511:. Astrometry is responsible for the detection of many record-breaking Solar System objects. To find such objects astrometrically, astronomers use telescopes to survey the sky and large-area cameras to take pictures at various determined intervals. By studying these images, they can detect Solar System objects by their movements relative to the background stars, which remain fixed. Once a movement per unit time is observed, astronomers compensate for the parallax caused by Earth's motion during this time and the heliocentric distance to this object is calculated. Using this distance and other photographs, more information about the object, including its
386:
85:
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by measuring the displacement the proposed planets cause in their parent star's apparent position on the sky, due to their mutual orbit around the center of mass of the system. Astrometry is more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.
324:
satellite took astrometry into orbit, where it could be less affected by mechanical forces of the Earth and optical distortions from its atmosphere. Operated from 1989 to 1993, Hipparcos measured large and small angles on the sky with much greater precision than any previous optical telescopes.
554:
A fundamental aspect of astrometry is error correction. Various factors introduce errors into the measurement of stellar positions, including atmospheric conditions, imperfections in the instruments and errors by the observer or the measuring instruments. Many of these errors can be reduced by
545:
of 48 inches (1.2 m) and the
Palomar-Quest large-area CCD camera. The ability of astronomers to track the positions and movements of such celestial bodies is crucial to the understanding of the Solar System and its interrelated past, present, and future with others in the Universe.
31:
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313:(CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond. This technology made astrometry less expensive, opening the field to an amateur audience.
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120:. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today. Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions. Hipparchus's successor,
301:
sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machines and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of
193:, in which he catalogued 1,019 stars. Like the earlier catalogs of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg's catalogue is estimated to have been precise to within approximately 20
3173:
3168:
670:
353:, an all-sky catalogue that tracks proper motions, positions, magnitudes and other characteristics for over one billion stellar objects. During the past 50 years, 7,435
3329:
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2165:
477:, launched in 2013, applies astrometric techniques in its stellar census. In addition to the detection of exoplanets, it can also be used to determine their mass.
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92:, a 1980s era study which would have used an interstellar precursor probe to expand the baseline for calculating stellar parallax in support of Astrometry.
1499:
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1202:
167:'s investigations on the motion of the Moon, while his other observations of the motions of the planets Jupiter and Saturn inspired French scholar
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Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the
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349:. The precision was improved by a factor of 100 and enabled the mapping of a billion stars. Today, the catalogue most often used is
100:, which gave astronomers reference points for objects in the sky so they could track their movements. This can be dated back to the
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1996:
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2100:
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to improve star mapping could not be finished but made photography a common technique for astrometry. In the 1980s,
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1989:
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various techniques, such as through instrument improvements and compensations to the data. The results are then
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plates were used to complete several sky surveys that make the data in USNO-B1.0 accurate to within 0.2 arcsec.
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1961:
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The Great Star Map, Being a Brief
General Account of the International Project Known as the Astrographic Chart
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1842:
1701:
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337:(milliarcseconds). Additional catalogues were compiled for the 23,882 double and multiple stars and 11,597
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2737:
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2109:
1982:
1975:
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909:"On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in Orion, and on the Motions of Some Stars towards or from the Earth"
438:
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421:, astrometric techniques help identify stellar objects by their unique motions. It is instrumental for
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437:'s rotation by means of exact astronomical observations. Astrometry is an important step in the
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of the Earth's axis. His cataloguing of 3222 stars was refined in 1807 by German astronomer
240:
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30:
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1304:
697:
Astrometry of fundamental catalogues: the evolution from optical to radio reference frames
462:
377:) could produce changes in position and velocity of the latter as they orbit their common
279:
271:
259:, the father of modern astrometry. He made the first measurement of stellar parallax: 0.3
229:
217:
180:
880:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
924:
771:
385:
84:
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2862:
2712:
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1968:
1870:
1421:
1406:
1225:
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660:
481:
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208:, to measure star positions more accurately than previously, with a precision of 15–35
194:
97:
35:
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observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large
145:; furthermore, he provided drawings for each constellation, which are depicted in his
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338:
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209:
189:
164:
101:
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1416:
1401:
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65:
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of 118,218 stars were determined with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. A new "
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explosions. Also, astrometric results are used to determine the distribution of
405:
to report their observations in, astrometry is also fundamental for fields like
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610:
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142:
117:
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109:
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61:
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321:
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73:
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27:
Branch of astronomy involving positioning and movements of celestial bodies
17:
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442:
267:
126:
38:
in the optical wavelength range to determine precise positions of stars.
