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125:, was recently redated to end of the 2nd century BCE. Extensive study of the fragments, using X-rays, has revealed enough details (gears, pinions, crank) to enable researchers to build partial replicas of the original device. Engraved on the major gears are the names of the planets, which leaves little doubt as to the intended use of the mechanism.
67:
in one timepiece. This was its main task, in comparison with the astronomical clock, the main task of which is the actual reading of time. A complex mechanism, it combined the functions of a modern planetarium, clock, and calendar into a singular constructive device. Devices that perform this
164:, has been lost, perhaps during the sacking of Mantua in 1630, but de' Dondi left detailed descriptions, which have survived, enabling a reconstruction of the clock. It displays the mean time, sidereal (or star) time and the motions of the Sun, Moon and the five then-known planets
68:
function were known to have been created prior to the design of Dondi, though relatively little is known about them. It is occasionally erroneously claimed by the details of some sources that the
Astrarium was the first mechanical device showing the movements of the planets.
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from
Dronrijp, Friesland, the Netherlands. It displayed all the planets and was fixed to the ceiling in a house in
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In modern times, the astrarium has grown into a tourist attraction as a commercially exploited
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532:: - a picture of De Dondiâs "Astrarium", the worldâs first astronomical clock, 1364.
350:"Solid Models of the Antikythera Mechanism | Antikythera Mechanism Research Project"
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showed hour, year calendar, movement of the planets, Sun and Moon. Reconstruction,
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is said to have used a primitive version that could predict the positions of the
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296:"Image of de dondi's 'astrarium', the world's first astronomical clock, 1364"
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conception of the Solar System. De' Dondi was inspired by his father
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463:(1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi".
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In later ages, more astraria were built. A famous example is the
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282:"Celebrating Galileo in Florence â California Literary Review"
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made in the 14th century by
Italian engineer and astronomer
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International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
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An electro-mechanical model of the earth/sun relationship.
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Museo
Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci
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160:. The original clock, consisting of 107 wheels and
55:and, in addition to counting time and representing
465:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
536:de Dondi's Astrarium Hi-Tech, 14th Century style
269:Museo Galileo â Multimedia â Mechanical clocks
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765:
567:
8:
156:(1318â1388), a scholar and physician of the
93:The first astraria were mechanical devices.
16:Timepiece and astronomical prediction device
230:, as well as other astronomical phenomena.
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109:. On May 17, 1902, an archaeologist named
2275:International Commission on Stratigraphy
321:"Antikythera Mechanism Research Project"
302:. Science & Society Picture Library
261:
548:An astrarium clock running to the sun.
441:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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402:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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51:. The Astrarium was modeled after the
734:Historical models of the Solar System
226:theaters, with such presentations as
7:
1706:
739:Numerical model of the Solar System
530:Science and Society Picture Library
184:. It was conceived according to a
117:, held within it a mechanism with
14:
2506:Historical scientific instruments
1995:Discrete time and continuous time
684:Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model
215:, where it can still be visited.
1920:
1914:
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509:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio â "
121:. This mechanism, known as the
2068:History of timekeeping devices
280:Harris, Judith. (2009-03-22).
1:
686:(Helsinki and Espoo, Finland)
654:Akaa Solar System Scale Model
284:. California Literary Review.
59:and holidays, showed how the
729:Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar
541:Het Eise Eisinga Planetarium
354:www.antikythera-mechanism.gr
325:www.antikythera-mechanism.gr
49:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
25:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
2015:Gravitational time dilation
1851:Barycentric Coordinate Time
1510:Geological history of Earth
228:The History of the Universe
196:in the Piazzi dei Signori,
150:astrarium completed in 1364
136:Middle Ages and Renaissance
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1871:Geocentric Coordinate Time
1856:Barycentric Dynamical Time
1794:Coordinated Universal Time
862:Orders of magnitude (time)
2025:Time-translation symmetry
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1836:International Atomic Time
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1573:Time translation symmetry
635:
2511:Astronomical instruments
660:Gravity Discovery Centre
622:Eise Eisinga Planetarium
300:Inventory No.: 1974-0386
205:Eise Eisinga Planetarium
140:According to historians
2285:Astronomical chronology
2258:Archaeology and geology
1965:Absolute space and time
1881:IERS Reference Meridian
1876:International Date Line
1787:International standards
1528:Absolute space and time
1179:Astronomical chronology
128:By the collapse of the
1578:Time reversal symmetry
882:Italian six-hour clock
90:
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23:The astrarium made by
2244:Weekday determination
2130:Sundial markup schema
1343:Time and fate deities
1288:The Unreality of Time
1227:A series and B series
597:Antikythera mechanism
123:Antikythera mechanism
87:Antikythera mechanism
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77:Greek and Roman World
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2516:History of astronomy
2265:Chronological dating
2005:Theory of relativity
1866:Daylight saving time
1594:Chronological dating
1563:Theory of relativity
907:Daylight saving time
461:Maddison, Francis R.
