Pacific Fur Company - Knowledge (XXG)

1226: 902:. The terrain and thick forests made clearing a foundation exceedingly difficult. Late in the month, McDougall reported that there was "little progress in clearing, the place being so full of half decayed trunks, large fallen timber & thick brush." No one among the party had previous experience in the logging industry and many hadn't used an axe before in general. Trees had a layer of hardened resin and were of a massive size. Four men worked as a team on platforms at least eight feet above the ground to effectively cut a tree, with it taking typically two days for a single tree to be felled. Medical issues quickly became another major issue for the party as there was not a single medical officer among the passengers brought on the 1618: 1274:. Wapato provided a common source of calories for Chinookans and other nations. The Astorians described the tuber as "a good substitute for potatoes" Purchases of Wapato occurred in such volumes that a small cellar had to be created specifically to house the produce. Other typical purchases from Chinookans included manufactured goods. In particular woven hats were frequently bought for protection against the seasonal rains. These hats were tightly interwoven, making them essentially waterproof. Of benefit to the Astorians was that they were typically wide enough to cover the shoulders. Ross described the common artwork depicted them as "chequered" with various animal designs that were "not painted, but ingeniously interwoven." 389: 1693: 1559: 1603:

arose due to dwindling food stockpiles. By 31 October there was enough provisions to last for five days. In early November there were not many animals in the area to gather for food, the few that were caught by the hunting parties were beaver. The traveling partners agreed to end travel by canoe, finding the mode of transportation too difficult continue using. Hunt ordered several groups go in various directions to contact neighboring Indigenous for material support. In the meantime the PFC expedition began to deposit its trade goods in small caches to lighten the workload of the men.

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the night. A skirmish arose at sunrise between arriving Wascos and Reed, who was defending several bales of goods with one man. After being grievously injured, Reed lost the box containing the dispatches. Additional PFC arrived at the scene and two natives were reportedly killed in the struggle. The Chinookans returned in larger numbers and armed several hours later. To avoid more bloodshed Stuart was able to negotiate a settlement with the aggrieved families. In return for a reported six blankets and tobacco, the Astorians were able to continue their journey up the Columbia.

2016: 1817: 4036: 374:. The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons, including the loss of two supply ships, the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company. Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that "The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great, but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders." 1471: 537: 887: 1088: 1396: 2000: 38: 921: 470:. The venture was planned on methods used in the AFC for the collection of fur pelts. Complements of employees (later called "Astorians") would operate in various parts of the region to complete trapping excursions. Outposts maintained by the PFC would be freighted necessary foodstuffs and supplies by annual cargo ships from New York City. Trade goods such as beads, blankets, and copper would be exchanged with the 1881: 2032: 695: 2077:. In a short time the HBC controlled the majority of the fur trade across the Pacific Northwest. This was done in a manner that "the Americans were forced to acknowledge that Astor's dream" of a multi-continent economic web "had been realized... by his enterprising and far-sighted competitors." The PFC held additional influence on the region in some particular and subtle ways. The book 597: 1061:

were taken to land on 1 September and work soon began on Fort Okanogan. A residence crafted from driftwood acquired from the Okanogan River. While construction of the post was ongoing, four men that included Pillet were detailed to inform the progress of inland trade. The party arrived back at the company headquarters on 11 October and gave its favorable report.

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any of Hunt's party were harmed he'd take it as an offense against him as well. In setting the standard rate for purchasing horses, "carbines, powder, ball, tomahawks knives" were in high demand as the Arikara were planning an attack upon the Sioux. Lisa and Hunt made a deal allowing for Hunt's boats to be exchanged for additional horses, kept at

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demonstrations. This fear by the natives convinced the Astorians that "they are not friendly disposed towards us..." having "a desire to harm us." According to Jones, this "latent distrust" of Chinookans by Astorians from this incident was probably unfounded, as they entered the post "for an innocent purpose" and were frightened by the drills.

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easy descent to the river banks for water. Sources of hydration became very limited and despite intercourse with several groups of Indigenous the situation didn't improve. Water was collected on 20 November after it rained the previous night. Up to that point "several Canadians had begun to drink their urine" in desperation.

1917:. The movement of workers to their assigned locales began in late June. Robert Stuart led a party bound for St. Louis to send information to Astor as Reed had attempted earlier in the year. His group was composed two French-Canadians and four Americans. John Day became afflicted by mental instability and Stuart paid several 1720:, was found and brought along with the party. They finally arrived at Fort Astoria on 18 January 1812. The party was described as clothed in "nothing but fluttering rags." While waiting for the main contingent under Hunt to arrive, the men informed the personnel of the overland journey's progress from St. Louis. 434:. Capital for the PFC amounted to $ 200,000 divided into 100 shares individually valued at $ 2,000 and was funded entirely by Astor. The American Fur Company held half of the stock and the other half divided among prospective management and clerks. The chief representative of Astor in the daily operations was 528:

later on. PFC contracts were atypically favorable for hired men when compared to its Montreal competitors. Terms included a forty percent larger annual salary, double the cash advanced prior to departure and a length of service lasting five years, rather than the more common two or three year employment.

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Chinookans were highly important in company explorations of the Pacific Coast. In particular, they were instrumental in finding a suitable location for what became Fort Astoria. In early April 1811 McDougall and David Stuart visited Comcomly, who advised them not to return to the Columbia River as it

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throughout September and October. These were recorded on the company ledger and particular purchases been argued as the men collecting goods to trade with various Indigenous nations they would visit. In particular, these negotiations by the French-Canadians have been thought to be steps towards later

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to bring much needed provisions. By cooperating with Russian colonial authorities to strengthen their material presence in Russian America, it was hoped by Astor to stop the NWC or any other British presence to be established upon the Pacific Coast. A tentative agreement for merchant vessels owned by

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visited Fort Astoria. In dialogue with them McDougall inquired why they would rarely directly trade with the PFC. The Chehalis merchants responded that Chinooks affiliated with Comcomly claimed that the Astorians were "very inveterate against their nation." McDougall concluded this story was used by

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Stuart led Montigny and two other men to follow the course of the Okanogan, leaving only Ross at the post. As promised, the Syilx provided security for the station, frequently alerting Ross when intruders from other nations came near. Despite planning on exploring the Okanogan watershed for a month,

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During a NWC shareholder meeting in July 1814, the partners declared that the sale "greatly facilitated the getting out of the Country our competitors the American Fur Company. They also concluded that the sale of Astoria and other PFC properties gave "considerable" advancements for their company.

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was relayed to the Astorians at Fort Spokane, information that Donald McKenzie brought to Fort Astoria in January 1813. As Franchere recalled, a council of clerks and management noted that the Astorians were "almost to a man British subjects", forcing them to agree to "abandon the establishment" of

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left Fort Astoria under supplied and heavily reliant upon neighboring Chinookans for sustenance. Competition from the interior based North West Company threatened to the loss of major fur producing Oregon Country regions. The Overland Expedition would arrive many months later than planned by Astor.

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was to retrieve the caches left by Hunt near Fort Henry. To complete several of the necessary portages at the Dalles, Wascos were hired to help freight the trade goods. Two bales of trade goods and later some personal items were however stolen. Stuart ordered his men to complete the portages during

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and her two children on six canoes. McDougall was apprehensive about feeding all these additional people, a sentiment Franchère shared, as the post had recently faced issues with provisions. Due to seasonal salmon runs harvested by various Chinookans however, there was a sizable food supply at Fort

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Additional services tendered was the relaying information from more distant peoples to the Astorians. Reports were circulated by them in late April 1811 of a trade post maintained by white men in the interior. This was correctly conjectured by PFC employees to be their NWC rivals, later found to be

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Thirteen men signed contracts in Montreal to join Hunt on the journey to the Pacific coast by land. Notably only one had previously operated under a contract lasting longer than a year. The generous cash advancements were taken advantage by three men who deserted before Hunt and the remaining group

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The customary time for free agents to be sent into the interior from Montreal was in May, leaving few men left in the city available for hire. The recruitment effort stalled in part from the bitter treatment by the NWC and Hunt's lack of prior experience as a fur merchant, the source of many issues

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were there them, exhausted from several months of tribulations. Wandering over a large area, the two men at one point received the help of an Umatilla noble, Yeck-a-tap-am, who "in particular treated us like a father." After being robbed by another band of Natives, Crooks and Day were able to find

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due to these fierce currents. Over course of the remainder of September through early November, four incidents of canoes capsizing killed one man meant major losses in trade goods and food supplies. In addition to the hardships caused from attempting to follow the course of the Snake more problems