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160:
121:
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1342:
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908:
522:
489:
283:
137:
carried out observations on the stars and described their positions,
69:
52:
that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of
1088:
779:
465:) (now cancelled) was to utilize astrometric techniques to detect
434:
384:
365:
364:
83:
29:
1315:. University of Virginia Department of Astronomy. Archived from
1198:
374:
163:
were still used centuries later in
Canadian–American astronomer
53:
2259:
1481:
1362:
243:
in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his
1653:
1461:
577:
333:" drew together a database of 1,058,332 stars to within 20-30
2255:
1477:
1195:"Planet-Like Body Discovered at Fringes of Our Solar System"
507:
Astronomers use astrometric techniques for the tracking of
108:, who around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors
1337:
Planet-Like Body
Discovered at Fringes of Our Solar System
636:
International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
159:
with a diameter of nearly 1.4 metres. His observations on
3497:
341:
also analyzed during the
Hipparcos mission. In 2013, the
325:
During its 4-year run, the positions, parallaxes, and
130:, giving their location, coordinates, and brightness.
124:, included a catalogue of 1,022 stars in his work the
96:
The history of astrometry is linked to the history of
1138:"Discovery of a candidate inner Oort cloud planetoid"
1136:
Trujillo, Chadwick; Rabinowitz, David (1 June 2007).
1170:"Discovery: Largest Solar System Object Since Pluto"
646:
Methods of detecting extrasolar planets - Astrometry
345:
satellite was launched and improved the accuracy of
3474:
3263:
3222:
3124:
3036:
2943:
2876:
2649:
2529:
2455:
2381:
2368:
2323:
2013:
1921:
1804:
1744:
1665:
1627:
1588:
1581:
1293:
Astrometry
Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory
452:Astrometry has also been used to support claims of
1224:
1056:
804:
224:using the "observational clock" he invented. When
3174:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3169:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1231:. Springer Science & Business Media. p.
842:Kovalevsky, Jean; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2004).
671:United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station
397:Apart from the fundamental function of providing
369:Diagram showing how a smaller object (such as an
2793:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1262:Kovalevsky, Jean; Seidelman, P. Kenneth (2004).
1115:"Infant exoplanet weighed by Hipparcos and Gaia"
305:. Started in the late 19th century, the project
1034:"Gaia : the first 3D map of the milky way"
2271:
1493:
1374:
1348:Scientific Paper describing Sedna's discovery
1298:USNO Astrometric Catalog and related Products
722:Star maps: history, artistry, and cartography
8:
1333:high-precision astrometry library for C/C++.
573:XParallax viu (Free application for Windows)
563:to compute data estimates and error ranges.
133:In the 10th century, the Iranian astronomer
204:used improved instruments, including large
2378:
2278:
2264:
2256:
1585:
1500:
1486:
1478:
1381:
1367:
1359:
913:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
756:"Great Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn"
2336:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
932:
787:
222:Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din
3204:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1083:Nature 462, 705 (2009) 8 December 2009
983:"The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission"
583:Astrometry.net (Online blind astrometry)
687:
492:, it is possible to put a limit on the
200:In the 16th century, Danish astronomer
1353:The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission
601:Barycentric celestial reference system
578:Astrometrica (Application for Windows)
373:) orbiting a larger object (such as a
282:of several prominent stars, including
3512:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
1205:from the original on 30 November 2007
1101:"ESA - Space Science - Gaia overview"
956:CERN paper on plate measuring machine
811:History of astronomy: an encyclopedia
480:Astrometric measurements are used by
7:
3194:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3184:Habitability of neutron star systems
2239:
1168:Britt, Robert Roy (7 October 2002).
1150:from the original on 26 October 2007
445:distance estimates for stars in the
3537:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3164:Habitability of binary star systems
393:of solar system relative to the Sun
3522:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3179:Habitability of natural satellites
1288:MPC Guide to Minor Body Astrometry
630:Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission
469:orbiting 200 or so of the nearest
177:Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn
25:
3189:Habitability of red dwarf systems
488:. By measuring the velocities of
3286:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3250:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3240:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
2728:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2359:
2238:
2227:
2226:
1997:Southern African Large Telescope
537:and others at Caltech using the
247:, but he instead discovered the
3199:Habitable zone for complex life
2637:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2341:Methods of detecting exoplanets
1223:Kovalevsky, Jean (2002-01-22).