2501:Astronomical clocks
2475:Time value of money
2270:Geologic time scale
2125:History of sundials
1990:Cosmological decade
1942:Greenwich Mean Time
1773:Orders of magnitude
887:Thai six-hour clock
708:Sweden Solar System
704:(Somerset, England)
702:Somerset Space Walk
672:Monument to the Sun
668:(Hvidovre, Denmark)
662:(Gingin, Australia)
583:Solar System models
207:, built in 1774 by
2450:Mental chronometry
2078:Marine chronometer
1930:Obsolete standards
1417:Rosy retrospection
1395:Mental chronometry
1219:Philosophy of time
698:(Ithaca, New York)
612:Astronomical clock
240:Astronomical clock
194:astronomical clock
154:Giovanni de' Dondi
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45:astronomical clock
33:
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2298:Nuclear timescale
1980:Continuous signal
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1422:Tenseâaspectâmood
1277:Temporal finitism
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1130:Grandfather clock
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696:Sagan Planet Walk
692:(Lofoten, Norway)
680:(Zagreb, Croatia)
511:Tractatus astarii
457:Bedini, Silvio A.
192:who designed the
63:moved around the
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2189:Dominical letter
2120:Equation of time
2083:Marine sandglass
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1896:Terrestrial Time
1753:Time measurement
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1372:Human experience
1232:B-theory of time
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65:celestial sphere
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2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Galactic year
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2249:Weekday names
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:Tropical year
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Intercalation
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:(lunar Hijri)
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Time dilation
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:24-hour clock
1844:
1842:
1841:12-hour clock
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:Chronobiology
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Arrow of time
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Geochronology
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:Wheel of time
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Periodization
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Digital clock
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Relative hour
900:
898:
897:24-hour clock
895:
893:
892:12-hour clock
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
877:
875:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
835:
831:
828:
826:
821:
817:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
786:
782:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:
752:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
715:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
649:
645:
640:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
588:
584:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
557:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
521:
517:
512:
508:
507:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
452:
449:
444:
438:
424:on 2008-02-16
423:
419:
413:
410:
405:
399:
385:on 2006-12-06
384:
380:
374:
371:
360:on 2008-03-15
359:
355:
351:
345:
342:
331:on 2012-10-05
330:
326:
322:
316:
313:
301:
297:
291:
288:
283:
276:
273:
270:
265:
262:
255:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
83:
76:
71:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
2455:Decimal time
2184:Astronomical
2063:Complication
2058:Atomic clock
2052:
1673:Time capsule
1667:Tempus fugit
1665:
1587:Other fields
1286:
1267:Perdurantism
1189:Calendar era
1141:
1134:
1120:Cuckoo clock
1061:
1057:astronomical
1031:
857:Unit of time
788:Key concepts
724:Solar System
606:
510:
468:
464:
451:
426:. Retrieved
422:the original
412:
387:. Retrieved
383:the original
373:
362:. Retrieved
358:the original
353:
344:
333:. Retrieved
329:the original
324:
315:
304:. Retrieved
299:
290:
275:
264:
227:
222:-showing in
217:
209:Eise Eisinga
202:
139:
130:Roman Empire
127:
92:
53:solar system
40:
36:
34:
2465:System time
2460:Metric time
2179:Solar Hijri
2105:Water clock
2088:Radio clock
2020:Time domain
2000:Proper time
1886:Leap second
1768:Chronometry
1683:Time travel
1661:System time
1568:Time domain
1553:Proper time
1377:use of time
1348:Father Time
1328:Immortality
1318:Ages of Man
1247:Endurantism
1204:Regnal year
1184:Big History
1113:water-based
1012:Solar Hijri
922:Hexadecimal
872:Measurement
834:Chronometry
820:Measurement
471:(5): 1â69.
