35:
899:
189:
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522:
360:
710:
1961:
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867:, the European Space Agency envisioned recruiting an astronaut with a physical disability, a category they called "parastronauts", with the intention but not guarantee of spaceflight. The categories of disability considered for the program were individuals with lower limb deficiency (either through amputation or congenital), leg length difference, or a short stature (less than 130 centimetres or 4 feet 3 inches). On 23 November 2022,
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centers. While this does not affect their intellectual capabilities, it temporarily hinders formation of new cells in brain's memory centers. The study conducted by Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) concluded this after they observed that mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation
5960:
Jillings, Steven; Van
Ombergen, Angelique; Tomilovskaya, Elena; Rumshiskaya, Alena; Litvinova, Liudmila; Nosikova, Inna; Pechenkova, Ekaterina; Rukavishnikov, Ilya; Kozlovskaya, Inessa B.; Manko, Olga; Danilichev, Sergey; Sunaert, Stefan; Parizel, Paul M.; Sinitsyn, Valentin; Petrovichev, Victor;
2266:
Space
Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment.
1076:
one who flies to the
International Space Station as part of a "privately funded, dedicated commercial spaceflight on a commercial launch vehicle dedicated to the mission ... to conduct approved commercial and marketing activities on the space station (or in a commercial segment attached to the
1570:
crossed the 100 kilometers (54 nautical miles) line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight. Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight. The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both
2369:, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of an
1756:
The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959. Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott
Carpenter (of the
2267:
Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average
American uses about 35 US gallons (130 L) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three US gallons (11 L) per day.
2340:
As of 2020, eleven people (all men) have died training for spaceflight: eight
Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments.
1119:
912:
While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led
3521:
1100:. The new criteria states that one must have "emonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human space flight safety" to qualify as an astronaut. This new definition excludes Bezos and Branson.
1910:
Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly
171:
Since 1961, 600 astronauts have flown in space. Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded
5808:"Travelling to Mars and deep into space could kill astronauts by destroying their guts, finds Nasa-funded study – Previous work has shown that astronauts could age prematurely and have damaged brain tissue after long journeys"
3312:"Astronaut-Physician Counting Down to Blastoff Aboard Russian Craft : Shuttle: Dr. Norman Thagard will become the first American to leave the Earth aboard a Soyuz rocket. Mission will take them to the Mir space station"
1065:
one who flies above 50 miles (80 km) in a non-NASA vehicle as a crewmember and demonstrates activities during flight that are essential to public safety, or contribute to human space flight safety, is considered a
1761:) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots. The earliest astronauts for both the US and the USSR tended to be
1823:
Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space
Shuttle; further, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there.
2034:
scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and
Olympic
6538:
5942:
229:, at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi). In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 mi) are awarded
1562:(she also became the first woman in space on that mission). Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time. A month later,
2825:
2038:
as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and
3548:
3710:
1610:
as part of an estimated $ 12 million (USD) deal with a
Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe
6570:
6543:
5414:
Horneck G.; Eschweiler, U.; Reitz, G.; Wehner, J.; Willimek, R.; Strauch, K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
108:. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and
7446:
7115:
5807:
6656:
6555:
6196:
2636:
2319:
5457:
Cherry, Jonathan D.; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O'Banion, M. Kerry; Liu, Bin (2012). Feinstein, Douglas L (ed.).
2104:
Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long-duration space missions. The syndrome, known as
3259:
2302:. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the
501:
applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its
4142:
1938:
in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist. The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the
6530:
5864:"Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains"
5297:
5915:
220:
6565:
6550:
4712:
2105:
2019:
4192:
2482:
2333:
As of 2020, eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have died during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (
1261:(EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on 18 March 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission. This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut
2015:
5638:
1084:
a generally-accepted but unofficial term for a paying non-crew passenger who flies a private non-NASA or military vehicles above 50 miles (80 km) is a
718:
148:
4974:
4761:
3225:
6575:
6461:
6062:
2431:
2111:
On 2 November 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken
864:
5397:
3834:
3684:
267:
As of 17 November 2016, under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eight
5098:
1092:
On July 20, 2021, the FAA issued an order redefining the eligibility criteria to be an astronaut in response to the private suborbital spaceflights of
343:
members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term. When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space,
275:, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice. Space travelers have spent over 41,790
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6189:
2817:
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1951:
1113:
237:
3808:
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3053:
2441:
492:
6121:
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3433:
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3602:
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488:
4215:
3767:
4532:
4343:
34:
6157:
5198:
4623:
4426:
3574:
1858:
The candidate must have at least two years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion or at least 1,000 hours
6693:
6182:
5459:"Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Aβ Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease"
4365:
4241:
3416:"太空人 : astronaut... : tài kōng rén | Definition | Mandarin Chinese Pinyin English Dictionary | Yabla Chinese"
2925:
1800:
flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in
964:
917:
program. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term
101:
3415:
2731:
6713:
3208:
3122:
3009:
2993:
2893:
2456:
5613:
4975:"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight"
4161:
4127:
media, Government of Canada, Canadian Space Agency, Directions of communications, Information services and new (4 September 2014).
3293:
2640:
2108:, has been reported in nearly two-thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
3658:
3329:
2157:
of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and
188:
3176:
2358:
mission, along with a list of the names of eight of the astronauts and six cosmonauts known at the time to have died in service.
2086:
6142:
5357:
Dose, K.; Bieger-Dose, A.; Dillmann, R.; Gill, M.; Kerz, O.; Klein, A.; Meinert, H.; Nawroth, T.; Risi, S.; Stridde, C. (1995).
4078:
3864:
2860:
898:
6868:
5674:
4834:
4559:
3970:
3049:
2585:
2436:
1418:
1071:
2763:
701:
became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut".
7243:
7105:
6688:
5519:
3939:
3367:
3268:
2662:
2467:
2288:
1888:
476:
6165:
4020:
449:
5243:
Rao, S.; van Holsbeeck, L.; Musial, J. L.; Parker, A.; Bouffard, J. A.; Bridge, P.; Jackson, M.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (2008).
3740:
2451:
1751:
300:
8048:
5307:
1522:, who spent 438 days there. As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both
1029:. Across Germanic languages, the word for "astronaut" typically translates to "space traveler", as it does with German's
8119:
6809:
5330:
3993:
1927:
888:
587:
6019:
5572:
5027:
4720:
4268:
841:
since the advent of the Chinese space program. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (
115:"Astronaut" technically applies to all human space travelers regardless of nationality. However, astronauts fielded by
8124:
7599:
7221:
7057:
6804:
6651:
6302:
6214:
4047:
2446:
2202:
2165:
1773:
1668:
465:) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to
7799:
5012:
4184:
3912:
2055:, became more virulent when cultivated in space. More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to
4586:
7293:
7062:
6735:
5049:
4742:
2426:
2411:
2116:
1915:
1904:
895:" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.
728:
722:
248:
have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the
151:
24:
20:
5283:
Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station:
4884:
1768:
Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for
1059:
one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and Roscosmos is a
7854:
7216:
7098:
6836:
6601:
5646:
1813:
1611:
1603:
818:
245:
1733:
1048:
As of 2021 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a person depending on the authorizing agency:
7659:
7331:
6831:
6819:
6791:
5302:
5147:
4757:
2292:
1918:, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004; as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts:
1232:
1129:
510:
56:
7050:
6074:
5358:
4479:
3389:
1413:
became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant. In 2003,
1353:
5943:"Space travel can lead to new motor skills but impaired vision, according to a new study of cosmonaut brains"
1211:
became the first American and second person in space on 5 May 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight aboard
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2003:
1769:
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1460:
1258:
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280:
46:
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had to abort an intended lunar landing, and looped around the Moon to return its three astronauts to Earth.
1832:
Unless otherwise noted, the following data are incorporated from the Astronaut Requirements article by NASA
521:
439:
in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in
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7345:
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on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.
2154:
2127:
2079:
2047:
1979:
1817:
1389:
With the increase of seats on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In 1983,
372:
359:
133:). Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term
5961:
Laureys, Steven; Zu Eulenburg, Peter; Sijbers, Jan; Wuyts, Floris L.; Jeurissen, Ben (4 September 2020).
