41:
379:
3296:
3264:
3286:
1357:
3275:
32:
318:
There are two available editions of the OS: the main one is called "Special
Edition" and the other one is called "Common Edition". The main differences between the two are the fact that the former is paid, while the latter is free; the former is available for x86-64 architecture, ARM architecture and
515:
operating system uses a nested package repository structure – and this structure comprises the main repository, the base repository, and the extended repository. The main x.7 repository is generally identical to version 1.6 – and the base repository encompasses all core packages, as well as packages
537:
The primary categories of extended repository software packages are packages not included in the base repository, packages that update the base repository (i.e., newer versions of the basic repository packages – if incompatible, they are integrated into the backports component), and packages that
519:
The extended repository houses versions of software packages that are not found in the primary and base repositories. Such software operates within the Astra Linux environment, remains unaltered to incorporate security features with CSS, may not be compatible with packages from the base and main
319:
Elbrus architecture, while the latter is only available for x86-64 architecture; the former has a security certification and provides 3 levels of OS security (which are named after
Russian cities and which from the lowest to the highest are:
1629:
526:
Additionally, the extended repository includes a backport's component that supplies the latest versions of packages that might not be compatible with packages from the basic and extended repositories, and an
1286:
1312:
534:
Using an extended repository enables users to install and run software originally designed for other Linux systems, develop their own software, and adapt Astra-Linux to various hardware platforms.
1902:
1679:
1000:
1626:
421:
1881:
1378:
523:
The extended repository offers more functionality than a basic and core repository, with extended repository packages capable of modifying basic packages but not core packages.
1440:
3332:
1488:
1921:
1266:
265:
413:
The
Special Edition version (paid) is used in many Russian state-related organizations. Particularly, it is used in the Russian National Center for Defence Control.
3588:
1965:
1282:
3593:
1512:
1308:
279:"). Aside from army and police, it is now being supplied to educational, healthcare and other state institutions, as well as in industry giants such as
1787:"Репозитории Astra Linux Special Edition x.7: структура, особенности подключения и использования – Справочный центр – Справочный центр Astra Linux"
3325:
1627:
https://bankstoday.net/last-news/pervye-9-rossijskih-aes-pereveli-na-sistemu-astra-linux-a-skoro-pomenyayut-i-sami-kompyutery-na-baikal-ili-elbrus
434:
In
January 2018, it was announced that Astra Linux was going to be deployed to all Russian Army computers, and Microsoft Windows will be dropped.
1899:
1794:
1183:
967:
383:
853:
276:
1671:
367:
It is declared the Astra Linux licenses correspond with
Russian and international laws and "don't contradict with the spirit and demands of
992:
1878:
1141:
3578:
3573:
2050:
1467:
1860:
1858:Завершен инспекционный контроль версии 1.5 релиза "Смоленск" операционной системы специального назначения "Astra Linux Special Edition"
1563:
3318:
1430:
1374:
3289:
2331:
1958:
1749:
1408:
1239:
1157:
1587:
402:
1485:
1925:
1839:
93:
1263:
1818:
1209:
934:
3583:
3299:
2060:
1951:
1078:
3267:
3208:
559:
445:
417:
113:
1099:
1030:
3543:
3087:
2630:
2524:
1982:
1539:
878:
275:
In the course of 2010s, as
Russian authorities and industry were trying to lower dependence on Western products ("
3019:
2822:
2118:
171:
1504:
3235:
2770:
2708:
2514:
2437:
2133:
1646:
477:
In 2020, Astra Linux sold more than a million copies in licenses and generated 2 billion rubles in sales.