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or so called "Mad River" to the Columbia. This was done as it felt no longer necessary to travel with pack horses, a decision that would soon cause more issues for the party. On the 10th, four men and two Natives under the command of Joseph Miller departed to begin trapping in the area. The horses

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intervening. After this incident the rival fur companies refrained from interacting and camped on opposite sides of the Missouri River. Despite this, Lisa and Hunt led their parties north towards an Arikara village and reached it on 12 June. In a council with local leadership Lisa declared that if

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warriors. McKay was able to request a parlay, during which the Cowlitz stated they were armed for combat against the nearby Skilloot Chinookan village near the river mouth. Reaching the Dalles on 10 May, no trade station was found at the important fishery. Due to Coalpo's fear of reprisal from his

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Diplomatic relationships with the Chinookan villages near the Columbia were critical for the viability of Fort Astoria. Scholars have affirmed that the American company and its "economic success depended on mutually beneficial economic exchanges with Indian groups... who controlled trade." Many of

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were encountered. Prominent members of the nation entreated the fur traders to reside among their people, proclaiming "themselves to be always be our friends, to kill us plenty of beavers, to furnish us at all times with provisions, and to ensure our protection and safety." The cargo of the canoes

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to reach Fort Astoria ahead of the main contingent. All that remained in the company stores was "forty pounds of corn, twenty of fat, and nearly five pounds of bouillon tablets." On 9 November the two groups began traveling on either side of the Snake. Soon the cliffs became too steep to allow an

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Chinookans near Fort Astoria employed various means of retaining their valuable middle man position between various neighboring Indigenous peoples and the PFC. Additional tactics involved manipulating the perception neighboring Natives had of the American company. In August 1811, a small party of

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In June 1812, the number of men at Fort Astoria were reduced to 11 Hawaiians and 39 European descendants. Fear of attack by Chinookans was high and drills were directed by McDougall frequently. A delegation of Chinookans visited Fort Astoria on 2 July quickly left after witnessing these military

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It wasn't always that the Astorians, especially McDougall trusted Comcomly or Chinookans in general. His judgment of them, despite eventually marrying a daughter of Comcomly was that they were often ready to attack the fort. In particular Jones noted that he "seems to place implicit faith in any

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However, Chinookans were not always willing to help Astorians in visiting distant locations. This was a means of delaying the Astorians from making commercial connections with Indigenous peoples on the Upper Columbia. One particular incident has been described by historian Robert F. Jones as "an

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Funds provided by Astor established several major trading stations across the Pacific Northwest. While intended to gain control of the regional fur trade, the Pacific Fur Company would ultimately flounder. This came from a variety of issues, many caused by the tumultuous diplomatic relationship

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established a "joint occupancy" of the Pacific Northwest between the United States and the United Kingdom was confirmed, each nation agreeing not to inhibit the activities of each other's citizens. During 1821, the British Government ordered the NWC to be merged in their long time rivals, the

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The conflict raised security concerns of crossing into further Indigenous nations, forcing the three parties to all travel to Fort Okanogan. Arriving there on the 24th of April, the clerks, voyageurs and trappers departed for Fort Astoria on the 29th, leaving Alexander Ross and two men at the

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As the leader of the expedition Hunt would make a number of decisions which were disastrous. The movement of Hunt's group has been described as "a company of traders forging westward in haphazard fashion." He ordered the expedition to leave St. Louis just before the winter to reduce company

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were loaded with powder and fired to intimidate the Sioux bands. The artillery were then loaded with live ammunition, but the Sioux across the river began to "spread their buffalo robes before them, and moved them side to side." Dorion stopped the firing of the armaments a second time, as he

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with him to the Nodaway camp, as previously agreed upon. The party left St. Louis on 12 March and reached Fort Osage on the 8th of April. Early into the travel Dorion physically abused his wife and caused her to flee for a day. At the station Ramsay Crooks was waiting for them and the group

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of the Columbia River. Necessary trade goods for deals with Indigenous and needed supplies to establish the station were shipped on the same vessel In addition to beginning the company headquarters, this party would block any attempts by the NWC to create a station in the area. The ship

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was then quite tumultuous. The two men didn't listen and shortly afterward their canoe capsized in the river. The "timely succor" of Comcomly and his villagers ensured the partners were saved before they drowned. After recuperating there for three days, they returned to the PFC camp.

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territory, Stuart failed establish favorable relations with them. Watlala men performed several military displays and stole a small amount of goods. Naukane agreed to join the NWC shortly after this episode and the two parties separated. Stuart was able to secure the protection of

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further up the Missouri River. Crooks was sent with a small group to fetch the horses and while they reached Fort Lisa on the 23rd, they had to wait until the 25th for Lisa to arrive to finalize the transaction. The party left the following day and returned south to Hunt's camp.

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After the men were finally gathered in early August, Hunt and the party departed for St. Louis and arrived there on 3 September. The hired voyageurs and fur trappers completed many transactions with various merchants in St. Louis and in the nearby French-Canadian settlement of

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Consistently small stockpiles of foodstuffs at Fort Astoria created the need for frequent transactions with Chinookans for sustenance. Seasonal fish runs provided the major nutritional sources for the Columbian River-based Natives. After ceremonial rituals during each major

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made management consider "grander schemes" for the summer. New establishments would be created to challenge the NWC across the region in addition to pursuing trading expeditions among various Indigenous nations. A total of almost 60 men were directed to locations from the

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on 15 July. Thompson later stated that his group "set off on a voyage down the Columbia River to explore this river in order to open out a passage for the interior trade with the Pacific Ocean." The competing fur traders were cordially received at Astoria.

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nations at the time were typically unreceptive to trespass from European descendants and made a showing of military force against the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This changed Hunt's plans, who according determined it best to avoid the Niitsitapi peoples.

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in February 1811. Due to the possibility of men abandoning their posts to live in the tropical islands, Thorn assembled all of the crew and PFC employees to harass them to remain on the ship. Commercial transactions with Hawaiians saw the crew purchasing

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throughout May to July 1810. Hunt was designated to lead the Overland Expedition, despite his inexperience in dealing with Indigenous cultures, or residing in the wilderness. It was suggested that Hunt instead trade positions with McKay and travel on the

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forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC. While the transactions were not finalized until 1814, due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City, the company was functionally defunct by 1813. A party of Astorians returning overland to

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Fort Astoria and its secondary stations. A British warship was learned from NWC clerks to be en route to capture the station. The PFC management agreed to sell its assets across the Oregon Country, formalized on 23 October 1813 with the raising of the

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arrived on the Columbia, delivering much-needed supplies to Fort George. She then sailed on to China, and England. She carried some PFC personnel, many of whom were former employees of the NWC, back to England, from where they returned to Montreal.

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Crooks reunited with Hunt's party in early December alone. Crooks was so weakened from starvation that his pace would have slowed the expedition immensely. Hunt left two men to tend to Crooks while the main group pushed forward. Several villages of

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village in early May. Active commercial transactions were completed there, with Omaha merchants offering "jerked buffalo meat, tallow, corn, and marrow" for vermilion, beads and tobacco carrots. Bradbury detailed that the Omaha village had plots of

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businessman with no outback experience who received five shares. Each working partner was assigned four shares with the remaining shares held in reserve for hired clerks. Fellow partners in the venture were recruited from the NWC, the members being

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On 3 June, employees of the Missouri Fur Company under the command of Manuel Lisa were encountered on the Missouri River. Lisa reminded Dorion of his pending debt to the company, and a duel between the two men was narrowly averted by Bradbury and

734:. The stranded men were taken on board after Robert Stuart threatened to kill Thorn. Communication between company workers was no longer held in English to keep the captain excluded from discussions. Company partners held talks in their ancestral 1534:"We spent the first day of September buying some robes and belts and trading our tired, maimed horses for fresh ones... thereby augmenting the number of our horses to about 121, most of which were well-trained and able to cross the mountains." 1448:. Hunt explained that the expedition intended to travel to the Pacific Ocean and they had no interest in the neighboring Indigenous groups. This was found to be acceptable by the Sioux leaders, and the PFC was allowed to depart further north. 1225: 1160:

Despite not finding the NWC post, management at Fort Astoria soon became "anxious to acquire a knowledge of the country & the prospects of trade... within our reach". On 6 June 1811, Robert Stuart went north on a tour of western