5916:"Radiation can impact astronauts' memory temporarily: Here's all you need to know | Health Tips and News"
5721:"Astronauts who take long trips to space return with brains that have floated to the top of their skulls"
3311:
2263:) mass of food per meal each day (inclusive of about 120 g or 4.2 oz packaging mass per meal).
1530:. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km (249,205 mi), when
454:
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7040:
6678:
6560:
6044:
5072:
4946:
4449:
4101:
3390:"The Axiom-1 crew launches today—are these guys tourists, astronauts, or what? – Ars Technica OpenForum"
2362:
2201:
conducted on the brains of eight male Russian cosmonauts after they returned from long stays aboard the
2098:
1880:
Two years of work toward a doctoral program in a related science, technology, engineering or math field.
1793:
1572:
1373:
868:
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562:
506:
3797:
3172:
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5245:"A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine"
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6923:
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6594:
6351:
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5747:
YOUNG, LAURENCE R. (1 May 1999). "Artificial Gravity Considerations for a Mars Exploration Mission".
5725:
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5423:
5373:
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3087:
1809:
1587:
1563:
1555:
1368:
became the first ethnic Chinese person in space. The first person born in Africa to fly in space was
1311:
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and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exceptions of France and
1262:
1198:
1133:
686:
591:
574:
554:
502:
177:
6130:
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3467:
2291:. This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title
2229:, both of which could possibly be long lasting. It was the first study to provide clear evidence of
147:), meaning "space"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear. In China, the
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42:
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3332:[Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut who has made China's first manned space flight].
3330:"Ян Ливэй – первый китайский космонавт, совершивший первый в Китае пилотируемый космический полет"
2559:
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6873:
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5720:
5701:
5520:"Study Shows that Space Travel is Harmful to the Brain and Could Accelerate Onset of Alzheimer's"
5004:
4916:
4383:
2944:
2913:
2794:
2421:
2007:
1987:
1884:
1844:
1745:
1377:
1213:
1052:
one who flies in a vehicle above 50 miles (80 km) for NASA or the military is considered an
952:
832:
674:
580:
558:
470:
466:
392:
196:
4657:
1960:
5601:"NASA's Efforts to Manage Health and Human Performance Risks for Space Exploration (IG-16-003)"
7914:
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7008:
6903:
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6000:
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5389:
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4692:
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4136:
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3204:
3151:
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2921:
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2226:
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1935:
1923:
1681:
1652:
1495:
1464:
1410:
1402:
1307:
1159:
1008:
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682:
329:. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader
226:
214:
210:
206:
7033:
5549:
4536:
4401:
4339:
4320:"William Shatner oldest astronaut at 90 – Here's how space tourism could affect older people"
2883:
2377:
officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian
2310:
also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
8062:
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7944:
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7909:
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6390:
6206:
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6137:
6125:
5963:"Macro- and microstructural changes in cosmonauts' brains after long-duration spaceflight"
5812:
2735:
2303:
2299:
2230:
2185:
A study by Russian scientists published in April 2019 stated that astronauts facing space
2035:
2027:
1964:
1919:
1805:
1699:
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dictionaries, and the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut
670:
623:
534:
408:
364:
241:
230:
5600:
3114:
3013:
2497:
746:, "cosmos navigating personnel") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general, while
5978:
5760:
5476:
5427:
5377:
4157:
3630:
2247:
1181:
7974:
7849:
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7834:
7804:
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7649:
7619:
7594:
7529:
7514:
7509:
7489:
7484:
7424:
7373:
7360:
7253:
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7174:
7159:
7137:
7127:
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7013:
6962:
6883:
6250:
5995:
5962:
5892:
5863:
5768:
5495:
5458:
5284:
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2492:
2374:
2214:
2198:
2052:
1968:
1955:
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678:
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388:
284:
6174:
3603:"'Parastronaut' sought as ESA recruits its first new astronauts in more than a decade"
2014:
injury. A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the
1816:
is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from
8108:
8004:
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7904:
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6219:
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5385:
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3860:
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2210:
2179:
2119:. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.
2060:
1776:. Astronauts-in-training (astronaut candidates) may also experience short periods of
1758:
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1634:
1618:
1576:
1523:
1475:
1456:
1406:
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1323:
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665:, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with
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5331:"Alarming Study Indicates Why Certain Bacteria Are More Resistant to Drugs in Space"
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Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. It can affect the
1869:
The candidate must be able to pass the NASA long-duration flight astronaut physical.
1393:
of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft. In 1984,
8074:
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7894:
7759:
7639:
7549:
7544:
7524:
7519:
7479:
7378:
7313:
6982:
6967:
6668:
6663:
6263:
5545:
3147:
Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German
3057:
2767:
2334:
2170:
2131:
2039:
1972:
1863:
1660:
1640:
1535:
1490:
and the first person to sleep in space, twice. The oldest person to reach space is
1394:
1342:
1223:
1208:
1190:
1144:
1122:
783:
666:
662:
650:
619:
550:
484:
462:
424:
420:
384:
368:
344:
306:
192:
173:
120:
3943:
3359:
2611:
1197:
and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet
6162:
5523:
5485:
4992:
4024:
3145:
2705:
758:, "navigating celestial-heaven personnel") is used for Chinese astronauts. Here,
7929:
7924:
7919:
7859:
7754:
7739:
7709:
7604:
7569:
7469:
7206:
7072:
6762:
6745:
6617:
6471:
6429:
6400:
6234:
6230:
5840:
4402:"Higher & Faster: Memorial Fund Established for X-15 pilot Joseph A. Walker"
2401:
2345:
2218:
2146:
2135:
2023:
1785:
1721:
1675:
1622:
1468:
1440:
1436:
1390:
1365:
1300:
1288:
1280:
1243:
1118:
914:
779:
775:
771:
404:
380:
165:
4051:
3434:"Chinese taikonaut dismisses environment worries about new space launch center"
3294:"Illustrious alumnus: Former astronaut Thagard recounts thrills of spaceflight"
2325:
2320:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents § Astronaut fatalities
1872:
The candidate must also have skills in leadership, teamwork and communications.
525:
The first eleven Soviet cosmonauts to fly, July 1965. Back row, left to right:
240:
have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached
127:(from the Russian "kosmos" (космос), meaning "space", also borrowed from Greek
7884:
7809:
7774:
7719:
7694:
7340:
7248:
7191:
7151:
6945:
6646:
6513:
6487:
5882:
5261:
5244:
5099:"Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging"
3916:
3685:"Infinite in All Directions: A Science Workshop and Why Vyomanaut Is Not Cool"
2818:"Russian cosmonaut becomes 1st person to spend 1,000 cumulative days in space"
2477:
2461:
2275:
2242:
2056:
2031:
1983:
1801:
1737:
1648:
1539:
1531:
1499:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1327:
1296:
1276:
who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968.
1228:
1218:
1174:
1093:
827:
822:
440:
416:
396:
376:
253:
105:
5776:
4598:
3997:
3237:
1602:
became the first paying space traveler and the first journalist in space for
225:(FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the
209:
vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that
7654:
7494:
7350:
7201:
6799:
6720:
6703:
5117:
5076:
4406:
4324:
3607:
2949:
Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age
2517:
2355:
2233:, which is the brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.
