Opera House
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180:Brigadier General
175:George W. Matsell
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1991:Wakarusa War
1845:Rhode Island
1817:Buckshot War
1785:Pennsylvania
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1549:Pennsylvania
1446:
1440:Knowles Riot
1407:Colonial era
1395:civil unrest
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1260:Random House
1258:. New York:
1253:
1248:Cliff, Nigel
1228:. New York:
1223:
1209:Bibliography
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1169:. Retrieved
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1143:. Retrieved
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584:Tammany Hall
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494:Ned Buntline
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402:John Jackson
384:Mathew Brady
339:
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244:
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233:22-31 killed
128:Belligerents
2305:Astor Place
2199:(1853–1854)
2112:(1855–1859)
1987:(1854–1861)
1943:(1851–1856)
1865:(1841–1842)
1801:(1799–1800)
1795:(1791–1794)
1737:(1839–1845)
1718:Eggnog riot
1534:(1765–1771)
1482:(1689–1691)
1463:(1786–1787)
1436:(1710–1713)
1400:(1607–1865)
682:15th Street
462:Five Points
433:Nigel Cliff
342:Shakespeare
308: /
284:Shakespeare
204:350 Militia
103: /
2285:1849 riots
2274:Categories
1927:California
1190:. Putnam.
1122:Cliff 2007
1098:Cliff 2007
1060:0300055366
911:Cliff 2007
803:2009-03-01
766:References
547:, the new
320:Background
296:73°59′28″W
293:40°43′48″N
236:48 wounded
91:73°59′28″W
88:40°43′48″N
1918:1849–1865
1903:Snow Riot
1663:Honey War
1646:1789–1849
1412:1776–1789
600:dumb show
569:uppertens
543:informed
466:Manhattan
257:nativists
253:Manhattan
212:c. 10,000
2126:New York
2097:Michigan
2074:Maryland
1952:Illinois
1710:New York
1573:Virginia
1472:New York
1250:(2007).
1222:(1999).
984:17804284
749:See also
708:'s play
490:handbill
475:Broadway
427:culture.
423:British.
197:Strength
189:Captain
66:Location
2310:Macbeth
2247:Related
1447:Liberty
1334:. 1905.
1318:. 1921.
1165:NPR.org
656:wrote:
565:hussars
520:Macbeth
507:Macbeth
502:Macbeth
360:Genesis
265:militia
151:Rioters
2235:(1863)
2229:(1862)
2223:(1859)
2217:(1858)
2211:(1857)
2205:(1855)
2190:Others
2182:(1863)
2153:(1863)
2142:(1857)
2136:(1857)
2065:(1855)
2041:(1859)
2035:(1856)
2029:(1856)
2023:(1856)
2017:(1856)
2011:(1856)
2005:(1856)
1999:(1856)
1993:(1855)
1977:Kansas
1968:(1864)
1962:(1855)
1937:(1850)
1905:(1835)
1899:(1835)
1893:(1833)
1887:(1831)
1873:Others
1836:(1844)
1825:(1842)
1819:(1838)
1813:(1838)
1807:(1834)
1743:(1849)
1726:(1834)
1720:(1826)
1701:(1837)
1690:(1834)
1671:(1840)
1665:(1839)
1633:(1772)
1627:(1772)
1625:affair
1623:Gaspee
1618:(1739)
1612:(1689)
1603:Others
1595:(1730)
1589:(1677)
1583:(1663)
1559:(1742)
1540:(1771)
1528:(1711)
1522:(1677)
1498:(1770)
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1449:affair
1442:(1747)
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479:Bowery
450:Hamlet
261:police
116:Result
2050:Maine
1391:Riots
1188:Booth
1171:9 May
1145:9 May
792:(PDF)
771:Notes
730:Booth
327:riots
164:Mayor
2162:Ohio
1752:Ohio
1655:Iowa
1393:and
1287:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1218:and
1192:ISBN
1173:2021
1147:2021
1055:ISBN
980:OCLC
970:ISBN
684:and
617:The
549:Whig
532:and
513:Riot
469:the
243:The
147:Pro-
58:Date
723:NPR
721:on
664:sic
559:in
435:in
382:by
251:in
2276::
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1312:.
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1163:.
1138:.
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1053:.
978:.
954:^
830:^
794:.
779:^
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488:A
378:,
267:.
77:,
73:,
1409:/
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
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1149:.
1087:.
1063:.
986:.
806:.
744:.
725:.
286:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