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were not found in large numbers around Fort Astoria. This made them another important source of trade for the Chinookans when visiting the PFC station. Another frequent item sold when fish supplies were low in the winter was the

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Astor to ship furs gathered in Russian America into the Qing Empire was signed in 1812. Company ships then were directed to sail to the port of Guangzhou, where furs were then sold for impressive profits. Chinese products like

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were visited and vitally needed food sources such as horses along with "some dried fish, a few roots, and some pounded dried cherries" were purchased. A Shoshone was convinced to act as a scout to guide the PFC group to the

576:"We sang as we rowed; which, joined to the unusual sight of a birch bark canoe impelled by nine stout Canadians, dark as Indians, and as gayly adorned, attracted a crowd upon the wharves to gaze at us as we glided along." 430:, he incorporated an AFC subsidiary, the Pacific Fur Company. The commercial venture was originally designed to last for twenty years. Unlike its major competitor the Canadian owned NWC, the Pacific Fur Company was not a 1436:

understood this action by the Sioux meant they desired a parley. Peace talks were held and the Sioux explained that they had formed to prevent the PFC from trading with the neighboring nations they were at war with, the

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to staff company locations. Recruiting for the company's two expeditions were led by Wilson Hunt and Donald Mackenzie for the overland party and Alexander McKay for the naval bound group. All three men were based out of

1041:, who gave two horses to the fur traders as a gift in addition to several more being purchased. While passing through other Indigenous homelands the PFC continued financial dealings for food supplies. Members of the 1617: 1386:

acquaintances rather than continue with the expedition. The group reached the winter camp on the 17th. The overland group at this point amounted to almost sixty men, forty being French-Canadian voyageurs.

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visited the camp. The following day a delegation of Apsáalooke on horseback invited them to visit their nearby village. Hunt recalled the importance of mercantile deals with the Apsáalooke stating that:

564:. On 3 August they reached New York City, with the group's "hats decorated with parti-colored ribands and feathers..." causing some Americans to believe them to Natives. The following day lodgings at 2065:

Plans were considered to use the stations much in the same manner Astor meant, for trade with China. The Columbia also offered a less costly means of supplying the interior NWC posts in the region.

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and the fort was "put in readiness for an attack." Jones has pointed out that these movements of Indigenous was very likely a part of seasonal fishing, rather than a supposed hostile gathering.

1242:, trade for caught fish would begin in earnest with the Astorians. A constant task for Hawaiians would be to perform fisherman duties. Major fish populations active in the Columbia included the 898:, an "emporium of the west", began in the middle of April 1811. It was built upon Point George, the location being about 5 miles (8 km) from the Lewis and Clark Expedition winter camp of 1213:

was ordered to make a trading trip along the Columbia. Accompanied by a Chinook headman, they left Fort Astoria in late June 1811. Small trade deals were completed with Skilloots near modern

906:. This left treatments rudimentary at best. During the initial months on the Columbia River at any time upwards of half of the expedition was unable to perform manual labor due to illness. 638:

establishing themselves as independent traders in relatively unexploited fur regions. Most of the men in the Overland Party were engaged as hunters, interpreters, guides and voyageurs.

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To establish the fledgling PFC trade posts in the distant Oregon Country, Astor's plan called for an extensive movement of large groups of employees overland following the route of the

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rumors spread of a coming attack on Astoria in August 1812. There were large numbers of Chinookans and Chehalis near Comcomly's village at the time. This expedited construction on two

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was convinced to join the company and assisted in recruiting additional men. Over the sixteen days spent there, a total seventeen men were recruited to the concern with sixteen being

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the previous year. The remaining three horses of the party were used to purchase two canoes from Wasco merchants. Several portages were required on the Columbia, especially at the

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were provided during their stay. While exploring the area, Hunt found out from particular Liksiyu that there was an active white fur trader in the area. This would turn out to be

548:. The majority of the group remained in Montreal until late July, when they given directives to withdraw to New York City. A canoe provided transportation for the trip down the 4604: 1664: 261:

Management, clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810. The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the

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assaulted a local noble late in 1811. The clash would destroy the ship along with the entire crew, leaving Fort Astoria without extensive supplies until the following year.

1346:. French-Canadian employees made frequent purchases from the company store during the idle season, especially those hired at Michilimackinac. Small items like blue beads, 1888:

Failure to accomplish many of the tasks set for work the hinterland earlier in 1812 did not discourage the Astorians. The supplies and reinforcements brought aboard the

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The Columbia River was reached in March 1811. Despite stormy conditions, over several days Thorn ordered two boats dispatched to scout a safe route over the treacherous

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recuperated for two days. The group left Fort Osage on the 10th of April and during the day Dorion "severely beat his squaw" as Marie desired to stay with newly made

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on 9 May 1812. While stopping at the Kingdom of Hawaii, more men were recruited as Kanakas for the company. After unloading necessary supplies to the Fort, the

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and had around six hundred armed men. Tensions quickly arose between the two disparate groups and both took up positions by the Missouri River. The two company

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nation and the ship was destroyed. This put the occupants of Fort Astoria in a tough position, having no access to seaborne transport until the following year.

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A plaque marking the spot along the Snake River in modern Wyoming where Stuart's party had horses stolen from them by a Native raiding party in September 1812.

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In late March, three clerks in command of fourteen men were ordered to depart for the hinterlands. Robert Stuart was take needed trade goods to Fort Okanogan.

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was the second supply ship sent by Astor to the Pacific Coast, with Cornelius Sowle as its captain. It sailed from New York City in October 1811 and reached

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and other roles. Likely suggested by Crooks, interested men already hired by other companies would have their contracts purchased from their employers.

1258:. This dependence on fish made it a primary food source for the Astorians, which caused some discontent among employees desiring a more familiar diet. 4599: 4035: 1684:. On 23 December, thirteen men assigned to Crooks party were met who gave the unfortunate news that they hadn't seen him since he left Hunt's group. 1098:

gained him significant profits in deals with Fort Astoria. In particular he controlled the sale of many of the pelts originating from the Chinookan,

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On January 1811, Hunt sailed down the Missouri River to complete several pending transactions at St. Louis. It was during this time he recruited

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in 1836, after interviewing some men connected to the venture and consulting documents held by Astor. Two surviving members of the Astorians,

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and made a camp there. The post was later abandoned. While at the location work began creating enough canoes necessary to take the party down

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Wilson Hunt's inexperience in the outback in along with dwindling supplies would leave the majority of the expedition facing starvation.

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populations and rapids, almost losing one canoe and the men aboard it to a section of swift currents. Stuart and his men were greeted by

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Proceeding further the Missouri River, the Sioux party was encountered on 31 May. The Sioux bands were a conglomeration of Yankton and

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would take a party to with Kaúxuma to the Syilx. Before they left however the inhabitants of Astoria were surprised by the arrival of

1755:. The main body of the expedition reached Fort Astoria on 15 February to much fanfare. Besides Hunt there was thirty men, along with 395:

established the Pacific Fur Company as part of his grandiose plans to gain commercial hegemony over major fur producing areas in the

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Montreal was the first location men were hired by the PFC, made difficult in part from opposition from the rival North West Company.

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Stuart and his three men did not return until 22 March 1812. Upon reaching the Okanogan headwaters the party then went over to the

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At the suggestion of Ramsay Crooks, the expedition was divided into two parties of nineteen men each, with each member receiving 5

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welcomed the fur traders. Once the reception was complete, the PFC men continued up the Columbia and passed by the future site of

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brought much needed trading goods, foodstuffs and additional employees, events would soon see the ending of the PFC. News of the

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began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria. The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior, primarily

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While at the Arikara village, Hunt met and employed several American trappers that had previously worked for the MFC in modern

864:, where Thorn caused an uproar by hitting a Tla-o-qui-aht noble with a pelt. In the ensuing conflict all of men brought on the 1514:. In total 36 horses were purchased from the Cheyenne. The expedition broke camp on 6 August and Hunt ordered six men to hunt 4559: 4404: 4319: 3968: 3674: 814: 1478:

peoples deterred the Overland party from continuing to follow the Lewis & Clark Expedition's path up the Missouri River.

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leadership in early August. Groups of Chinookan laborers were used to cross the portages of the Columbia in their homeland.

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was purchased by Astor in 1810 to start commercial operations on the Pacific Ocean. The majority of the company partners.

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was to take food supplies to the stranded Crooks and Day, in addition to later taking dispatches for Astor to St. Louis.