337:), while the latter doesn't have the security certification and only provides the lowest level of OS security (
269:
261:
257:
1120:
3375:
3024:
2270:
903:
496:
398:
134:
1602:
1339:
3382:
2861:
2673:
2447:
843:
311:
decree No. 2299-р of 17 October 2010 that orders federal authorities and budget institutions to implement
253:
3077:
2668:
2065:
3285:
2866:
3551:
3438:
3193:
394:
89:
1786:
1187:
959:
344:
Rusbitech also manufactures a "soft/hardware trusted boot control module" MAKSIM-M1 ("М643М1") with
31:
3498:
847:
481:
245:
3398:
2999:
1974:
1057:
308:
233:
3514:
3493:
3198:
3141:
1138:
531:
component" that furnishes packages to ensure maximum compatibility with third-party software.
361:
237:
177:
164:
1464:
3342:
3054:
3039:
3029:
2939:
2904:
2341:
2108:
1857:
1555:
1486:
http://corp.cnews.ru/news/line/2019-02-05_rossijskaya_os_astra_linux_vnedrena_na_tyanvanskoj
1361:
858:
471:
353:
229:
196:
160:
121:
97:
466:
national gas/oil holding announced Astra Linux implementation, in 2020 nuclear corporation
3418:
3178:
2967:
2846:
2780:
2740:
2597:
2552:
2406:
2192:
2055:
1906:
1885:
1864:
1843:
1822:
1716:
1633:
1543:
1492:
1471:
1343:
1270:
1145:
1124:
1103:
1082:
1061:
500:
452:
249:
141:
56:
1264:
http://www.cnews.ru/news/line/2019-02-19_gk_astra_linux_rasshiryaet_sotrudnichestvo_s_the
495:
had decided to exit the
Russian market, Astra Linux announced that it was planning to be
1741:
1599:"The Russian distribution of Astra Linux has passed the milestone of 1 million licenses"
1400:
1235:
1161:
40:
3156:
2718:
2625:
2579:
2295:
873:
868:
349:
184:
378:
3567:
3102:
3034:
2987:
2972:
2919:
2713:
2494:
2484:
2336:
2275:
2240:
2235:
2207:
2187:
312:
1836:
1505:"Начались продажи российского суперзащищенного планшета на отечественной ОС – CNews"
416:
There are talks to deploy mass use of Astra Linux in many state institutions of the
3279:
3240:
3014:
2991:
2959:
2949:
2886:
2703:
2544:
2504:
2499:
2466:
2371:
2290:
2212:
2197:
2144:
2113:
863:
708:
589:
357:
241:
538:
substitute packages from the main repository. The latter are consolidated in the
3146:
3125:
3107:
2909:
2899:
2765:
2760:
2728:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2479:
2421:
2230:
2202:
2103:
2093:
2005:
1995:
1837:Операционная система "Astra Linux Special Edition" релиз "Смоленск" (версия 1.4)
1815:
1213:
909:
566:
368:
930:
3510:
3431:
3166:
3161:
3117:
3049:
3044:
2977:
2929:
2914:
2804:
2785:
2680:
2655:
2607:
2557:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2080:
2030:
543:
116:; State Institutions; Health Institutions; Educational Institutions and others
51:
1075:
3406:
3355:
3310:
3215:
3151:
3064:
2924:
2894:
2876:
2851:
2735:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2474:
2396:
2250:
2098:
2035:
1647:"Microsoft winds down its business in Russia, lays off more than 400 people"
891:
882:
492:
304:
70:
993:"Какие российские альтернативы есть у зарубежного программного обеспечения"
1990:
1283:"The Document Foundation welcomes RusBITech in the project Advisory Board"
1096:
1022:
3425:
3230:
3225:
3173:
3097:
2934:
2871:
2817:
2812:
2663:
2635:
2562:
2509:
2391:
2305:
2285:
2245:
2172:
2088:
2015:
503:, although it did not supply a date for the planned listing at the time.