1193:Clavin, Whitney (15 May 2004).
666:United States Naval Observatory
484:to constrain certain models in
3380:Discovered exoplanets by year
1343:Mike Brown's Caltech Home Page
1313:"Hall of Precision Astrometry"
1266:. Cambridge University Press.
1063:. Berlin; New York: Springer.
907:Higgins, William (1871–1872).
626:— launched December 2013
473:. The European Space Agency's
270:. In 1872, British astronomer
1:
3507:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3154:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3581:Astronomical sub-disciplines
3527:Planets in globular clusters
3144:Circumstellar habitable zone
1247:error correction astrometry.
459:Space Interferometry Mission
3487:Exoplanet naming convention
2597:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
641:List of astrometric solvers
454:extrasolar planet detection
179:. In the 15th century, the
64:and physical origin of the
34:Illustration of the use of
3607:
2723:Extraterrestrial materials
2357:
1264:Fundamentals of Astrometry
981:Staff (27 February 2019).
884:Kluwer Academic Publishers
848:Cambridge University Press
844:Fundamentals of Astrometry
533:discovered in this way by
3550:Discoveries of exoplanets
3545:
2753:Interplanetary dust cloud
2291:
2221:
1990:Large Binocular Telescope
1955:Extremely Large Telescope
1948:Extremely large telescope
1515:
1397:
1143:. European Space Agency.
1055:Kovalevsky, Jean (1995).
1008:"From Hipparchus to Gaia"
724:. Springer. p. 109.
517:Asteroid impact avoidance
173:Obliquity of the Ecliptic
151:. Egyptian mathematician
40:Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
3255:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3230:Nearby Habitable Systems
3116:Transit-timing variation
1962:Gran Telescopio Canarias
760:The Astronomical Journal
695:Walter, Hans G. (2000).
529:are two trans-Neptunian
3532:Small planet radius gap
3235:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3159:Galactic habitable zone
2733:Giant-impact hypothesis
2057:Astrology and astronomy
1767:Gravitational radiation
1432:Extragalactic astronomy
803:Lankford, John (1997).
543:Samuel Oschin telescope
519:is among the purposes.
441:because it establishes
419:observational astronomy
239:first tried to measure
3492:Exoplanet phase curves
3330:Terrestrial candidates
3281:Multiplanetary systems
3245:NASA Exoplanet Archive
2928:Mean-motion resonances
2738:Gravitational collapse
2688:Circumstellar envelope
1976:Hubble Space Telescope
754:Lovett, E. O. (1895).
699:. New York: Springer.
439:cosmic distance ladder
394:
382:
311:charge-coupled devices
93:
42:
3367:Potentially habitable
3272:Exoplanetary systems
3214:Superhabitable planet
2973:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
2858:Sample-return mission
2758:Interplanetary medium
2080:Astroparticle physics
1815:Australian Aboriginal
987:European Space Agency
656:Celestial cartography
388:
368:
318:European Space Agency
135:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
87:
33:
3586:Astrological aspects
3502:Extragalactic planet
3482:Carl Sagan Institute
2763:Interplanetary space
2678:Circumplanetary disk
2351:Planet-hosting stars
2072:Astronomers Monument
2004:Very Large Telescope
1551:Astronomical symbols
1006:Jatan Mehta (2019).
815:Taylor & Francis
720:Kanas, Nick (2007).
228:became commonplace,
220:of the stars at the
116:to discover Earth's
88:Concept art for the
2843:Protoplanetary disk
2823:Planetary migration
2778:Interstellar medium
2557:Circumtriple planet
2552:Circumbinary planet
2145:List of astronomers
1558:Astronomical object
1389:Major subfields of
925:1872Natur...6..231H
789:2027/uva.x004243084
772:1895AJ.....15..113L
744:p. 110, Kanas 2007.
651:Spherical astronomy
561:statistical methods
539:Palomar Observatory
515:, can be obtained.