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station. Stockpiles of pelts accumulated there amounted to an estimated 2,500 were taken as well. Near the mouth of the

1743:. On 21 January, the expedition finally reached the banks of the Columbia River. Hunt soon entered discussions with the 844:

to start trading further north along the Pacific Coast as instructed by Astor. After 65 days on the Columbia River, the

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left New York on September 8, 1810. PFC employees numbered thirty-three men in total on board. The vessel landed at the

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men of Cathlapotle village to transport him back to Fort Astoria. The group would make the important discovery of the

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Wheeler, Mary E. (1971), "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company",

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were seen as a means to gain more furs. Cargo ships en route from the Columbia were planned to then sail north for

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Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793–1858

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departed on 22 July for the Syilx territories. The personnel assigned to join Stuart were eight men, including

730:. Captain Thorn attempted to abandon eight of the crew still on shore, among them clerks Gabriel Franchère and 662: 634: 478: 396: 323: 231: 3766: 3700: 1209:

effort to keep Comcomly's Chinooks as middlemen between the natives of the upper Columbia and the Astorians."

1712:, and seven other men continued to march ahead of the two main PFC groups. While traversing the lands of the 4579: 4518: 4228: 4085: 3973: 3963: 2074: 1971: 1587:

that remained in the possession of the PFC, amounting to seventy-seven, were left in the care of "two young

1339: 404: 4528: 1824:

would for decades provide manpower for visiting naval and fur merchants, including the Pacific Fur Company.

4523: 4339: 4213: 4070: 4015: 3776: 1975: 1774: 1705: 1299:

Fears of attack didn't disappear and Astorians kept themselves guarded in dealing with natives. After the

1202: 943: 625:. This group of men, unlike those hired in Montreal, had extensive experience working in the fur trade as 617:

fur trade, the island was where Hunt focused on hiring more men for the company. The veteran fur merchant

990:. The group joined David Thompson and his eight men in traveling up the Columbia, staying together until 4549: 4474: 4439: 4289: 4279: 4173: 1214: 581: 283:

took with it the majority of the annual trading goods. Commercial competition with the British-Canadian

43: 1790:

the party was surprised to loudly hear English shouted among an assembled group of Indigenous, perhaps

358:. This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the 4259: 3943: 3761: 3756: 3679: 3576:, Okanagan: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice of the University of British Columbia 2006: 1922: 1640: 1595: 1543: 1370: 1343: 1271: 1069:. Snows in mountain passes made it exceedingly difficult for the party to travel. Detained among the 931: 795: 670: 569: 419: 383: 351: 218: 3664: 1470: 4409: 4198: 3988: 3852: 3351:

Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811–1813

1413: 557: 431: 3786: 3283:

Bridgewater, Dorothy (1949), "John Jacob Aster relative to his settlement on the Columbia River",

1522:

and the hunting party rejoined on the 18th of August, having killed 8 Bison. While at the base of

536: 4569: 4354: 4344: 4208: 4112: 3948: 3832: 3812: 3598: 2115: 2110: 1799:

the Umatilla once more. Taking two worn men with them, the party reached Fort Astoria on 11 May.

1795: 1575: 1014: 991: 400: 335: 284: 129: 3299:

Narrative of a voyage to the Northwest coast of America, in the years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814

1026: 303:

was also opened in 1811, the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations. The

3567:, translated by Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S., Seattle: University of Washington Press 311:

and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation. Despite losing men crossing the

4505: 4419: 4414: 4314: 4294: 4269: 4183: 4065: 3842: 3837: 3822: 3817: 3710: 3537: 3506: 3457: 3439: 3421: 3365: 3336: 3316: 2098: 2086: 2082: 2038: 1956: 1902: 1894: 1821: 1756: 1709: 1676: 1547: 1409: 1358: 1266: 1162: 1133: 1082: 998: 983: 886: 758: 561: 435: 427: 239: 182: 170: 162: 946:. Kaúxuma offered accounts of the interior and recommended that the station be opened at the 4434: 4244: 4218: 4203: 4148: 4097: 4075: 4000: 3994: 3695: 3590: 1918: 1914: 1860:

was in poor repair and sailed for the Kingdom of Hawaii instead. Hunt was left there as the

1717: 1399:

A Sioux village. Many of the Plains nations visited by the expedition had similar dwellings.

1186: 1087: 1022: 853: 723: 487: 411: 392: 363: 280: 235: 96: 1403:

Hunt's expedition broke the Nodaway winter camp on April 21. The Astorians reached a major

1395: 4394: 4374: 4359: 4334: 4249: 4143: 4133: 1791: 1306: 1279: 1198: 1178: 1166: 1103: 1099: 1038: 869: 861: 811: 771: 739: 735: 622: 610: 606: 549: 482: 423: 355: 327: 270: 144: 1350:, brass rings, tobacco "carrots", small axes among others were used in transactions with 3900: 4429: 4329: 4274: 4178: 4168: 4153: 4128: 4091: 4050: 3978: 3874: 3827: 3751: 3297: 2120: 2094: 2090: 2078: 2069: 2047: 1999: 1974:

who oversaw the formal takeover of PFC properties. Later in March 1814, the NWC's ship

1787: 1778: 1752: 1697: 1681: 1563: 1378: 1362: 1331: 1327: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1230: 1182: 1149: 1137: 1066: 1053: 951: 715: 707: 689: 653: 553: 292: 275: 262: 255: 247: 213: 166: 37: 1925:, critical for the later westward movement of tens of thousands of American migrants. 1594:

Traveling down the Snake River proved highly difficult due to the many rapids such as

1193:

offered the best location to secure these furs. Additionally he gave the opinion that

4543: 4399: 4299: 4284: 4010: 3983: 3881: 3705: 3669: 3659: 1849: 1845: 1811: 1744: 1740: 1625: 1527: 1424: 1335: 1301: 1262: 1154: 1145: 1129: 1046: 1018: 1003: 924: 915: 857: 751: 703: 618: 415: 300: 296: 288: 251: 77: 73: 3530: 3309: 1880: 1049:

offered their "abundance of salmon" and "many horses" to the fur trappers for sale.

828:. Both boats would capsize and eight men lost their lives. Finally on March 24, the 584:. The official assured McKay that in the event of war between the United States and 580:

While waiting to depart for the Pacific, McKay met with British diplomatic official

4424: 4324: 4304: 4158: 4005: 3654: 1833: 1588: 1404: 1383: 1190: 1165:

with Calpo acting as a guide again. Returning on 24 June, Stuart reported that the

1095: 1042: 899: 895: 881: 825: 803: 560:

additional men that were employed by McKay joined the southbound party, among them

544:

During the summer of 1810, Alexander McKay hired thirteen French-Canadians for the

499: 367: 359: 312: 266: 140: 17: 1420:

was gathering further up the river to stop the expedition from traveling further.

3482: 3471: 3388: 3359: 3273: 1510:, the party to rest for several days while transactions were made with a band of 1233:

hat, similar to those crafted by Chinookans that were often sold to PFC laborers.

4444: 4389: 4369: 4364: 4349: 4309: 4254: 4188: 4163: 4138: 2031: 1947: 1865: 1727:

on 8 January, whom hosted the downtrodden expedition for a week. Meals of dried

1713: 1591:". The party departed from Fort Henry on 19 September on the newly made canoes. 1583: 1445: 1366: 942:

people, and his wife arrived at Fort Astoria on 15 June 1811 with a letter from

727: 647: 614: 565: 342: 316: 2282:, pp. 190, 234, 389, 485, 551, 553, 566, 583, 698, 713, 779, 838, 840–841. 1840:

sailed to Russian America. Hunt joined the crew to negotiate with RAC governor

319:, they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria. 4080: 1952: 1856:. Orders from Astor dictated that the ship to return to the Columbia, but the 1523: 1495: 1487: 1475: 1432: 1323: 1239: 947: 935: 849: 837: 807: 787: 783: 767: 510:

The PFC required a sizable number of laborers, fur trappers and in particular

3239: 3237: 1322:

expenses of supporting employees. The group departed on October 21, 1810 for

927:

was the second station opened, intended to compete against near by NWC posts.