333:
327:
1536:
3520:
3476:
3183:
3092:
3072:
3009:
2856:
2841:
2698:
2645:
2489:
2431:
2426:
2386:
2381:
2300:
2280:
2225:
2217:
2182:
2177:
2138:
2128:
2070:
2025:
2010:
2000:
562:
555:
485:
467:
463:
345:
288:
284:
109:
105:
1943:
291:
and others. Server versions of Astra Linux are certified to work with
3504:
3470:
3245:
3082:
3004:
2944:
2881:
2832:
2775:
2592:
2569:
2452:
2401:
2351:
2346:
2163:
2154:
2123:
2045:
1672:"Russian OS producer Astra Linux plans Moscow IPO, Vedomosti reports"
1431:"Russian military moves closer to replacing Windows with Astra Linux"
886:
428:
390:
292:
156:
1900:Вышла новая версия "Astra Linux Common Edition" 1.10 – релиз "Орёл"
1309:"The Document Foundation suspends RusBITech from its Advisory Board"
1556:"«Росатом» потратит до 800 млн рублей на российскую ОС Astra Linux"
488:
are planned to switch to Astra Linux, with a total of 15000 users.
437:
In
February 2018, Rusbitech announced it has ported Astra Linux to
356:
features. The module, besides Astra Linux, also supports OSes with
3463:
3368:
3274:
3220:
3203:
3188:
2755:
2745:
2442:
2356:
2321:
1435:
1117:
897:
420:– legitimate use of other popular OSes is questionable because of
377:
321:
240:. Initially it was created and developed to meet the needs of the
225:
66:
444:
In
February 2019, Astra Linux was announced to be implemented at
303:
The creator of the OS is the
Scientific/Manufacturing Enterprise
3350:
2750:
2723:
2640:
2416:
2411:
2040:
2020:
1598:
1336:
960:"Госорганы России массово меняют Windows на Astra Linux – CNews"
547:
438:
372:
146:
3314:
1947:
3454:
280:
101:
881:– a similar project by the Venezuelan computer manufacturer
1375:"Huawei, RusBITex to design information protection systems"
1139:
https://astralinux.ru/products/astra-linux-special-edition/
1465:
http://www.astralinux.com/home/novosti/469-rbt-elbrus.html
1358:
n:ru:Власти Крыма планируют переход на Linux из-за санкций
459:
are available with Astra Linux, smartphones are expected.
1879:Вышла версия 1.7 релиза Astra Linux Common Edition (Orel)
520:
repositories, and does not undergo certification tests.
210:
1054:
427:
Also there were plans on cooperation of Rusbitech and
422:
international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
393:
derivative. Rusbitech has partnership relations with
1023:"Звезда по имени Linux: почему "военные" ОС прочнее"
3485:
3453:
3397:
3349:
3134:
3116:
3063:
2986:
2958:
2831:
2803:
2794:
2691:
2654:
2616:
2578:
2543:
2465:
2314:
2162:
2153:
2079:
1981:
401:, but was suspended on 26 February 2022 because of
205:
195:
183:
170:
152:
140:
130:
120:
85:
77:
62:
50:
912:– a similar project by the North Korean government
900:– a similar project of the city council of Munich
894:– a similar project used by Gendarmerie in France
382:Astra Linux Special Edition is being used in the
266:Federal Service for Technical and Export Control
1922:"Вышла фиксированная версия 1.11 релиза "Орёл""
3326:
1959:
1742:"Derivatives/Census/AstraLinux – Debian Wiki"
1236:"Derivatives/Census/AstraLinux – Debian Wiki"
16:Russian Linux-based computer operating system
8:
24:
906:– a similar project by the Cuban government
885:and Chinese information technology company
384:Russian National Center for Defence Control
252:up to the level of "top secret" in Russian
3360:
3333:
3319:
3311:
3263:
2800:
2159:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1076:http://www.astra-linux.com/sertifikat.html
232:(OS) that is being widely deployed in the
23:
307:which is applying solutions according to
854:List of Debian-based Linux distributions
695:
578:Versions of Astra Linux Special Edition
576:
1401:"Huawei Enterprise: New Value Together"
1097:http://www.computerra.ru/vision/609608/
922:
697:Versions of Astra Linux Common Edition
397:. It was part of the advisory board of
360:2.6.x up to 5.x.x, as well as several
260:. It has been officially certified by
1797:from the original on 16 February 2024
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1605:from the original on 28 February 2022
1537:https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3999021
1411:from the original on 14 December 2023
1381:from the original on 28 February 2022
1315:from the original on 23 February 2023
277:import substitution industrialization
7:
3589:Russian-language Linux distributions
1752:from the original on 4 December 2019
1289:from the original on 8 November 2020
1242:from the original on 4 December 2019
1033:from the original on 12 January 2017
3594:State-sponsored Linux distributions
1682:from the original on 7 October 2022
987:
985:
954:
952:
439:Russian-made Elbrus microprocessors
1566:from the original on 31 March 2021
1515:from the original on 29 April 2021
1003:from the original on 26 April 2022
511:Starting with the x.7 update, the
14:
2332:Bharat Operating System Solutions
970:from the original on 7 April 2022
3295:
3294:
3284:
3273:
3262:
1443:from the original on 31 May 2019
937:from the original on 2 June 2021
39:
30:
1118:https://astralinux.ru/products/
846:, a Linux distribution used on
403:the Russian invasion of Ukraine
94:Intelligence agencies of Russia
516:related to development tools.
1:
1337:http://spbit.ru/news/n119990/
999:(in Russian). 23 March 2022.
451:Since 2019 "super-protected"
352:and offers some other raised
1212:(in Russian). Archived from
1186:(in Russian). Archived from
1160:(in Russian). Archived from
389:Astra Linux is a recognized
45:Astra Linux Operating System
1645:Warren, Tom (8 June 2022).
542:component, which includes:
513:Astra Linux Special Edition
446:Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant
114:Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant
3610:
3579:Debian-based distributions
3574:X86-64 Linux distributions
2525:Rocks Cluster Distribution
1184:"Часто задаваемые вопросы"
879:Canaima (operating system)
3529:
3363:
3258:
1723:(in Russian), 14 May 2024
931:"Лицензионные соглашения"
480:In 2021, several Russian
244:, other armed forces and
38:
29:
3236:Softlanding Linux System
2515:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1470:27 February 2018 at the
1342:2 September 2017 at the
1102:28 November 2012 at the
270:Federal Security Service
262:Russian Defense Ministry
258:mandatory access control
3025:Linux for PlayStation 2
1821:27 January 2015 at the
1542:27 October 2020 at the
904:Nova (operating system)
474:was reported to do so.
399:The Document Foundation
2674:Open Enterprise Server
1905:11 August 2015 at the
844:Unity Operating System
386:
254:classified information
3078:Damn Vulnerable Linux
2669:SUSE Linux Enterprise
2066:Resurrection Remix OS
1884:19 April 2018 at the
1123:31 March 2023 at the
381:
246:intelligence agencies
3552:Open-source software
3439:Russian Fedora Remix
3194:Linux Router Project
1632:16 July 2021 at the
1491:28 July 2020 at the
1311:. 28 February 2022.
1269:28 July 2020 at the
1081:4 March 2018 at the
484:and subsidiaries of
482:nuclear power plants
395:The Linux Foundation
90:Russian Armed Forces
3584:Linux distributions
3399:Linux distributions
3126:SUSE Studio Express
2893:Other derivatives:
1975:Linux distributions
1842:22 May 2018 at the
1816:Основные компоненты
1158:"АПМДЗ "Максим-М1""
1144:2 June 2021 at the
1055:http://fstec.ru/en/
698:
579:
491:In July 2022 after
371:". The system uses
350:unauthorized access
256:grade by featuring
26:
3000:BLAG Linux and GNU
2867:Linux Caixa Mágica
1863:8 May 2016 at the
1791:wiki.astralinux.ru
1285:. 6 October 2015.