2186:
2011:
1580:
1543:
1503:
1486:; he rounded the planet 17 times. Titov was also the first person to suffer
1472:
1334:
1284:
968:
6004:
5986:
5901:
5784:
5697:
5504:
5443:
5393:
5270:
5126:
5000:
1326:
became the first Indian citizen to travel to space. He was launched aboard
1155:
809:
is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional
363:
The first sixteen NASA astronauts to be selected, February 1963. Back row:
5688:
5669:
2298:
At NASA, those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver
1166:
who became the first non-American and non-Soviet cosmonaut in space (1978)
6147:
5670:"Effects of Spaceflight on Astronaut Brain Structure as Indicated on MRI"
5463:
5199:"Brain Changes in Space Could Be Linked to Vision Problems in Astronauts"
3635:
2396:
2175:
1999:
1797:
1559:
1479:
1357:
1346:
1269:
1202:
1194:
980:
848:
694:
435:. The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by
276:
62:
4683:
Promised The Moon: The Untold Story of the First Women in the Space Race
3835:"Sorry, Jeff Bezos, you're still not an astronaut, according to the FAA"
2255:
An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 830
2221:
on brain structure, this study showed that space travel can lead to new
971:
spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than
217:, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The
6100:
5577:
5335:
2287:
upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of
2123:
1338:
1319:
1292:
1170:
1000:
814:
5836:"ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health"
4888:
4295:"Obituaries—Gherman S. Titov; Cosmonaut Was Second Man to Orbit Earth"
1443:
became the first astronauts to launch on a private crewed spacecraft,
1380:
became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the
100:), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a
7164:
7028:
6423:
6410:
6322:
6257:
6244:
3549:"Chiew Lee Yih misspelled "taikonaut" 2 years before it first appear"
2391:
2190:
2158:
2064:
1995:
1792:(retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a
1789:
1507:
1350:
1247:
947:
799:
331:
291:
holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 675 days.
116:
95:
83:
1639:
The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was
1417:
became the first Israeli to fly in space, although he died during a
1364:
became the first African American to fly into space. In April 1985,
8069:
4947:"Blindness, Bone Loss, and Space Farts: Astronaut Medical Oddities"
283:. As of 2024, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is
6507:
6494:
6481:
5298:"Space flight shown to alter ability of bacteria to cause disease"
4384:"Puzzle: Civilians in Space (Fourmilog: None Dare Call It Reason)"
2324:
2274:
2260:
2246:
2164:
Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the
1978:
Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including
1959:
1732:
1595:
1246:
became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard
1239:
1169:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1117:
926:
897:
708:
520:
358:
187:
33:
5028:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions"
2920:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 23–24.
2217:
changes. While scientists still know little about the effects of
1659:
was the first person to self-fund a mission to orbit, commanding
925:) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the
279:(114.5-man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of
271:
pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one,
5608:
3714:
3631:"Disabled man joins European Space Agency's astronaut programme"
3083:
3082:
Dismukes, Kim – NASA Biography Page Curator (15 December 2005).
2985:
2856:
2637:"SpaceX's Crew-3 Launched the 600th Person to Space in 60 Years"
2555:
2544:
2370:
2256:
2150:
2142:
2071:
1991:
1894:
Completion of a nationally recognized test pilot school program.
1840:
1702:(Hungarian / American): 7–21 April 2007, 26 March – 8 April 2009
1494:, who was 90 years old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on
1315:
1024:
884:
498:
487:
in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual
336:
335:, while the "astro" prefix suggested flight specifically to the
310:
268:
249:
38:
7428:
6590:
6178:
5550:"Important Research Results NASA Is Not Talking About (Update)"
4340:"John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (Colonel, USMC, Ret.) NASA Astronaut"
4100:
Joachim Wilhelm Josef Becker and Heinz Hermann Janssen (2007).
3774:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
2981:
Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry
2918:
Suddenly Tomorrow Came... A History of the Johnson Space Center
2042:
situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.
685:, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961.
7045:
6586:
5639:"Astronaut Vision Changes Offer Opportunity for More Research"
5148:"Soviet cosmonauts burnt their eyes in space for USSR's glory"
3579:
3171:
Katarzyna Kłosińska, University of Warsaw (16 December 2016).
3118:
3010:"TheSpaceRace.com – Glossary of Space Exploration Terminology"
2251:
Astronauts making and eating hamburgers on board the ISS, 2002
2018:(NSBRI) to address these issues. Prominent among these is the
1607:
1382:
1081:
by NASA (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
469:. An early use of "astronaut" in a non-fiction publication is
5573:"Report: NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars"
1625:
on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.
321:, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called
128:
89:
77:
6152:
3226:"Russia forgot to send toothbrush with first woman in space"
3200:
Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
1265:
who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.
4242:"Blue Origin's Bezos reaches space on 1st passenger flight"
2022:
Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders
1227:
on 20 February 1962. The first American woman in space was
940:
5171:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
3197:
Hall, Rex D.; David, Shayler; Vis, Bert (5 October 2007).
1376:
became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space. In 1988,
951:
meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the
689:
was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest
4560:"Michael Melvill, First Civilian Astronaut, SpaceShipOne"
3460:""Taikonauts" a sign of China's growing global influence"
3267:. NASA. pp. 52–53. NASA/TP-98-207890. Archived from
2612:"astronaut - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com"
154:
and their foreign counterparts are all officially called
5073:"Spaceflight Bad for Astronauts' Vision, Study Suggests"
1405:
became the first Mexican-born person in space. In 1991,
1360:
and black African descent to fly in space, and in 1983,
473:'s poem "The Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934
309:
were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space,
5226:"NASA – Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity"
2194:
did not impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.
1088:(as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
176:
in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the
8046:
2145:-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into
1836:
The candidate must be a citizen of the United States.
1614:
during his mission, which affected his productivity.
1566:
became the first American civilian in space when his
622:
use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the
509:
similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its
5285:
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/234/2/319.abstract
1876:
The master's degree requirement can also be met by:
1467:. Daemen, who was a commercial passenger aboard the
1459:, who was 18 years and 11 months old when he made a
1310:, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the
713:
The first Chinese taikonauts on a 2010 Somalia stamp
8018:
7462:
7359:
7312:
7264:
7150:
7086:
6991:
6911:
6902:
6790:
6624:
6470:
6455:
6399:
6360:
6337:
6272:
6228:
6213:
4831:"Barbara Radding Morgan – NASA Astronaut biography"
2059:and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space.
1839:The candidate must complete a master's degree in a
1185:
Map of countries whose citizens have flown in space
5668:Roberts, Donna R.; et al. (2 November 2017).
5050:"Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems (video)"
4680:
4448:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (2007).
3659:"Wanted: four 'vyomanauts' for Indian spaceflight"
3261:Mir Mission Chronicle: November 1994 – August 1996
1409:became the first Briton to fly in space. In 2002,
236:As of 17 November 2016, 552 people from
6045:"Human Needs: Sustaining Life During Exploration"
5862:Singh, Nitin K.; et al. (23 November 2018).
4758:"NASA Opens Applications for New Astronaut Class"
4533:"Pilot Announced on Eve of Private Space Mission"
2348:left a memorial consisting of a statuette titled
3711:""Sisunautti" haaveilee uudesta Suomen-matkasta"
2663:"FAI Sporting Code, Section 8, Paragraph 2.18.1"
975:should be used for the crew members, suggesting
104:to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a
19:"Cosmonaut" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Commander, pilot, or crew member of a spacecraft
6131:List of International partnership organizations
5097:Kramer, Larry A.; et al. (13 March 2012).
4587:"What a Fungus Reveals About the Space Program"
2764:"Astronaut Statistics – as of 14 November 2008"
2689:"X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts"
2078:may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of
1714:(Canadian): 30 September 2009 – 11 October 2009
1518:The longest time spent in space was by Russian
871:was selected to be the first ESA parastronaut.
4858:"NASA Assures That Teachers Will Fly in Space"
2951:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 108.
2106:visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP)
2020:Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity
1586:The first non-governmental space traveler was
1374:Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud
1177:, first person sent into space by China (2003)
994:
984:
640:, and the two words are considered synonyms).
7440:
6602:
6190:
6143:Encyclopedia Astronautica: Phantom cosmonauts
4452:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
4269:"1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space"
4185:"1991: Sharman becomes first Briton in space"
3436:. China View. 26 January 2008. Archived from
3336:(in Russian). 13 October 2005. Archived from
2857:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2556:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2483:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
1740:during water egress training with NASA (1965)
1022:
1012:
842:
798:, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and
793:
787:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
649:has been credited to Soviet aeronautics (or "
644:
159:
142:
8:
6148:collectSPACE: Astronaut appearances calendar
4141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3144:Kotlyakov, Vladimir; Komarova, Anna (2006).
2816:Kekatos, Mary; Sunseri, Gina (5 June 2024).
2306:, after participation on a spaceflight. The
2138:can cause many implications for astronauts.