4107: 1747:

when entering their villages. It was here he learned the destruction of the

1728: 1351: 1347: 1201:

should be recruited to hunt various fur bearing animals at the hypothetical

1174: 1070: 747: 694: 646:

The advanced party was sent to create the initial base of operations at the

626: 596: 511: 467: 439: 347: 63: 920: 588:, all PFC employees that were British employees would be treated as such. 3807: 3330: 1934:

between the United Kingdom and the United States. The destruction of the

1910: 1732: 1511: 1428: 1243: 1170: 1112: 1091: 1034: 1010: 791: 516: 331: 3847: 3602: 3275:

Travels into the Interior of America, in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811

2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 1906: 1724: 1599: 1570:

The expedition reached Fort Henry on 8 September, made by MFC employee

1519: 1491: 1437: 1310: 1194: 995: 987: 939: 833: 818: 779: 763: 524:. However, it was determined to keep Hunt in charge of the land party. 491: 326:

was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in

3609: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 502:

and head for European and American markets to sell the Chinese wares.

1898: 1872:

then proceeded to New York City and entered the city harbor in 1816.

1441: 1144:

acting as guide and interpreter. The following day they explored the

1141: 1111:

the settlements near the station were under the influence of headman

148: 3594: 1502:

The expedition left their Arikara hosts in late July for the nearby

1029:. Towards the end of August the party began to become troubled with 2811: 2809: 1566:

would prove to be a major challenge for the Overland Party to pass.

1879: 1691: 1557: 1515: 1483: 1417: 1394: 1086: 1057: 955: 885: 595: 387: 202: 2645: 2643: 1868:

kept the ship at the port for the remainder of the conflict. The

3361:

Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River

1261:

Terrestrial animals like members of the family Cervidae such as

775: 600:

Fort Mackinac was a center of the Great Lakes regional fur trade

3904: 3613: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2497: 2495: 1518:. Hunt's party continued southwest through the modern state of 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2144: 2142: 2140: 495: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2366: 2364: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 848:

departed with a crew of 23 with McKay was aboard the ship as

3416:

Boyd, Robert T.; Ames, Kenneth A.; Johnson, Tony A. (2015),

2940: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2921: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2425: 2423: 1283:

Comcomly to continue his commercial hegemony over the area.

1157:, the party went back to Fort Astoria, returning on 14 May. 817:

were hired with the approval of Kamehameha I, who appointed

726:

on 4 December to make repairs and take on water supplies at

3454:

French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630–1815

3550:

Ronda, James (1986), "Astoria & the Birth of Empire",

3315:, translated by Franchère, Hoyt. C., Oregon Book Society, 3116: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3095: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2572: 2570: 1132:. Departing on 2 May, McKay led Robert Stuart, Franchère, 613:

on 28 July 1810. Acting as a major depot for the regional

422:. To create a chain of trading stations spread across the 3380:

On the Oregon Trail, Robert Stuart's Journal of Discovery

1326:. The expedition traveled 450 miles (720 km) up the 3436:

Freshwater Passages, the Trade and Travels of Peter Pond

3082: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2381: 2379: 1852:

124,000 in value, with payment in seal skins located on

802:, the latter acting an interpreter in negotiations with 3589:(4), Oakland: University of California Press: 419–441, 3243: 2879: 2877: 498:

were to be purchased; with the ships then to cross the

238:

that functioned from 1810 to 1813. It was based in the

2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 1848:. The cargo was purchased by the Russians amounted to 1645: 46:, the main source of animal pelts collected by the PFC 3505:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 3302:, translated by Huntington, J. V., New York: Redfield 2216: 2214: 1666:

pounds of dried meat. A third small group was led by

1643: 3496:(2nd ed.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1608: 1365:

in St. Louis at the time. Notably he was in debt to

4504: 4453: 4237: 4121: 4043: 3936: 3866: 3800: 3744: 3688: 3647: 3378:Stuart, Robert (1953), Kenneth A. Spaulding (ed.), 1966:Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. On board the 1045:traded "some salmon, roots, and berries" and later 212: 200: 176: 156: 135: 125: 117: 102: 92: 69: 59: 51: 3529: 3308: 1658: 1486:. The men advised strongly against going into the 568:were reached and the scene was described by clerk 3349:McDougall, Duncan (1999), Robert F. Jones (ed.), 2331: 2243: 1704:Donald Stuart and his party of Robert McClellan, 1013:nations and on the 12th of August an assembly of 1136:and a number of voyaguers up the Columbia, with 1009:Stuart's party soon began to travel through the 669:would head this detachment. In addition, clerks 330:. This was planned in part to prevent the rival 3452:Englebert, Robert; Teasdale, Guillaume (2013), 2649: 1148:and soon encountered a large canoe flotilla of 242:, an area contested over the decades among the 3558:(3), Helena: Montana Historical Society: 22–35 3492:Morton, Arthur (1973), Lewis G. Thomas (ed.), 1962:arrived at the Columbia River and in honor of 1361:, as he was the only qualified speaker of the 3916: 3625: 3476:, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown 3387:Thompson, David (1916), J. B. Tyrrell (ed.), 840:. Captain Thorn stressed the urgency for the 832:crossed the bar, passing into the Columbia’s 273:). The destruction of the company vessel the 8: 3456:, East Langsing: Michigan State University, 3400:Documents Relating to the North West Company 1992:Authors of first hand accounts about the PFC 868:were killed besides an interpreter from the 350:in 1813 made the important discovery of the 30: 4605:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state) 3420:, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1598:. The party was forced to perform multiple 1542:, the PFC party followed the course of the 1189:. Stuart felt that a company trade post in 890:Fort Astoria two years after its foundation 341:The lack of military protection during the 244:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3923: 3909: 3901: 3632: 3618: 3610: 1292:possible hostile actions by the natives." 1052:While at the junction of the Columbia and 29: 3565:A History of the Russian-American Company 3536:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 3523:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 3494:A History of the Canadian West to 1870–71 3438:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 3353:, New York City: Fordham University Press 3255: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3132: 3008: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2800: 2783: 2771: 2747: 2723: 2711: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2634: 2549: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2486: 2469: 2414: 2402: 2370: 2343: 2300: 2148: 1644: 1642: 3552:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 3332:Proposed general fishery and fur company 3156: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2944: 2927: 2912: 2895: 2868: 2588: 2537: 1815: 1562:Features of the Snake River such as the 1469: 1224: 919: 693: 535: 307:faced military hostilities from several 304: 3418:Chinookan Peoples of the Lower Columbia 3311:The Overland Diary of Wilson Price Hunt 2220: 2136: 1177:and trade their pelts for the valuable 677:would join them on the planned voyage. 4615:American companies established in 1810 4610:Clothing companies established in 1810 3382:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 3192: 3180: 3120: 2883: 2851: 2429: 2312: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2205: 2193: 2160: 1546:, crossed the Divide and followed the 27:American fur-trading company (1810–13) 3931:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890) 3398:William Stewart Wallace, ed. (1934), 3168: 2735: 7: 3473:The History of Oregon and California 3144: 3103: 3086: 3069: 3052: 3025: 2759: 2622: 2605: 2576: 2561: 2450: 2385: 2355: 2181: 2093:, would later become farmers on the 1864:went west to Guangzhou. News of the 1574:the previous year, near present-day 1474:The military prowess of the various 3291:(2), New Haven, CT: Yale University 477:Ongoing supply issues faced by the 234:venture wholly owned and funded by 4585:Pre-Confederation British Columbia 4565:Expeditions from the United States 3487:, Paris: Baudry's European Library 3364:, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1716:, a stranded employee of the PFC, 1540:Continental Divide of the Americas 1526:on 30 August, a scouting party of 806:and prominent government official 25: 1330:before setting up winter camp on 279:later that year off the shore of 4600:Pre-statehood history of Montana 4034: 3969:Oregon & California Railroad 3402:, Toronto: The Champlain Society 3393:, Toronto: The Champlain Society 2046: 2030: 2014: 1998: 1964:George III of the United Kingdom 1769:Attempted expedition to interior 1616: 1538:Continuing westward towards the 958:peoples. It was determined that 370:routes, collectively called the 322:A beneficial agreement with the 36: 4590:Pre-statehood history of Oregon 4496:Oregon Steam Navigation Company 3285:Yale University Library Gazette 1659:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}} 1624:The Columbia River east of the 4595:Pre-statehood history of Idaho 3521:John Jacob Astor: Business Man 466:and navally by sailing around 1: 4056:Russo-American Treaty of 1824 3329:MacKenzie, Alexander (1802), 2650:Boyd, Ames & Johnson 2015 2332:Englebert & Teasdale 2013 2244:Englebert & Teasdale 2013 1842:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov 1723:Hunt's group found a band of 3278:, London: Smith & Galway 3244:William Stewart Wallace 1934 821:to oversee their interests. 3519:Porter, Kenneth W. (1931), 3481:Irving, Washington (1836), 3307:Hunt, Wilson Price (1973), 3296:Franchère, Gabriel (1854), 1909:and the vicinity of modern 1094:'s mercantile skills as an 1077:The Lower Chinookan peoples 609:in July. The party reached 4631: 3390:David Thompson's Narrative 1876:Second interior expedition 1809: 1731:meat and loafs of pounded 1080: 913: 879: 794:, the crew was greeted by 750:and sailed north into the 687: 464:Lewis and Clark Expedition 381: 4103:Constitutional Convention 4061:Willamette Cattle Company 4032: 3583:Pacific Historical Review 3572:Watson, Bruce M. (2010), 3563:Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978), 3501:Morris, Larry E. (2013), 3470:Greenhow, Robert (1844), 1942:While the arrival of the 1119:Assistance in exploration 950:of the Columbia and "the 757:The ship anchored at the 372:Westward Expansion Trails 35: 3858:François Benjamin Pillet 3767:William Wallace Matthews 3358:Ross, Alexander (1849), 1494:. The Piikáni and other 1454:Henry Marie Brackenridge 1211:François Benjamin Pillet 1056:, a large encampment of 980:François Benjamin Pillet 970:A party of eight led by 800:Francisco de Paula Marín 479:Russian-American Company 397:North American fur trade 324:Russian-American Company 252:United States of America 4229:Willamette Trading Post 4086:Donation Land Claim Act 3974:Oregon boundary dispute 3272:Bradbury, John (1817), 2818:, pp. 100–102 fn.. 2097:and participate in the 1340:Andrew County, Missouri 856:she was boarded by the 591: 531: 4514:Native peoples history 4214:Thomas and Ruckle Road 4026:Provisional Government 3434:Chapin, David (2014), 2693:, p. 77, fn. 167. 1885: 1825: 1737:Jacques Raphaël Finlay 1701: 1700:on the Columbia River. 1660: 1567: 1536: 1506:. After following the 1479: 1400: 1391:Following the Missouri 1354:neighboring the camp. 1234: 1107: 928: 891: 738:and the laborers used 711: 601: 578: 541: 472:local Native Americans 408: 230:(PFC) was an American 165:, also referred to as 4560:Botanical expeditions 4290:Abigail Scott Duniway 3528:Ronda, James (1990), 1883: 1819: 1739:, located at the NWC 1695: 1688:Reaching the Columbia 1661: 1561: 1532: 1508:Little Missouri River 1473: 1398: 1228: 1090: 923: 889: 742:. On December 25 the 714:Under the command of 697: 599: 582:Francis James Jackson 574: 539: 391: 44:North American beaver 4575:American Fur Company 3964:Hudson's Bay Company 3944:American Fur Company 3532:Astoria & Empire 3335:, pp. 147–149, 2681:, p. 27 fn. 65. 2075:Hudson's Bay Company 1794:. Ramsay Crooks and 1641: 1490:homelands of modern 1371:Missouri Fur Company 420:American Fur Company 384:American Fur Company 219:American Fur Company 4410:Eliza Hart Spalding 4021:Pacific Fur Company 3989:Oregon missionaries 3954:Executive Committee 3641:Pacific Fur Company 3246:, pp. 260–261. 3231:, pp. 200–201. 3219:, pp. 190–193. 3207:, pp. 166–167. 3171:, pp. 240–241. 3147:, pp. 233–235. 3106:, pp. 186–190. 3011:, pp. 144–151. 2803:, pp. 100–102. 2625:, pp. 151–159. 2608:, pp. 137–146. 2591:, pp. 510–511. 2579:, pp. 124–128. 2504:, pp. 119–120. 2432:, pp. 201–202. 2334:, pp. 190–198. 2258:, pp. 654–655. 2246:, pp. 185–189. 2151:, pp. 116–118. 1466:The Rocky Mountains 1317:Overland Expedition 1287:Fear of hostilities 1173:nations would kill 1031:Western Rattlesnake 836:and laid anchor in 432:Joint-stock company 418:and founder of the 309:Indigenous cultures 305:Overland Expedition 228:Pacific Fur Company 32: 31:Pacific Fur Company 18:Astorian Expedition 4355:Morton M. McCarver 4345:David Thomas Lenox 4209:Philip Foster Farm 4113:Great Gale of 1880 3949:Columbian exchange 3833:Michel Laframboise 2966:, pp. 97–116. 2842:, p. 113 fn.. 2472:, pp. 99–108. 2116:North West Company 2111:Maritime Fur Trade 1886: 1826: 1764:Activities in 1812 1702: 1656: 1654: 1568: 1480: 1401: 1334:, at the mouth of 1235: 1153:enemies among the 1108: 1037:leadership at the 929: 892: 712: 605:left the city for 602: 542: 414:was a merchant of 409: 336:North West Company 285:North West Company 130:North West Company 4537: 4536: 4420:William Vandevert 4315:Cornelius Gilliam 4295:Thomas Lamb Eliot 4270:William H. Boring 4265:François Blanchet 4194:Methodist Mission 4066:Champoeg Meetings 3898: 3897: 3843:Ovide de Montigny 3823:Marie Aioe Dorion 3818:Pierre Dorion Jr. 3757:Gabriel Franchère 3711:Wilson Price Hunt 3503:The Perilous West 3463:978-1-60917-360-9 3445:978-0-8032-4632-4 3409:Secondary sources 3195:, pp. 46–47. 