486:celestial mechanics
467:terrestrial planets
429:is essentially the
407:celestial mechanics
299:photographic plates
297:using astronomical
249:aberration of light
235:English astronomer
148:Book of Fixed Stars
2808:Nebular hypothesis
2783:Interstellar space
2768:Interstellar cloud
2748:Internal structure
2683:Circumstellar disc
2131:Physical cosmology
1447:Physical cosmology
1437:Galactic astronomy
1303:2015-08-26 at the
1036:. pourlascience.fr
967:H.H. Turner, 1912
616:Geodetic astronomy
596:Astrometric binary
509:near-Earth objects
415:galactic astronomy
395:
383:
241:stellar parallaxes
232:sped measurements
212:. Ottoman scholar
94:
60:. It provides the
43:
3563:
3562:
3139:Astrooceanography
2773:Interstellar dust
2645:
2644:
2521:Ultra-hot Neptune
2516:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2465:Eccentric Jupiter
2315:Planetary science
2253:
2252:
2138:Quantum cosmology
2124:Planetary geology
1917:
1916:
1628:Celestial subject
1475:
1474:
1467:Stellar astronomy
1457:Planetary science
1452:Planetary geology
1442:Orbital mechanics
1242:978-3-540-42380-5
1227:Modern Astrometry
1059:Modern Astrometry
731:978-0-387-71668-8
567:Computer programs
371:extrasolar planet
206:mural instruments
16:(Redirected from
3598:
3517:Neptunian desert
2903:Tidally detached
2838:Planet formation
2828:Planetary system
2718:Exozodiacal dust
2708:Disrupted planet
2632:Ultra-cool dwarf
2562:Disrupted planet
2547:Chthonian planet
2379:
2363:
2346:Planetary system
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
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2241:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2159:Medieval Islamic
2154:
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2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
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2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2043:Astroinformatics
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:Archaeoastronomy
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1983:Keck Observatory
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1878:Medieval Islamic
1873:
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1117:. 20 August 2018
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965:
959:
953:
947:
946:
936:
934:10.1038/006231a0
919:(142): 379–394.
904:
898:
897:
868:
862:
861:
850:. pp. 2–3.
839:
833:
832:
808:
800:
794:
793:
791:
751:
745:
742:
736:
735:
717:
711:
710:
692:
535:Michael E. Brown
513:orbital elements
471:solar-type stars
433:synchronized to
411:stellar dynamics
291:filar micrometer
257:Friedrich Bessel
58:celestial bodies
21:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3555:Search projects
3541:
3470:
3259:
3218:
3120:
3092:Radial velocity
3032:
2988:K/Orange dwarfs
2978:G/Yellow dwarfs
2939:
2933:Titius–Bode law
2872:
2803:Molecular cloud
2703:Detached object
2654:
2652:
2641:
2627:Toroidal planet
2617:Sub-brown dwarf
2525:
2451:
2423:(Super-Mercury)
2396:Coreless planet
2372:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2319:
2287:
2284:
2254:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2189:X-ray telescope
2187:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1795:Multi-messenger
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1618:Space telescope
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1476:
1471:
1462:Solar astronomy
1393:
1387:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1305:Wayback Machine
1284:
1274:
1261:
1258:
1256:Further reading
1253:
1243:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:10.1038/462705a
1082:
1078:
1071:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
966:
962:
954:
950:
906:
905:
901:
894:
870:
869:
865:
858:
841:
840:
836:
829:
802:
801:
797:
753:
752:
748:
743:
739:
732:
719:
718:
714:
707:
694:
693:
689:
685:
680:
591:
569:
552:
504:in the galaxy.