2016:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
1788:," the nickname given to a pair of modified
1482:. Titov remains the youngest human to reach
1268:The first crewed mission to orbit the Moon,
1217:. The first American to orbit the Earth was
1193:, who was launched on 12 April 1961, aboard
635:
586:By convention, an astronaut employed by the
491:in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the
218:
4647:
4645:
4050:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
4023:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3996:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3942:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3915:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3747:. Office of Commercial Space Transportation
3522:"Google search of "taikonaut" sort by date"
2766:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2354:on the surface of the Moon during his 1971
2045:A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that
1647:on a suborbital journey, although he was a
930:
774:) is strictly defined as the navigation of
447:, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In
431:A professional space traveler is called an
164:, meaning "heaven navigator" or literally "
7447:
7433:
7425:
6908:
6609:
6595:
6587:
6467:
6225:
6197:
6183:
6175:
5749:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5719:Foley, Katherine Ellen (3 November 2017).
3745:United States Department of Transportation
3077:
3075:
2432:List of people who have walked on the Moon
1696:(Iranian / American): 18–29 September 2006
1372:(France), in 1985. In 1985, Saudi Arabian
6071:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
5994:
5891:
5881:
5687:
5494:
5484:
5260:
5116:
4102:"Biographies of International Astronauts"
3887:"Educator Features: Going Out for a Walk"
3360:"Chinese embassy in Russia press-release"
3203:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2285:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1401:to fly in space (through 2010). In 1985,
1205:and orbited Earth for almost three days.
305:In 1959, when both the United States and
287:, who has spent over 1100 days in space.
4617:
4615:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2700:
2698:
2189:could face temporary hindrance of their
2126:organs and adaptive capabilities of the
1708:(British / American): 12–24 October 2008
1655:and not an actual paying space tourist.
1180:
1151:, first human to walk on the Moon (1969)
719:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
149:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
8053:
7094:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4473:
4471:
2533:
2510:
2417:List of astronauts by year of selection
1952:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1201:, who launched on 16 June 1963, aboard
1114:Timeline of space travel by nationality
483:The first known formal use of the term
7116:Psychological and sociological effects
6158:Manned astronautics: facts and figures
5296:Caspermeyer, Joe (23 September 2007).
4808:"NASA's New Astronauts Meet The Press"
4785:"'Next Generation of Explorers' Named"
4764:from the original on 27 September 2007
4734:
4654:"Selection and Training of Astronauts"
4512:from the original on 30 September 2007
4429:from the original on 19 September 2007
4134:
3973:from the original on 19 September 2007
3913:"Vladimir Remek Czech Pilot Cosmonaut"
3601:Parsonson, Andrew (16 February 2021).
3501:from the original on 30 September 2008
3370:from the original on 27 September 2007
3054:International Astronautical Federation
2732:"NASA's First 100 Human Space Flights"
2539:
2537:
2442:List of space travelers by nationality
1684:(South African): 25 April – 5 May 2002
1550:Civilian and non-government milestones
1498:. The oldest person to reach orbit is
1455:The youngest person to reach space is
1428:became China's first astronaut on the
835:in the English version of the Chinese
493:International Astronautical Federation
221:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5359:"ERA-experiment "space biochemistry""
5329:Dvorsky, George (13 September 2017).
5197:Howell, Elizabeth (3 November 2017).
4719:. Denise Miller: MSFC. Archived from
4585:Overbye, Dennis (21 September 2021).
4195:from the original on 5 September 2007
4075:"Sultan Bin Salman Al-Saud Biography"
3683:Mukunth, Vasudevan (23 August 2018).
3657:Ananthaswamy, Anil (5 January 2010).
3300:. Utsouthwestern.edu. 4 October 2017.
3125:from the original on 20 December 2008
2970:
2968:
2939:
2937:
2365:, which stands on the grounds of the
1724:(both Japanese): 8 – 24 December 2021
1592:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
831:spacecraft. This is the term used by
657:(1900–1974). The first cosmonaut was
613:
7:
8026:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
7456:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
6119:NASA: How to become an astronaut 101
5403:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4456:from the original on 26 October 2007
4346:from the original on 14 October 2007
4164:from the original on 27 October 2007
3867:from the original on 16 October 2007
3741:"Commercial Astronaut Wings Program"
3491:"Chinese taikonaut debuts spacewalk"
3224:Knapton, Sarah (17 September 2015).
2914:"Chapter 2: The Commitment to Space"
2588:. The Utah Statesman. Archived from
2488:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
2367:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
1812:. Ellington Field is also where the
1765:pilots, and were often test pilots.
1478:, who was 25 years old when he flew
1283:program, allowed people from other "
1189:The first human in space was Soviet
1011:, has sometimes been referred to as
770:, literally "heaven-navigating", or
489:International Astronautical Congress
6163:Astronaut Candidate Brochure online
5834:BioMed Central (22 November 2018).
5619:from the original on 9 October 2022
4837:from the original on 2 October 2007
4687:. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p.
4562:. Royce Carlton Inc. Archived from
4366:"Valentina Vladimirovna TERESHKOVA"
4158:"Rodolfo Neri Vela (PhD) Biography"
4108:from the original on 12 August 2007
3814:from the original on 9 October 2022
3629:Amos, Jonathan (23 November 2022).
3466:. 25 September 2008. Archived from
2318:For a more comprehensive list, see
1257:was the first person to conduct an
727:For a more comprehensive list, see
579:For a more comprehensive list, see
6825:Weather and environment monitoring
5806:Griffin, Andrew (2 October 2018).
5769:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09198.x
4973:Mader, T. H.; et al. (2011).
4910:Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014).
4046:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
4019:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3992:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3938:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3911:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3575:"Parastronaut feasibility project"
2828:from the original on 8 August 2024
2762:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
2639:. 11 November 2021. Archived from
2283:In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded
2063:have been observed to survive the
965:Indian Space Research Organisation
205:The criteria for what constitutes
14:
5645:. 9 February 2012. Archived from
5249:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
4293:Robyn Dixon (22 September 2000).
3094:from the original on 7 March 2007
2457:Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks
1934:, selected as back-up teacher to
1678:(American): 28 April – 6 May 2001
1318:, who flew to space in 1978 on a
618:). Other countries of the former
598:in English texts. The word is an
347:in 1961, they chose a term which
8092:
8080:
8068:
8056:
7408:
7398:
7397:
6566:Spaceflights in Tiangong Program
6506:
6493:
6480:
6435:
6422:
6409:
6383:
6370:
6345:
6321:
6308:
6295:
6282:
6256:
6243:
5941:Aria Bendix (4 September 2020).
5571:Dunn, Marcia (29 October 2015).
5169:Fong, Kevin (12 February 2014).
4423:"Byron K. Lichtenberg Biography"
4081:from the original on 25 May 2011
3547:Chiew, Lee Yih (10 March 1996).
2706:"Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics"
2213:adaptions, including macro- and
2087:NASA Office of Inspector General
1554:The first civilian in space was
1542:went around the Moon during the
1514:Duration and distance milestones
6869:Space launch market competition
5675:New England Journal of Medicine
4713:"NASA – Astronauts in Training"
3805:Federal Aviation Administration
3709:MTV Uutiset (1 November 2009).
3258:McDonald, Sue (December 1998).
2863:from the original on 9 May 2008
2437:List of space travelers by name
2153:, may substantially damage the
2074:-supported study reported that
1663:in 2021. Nine others have paid
1072:Federal Aviation Administration
813:. The word has featured in the
123:are typically known instead as
7106:Health threat from cosmic rays
6020:"NASA – Food in Space Gallery"
5026:Puiu, Tibi (9 November 2011).
4624:"Astronaut Candidate Training"
3861:"Sally K. Ride, PhD Biography"
3520:Chiew, Lee Yih (19 May 1998).
3115:"The European Astronaut Corps"
2464:– 13 inactive women astronauts
2289:Hero of the Russian Federation
1889:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1843:field, including engineering,
1808:, due to its proximity to the
1303:, respectively. An example is
1279:The Soviet Union, through its
955:(note its similarity with the
843:
477:British Interplanetary Society
317:and his Deputy Administrator,
1:
6063:"Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut"
5150:. Pravda.Ru. 17 December 2008
5071:Space Staff (13 March 2012).