3183:, pp. 27–29. 3123:, pp. 59–63. 3089:, pp. 53–63. 3072:, pp. 43–51. 3055:, pp. 32–40. 3028:, pp. 19–28. 2947:, pp. 82–85. 2930:, pp. 65–69. 2915:, pp. 43–54. 2898:, pp. 35–36. 2871:, pp. 10–14. 2714:, pp. 72–78. 2669:, pp. 21–27. 2528:, pp. 30–35. 2516:, pp. 50–51. 2453:, pp. 71–75. 2417:, pp. 63–64. 2405:, pp. 81–86. 2388:, pp. 31–32. 2373:, pp. 52–55. 2358:, pp. 19–26. 2346:, pp. 41–49. 2303:, pp. 23–32. 2196:, pp. 26–27. 2099:Champoeg Meetings 2083:Washington Irving 2039:Wilson Price Hunt 2007:Gabriel Franchère 1955:. On 30 November 1903:Bitterroot Valley 1895:Willamette Valley 1854:Saint Paul Island 1822:Kingdom of Hawaii 1757:Marie Aioe Dorion 1677:Northern Shoshone 1653: 1635: 1634: 1548:Gros Ventre River 1410:nicotiana rustica 1359:Pierre Dorion Jr. 1267:black-tailed deer 1163:Olympic Peninsula 1155:Wasco and Wishram 1134:Ovide de Montigny 1083:Chinookan peoples 984:Ovide de Montigny 952:Okannaakken River 759:Kingdom of Hawaii 702:being boarded by 671:Gabriel Franchère 642:Oceanic component 570:Gabriel Franchère 562:Ovide de Montigny 506:Labor recruitment 436:Wilson Price Hunt 428:Pacific Northwest 315:and later at the 240:Pacific Northwest 224: 223: 183:Wilson Price Hunt 171:Columbia District 163:Pacific Northwest 16:(Redirected from 4622: 4440:Geo. H. Williams 4435:Narcissa Whitman 4245:George Abernethy 4219:Tualatin Academy 4204:Oregon Institute 4098:Rogue River Wars 4076:Whitman massacre 4038: 4001:Oregon Territory 3995:Oregon Spectator 3925: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3853:François Payette 3731:Duncan McDougall 3726:Robert McClellan 3721:Donald Mackenzie 3696:John Jacob Astor 3634: 3627: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3546: 3535: 3524: 3515: 3497: 3488: 3477: 3466: 3448: 3430: 3403: 3394: 3383: 3374: 3354: 3345: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3107: 3101: 3090: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2489:, pp. 9–17. 2484: 2473: 2467: 2454: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2184:, pp. 7–10. 2179: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2050: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1915:British Columbia 1718:Archibald Pelton 1668:Donald MacKenzie 1665: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1646: 1620: 1609: 1416:that a group of 1342:, just north of 1244:Candlefish smelt 1187:Vancouver Island 1179:Dentalium shells 994:. Upon entering 894:Construction on 854:Vancouver Island 724:Falkland Islands 659:Duncan McDougall 457:Donald Mackenzie 453:Duncan McDougall 412:John Jacob Astor 393:John Jacob Astor 281:Vancouver Island 236:John Jacob Astor 208:$ 200,000 (1810) 205: 187:Duncan McDougall 113: 111: 97:John Jacob Astor 87: 85: 40: 33: 21: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4555:Astoria, Oregon 4540: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4524:Pioneer history 4519:History to 1806 4500: 4449: 4395:Osborne Russell 4375:James D. Miller 4360:John McLoughlin 4250:Jesse Applegate 4233: 4224:Whitman Mission 4134:Applegate Trail 4117: 4039: 4030: 3932: 3929: 3899: 3894: 3862: 3796: 3762:Donald McGillis 3740: 3716:Alexander McKay 3684: 3680:Clearwater Post 3643: 3638: 3608: 3595:10.2307/3637703 3580: 3571: 3562: 3549: 3544: 3527: 3518: 3513: 3500: 3491: 3480: 3469: 3464: 3451: 3446: 3433: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3386: 3377: 3372: 3357: 3348: 3343: 3328: 3323: 3306: 3295: 3282: 3271: 3267: 3265:Primary sources 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3110: 3102: 3093: 3085: 3076: 3068: 3059: 3051: 3032: 3024: 3015: 3007: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2951: 2943: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2656: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2476: 2468: 2457: 2449: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2107: 2081:was written by 2062: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1931: 1878: 1814: 1808: 1771: 1766: 1690: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1606: 1556: 1468: 1393: 1363:Sioux languages 1319: 1307:Russian America 1289: 1223: 1221:Commercial ties 1199:Russian America 1121: 1085: 1079: 1039:Wenatchee River 1027:Fort Nez Percés 918: 912: 884: 878: 862:Clayoquot Sound 812:Native Hawaiian 740:Canadian French 736:Scottish Gaelic 692: 686: 667:Alexander McKay 644: 623:French-Canadian 611:Mackinac Island 607:Michilimackinac 594: 550:Richelieu River 534: 532:McKay's efforts 508: 483:Russian America 474:for fur pelts. 445:Alexander McKay 424:Rocky Mountains 386: 380: 356:Rocky Mountains 328:Russian America 271:Astoria, Oregon 201: 191:Alexander McKay 179: 159: 152: 109: 107: 83: 81: 47: 42:A depiction of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4580:Oregon Country 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4529:Modern history 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4506:Oregon history 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4483:Colonel Wright 4479: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4455: 4454:Transportation 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4430:Marcus Whitman 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Henry Spalding 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4330:Joseph Kellogg 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4275:Elijah Bristow 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4179:French Prairie 4176: 4171: 4169:Fort Vancouver 4166: 4161: 4156: 4154:Elliott Cutoff 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4092:Holmes v. Ford 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4071:Star of Oregon 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4051:Treaty of 1818 4047: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Oregon Country 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:Étienne Lucier 3835: 3830: 3828:Joseph Gervais 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3782:Alexander Ross 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3752:Russel Farnham 3748: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3665:Fort She-whaps 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3606: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3547: 3542: 3525: 3516: 3512:978-1442211124 3511: 3498: 3489: 3478: 3467: 3462: 3449: 3444: 3431: 3426: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3384: 3375: 3370: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3326: 3321: 3304: 3293: 3280: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3258:, p. 169. 3256:Tikhmenev 1978 3248: 3233: 3229:Franchère 1854 3221: 3217:Franchère 1854 3209: 3205:Franchère 1854 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3137: 3133:McDougall 1999 3125: 3108: 3091: 3074: 3057: 3030: 3013: 3009:Franchère 1854 2992: 2990:, p. 226. 2980: 2978:, p. 122. 2968: 2949: 2932: 2917: 2900: 2888: 2873: 2856: 2844: 2840:McDougall 1999 2832: 2830:, p. 113. 2828:McDougall 1999 2820: 2816:McDougall 1999 2805: 2801:McDougall 1999 2788: 2786:, p. 115. 2784:McDougall 1999 2776: 2772:McDougall 1999 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 162. 2748:Franchère 1854 2740: 2738:, p. 221. 2728: 2726:, p. 125. 2724:Franchère 1854 2716: 2712:McDougall 1999 2695: 2691:McDougall 1999 2683: 2679:McDougall 1999 2671: 2667:McDougall 1999 2654: 2652:, p. 263. 2639: 2635:McDougall 1999 2627: 2610: 2593: 2581: 2566: 2564:, p. 115. 2554: 2550:McDougall 1999 2542: 2540:, p. 473. 2530: 2526:McDougall 1999 2518: 2514:McDougall 1999 2506: 2502:Franchère 1854 2491: 2487:McDougall 1999 2474: 2470:Franchère 1854 2455: 2434: 2419: 2415:Franchère 1854 2407: 2403:Franchère 1854 2390: 2375: 2371:Franchère 1854 2360: 2348: 2344:Franchère 1854 2336: 2317: 2315:, p. 698. 2305: 2301:Franchère 1854 2284: 2272: 2270:, p. 183. 2260: 2248: 2225: 2210: 2208:, p. 151. 2198: 2186: 2165: 2163:, p. 503. 2153: 2149:Tikhmenev 1978 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2121:Astoria (book) 2118: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2095:French Prairie 2091:Joseph Gervais 2087:Étienne Lucier 2070:Treaty of 1818 2053: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2023:Alexander Ross 2021: 2020: 2013: 2012: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1972:John MacDonald 1930: 1927: 1877: 1874: 1810:Main article: 1807: 1801: 1788:Umatilla River 1779:Russel Farnham 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1753:Cascade Rapids 1710:Étienne Lucier 1698:Cascade Rapids 1689: 1686: 1682:Umatilla River 1652: 1649: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1582:and later the 1564:Shoshone Falls 1555: 1552: 1467: 1464: 1392: 1389: 1379:Thomas Nuttall 1332:Nodaway Island 1328:Missouri River 1318: 1315: 1288: 1285: 1256:Chinook salmon 1252:Sockeye salmon 1248:White sturgeon 1231:Nuu-chah-nulth 1222: 1219: 1183:Nuu-chah-nulth 1120: 1117: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1067:Thompson River 1054:Okanogan River 976:Alexander Ross 964:David Thompson 932:Kaúxuma Núpika 914:Main article: 911: 908: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 732:Alexander Ross 716:Jonathan Thorn 706:after Captain 690:Tonquin (1807) 688:Main article: 685: 679: 675:Alexander Ross 643: 640: 635:Ste. Genevieve 593: 592:Hunt's efforts 590: 586:United Kingdom 554:Lake Champlain 533: 530: 507: 504: 382:Main article: 379: 376: 293:Kootanae House 263:Columbia River 256:Russian Empire 248:Spanish Empire 222: 221: 216: 210: 209: 206: 198: 197: 180: 177: 174: 173: 167:Oregon Country 160: 157: 154: 153: 143:, present day 139: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 121:Sold at a loss 119: 115: 114: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4627: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400:Sager orphans 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385:Robert Newell 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:Philip Foster 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Matthew Deady 4283: 4281: 4280:Tabitha Brown 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Oregon Treaty 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984:Oregon Lyceum 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3792:Robert Stuart 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3706:Ramsay Crooks 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3675:Wallace House 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:Fort Okanogan 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648:Trading posts 3646: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3543:0-8032-3896-7 3539: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3427:9780295995236 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3371:9780598286024 3367: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3342:9780665263392 3338: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3322:0-8032-3896-7 3318: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3159:, p. 44. 