482:astrophysicists
463:SIM PlanetQuest
457:NASA's planned
403:reference frame
363:
303:star catalogues
280:radial velocity
278:to measure the
272:William Huggins
230:setting circles
218:right ascension
98:star catalogues
82:
48:is a branch of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3104:Transit method
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:Direct imaging
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2868:Star formation
2865:
2863:Scattered disc
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Excretion disk
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Accretion disk
2665:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Eyeball planet
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2036:Astrochemistry
2032:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1969:Hale Telescope
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1708:
1702:Visible-light
1698:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1643:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Cosmochemistry
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:Astrochemistry
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:— on ESA
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1283:
1282:External links
1280:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1215:
1185:
1160:
1128:
1106:
1092:
1076:
1069:
1047:
1021:
998:
973:
960:
948:
899:
892:
863:
856:
834:
827:
795:
780:10.1086/102265
746:
737:
730:
712:
705:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
661:Star catalogue
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
568:
565:
551:
548:
379:center of mass
362:
359:
355:Schmidt camera
339:variable stars
327:proper motions
195:minutes of arc
90:TAU spacecraft
81:
78:
36:interferometry
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3603:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:Yellow giants
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Merging stars
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Asteroid belt
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Pulsar planet
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Double planet
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Super-Neptune
2504:
2502:
2501:Super-Jupiter
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Helium planet
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Hycean planet
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Desert planet
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Carbon planet
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:Constellation
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:Other methods
1743:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:Submillimetre
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:Extragalactic
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:Observational
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
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1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
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1491:
1489:
1484:
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1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
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1425:
1423:
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1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1319:on 2006-08-26
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:0-521-64216-7
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:3-540-42380-X
1066:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1009:
1002:
999:
988:
984:
977:
974:
971:(John Murray)
970:
964:
961:
958:USNO StarScan
957:
952:
949:
944:
940:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
893:0-7923-4066-3
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:"Taqi al-Din"
873:
867:
864:
859:
857:0-521-64216-7
853:
849:
845:
838:
835:
830:
828:0-8153-0322-X
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
799:
796:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
741:
738:
733:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
706:3-540-67436-5
702:
698:
691:
688:
682:
677:
676:Time standard
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:(ESA—1989-93)
631:
628:
625:
623:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
564:
562:
558:
549:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:dwarf planets
528:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
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460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
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408:
404:
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392:
387:
380:
376:
372:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Tycho catalog
328:
323:
319:
316:In 1989, the
314:
312:
308:
307:Carte du Ciel
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:James Bradley
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:measured the
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
191:
190:Zij-i-Sultani
187:compiled the
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Simon Newcomb
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:ancient Greek
99:
91:
86:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3372:Proper names
3149:Earth analog
3134:Astrobiology
3126:Habitability
3063:Microlensing
3045:
3023:White dwarfs
2993:M/Red dwarfs
2983:Herbig Ae/Be
2968:Brown dwarfs
2910:Rogue planet
2891:Interstellar
2833:Planetesimal
2602:Planetesimal
2582:Giant planet
2572:Ecumenopolis
2470:Mini-Neptune
2406:Dwarf planet
2070:
2063:
2050:Astrophysics
2029:Astrobiology
1693:Far-infrared
1647:Local system
1582:Astronomy by
1572:... in space
1417:Astrophysics
1411:
1402:Astrobiology
1339:(2004-03-15)
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1263:
1246:
1226:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1109:
1095:
1079:
1058:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1010:. thewire.in
1001:
990:. Retrieved
976:
968:
963:
951:
916:
912:
902:
879:
872:Sevim Tekeli
866:
843:
837:
810:
806:"Astrometry"
798:
763:
759:
749:
740:
721:
715:
696:
690:
621:
553:
521:
506:
479:
475:Gaia Mission
451:
423:keeping time
396:
381:(red cross).
361:Applications
315:
288:
276:spectroscopy
234:
199:
188:
176:
172:
146:
132:
125:
95:
66:Solar System
45:
44:
39:
3591:Measurement
3384:before 2000
3300:Discoveries
3075:Polarimetry
2963:Binary star
2853:Rubble pile
2848:Ring system
2818:Outer space
2788:Kuiper belt
2743:Hills cloud
2698:Debris disk
2693:Cosmic dust
2622:Sub-Neptune
2607:Protoplanet
2542:Brown dwarf
2530:Other types
2486:Hot Neptune
2481:Hot Jupiter
2472:(Gas dwarf)
2447:Super-Earth
2432:Ocean world
2427:Lava planet
2421:Iron planet
2383:Terrestrial
2324:Main topics
2117:Planetarium
1774:High-energy
1760:Cosmic rays
1712:Ultraviolet
1030:Carme Jordi
502:dark matter
431:atomic time
399:astronomers
295:Astrographs
265:binary star
214:Taqi al-Din
202:Tycho Brahe
183:astronomer
104:astronomer
18:Astrometric
3576:Astrometry
3570:Categories
3295:Exoplanets
3276:Host stars
3223:Catalogues
3046:Astrometry
3008:Subdwarf B
2945:Host stars
2918:Retrograde
2813:Oort cloud
2651:Formation
2587:Mesoplanet
2511:Super-puff
2437:Mega-Earth
2416:Ice planet
2301:Definition
2286:Exoplanets
2110:Photometry
2087:Binoculars
2064:Astrometry
1925:telescopes
1822:Babylonian
1666:EM methods
1544:Astronomer
1412:Astrometry
1331:SuperNOVAS
1323:2006-08-10
1209:2007-12-06
1179:2007-12-06
1154:2007-12-06
1040:27 January
1014:27 January
992:2007-12-06
817:. p.
