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seaway resulted in temporary land-bridges between Africa and
Eurasia. Three short periods of faunal migrations between the continents can be distinguished:
535:
257:
found at the
Pasalar and Candir localities in Turkey. and at Neudorf-Sandberg in Slovakia. The primate genus was accompanied by the
335:
670:
425:
701:
410:
706:
528:
349:
663:
222:
454:
92:), a first wave of migrations from Africa correspond to fossil fauna from Greece. The Antonios locality (MN 4/5,
207:
41:
521:
321:
372:) probably took place, but the late Astaracian is poorly documented. A seaway most likely joined the
195:
401:
is known from
Western and Central Europe from MN 3 and from the end of MN 7/8 in Turkey and Greece.
572:
126:
489:
70:), oscillating sea levels resulted in a succession of palaeogeographic changes in the Eastern
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known from Asia Minor and Chios during MN 5 migrated into Africa as part of this wave.
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37:
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24:
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143:
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Koufos, George D.; Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.; Vlachou, Theodora D. (July 2005).
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113:
53:
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475:"Neogene/Quaternary mammalian migrations in Eastern Mediterranean"
138:
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187:
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16:
Period of geologic time equivalent with the Middle
Miocene
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A second wave from Africa in the Early
Astaracian, MN 6 (
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in France and prevailed until the end of the
Vallesian.
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468:
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180:) in India. Primates also arrived during MN5:
671:
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8:
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63:During the Late Orleanian and Astaracian (
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406:
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160:as well as an immigrant from Asia, the
251:; a Eurasian relative to the African
7:
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14:
74:; the opening and closing of the
52:age. The Astaracian overlaps the
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424:
409:
348:
334:
320:
221:
206:
130:. The Thymiana locality (MN 5,
40:and used more specifically with
1:
389:together with the Asian suid
103:peninsula includes the small
650:. You can help Knowledge by
365:A third wave during MN 7/8 (
141:includes both the giraffid
81:During the Late Orleanian,
723:
629:
482:Belgian Journal of Zoology
455:Paleo Database: Astaracian
432:Propotamochoerus giganteus
551:
245:), included the hominoid
42:European Land Mammal Ages
356:Protragocerus labidotus
36:), equivalent with the
368:13.5 to 10.7
266:. From Asia came the
702:Miocene geochronology
229:Pliopithecus antiquus
417:Dryopithecus fontani
395:. The rodent genus
241:15 to 13.5
66:17 to 10.7
48:age and follows the
30:16 to 11.6
707:Geochronology stubs
382:appeared in Europe
190:in Switzerland and
23:age is a period of
342:Dicrocerus elegans
88:17 to 15
44:. It precedes the
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392:Propotamochoerus
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169:known from the
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563:Pliocene Epoch
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545:Neogene Period
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488:(2): 181–190.
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248:Griphopithecus
233:
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220:
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214:Choerolophodon
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186:is known from
166:Choerolophodon
38:Middle Miocene
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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646:article is a
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644:geochronology
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558:Miocene Epoch
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328:Kenyapithecus
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297:Protragocerus
293:
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254:Kenyapithecus
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173:fauna (MN 3,
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153:ctenodactylid
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72:Mediterranean
67:
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58:Serravallian
55:
51:
47:
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34:
31:
26:
25:geologic time
22:
652:expanding it
641:
588:Serravallian
510:
497:. Retrieved
485:
481:
450:
431:
416:
398:Cricetulodon
396:
390:
379:Dryopithecus
377:
364:
355:
341:
327:
307:
301:
295:
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279:
270:
261:
252:
246:
237:
228:
213:
183:Pliopithecus
181:
164:
162:proboscidean
155:
149:Dorcatherium
148:
144:Georgiomeryx
142:
125:
116:
109:Dorcatherium
107:
80:
62:
20:
18:
578:Burdigalian
499:19 November
309:Hypsodontus
303:Tethytragus
263:Orycteropus
118:Palaeomeryx
691:Categories
614:Piacenzian
573:Aquitanian
442:References
374:Paratethys
287:Listriodon
281:Dicrocerus
127:Sanitheres
121:, and the
101:Chalkidiki
21:Astaracian
598:Messinian
593:Tortonian
494:716880430
290:. Asian
272:Pliohyrax
192:Pontlevoy
99:) on the
50:Orleanian
46:Vallesian
609:Zanclean
583:Langhian
419:mandible
294:such as
268:hyracoid
259:aardvark
114:giraffid
105:tragulid
54:Langhian
697:Miocene
157:Sayimys
123:suiform
492:
306:, and
292:bovids
277:cervid
275:, the
196:Thenay
151:, the
112:, the
76:Tethys
60:ages.
642:This
478:(PDF)
216:molar
171:Bugti
139:Chios
137:) on
648:stub
501:2012
490:OCLC
385:12.5
188:Elgg
176:18.3
133:15.5
56:and
19:The
486:135
85:5 (
693::
484:.
480:.
461:^
387:Ma
370:Ma
300:,
243:Ma
178:Ma
147:,
135:Ma
97:Ma
95:17
90:Ma
83:MN
68:Ma
33:Ma
679:e
672:t
665:v
654:.
537:e
530:t
523:v
503:.
194:-
27:(
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