4480:"Mir Space Station 1986–2001"
3833:Rivera, Josh (25 July 2021).
3766:Elburn, Darcy (29 May 2019).
2885:A Dictionary of the Space Age
2586:"Former astronaut visits USU"
2452:Lists of fictional astronauts
2051:, a bacterium that can cause
1784:) in an aircraft called the "
1772:in a facility such as NASA's
1752:Astronaut ranks and positions
1690:(American): 1–11 October 2005
1506:, who was 77 when he flew on
1471:, broke the record of Soviet
1345:in space when he flew aboard
1125:, first human in space (1961)
989:meaning 'sky' or 'space') or
301:Astronaut ranks and positions
6571:Spaceflights to the Tiangong
5755:(1 OTOLITH FUNCT): 367–378.
5486:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275
5436:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
5386:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
4993:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021
4885:"Educator Astronaut Program"
3768:"Private Astronaut Missions"
2687:Whelan, Mary (5 June 2013).
2231:sensorimotor neuroplasticity
1946:Health risks of space travel
1928:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
1916:Mission Specialist Educators
1242:, on 18 June 1983. In 1992,
889:Russian Federal Space Agency
766:
754:
742:
691:woman to have flown in space
588:Russian Federal Space Agency
160:
96:
84:
7222:Self-replicating spacecraft
7058:International Space Station
6215:International Space Station
5052:. CNN News. 9 February 2012
4945:Mann, Adam (23 July 2012).
4912:"Beings Not Made for Space"
4860:. Space.com. Archived from
4535:. Space.com. Archived from
4214:africaninspace.com (2002).
3038:, Plantech (2010): page 82.
2447:List of spaceflight records
2225:, but also slightly weaker
2203:International Space Station
2166:International Space Station
1899:Mission Specialist Educator
1828:NASA candidacy requirements
1774:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
1669:International Space Station
1598:in 1983. In December 1990,
1356:became the first person of
995:
985:
788:
760:
748:
736:
697:in 1963. On 14 March 1995,
693:with a solo mission on the
450:Les Navigateurs de l'infini
8141:
6736:Space Liability Convention
5522:. SpaceRef. Archived from
5366:Advances in Space Research
4558:Royce Carlton Inc (2007).
4267:BBC News (6 August 2007).
3967:"Taylor G. Wang Biography"
2427:List of human spaceflights
2412:List of astronauts by name
2317:
2240:
2205:showed that long-duration
2149:, including travel to the
1949:
1905:Educator Astronaut Project
1902:
1831:
1749:
1743:
1632:
1397:became the first of eight
1107:
1077:station)" is considered a
811:space travelers from China
729:List of Chinese astronauts
726:
723:China Manned Space Program
716:
578:
572:
298:
129:
90:
78:
25:Cosmonaut (disambiguation)
21:Astronaut (disambiguation)
18:
7392:
7099:Space adaptation syndrome
6526:
6136:26 September 2015 at the
6101:"The Human Body in Space"
5883:10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2
5599:Staff (29 October 2015).
5262:10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745
4679:Nolen, Stephanie (2002).
3173:"Astronauta a kosmonauta"
2888:. JHU Press. p. 27.
1967:performing ultrasound on
1814:Shuttle Training Aircraft
1604:Tokyo Broadcasting System
794:
645:
607:
590:(or its predecessor, the
219:
143:
102:human spaceflight program
6832:Communications satellite
6535:Spaceflights to the ISS
6153:spacefacts Spacefacts.de
5518:Staff (1 January 2013).
5303:Arizona State University
4216:"First African in Space"
4183:BBC News (18 May 1991).
3150:. Elsevier. p. 49.
2849:"Peggy A. Whitson (PhD)"
2710:www.worldspaceflight.com
2337:), and one was Israeli.
2293:Hero of the Soviet Union
2279:NASA Astronaut lapel pin
2223:motor skills (dexterity)
2174:bacterial strains, none
2171:Enterobacter bugandensis
2155:gastrointestinal tissues
1942:program from the 1980s.
1590:, a researcher from the
993:(from the Sanskrit word
891:agreed to use the term "
7625:Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
7336:reusable launch systems
6953:Extravehicular activity
6864:Commercial use of space
6768:Militarisation of space
6741:Registration Convention
6657:Accidents and incidents
6124:18 January 2020 at the
5118:10.1148/radiol.12111986
3084:"Astronaut Biographies"
2379:spaceflight participant
2308:United States Air Force
2070:On 31 December 2012, a
2004:orthostatic intolerance
1770:extravehicular activity
1645:SpaceShipOne flight 15P
1259:extravehicular activity
1104:Space travel milestones
1061:spaceflight participant
893:spaceflight participant
88:), meaning 'star', and
47:Manned Maneuvering Unit
7384:Mission control center
7346:Non-rocket spacelaunch
6780:Billionaire space race
6457:Tiangong space station
5987:10.1126/sciadv.aaz9488
4887:. NASA. Archived from
4741:: CS1 maint: others (
4656:. NASA. Archived from
4626:. NASA. Archived from
4531:Leonard David (2004).
3298:www.utsouthwestern.edu
3048:IAF (16 August 2010).
2793:. NASA. Archived from
2734:. NASA. Archived from
2584:MacKay, Marie (2005).
2330:
2280:
2252:
2128:central nervous system
2048:Salmonella typhimurium
1980:decompression sickness
1975:
1818:Edwards Air Force Base
1741:
1617:The first self-funded
1186:
1178:
1167:
1152:
1141:
1126:
1023:
1013:
941:
931:
922:
909:
825:into space aboard the
714:
636:
627:
611:Russian pronunciation:
570:
428:
202:
66:
7800:Michael López-Alegría
7700:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
7234:Spacecraft propulsion
6684:European Space Agency
6561:ISS year-long mission
5689:10.1056/NEJMoa1705129
4218:. HBD. Archived from
3495:People's Daily Online
3113:ESA (10 April 2008).
2882:Paul Dickson (2009).
2791:"Walking in the Void"
2549:"Astronaut Fact Book"
2363:Space Mirror Memorial
2329:Space Mirror Memorial
2328:
2278:
2250:
2099:human mission to Mars
2091:health hazards report
2085:In October 2015, the
1963:
1736:
1633:Further information:
1629:Self-funded travelers
1573:Konstantin Feoktistov
1354:Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
1184:
1173:
1158:
1147:
1132:
1121:
1003:, the NASA astronaut
967:to launch its crewed
901:
734:In Chinese, the term
712:
524:
507:European Space Agency
362:
244:or beyond. Of these,
191:
37:
8031:NASA Astronaut Corps
7705:Frederick D. Gregory
7665:Christopher Ferguson
6859:Satellite navigation
6576:Tiangong expeditions
6352:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
6205:People currently in
6168:22 July 2012 at the
5920:www.timesnownews.com
5310:on 14 September 2017
4856:Tariq Malik (2007).
4027:on 30 September 2007
3946:on 30 September 2007
3470:on 28 September 2008
3364:ru.china-embassy.org
3340:on 29 September 2007
3088:Johnson Space Center
2770:on 30 September 2007
2592:on 26 September 2008
1810:Johnson Space Center
1588:Byron K. Lichtenberg
1564:Joseph Albert Walker
1556:Valentina Tereshkova
1424:On 15 October 2003,
1272:, included American
1199:Valentina Tereshkova
1134:Valentina Tereshkova
1068:commercial astronaut
865:2022 Astronaut Group
687:Valentina Tereshkova
643:Coinage of the term
615:[kəsmɐˈnaft]
592:Soviet space program
575:Soviet space program
495:the following year.
178:commercial astronaut
8120:Science occupations
7980:Kathryn C. Thornton
7965:Kathryn D. Sullivan
7880:Charles J. Precourt
7870:Scott E. Parazynski
7830:Bruce McCandless II
7675:C. Gordon Fullerton
7580:Franklin Chang-Díaz
7535:Daniel Brandenstein
7244:Electric propulsion
6931:Life-support system
6815:Imagery and mapping
6775:Private spaceflight
6329:Alexander Grebenkin
5979:2020SciA....6.9488J
5761:1999NYASA.871..367Y
5477:2012PLoSO...753275C
5428:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
5378:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
5232:on 29 October 2009.