1060:6 May 2022 at the
848:Chinese government
696:
577:
418:Republic of Crimea
387:
309:Russian Government
234:Russian Federation
21:Linux distribution
3561:
3560:
3449:
3448:
3343:operating systems
3308:
3307:
3254:
3253:
3199:MCC Interim Linux
3142:Caldera OpenLinux
2461:
2460:
1405:Huawei Enterprise
1027:old.computerra.ru
997:Российская газета
933:. astralinux.ru.
835:
834:
817:8 September 2021
806:29 December 2020
694:
693:
665:29 November 2022
554:) email service,
362:Microsoft Windows
238:Microsoft Windows
219:
218:
3601:
3361:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3280:Linux portal
3278:
3277:
3266:
3265:
3055:Yellow Dog Linux
3040:Think Blue Linux
3030:Scientific Linux
2905:CrunchBang Linux
2801:
2342:Damn Small Linux
2160:
2051:Paranoid Android
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:on 21 April 2016
1924:. Archived from
1918:
1912:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1362:Russian Wikinews
1356:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
989:
980:
979:
977:
975:
956:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
859:Debian GNU/Linux
762:14 November 2014
751:12 February 2013
729:23 November 2010
699:
676:16 October 2023
621:19 December 2014
580:
472:Russian Railways
470:, in early 2021
453:tablet computers
354:digital security
230:operating system
228:-based computer
215:
212:
206:Official website
126:Russian, English
98:Police of Russia
86:Marketing target
43:
34:
27:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3525:
3481:
3445:
3419:Calculate Linux
3393:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3309:
3304:
3272:
3250:
3179:Foresight Linux
3130:
3112:
3059:
2982:
2968:Container Linux
2954:
2940:Musix GNU+Linux
2847:Black Lab Linux
2827:
2790:
2781:Tiny Core Linux
2687:
2650:
2612:
2598:OpenMandriva Lx
2574:
2553:Calculate Linux
2539:
2457:
2407:Raspberry Pi OS
2310:
2193:Ubuntu Cinnamon
2149:
2075:
2056:PixelExperience
1977:
1972:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
1888:
1886:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:Wayback Machine
1856:
1852:
1846:
1844:Wayback Machine
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:Wayback Machine
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1746:wiki.debian.org
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:. 8 July 2022.
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1634:Wayback Machine
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1544:Wayback Machine
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1493:Wayback Machine
1482:
1481:
1477:
1472:Wayback Machine
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1344:Wayback Machine
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:Wayback Machine
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1216:on 14 July 2014
1210:"Настройка apt"
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1190:on 14 July 2014
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1164:on 14 July 2014
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:Wayback Machine
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:Wayback Machine
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:Wayback Machine
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:Wayback Machine
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:Wayback Machine
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
991:
990:
983:
973:
971:
958:
957:
950:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
919:
840:
740:3 February 2012
690:6.6 or 6.1 LTS
654:22 October 2021
643:12 October 2018
599:28 October 2011
575:
573:Version history
569:office suites.
558:DBMS packages,
509:
501:Moscow Exchange
497:publicly listed
411:
301:
250:data protection
209:
186:
142:Package manager
57:Rusbitech-Astra
46:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3537:= discontinued
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3157:Familiar Linux
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2719:Clear Linux OS
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Austrumi Linux
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1913:
1892:
1871:
1850:
1829:
1808:
1763:
1733:
1693:
1663:
1637:
1616:
1590:
1577:
1562:(in Russian).
1547:
1526:
1511:(in Russian).
1496:
1475:
1454:
1422:
1392:
1366:
1364:, 22 July 2015
1347:
1326:
1300:
1274:
1253:
1227:
1201:
1175:
1149:
1128:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1044:
1029:(in Russian).
1014:
981:
966:(in Russian).