3158: 3157:Greenhow 1844 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3135:, p. 89. 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988:Bradbury 1817 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976:Bradbury 1817 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964:Bradbury 1817 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:Bradbury 1817 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Bradbury 1817 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Bradbury 1817 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:Bradbury 1817 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 75. 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Bradbury 1817 2865: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2854:, p. xv. 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 44. 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762:, p. 89. 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2637:, p. 51. 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:Thompson 1916 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2552:, p. 35. 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538:Thompson 1916 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2056: 2055:Robert Stuart 2049: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2017: 2008: 2001: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:New Archangel 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1812:Beaver (1805) 1806: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Wasco-Wishram 1742: 1741:Spokane House 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1650: 1647: 1627: 1626:Cascade Range 1619: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1414:Yankton Sioux 1411: 1406: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1375:John Bradbury 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Nodaway River 1333: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1263:Roosevelt elk 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1146:Cowlitz River 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:Spokane House 1125: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1043:Chelan nation 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1004:Wasco-Wishram 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 925:Fort Okanogan 922: 917: 916:Fort Okanogan 910:Fort Okanogan 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 888: 883: 875: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:Tla-o-qui-aht 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 755: 753: 752:Pacific Ocean 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 709: 705: 704:Tla-o-qui-aht 701: 696: 691: 684: 680: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:Robert Stuart 660: 656: 655: 649: 641: 639: 636: 630: 628: 624: 620: 619:Ramsay Crooks 616: 612: 608: 598: 589: 587: 583: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 538: 529: 525: 523: 518: 513: 505: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:New York City 413: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 377: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Fort Okanogan 298: 297:Saleesh House 294: 290: 289:Spokane House 286: 282: 278: 277: 272: 269:(present-day 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 220: 217: 215: 211: 207: 204: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 175: 172: 168: 164: 161: 155: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 79: 75: 74:New York City 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 39: 34: 19: 4550:Astor family 4488: 4481: 4475: 4469:Lot Whitcomb 4467: 4461: 4425:Elijah White 4325:Chief Joseph 4305:Peter French 4174:Fort William 4159:Fort Astoria 4090: 4020: 4016:Organic Laws 4006:Oregon Trail 3993: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3787:Alfred Seton 3772:Thomas McKay 3736:David Stuart 3670:Fort Spokane 3655:Fort Astoria 3640: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3531: 3520: 3502: 3493: 3483: 3472: 3453: 3435: 3417: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3360: 3350: 3331: 3310: 3298: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3251: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 2983: 2971: 2891: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2686: 2674: 2630: 2584: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2410: 2351: 2339: 2308: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2221:Wheeler 1971 2201: 2189: 2156: 2067: 2063: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1889: 1887: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1837: 1834:Fort Astoria 1829: 1827: 1804: 1784: 1772: 1748: 1722: 1703: 1673: 1636: 1605: 1596:Caldron Linn 1593: 1580:Henry's Fork 1572:Andrew Henry 1569: 1537: 1533: 1501: 1481: 1450: 1422: 1402: 1356: 1320: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1276: 1260: 1236: 1207: 1191:Grays Harbor 1181:sold by the 1159: 1126: 1122: 1109: 1096:intermediary 1063: 1051: 1008: 972:David Stuart 969: 960:David Stuart 954:" among the 930: 903: 900:Fort Clatsop 896:Fort Astoria 893: 882:Fort Astoria 876:Fort Astoria 865: 845: 841: 829: 826:Columbia Bar 823: 804:Kamehameha I 756: 743: 719: 713: 699: 682: 661:, David and 652: 645: 631: 603: 579: 575: 545: 543: 526: 521: 509: 500:Indian Ocean 476: 461: 449:David Stuart 410: 407:competitors. 405:Hudson's Bay 399:against his 354:through the 340: 321: 313:Great Plains 274: 267:Fort Astoria 260: 227: 225: 203:Total assets 195:David Stuart 141:Fort Astoria 136:Headquarters 52:Company type 4445:Ewing Young 4390:Joel Palmer 4370:Ezra Meeker 4365:Joseph Meek 4350:Asa Lovejoy 4310:Joseph Gale 4255:Ira Babcock 4199:Oregon City 4189:Meek Cutoff 4164:Fort Dalles 4139:Barlow Road 3701:John Clarke 3193:Stuart 1953 3181:Stuart 1953 3121:Stuart 1953 2884:Morris 2013 2852:Morris 2013 2430:Porter 1931 2313:Watson 2010 2280:Watson 2010 2268:Porter 1931 2256:Watson 2010 2206:Irving 1836 2194:Irving 1836 2161:Morton 1973 1948:War of 1812 1929:Liquidation 1866:War of 1812 1733:Camas bulbs 1584:Snake River 1576:St. Anthony 1554:Snake River 1504:Grand River 1446:Gros Ventre 1431:and single 1367:Manuel Lisa 1272:Wapato root 1169:and nearby 1015:Walla Walla 944:John Stuart 838:Baker’s Bay 796:Isaac Davis 772:purple yams 728:Port Egmont 615:Great Lakes 566:Long Island 343:War of 1812 317:Snake River 158:Area served 4544:Categories 4405:Levi Scott 4380:John Minto 4335:H.A.G. Lee 4320:David Hill 4260:Sam Barlow 4081:Cayuse War 3169:Ronda 1990 2736:Ronda 1990 2127:References 1977:Isaac Todd 1953:Union Jack 1923:South Pass 1544:Wind River 1528:Apsáalooke 1524:Cloud Peak 1496:Niitsitapi 1476:Niitsitapi 1433:Swivel gun 1344:St. Joseph 1324:Fort Osage 1175:Sea otters 992:the Dalles 948:confluence 936:Two-Spirit 860:people of 850:supercargo 808:Kalanimoku 788:breadfruit 784:watermelon 768:sugar cane 401:North West 364:California 352:South Pass 178:Key people 4570:Fur trade 4340:Jason Lee 4184:Linn City 4108:Modoc War 3801:Personnel 3777:John Reed 3145:Ross 1849 3104:Ross 1849 3087:Hunt 1973 3070:Hunt 1973 3053:Hunt 1973 3026:Hunt 1973 2760:Ross 1849 2623:Ross 1849 2606:Ross 1849 2577:Ross 1849 2562:Ross 1849 2451:Ross 1849 2386:Ross 1849 2356:Ross 1849 2182:Ross 1849 2132:Citations 1957:HMS 1919:Multnomah 1775:John Reed 1760:Astoria. 1729:mule deer 1706:John Reed 1459:Fort Lisa 1429:howitzers 1352:Missouria 1348:vermilion 1305:left for 1215:Oak Point 1106:nations. 1071:Secwepemc 1023:Nez Perce 999:Chinookan 938:from the 748:Cape Horn 627:voyageurs 558:Whitehall 512:Voyageurs 488:porcelain 468:Cape Horn 440:St. Louis 378:Formation 348:St. Louis 265:in 1811, 232:fur trade 126:Successor 64:Fur trade 4462:Columbia 4149:Champoeg 3889:Albatros 3813:John Day 3808:Ross Cox 3689:Partners 2105:See also 1911:Kamloops 1796:John Day 1792:Umatilla 1714:Niimíipu 1600:portages 1512:Cheyenne 1444:and the 1369:and the 1311:bastions 1280:Chehalis 1240:fish run 1171:Quileute 1167:Quinault 1113:Comcomly 1104:Quinault 1100:Chehalis 1092:Comcomly 1035:Wenatchi 1011:Sahaptin 870:Quinault 792:Honolulu 780:coconuts 746:rounded 517:Montreal 492:nankeens 332:Montreal 254:and the 60:Industry 4490:Gazelle 4476:Canemah 4144:Canemah 3959:Ferries 3875:Tonquin 3848:Naukane 3603:3637703 3484:Astoria 2079:Astoria 1936:Tonquin 1907:Montana 1901:to the 1749:Tonquin 1725:Liksiyu 1520:Wyoming 1492:Montana 1488:Piikáni 1438:Arikara 1203:factory 1195:Alutiiq 1150:Cowlitz 1138:Clatsop 1047:Methows 996:Watlala 988:Naukane 940:Ktunaxa 904:Tonquin 866:Tonquin 846:Tonquin 842:Tonquin 834:estuary 830:Tonquin 819:Naukane 815:Kanakas 764:cabbage 744:Tonquin 720:Tonquin 700:Tonquin 683:Tonquin 654:Tonquin 546:Tonquin 522:Tonquin 426:to the 276:Tonquin 169:or the 145:Astoria 108: ( 103:Defunct 93:Founder 82: ( 80:, (1810 70:Founded 55:Private 4238:People 4129:Albina 4122:Places 4044:Events 3937:Topics 3882:Beaver 3745:Clerks 3601: 3540: 3509: 3460: 3442: 3424: 3368: 3339: 3319: 1985:Legacy 1968:Racoon 1959:Racoon 1944:Beaver 1899:Oregon 1890:Beaver 1870:Beaver 1862:Beaver 1858:Beaver 1838:Beaver 1830:Beaver 1805:Beaver 1589:Snakes 1442:Mandan 1425:Lakota 1302:Beaver 1142:Coalpo 1140:noble 1019:Cayuse 986:, and 665:, and 455:, and 368:Mormon 366:, and 360:Oregon 334:based 250:, the 246:, the 214:Parent 151:, U.S. 149:Oregon 3867:Ships 3599:JSTOR 1516:Bison 1484:Idaho 1418:Sioux 1405:Omaha 1384:Osage 1058:Syilx 956:Syilx 852:. 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Index