5015:on 13 January 2013.
4864:on 25 November 2006
4660:on 15 February 1997
4539:on 13 February 2006
4504:Spacefacts (1990).
4450:"Paying for a Ride"
4410:. 27 November 2006.
2945:Brzezinski, Matthew
2080:Alzheimer's disease
1528:Franklin Chang-Diaz
1399:Canadian astronauts
1330:, on 2 April 1984.
1110:Spaceflight records
1056:(with no qualifier)
655:Mikhail Tikhonravov
61:on shuttle mission
43:Bruce McCandless II
8125:1959 introductions
7960:Thomas P. Stafford
7765:Thomas David Jones
7750:Jeffrey A. Hoffman
7197:Robotic spacecraft
7123:Space and survival
6978:Space colonization
6874:Space architecture
6726:Outer Space Treaty
6067:airandspace.si.edu
5548:(3 January 2013).
4917:The New York Times
4723:on 9 November 2020
4591:The New York Times
4566:on 11 October 2007
4328:. 19 October 2021.
4222:on 13 October 2007
4054:on 13 October 2007
3919:on 13 October 2007
3798:"FAA Order 8800.2"
3318:. 22 January 1995.
2910:Dethloff, Henry C.
2565:on 25 October 2007
2422:List of cosmonauts
2331:
2281:
2253:
2161:them prematurely.
2008:sleep disturbances
1988:immunodeficiencies
1976:
1885:Doctor of Medicine
1845:biological science
1746:Astronaut training
1742:
1378:Abdul Ahad Mohmand
1187:
1179:
1168:
1153:
1142:
1127:
1041:, and Norwegian's
953:Angkasawan program
910:
833:Xinhua News Agency
715:
675:Andriyan Nikolayev
581:List of cosmonauts
571:
471:Eric Frank Russell
429:
252:. Three of the 24—
203:
67:
8044:
8043:
7915:Rusty Schweickart
7865:Bryan D. O'Connor
7715:John M. Grunsfeld
7630:Walter Cunningham
7422:
7421:
7369:Flight controller
7146:
7145:
6904:Human spaceflight
6879:Space exploration
6805:Earth observation
6584:
6583:
6522:
6521:
6451:
6450:
5682:(18): 1746–1753.
5649:on 20 August 2020
4987:(10): 2058–2069.
4926:on 1 January 2022
4698:978-0-14-301347-1
4630:on 19 August 2007
4478:BBC News (1990).
4372:on 23 April 2011.
4299:Los Angeles Times
4000:on 27 August 2007
3721:on 16 August 2018
3440:on 3 October 2008
3420:chinese.yabla.com
3316:Los Angeles Times
3157:978-0-08-048878-3
3034:Ingham, John L.:
3016:on 5 January 2008
2958:978-0-8050-8147-3
2853:Biographical Data
2797:on 6 January 2008
2738:on 27 August 2007
2505:Explanatory notes
2402:Boundary of Space
2141:In October 2018,
2095:space exploration
2076:human spaceflight
1936:Christa McAuliffe
1924:Richard R. Arnold
1802:T-38 jet aircraft
1682:Mark Shuttleworth
1653:Scaled Composites
1496:Blue Origin NS-18
1465:Blue Origin NS-16
1419:re-entry accident
1411:Mark Shuttleworth
1403:Rodolfo Neri Vela
1341:became the first
1333:On 23 July 1980,
1295:participating in
1079:private astronaut
935:for "space"; the
879:With the rise of
778:within the local
683:Grigoriy Nelyubov
445:Across the Zodiac
215:aerodynamic force
211:centrifugal force
207:human spaceflight
8132:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8073:
8072:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8052:
7985:Richard H. Truly
7945:William Shepherd
7935:Brewster H. Shaw
7910:Harrison Schmitt
7785:Joseph P. Kerwin
7770:Janet L. Kavandi
7745:David C. Hilmers
7725:Henry Hartsfield
7690:Robert L. Gibson
7645:Bonnie J. Dunbar
7615:Richard O. Covey
7585:Kevin P. Chilton
7575:Roger B. Chaffee
7555:Robert D. Cabana
7449:
7442:
7435:
7426:
7412:
7401:
7400:
7111:Space psychology
6936:Animals in space
6909:
6889:Space technology
6731:Rescue Agreement
6611:
6604:
6597:
6588:
6511:
6510:
6498:
6497:
6485:
6484:
6468:
6440:
6439:
6427:
6426:
6417:Aleksey Ovchinin
6414:
6413:
6388:
6387:
6378:Barry E. Wilmore
6375:
6374:
6350:
6349:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6299:
6290:Matthew Dominick
6287:
6286:
6261:
6260:
6248:
6247:
6226:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6176:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6073:. Archived from
6059:
6053:
6052:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6018:Nevills, Amiko.
6015:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5973:(36): eaaz9488.
5967:Science Advances
5957:
5951:
5950:
5947:Business Insider
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5869:BMC Microbiology
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5691:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5605:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5498:
5488:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5363:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5306:. Archived from
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5228:. Archived from
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5120:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5030:. zmescience.com
5023:
5017:
5016:
5011:. Archived from
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4920:. Archived from
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4686:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:www.fourmilab.ch
4380:
4374:
4373:
4368:. Archived from
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4129:"Space Missions"
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3717:. Archived from
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3056:. Archived from
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3012:. Archived from
3006:
3000:
2999:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:on 11 March 2022
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2558:. Archived from
2553:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2407:Cosmonautics Day
2351:Fallen Astronaut
2178:to humans, that
2067:of outer space.
1940:Teacher in Space
1860:pilot-in-command
1853:computer science
1849:physical science
1796:) which perform
1706:Richard Garriott
1665:Space Adventures
1600:Toyohiro Akiyama
1435:On 30 May 2020,
1349:. Also in 1980,
1028:
1016:
1009:Finnish American
998:
988:
963:). Plans of the
944:
934:
903:Finnish American
846:
845:
797:
796:
791:
769:
768:
763:
757:
756:
751:
745:
744:
739:
659:Soviet Air Force
648:
647:
639:
617:
612:
609:
475:Bulletin of the
455:J.-H. Rosny aîné
351:to "cosmonaut".
341:Space Task Group
315:T. Keith Glennan
289:Peggy A. Whitson
273:Joseph A. Walker
224:
223:
163:
162:
146:
145:
132:
131:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
54:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8081:
8079:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8047:
8045:
8040:
8014:
7730:Frederick Hauck
7600:Michael Collins
7560:Scott Carpenter
7540:Roy Bridges Jr.
7475:Joseph P. Allen
7458:
7453:
7423:
7418:
7388:
7355:
7327:Escape velocity
7308:
7260:
7227:Space telescope
7180:Reentry capsule
7142:
7082:
6987:
6958:Overview effect
6941:Bioastronautics
6898:
6786:
6620:
6615:
6585:
6580:
6531:ISS expeditions
6518:
6505:
6492:
6479:
6459:
6447:
6434:
6421:
6408:
6395:
6391:Sunita Williams
6382:
6369:
6356:
6344:
6333:
6320:
6307:
6303:Michael Barratt
6294:
6281:
6268:
6255:
6242:
6217:
6209:
6207:low Earth orbit
6203:
6170:Wayback Machine
6138:Wayback Machine
6126:Wayback Machine
6109:
6107:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6077:on 28 July 2014
6061:
6060:
6056:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6017:
6016:
6012:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5813:The Independent
5805:
5804:
5800:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5400:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5020:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4246:Arkansas Online
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4104:. Space Facts.
4099:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4021:"Tamayo-Mendez"
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3940:"Salyut 6 EP-7"
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3778:on 14 June 2020
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3555:. Chiew Lee Yih
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3528:. Chiew Lee Yih
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3489:Xinhua (2008).
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3394:arstechnica.com
3388:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3274:on 16 July 2019
3271:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3230:Daily Telegraph
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3060:on 19 July 2011
3047:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:. p. 326.