948:
921:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
876:
874:Red Flag Linux
871:
869:Linux adoption
866:
861:
856:
851:
839:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:4 August 2022
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
784:21 August 2018
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:ending of 2009
716:
712:
711:
706:
703:
692:
691:
688:
687:1 August 2024
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
584:
574:
571:
508:
505:
410:
407:
348:. It prevents
300:
299:Specifications
297:
248:. It provides
217:
216:
207:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
187:user interface
181:
180:
175:
168:
167:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:TopologiLinux
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Red Hat Linux
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Sabayon Linux
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Feather Linux
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Chimera Linux
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:MIRACLE LINUX
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:CentOS Stream
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:BlankOn Linux
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Peppermint OS
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:elementary OS
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:Derivatives:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Ubuntu Studio
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Ubuntu Budgie
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:(3.0 onwards)
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Hyperbola GNU
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1717:"Astra Linux"
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
969:
965:
961:
955:
953:
949:
936:
932:
926:
923:
916:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
841:
837:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:17 March 2016
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
689:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:26 April 2013
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
572:
570:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
532:
530:
524:
521:
517:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
478:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
380:
376:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
323:
316:
314:
313:Free Software
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:is a Russian
223:
214:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
188:
182:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:Update method
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
78:Working state
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
53:
49:
42:
37:
33:
28:
19:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3492:
3469:
3462:
3437:
3424:
3412:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3241:Splashtop OS
3015:Linpus Linux
2950:Sunwah Linux
2887:Ubuntu GNOME
2796:Discontinued
2795:
2505:Oracle Linux
2326:
2291:Ubuntu Touch
2213:Ubuntu Unity
2198:Ubuntu Kylin
2145:SystemRescue
2134:Parabola GNU
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1916:
1910:(in Russian)
1895:
1889:(in Russian)
1874:
1868:(in Russian)
1853:
1847:(in Russian)
1832:
1826:(in Russian)
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1790:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1725:, retrieved
1720:
1684:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1624:(in Russian)
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1593:
1585:(in Russian)
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1534:(in Russian)
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1483:(in Russian)
1478:
1462:(in Russian)
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1369:
1355:(in Russian)
1350:
1334:(in Russian)
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1277:
1261:(in Russian)
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1152:
1136:(in Russian)
1131:
1115:(in Russian)
1110:
1094:(in Russian)
1089:
1073:(in Russian)
1068:
1052:(in Russian)
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
996:
972:. Retrieved
963:
939:. Retrieved
925:
864:Ubuntu Kylin
709:Linux kernel
705:Release date
632:8 April 2016
590:Linux kernel
586:Release date
551:
539:
536:
533:
528:
525:
522:
518:
512:
510:
490:
479:
476:
461:
456:
450:
443:
436:
433:
426:
415:
412:
388:
366:
358:Linux kernel
343:
338:
332:
326:
320:
317:
302:
274:
242:Russian army
221:
220:
122:Available in
18:
3413:Astra Linux
3147:CyanogenMod
3108:VectorLinux
2910:DoudouLinux
2900:Corel Linux
2766:Source Mage
2535:Sailfish OS
2530:Rocky Linux
2520:Red Star OS
2480:Asahi Linux
2422:SparkyLinux
2231:Bodhi Linux
2203:Ubuntu MATE
2104:EndeavourOS
1996:Android-x86
1570:14 December
1519:14 December
1415:14 December
1385:21 November
1319:23 February
1246:12 November
1037:14 December
1007:14 December
974:14 December
910:Red Star OS
795:14 May 2020
567:LibreOffice
565:tools, and
369:GPL license
295:equipment.
236:to replace
222:Astra Linux
25:Astra Linux
3568:Categories
3515:persistent
3511:Phantom OS
3432:ROSA Linux
3290:Comparison
3162:Firefox OS
3050:Vine Linux
3045:Turbolinux
2978:xB Machine
2930:HandyLinux
2915:Dreamlinux
2681:GeckoLinux
2608:ROSA Linux
2558:ChromiumOS
2367:FreedomBox
2362:Endless OS
2266:LXLE Linux
2261:Linux Mint
2256:Linux Lite
2241:Emmabuntüs
2171:Official:
2109:Frugalware
2031:GrapheneOS
917:References
544:PostgreSQL
507:Repository
448:in China.