683:References
624:spacecraft
611:Equatorium
550:Statistics
425:, in that
391:barycenter
389:Motion of
226:telescopes
143:star color
139:magnitudes
118:precession
114:Aristillus
110:Timocharis
106:Hipparchus
62:kinematics
56:and other
46:Astrometry
3389:2000–2009
3355:1501–2000
3350:1001–1500
3038:Detection
3003:Red giant
2663:Accretion
2655:evolution
2496:Ice giant
2491:Gas giant
2442:Sub-Earth
2331:Exoplanet
2182:Telescope
1788:Spherical
1735:Gamma-ray
1704:(optical)
1509:Astronomy
1427:Cosmology
1391:astronomy
1174:SPACE.com
1121:21 August
606:Ephemeris
498:supernova
494:asymmetry
447:Milky Way
351:USNO-B1.0
347:Hipparcos
322:Hipparcos
245:telescope
185:Ulugh Beg
157:astrolabe
153:Ibn Yunus
74:Milky Way
68:and this
50:astronomy
3345:501–1000
3325:Heaviest
3305:Extremes
3013:Subgiant
2886:Exocomet
2232:Category
1941:Category
1836:Egyptian
1753:Neutrino
1688:Infrared
1636:Galactic
1611:Sidewalk
1565:Glossary
1535:Timeline
1301:Archived
1203:Archived
1145:Archived
1032:(2019).
874:(1997).
589:See also
557:analyzed
443:parallax
268:61 Cygni
263:for the
253:nutation
251:and the
161:eclipses
127:Almagest
3320:Largest
3315:Nearest
3018:T Tauri
2914:Orbits
2898:Exomoon
2878:Systems
2592:Planemo
2457:Gaseous
2244:Commons
2196:history
2166:Russian
2014:Related
1923:Optical
1908:Tibetan
1892:Serbian
1885:Persian
1829:Chinese
1806:Culture
1726:History
1597:Amateur
1528:History
1521:Outline
921:Bibcode
768:Bibcode
766:: 113.
490:pulsars
401:with a
181:Timurid
169:Laplace
122:Ptolemy
80:History
3335:Kepler
3310:Firsts
3209:Tholin
3080:Timing
2998:Pulsar
2923:Trojan
2537:Blanet
2296:Planet
2212:Zodiac
2152:French
1857:Indian
1850:Hebrew
1589:Manner
1270:
1239:
1067:
943:113159
941:
890:
854:
825:
728:
703:
559:using
523:Quaoar
284:Sirius
261:arcsec
210:arcsec
72:, the
70:galaxy
3475:Other
3340:1–500
3265:Lists
2374:types
2369:Sizes
2203:lists
2173:Women
1864:Inuit
1843:Greek
1781:Radar
1719:X-ray
1674:Radio
1654:Solar
1148:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
939:JSTOR
527:Sedna
435:Earth
417:. In
274:used
54:stars
3464:2024
3459:2023
3454:2022
3449:2021
3444:2020
3439:2019
3434:2018
3429:2017
3424:2016
3419:2015
3414:2014
3409:2013
3404:2012
3399:2011
3394:2010
3109:list
3097:list
3085:list
3068:list
3056:list
2653:and
2371:and
1934:List
1899:folk
1871:Maya
1268:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1199:NASA
1123:2018
1065:ISBN
1042:2020
1016:2020
888:ISBN
852:ISBN
823:ISBN
726:ISBN
701:ISBN
622:Gaia
525:and
413:and
375:star
343:Gaia
175:and
141:and
112:and
2306:IAU
2101:IAU
1233:166
1085:doi
929:doi
784:hdl
776:doi
541:'s
496:of
427:UTC
335:mas
320:'s
171:'s
3572::
3362:K2
1638:/
1245:.
1235:.
1201:.
1197:.
1172:.
985:.
937:.
927:.
917:20
915:.
911:.
886:.
882:.
878:.
846:.
821:.
819:49
813:.
809:.
782:.
774:.
764:15
762:.
758:.
449:.
409:,
293:.
286:.
197:.
76:.
2958:B
2953:A
2279:e
2272:t
2265:v
1696:)
1690:(
1501:e
1494:t
1487:v
1382:e
1375:t
1368:v
1326:.
1276:.
1212:.
1182:.
1157:.
1125:.
1103:.
1087::
1073:.
1044:.
1018:.
995:.
945:.
931::
923::
896:.
860:.
831:.
792:.
786::
778::
770::
734:.
709:.
461:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