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2387:
2323:
2316:
2304:Astronaut Badge
2273:
2245:
2239:
2215:microstructural
2036:sports injuries
2028:Gennady Padalka
1965:Gennady Padalka
1958:
1948:
1920:Joseph M. Acaba
1907:
1901:
1855:or mathematics.
1833:
1830:
1806:Ellington Field
1754:
1748:
1731:
1700:Charles Simonyi
1694:Anousheh Ansari
1637:
1631:
1552:
1520:Valeri Polyakov
1516:
1492:William Shatner
1463:spaceflight on
1453:
1386:space station.
1116:
1106:
1098:Richard Branson
999:for 'sky'). In
945:(deriving from
877:
861:
732:
725:
717:Main articles:
707:
671:Yevgeny Khrunov
610:
584:
577:
519:
511:Astronaut Corps
503:Astronaut Corps
357:
303:
297:
264:—did so twice.
242:low Earth orbit
231:astronaut wings
186:
50:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8138:
8136:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7975:Norman Thagard
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:Story Musgrave
7847:
7845:Edgar Mitchell
7842:
7837:
7835:James McDivitt
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7795:Steven Lindsey
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7650:Donn F. Eisele
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7620:Robert Crippen
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7595:Eileen Collins
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7530:Vance D. Brand
7527:
7522:
7517:
7515:Charles Bolden
7512:
7510:Karol J. Bobko
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7490:Neil Armstrong
7487:
7485:William Anders
7482:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7405:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7374:Ground station
7371:
7365:
7363:
7361:Ground segment
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7294:Interplanetary
7291:
7290:
7289:
7287:Geosynchronous
7284:
7274:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7254:Gravity assist
7251:
7246:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7185:Service module
7182:
7177:
7175:Orbital module
7167:
7162:
7160:Launch vehicle
7156:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7138:Space sexology
7135:
7130:
7128:Space medicine
7125:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6963:Weightlessness
6960:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6915:
6913:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6884:Space research
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6820:Reconnaissance
6817:
6812:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6689:European Union
6686:
6681:
6676:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6551:ISS spacewalks
6548:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6503:
6490:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6432:
6419:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6380:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6318:
6305:
6292:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6253:
6251:Oleg Kononenko
6239:
6237:
6223:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6128:
6116:
6095:
6094:External links
6092:
6089:
6088:
6054:
6036:
6010:
5952:
5933:
5922:. 9 April 2019
5907:
5854:
5826:
5798:
5739:
5711:
5660:
5630:
5591:
5563:
5537:
5526:on 21 May 2020
5510:
5471:(12): e53275.
5449:
5416:Adv. Space Res
5406:
5372:(8): 119–129.
5349:
5321:
5288:
5276:
5255:(5): 745–749.
5235:
5217:
5189:
5161:
5139:
5111:(3): 819–827.
5089:
5063:
5041:
5018:
4965:
4937:
4902:
4891:on 16 May 2008
4875:
4848:
4821:
4798:
4775:
4748:
4704:
4697:
4671:
4641:
4611:
4577:
4550:
4523:
4508:. Spacefacts.
4496:
4467:
4440:
4413:
4393:
4375:
4357:
4342:. NASA. 2007.
4331:
4311:
4285:
4259:
4248:. 20 July 2021
4233:
4206:
4175:
4148:
4119:
4092:
4065:
4038:
4011:
3984:
3957:
3930:
3903:
3878:
3851:
3825:
3789:
3758:
3732:
3701:
3675:
3649:
3621:
3593:
3566:
3553:Usenet posting
3539:
3526:Usenet posting
3512:
3481:
3451:
3425:
3407:
3396:. 8 April 2022
3381:
3366:(in Russian).
3351:
3321:
3303:
3285:
3250:
3216:
3209:
3189:
3163:
3156:
3136:
3105:
3071:
3040:
3036:Into Your Tent
3027:
3001:
2994:
2984:. Reston, VA:
2976:Gruntman, Mike
2964:
2957:
2933:
2927:978-1502753588
2926:
2901:
2894:
2874:
2839:
2808:
2781:
2749:
2722:
2694:
2679:
2654:
2628:
2616:vocabulary.com
2603:
2576:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:Women in space
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:Shirley Thomas
2465:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2375:U.S. Air Force
2373:test pilot, a
2315:
2312:
2272:
2269:
2241:Main article:
2238:
2237:Food and drink
2235:
2180:microorganisms
2168:(ISS) of five
2113:trips in space
2097:, including a
2061:Microorganisms
2053:food poisoning
1969:Michael Fincke
1956:Space medicine
1947:
1944:
1932:Barbara Morgan
1913:
1912:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1856:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1778:weightlessness
1744:Main article:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1718:Yusaku Maezawa
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1667:to fly to the
1657:Jared Isaacman
1630:
1627:
1612:space sickness
1568:X-15 Flight 90
1551:
1548:
1515:
1512:
1488:space sickness
1452:
1451:Age milestones
1449:
1370:Patrick Baudry
1308:Vladimír Remek
1274:William Anders
1233:Space Shuttle
1160:Vladimír Remek
1149:Neil Armstrong
1138:woman in space
1105:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1063:
1057:
876:
873:
860:
857:
838:People's Daily
819:Oxford English
706:
703:
699:Norman Thagard
679:Pavel Popovich
594:) is called a
573:Main article:
518:
515:
356:
353:
313:Administrator
296:
293:
285:Oleg Kononenko
213:, rather than
198:Freedom 7
185:
182:
166:heaven-sailing
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8137:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8100:
8090:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8064:
8054:
8050:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8005:Alfred Worden
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7995:Jim Wetherbee
7993:
7991:
7990:Paul J. Weitz
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7950:Loren Shriver
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7905:Wally Schirra
7903:
7901:
7900:Jerry L. Ross
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7890:Kent Rominger
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:William Pogue
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7855:George Nelson
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7840:Pamela Melroy
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7825:Ken Mattingly
7823:
7821:
7820:Sandra Magnus
7818:
7816:
7815:Shannon Lucid
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7790:David Leestma
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7735:Steven Hawley
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:Edward Gibson
7683:
7681:
7680:Owen Garriott
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Michael Foale
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7610:Gordon Cooper
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7590:Michael Coats
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7505:Guion Bluford
7503:
7501:
7500:John E. Blaha
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7443:
7438:
7436:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:Direct ascent
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7304:Intergalactic
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7239:Rocket engine
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7170:Space capsule
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:Space nursing
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7087:Health issues
7085:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Space Shuttle
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Space tourism
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6894:Space weather
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Space command
6756:
6755:
6754:
6753:Space warfare
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6714:United States
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6632:Astrodynamics
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6515:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6443:Donald Pettit
6438:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6316:Jeanette Epps
6311:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6274:SpaceX Crew-8
6271:
6265:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:Expedition 71
6216:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5934:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5855:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5802:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5664:
5661:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5602:
5595:
5592:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5564:
5551:
5547:
5546:Cowing, Keith
5541:
5538:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:(8): 105–18.
5421:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5162:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5090:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5064:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5029:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4980:Ophthalmology
4976:
4969:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4938:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4903:
4890:
4886:
4883:NASA (2005).
4879:
4876:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4836:
4832:
4829:NASA (2007).
4825:
4822:
4809:
4806:NASA (2004).
4802:
4799:
4786:
4783:NASA (2004).
4779:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4756:NASA (2007).
4752:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4672:
4659:
4655:
4652:NASA (1995).
4648:
4646:
4642:
4629:
4625:
4622:NASA (2006).
4618:
4616:
4612:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4441:
4428:
4424:
4421:NASA (2002).
4417:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4156:NASA (1985).
4152:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4080:
4076:
4073:NASA (2006).
4069:
4066:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3994:"Taylor Wang"
3988:
3985:
3972:
3968:
3965:NASA (1985).
3961:
3958:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3859:NASA (2006).
3855:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3664:
3663:New Scientist
3660:
3653:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3210:9780387739755
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:"IAF History"
3044:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2995:9781563477058
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2895:9780801895043
2891:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2789:NASA (2004).