375:packages.
211:astralinux
178:Monolithic
3544:Real-time
3494:Excelsior
3407:ALT Linux
3356:Unix-like
3216:Mobilinux
3152:DemoLinux
3065:Slackware
2925:gNewSense
2895:BackTrack
2877:Pinguy OS
2852:Cub Linux
2736:GoboLinux
2618:Slackware
2603:PCLinuxOS
2588:ALT Linux
2475:AlmaLinux
2434:(1.0–2.0)
2397:Parrot OS
2251:Freespire
2099:BlackArch
2061:Replicant
2036:LineageOS
1721:Википедия
1686:7 October
1656:7 October
1651:The Verge
892:GendBuntu
883:VIT, C.A.
850:computers
798:4.15.3-2
493:Microsoft
305:Rusbitech
153:Platforms
71:Unix-like
63:OS family
52:Developer
3426:Linux XP
3341:Russian
3300:Category
3231:Remix OS
3226:OpenELEC
3174:Floppyfw
3098:Platypux
2935:Libranet
2872:LinuxTLE
2840:Ubuntu:
2818:Antergos
2813:ArchLabs
2664:openSUSE
2636:Salix OS
2580:Mandriva
2563:ChromeOS
2510:Qubes OS
2392:MX Linux
2306:Zorin OS
2286:Trisquel
2246:KDE neon
2173:Edubuntu
2089:ArchBang
2016:DivestOS
1932:19 April
1903:Archived
1882:Archived
1861:Archived
1840:Archived
1819:Archived
1795:Archived
1750:Archived
1680:Archived
1630:Archived
1609:25 March
1603:Archived
1564:Archived
1560:iXBT.com
1540:Archived
1513:Archived
1509:CNews.ru
1489:Archived
1468:Archived
1447:11 March
1441:Archived
1409:Archived
1379:Archived
1340:Archived
1313:Archived
1287:Archived
1267:Archived
1240:Archived
1142:Archived
1121:Archived
1100:Archived
1079:Archived
1058:Archived
1031:Archived
1001:Archived
968:Archived
964:CNews.ru
935:Archived
838:See also
825:2.12.45
814:2.12.43
803:2.12.40
540:Astra-ce
529:Astra-ce
462:In 2019
455:branded
334:Smolensk
328:Voronezh
3534:Italics
3521:ReactOS
3499:modular
3477:PTS-DOS
3184:Immunix
3093:NimbleX
3088:Kongoni
3073:BioSLAX
3010:ClearOS
2988:Red Hat
2857:Gobuntu
2842:Asturix
2741:Guix SD
2699:4MLinux
2646:Zenwalk
2631:Porteus
2490:EulerOS
2432:SteamOS
2427:SolydXK
2387:Knoppix
2382:Kanotix
2301:Wubuntu
2281:Pop! OS
2271:Nova OS
2226:BackBox
2218:Xubuntu
2183:Lubuntu
2178:Kubuntu
2139:SteamOS
2129:Manjaro
2071:OmniROM
2026:Fire OS
2011:ColorOS
2006:Celadon
2001:CalyxOS
1983:Android
1676:Reuters
1293:8 March
792:2.12.29
765:3.16.0
743:2.6.34
721:2.6.31
702:Version
646:4.15.0
624:3.16.0
602:2.6.34
583:Version
563:OpenJDK
556:MariaDB
499:on the
486:Rosatom
468:Rosatom
464:Gazprom
346:PCI bus
289:Rosatom
285:Gazprom
201:various
197:License
185:Default
110:Rosatom
106:Gazprom
81:Current
3507:Baget^
3505:OS2000
3471:IS-DOS
3246:Turkix
3167:B2G OS
3083:KateOS
3020:Korora
3005:CentOS
2992:Fedora
2960:Gentoo
2945:Parsix
2882:Sabily
2833:Debian
2823:Chakra
2776:T2 SDE
2704:Alpine
2593:Mageia
2570:Pentoo
2545:Gentoo
2500:Nobara
2467:Fedora
2453:Whonix
2402:PureOS
2372:Kaisen
2352:Devuan
2347:deepin
2164:Ubuntu
2155:Debian
2124:LinHES
2114:Garuda
2046:One UI
1801:26 May
1756:26 May
1727:26 May
1220:6 July
1194:6 July
1168:6 July
941:2 June
887:Inspur
776:4.2.0
754:3.2.0
673:1.7.5
662:1.7.3
635:4.2.0
613:3.2.0
546:DBMS,
429:Huawei
391:Debian
364:OSes.