245:Planetarium
220:planetarium
158:Middle Ages
115:Antikythera
41:planetarium
2495:Categories
2480:Timekeeper
2433:Chronology
2417:Millennium
2303:Precession
2209:Julian day
2030:T-symmetry
1891:Solar time
1861:Civil time
1385:Chronemics
1360:Kalachakra
1272:Presentism
1257:Eternalism
1163:Chronology
1101:mechanical
1052:Main types
970:Main types
678:Nine Views
524:Annosphere
504:Literature
428:2006-11-29
389:2006-11-29
364:2008-03-17
335:2008-03-17
306:2023-02-22
256:References
105:, and the
95:Archimedes
2377:Fortnight
2224:Lunisolar
2214:Leap year
2148:Gregorian
2098:stopwatch
2073:Hourglass
2053:Astrarium
1970:Spacetime
1901:Time zone
1778:Metrology
1757:standards
1641:Leap year
1558:Spacetime
1432:Yesterday
1333:Dreamtime
1307:Mythology
1194:Deep time
1106:stopwatch
1081:hourglass
1062:astrarium
992:Gregorian
985:Lunisolar
962:Calendars
952:Time zone
825:standards
629:Tellurion
607:Astrarium
493:134817598
186:Ptolemaic
119:cogwheels
37:astrarium
2438:Duration
2412:Saeculum
2392:Olympiad
2234:Solstice
2163:Holocene
2140:Calendar
2040:Horology
1831:ISO 8601
1826:ISO 31-1
1701:Category
1449:Time in
1440:Tomorrow
1302:Religion
1242:Duration
1209:Timeline
1143:Timeline
942:Sidereal
810:Eternity
437:cite web
398:cite web
234:See also
213:Franeker
146:Maddison
31:, Milan.
2407:Century
2397:Lustrum
2327:Instant
2199:Equinox
2168:Islamic
2110:Sundial
1975:Chronon
1711:Commons
1634:Related
1548:Instant
1538:Chronon
1520:Physics
1460:Geology
1451:science
1323:Destiny
1168:History
1136:History
1091:sundial
1074:quantum
1017:Chinese
1007:Islamic
917:Decimal
912:Chinese
874:systems
800:Present
717:Related
590:Devices
485:1006002
182:Jupiter
178:Mercury
162:pinions
107:planets
72:History
61:planets
2402:Decade
2357:Moment
2352:Minute
2347:Second
2317:Other
2174:Julian
2153:Hebrew
1799:offset
1651:Moment
1646:Memory
1498:period
1086:marine
1069:atomic
1044:Clocks
1002:Hebrew
997:Julian
932:Metric
805:Future
647:Models
617:Orrery
491:
483:
250:Orrery
190:Jacopo
180:, and
174:Saturn
142:Bedini
101:, the
2443:music
2382:Month
2342:Jiffy
2337:Shake
2332:Flick
2229:Solar
2219:Lunar
2194:Epact
2158:Hindu
2093:Watch
2048:Clock
1656:Space
1488:epoch
1478:chron
1436:Today
1405:tempo
1400:Music
1262:Event
1096:watch
980:Lunar
975:Solar
947:Solar
937:Roman
927:Hindu
489:S2CID
481:JSTOR
198:Padua
166:Venus
2387:Year
2372:Week
2362:Hour
1816:DUT1
1755:and
1375:and
1338:KÄla
1033:List
1027:Maya
823:and
795:Past
781:Time
443:link
404:link
224:IMAX
170:Mars
144:and
103:Moon
85:The
2367:Day
1493:era
1483:eon
1473:age
852:TAI
842:UTC
473:doi
152:by
99:Sun
35:An
2497::
1811:ÎT
1806:UT
1438:â
1434:â
847:UT
487:.
479:.
469:56
467:.
459:;
439:}}
435:{{
400:}}
396:{{
352:.
323:.
298:.
176:,
172:,
168:,
1745:e
1738:t
1731:v
773:e
766:t
759:v
575:e
568:t
561:v
513:"
495:.
475::
445:)
431:.
406:)
392:.
367:.
338:.
309:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