293:Huawei
172:Kernel
165:Elbrus
157:x86-64
3486:Other
3464:ANDOS
3369:DEMOS
3221:Nitix
3204:MeeGo
3189:Jurix
3135:Other
2771:Solus
2761:Puppy
2756:NixOS
2746:KaiOS
2729:Kwort
2709:CHAOS
2692:Other
2443:Tizen
2438:Tails
2357:Elive
2327:Astra
2322:antiX
2315:Other
2094:Artix
1436:ZDNet
898:LiMux
831:5.15
820:5.10
787:4.15
668:5.15
552:Exim4
339:Oryol
322:Oryol
315:use.
226:Linux
67:Linux
3550:° =
3542:^ =
3389:USIX
3376:MNOS
3351:Unix
3268:List
3118:SUSE
2805:Arch
2786:Void
2751:KaOS
2724:CRUX
2656:SUSE
2641:Slax
2417:Slax
2412:Q4OS
2377:Kali
2296:Uruk
2081:Arch
2041:MIUI
2021:EMUI
1934:2018
1803:2024
1758:2024
1729:2024
1688:2022
1658:2022
1611:2021
1572:2023
1521:2023
1449:2021
1417:2023
1387:2015
1321:2023
1295:2019
1248:2019
1222:2014
1196:2014
1170:2014
1039:2023
1009:2023
976:2023
943:2021
809:5.4
781:2.12
770:1.11
759:1.10
684:1.8
679:6.1
657:5.4
560:Java
548:Exim
373:.deb
331:and
268:and
174:type
147:dpkg
3513:° (
3455:DOS
3383:MOS
3209:Mer
2862:gOS
2448:UOS
1991:/e/
748:1.9
737:1.7
726:1.6
715:1.5
651:1.7
640:1.6
629:1.5
618:1.4
607:1.3
596:1.2
457:MIG
409:Use
341:).
281:RZD
213:.ru
191:Fly
161:ARM
135:APT
102:RZD
3570::
1793:.
1789:.
1766:^
1748:.
1744:.
1719:,
1696:^
1674:.
1649:.
1601:.
1558:.
1507:.
1439:.
1433:.
1407:.
1403:.
1377:.
1360:–
1238:.
1025:.
995:.
984:^
962:.
951:^
732:—
441:.
431:.
424:.
405:.
325:,
287:,
283:,
272:.
264:,
163:,
159:,
112:;
108:;
104:;
100:;
96:;
92:;
3517:)
3501:)
3497:(
3442:°
3434:°
3421:°
3415:°
3409:°
3353:,
3334:e
3327:t
3320:v
2990:/
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1936:.
1805:.
1760:.
1690:.
1660:.
1613:.
1574:.
1523:.
1451:.
1419:.
1389:.
1323:.
1297:.
1250:.
1224:.
1198:.
1172:.
1041:.
1011:.
978:.
945:.
550:(
527:"
73:)
69:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