2785:
2782:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2668:. 22 May 2012
2664:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:physiological
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:Mercury Seven
1753:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:Guy Laliberté
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:Gregory Olsen
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1635:Space tourism
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:space tourist
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:, a visit to
1605:
1601:
1597:
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1589:
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1578:
1577:Boris Yegorov
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Jerry L. Ross
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:, one of the
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:Gherman Titov
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:Oliver Daemen
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
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1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Helen Sharman
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
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1362:Guion Bluford
1359:
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1324:Rakesh Sharma
1321:
1317:
1316:United States
1313:
1309:
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1298:
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1277:
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1266:
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1255:Alexei Leonov
1251:
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1120:
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1099:
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1087:
1086:space tourist
1083:
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1075:
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1058:
1055:
1051:
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1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:ruimtevaarder
1032:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1005:Timothy Kopra
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
943:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
907:Timothy Kopra
904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:space tourism
874:
872:
870:
866:
858:
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850:
840:
839:
834:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
790:
786:. The phrase
785:
781:
777:
773:
762:
750:
749:hángtiān yuán
738:
730:
724:
720:
711:
704:
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692:
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684:
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676:
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664:
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641:
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633:
629:
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621:
616:
605:
601:
600:Anglicization
597:
593:
589:
582:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:; front row:
544:
540:
536:
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523:
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508:
504:
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496:
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486:
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479:
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472:
468:
464:
460:
459:astronautique
456:
452:
451:
446:
443:'s 1880 book
442:
438:
437:Neil R. Jones
434:
426:
422:
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414:
410:
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402:
399:. Front row:
398:
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262:Eugene Cernan
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98:
86:
76:
75:Ancient Greek
72:
64:
60:
59:
53:
52:Space Shuttle
48:
44:
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36:
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26:
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8099:Solar System
8035:
7970:Jack Swigert
7955:Deke Slayton
7940:Alan Shepard
7895:Stuart Roosa
7760:Marsha Ivins
7660:Ronald Evans
7640:Charles Duke
7550:James Buchli
7545:Curtis Brown
7525:Ken Bowersox
7520:Frank Borman
7480:Scott Altman
7314:Space launch
7299:Interstellar
7265:Destinations
7034:Apollo–Soyuz
6983:Space diving
6968:Space toilet
6918:
6792:Applications
6709:Soviet Union
6669:Space policy
6664:Space launch
6556:ISS visitors
6462:Expedition 7
6264:Nikolai Chub
6108:. Retrieved
6104:
6079:. Retrieved
6075:the original
6066:
6057:
6049:www.nasa.gov
6048:
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
6024:www.nasa.gov
6023:
6013:
5970:
5966:
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5946:
5936:
5924:. Retrieved
5919:
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5845:. Retrieved
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5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5811:
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5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5724:
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5663:
5651:. Retrieved
5647:the original
5642:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5607:
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5582:. Retrieved
5576:
5566:
5554:. Retrieved
5552:. NASA Watch
5540:
5528:. Retrieved
5524:the original
5513:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5369:
5365:
5352:
5342:14 September
5340:. Retrieved
5334:
5324:
5314:14 September
5312:. Retrieved
5308:the original
5301:
5291:
5279:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5230:the original
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5202:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
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5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
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5080:. Retrieved
5066:
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4956:. Retrieved
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4923:the original
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4893:. Retrieved
4889:the original
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4862:the original
4851:
4839:. Retrieved
4824:
4812:. Retrieved
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4751:
4725:. Retrieved
4721:the original
4717:www.nasa.gov
4716:
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4682:
4674:
4662:. Retrieved
4658:the original
4632:. Retrieved
4628:the original
4602:. Retrieved
4590:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4564:the original
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4537:the original
4526:
4514:. Retrieved
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4483:
4458:. Retrieved
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4416:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4370:the original
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4334:
4323:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4272:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4245:
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4220:the original
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4188:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4151:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4025:the original
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3998:the original
3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3944:the original
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3906:
3894:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3804:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3771:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3688:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3606:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3578:
3569:
3559:27 September
3557:. Retrieved
3552:
3542:
3532:27 September
3530:. Retrieved
3525:
3515:
3505:28 September
3503:. Retrieved
3494:
3484:
3474:25 September
3472:. Retrieved
3468:the original
3463:
3454:
3444:25 September
3442:. Retrieved
3438:the original
3428:
3419:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3363:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3334:fmprc.gov.cn
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3269:the original
3260:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3229:
3219:
3199:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3166:
3146:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3043:
3035:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:the original
3004:
2980:
2948:
2917:
2904:
2884:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2832:13 September
2830:. Retrieved
2821:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2513:
2498:Yuri's Night
2472:Men of Space
2471:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:Soviet Union
2332:
2297:
2282:
2265:
2254:
2209:causes many
2196:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2140:
2132:Zero gravity
2121:
2110:
2103:
2084:
2069:
2046:
2044:
1977:
1973:Expedition 9
1914:
1883:A completed
1875:
1864:jet aircraft
1822:
1782:microgravity
1767:
1755:
1661:Inspiration4
1651:employed by
1641:Mike Melvill
1638:
1616:
1594:who flew on
1585:
1553:
1536:Jack Swigert
1517:
1454:
1434:
1432:spacecraft.
1423:
1395:Marc Garneau
1388:
1381:
1332:
1312:Soviet Union
1305:Czechoslovak
1278:
1267:
1252:
1234:
1224:Friendship 7
1222:
1212:
1209:Alan Shepard
1207:
1191:Yuri Gagarin
1188:
1164:Czechoslovak
1123:Yuri Gagarin
1091:
1085:
1078:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:, Swedish's
1034:
1030:
990:
976:
972:
961:antariksawan
960:
946:
918:
911:
878:
862:
859:Parastronaut
836:
826:
806:
804:
784:Solar System
737:Yǔ háng yuán
733:
667:German Titov
663:Yuri Gagarin
651:cosmonautics
642:
620:Eastern Bloc
603:
595:
585:
497:
485:astronautics
482:
474:
463:astronautics
458:
448:
444:
432:
430:
345:Yuri Gagarin
339:. Most NASA
330:
326:
322:
307:Soviet Union
304:
266:
238:36 countries
235:
204:
197:
193:Alan Shepard
174:SpaceShipOne
170:
156:hángtiānyuán
155:
134:
124:
121:Soviet Union
114:
70:
68:
57:
31:
29:
8087:Outer space
7930:Rhea Seddon
7925:David Scott
7920:Dick Scobee
7860:Ellen Ochoa
7805:Jack Lousma
7780:Scott Kelly
7755:James Irwin
7740:Susan Helms
7710:Gus Grissom
7635:Brian Duffy
7605:Pete Conrad
7570:Gene Cernan
7565:Gerald Carr
7470:Buzz Aldrin
7272:Sub-orbital
7207:Space probe
7073:New Shepard
7051:Shuttle–Mir
6810:Archaeology
6763:Space force
6746:Moon Treaty
6618:Spaceflight
6472:Shenzhou 18
6430:Ivan Vagner
6401:Soyuz MS-26
6338:Soyuz MS-25
6029:13 February
5847:25 November
5841:EurekAlert!
5653:5 September
5182:12 February
4604:17 December
3896:27 November
3694:20 February
3668:20 February
3642:23 November
3614:23 November
3586:18 February
3129:28 December
3020:28 December
2715:17 November
2647:11 November
2474:(1960–1968)
2346:David Scott
2219:spaceflight
2207:spaceflight
2151:planet Mars
2147:outer space
2136:cosmic rays
2117:MRI studies
2115:, based on
2093:related to
2057:antibiotics
2024:Leroy Chiao
1971:during ISS
1786:Vomit Comet
1763:jet fighter
1722:Yozo Hirano
1676:Dennis Tito
1643:, piloting
1623:Dennis Tito
1546:emergency.
1469:New Shepard
1445:Crew Dragon
1441:Bob Behnken
1437:Doug Hurley
1391:Ulf Merbold
1366:Taylor Wang
1301:Soyuz TM-13
1289:Warsaw Pact
1281:Intercosmos
1244:Mae Jemison
1238:'s mission
1017:, from the
923:spationaute
915:Interkosmos
875:Other terms
869:John McFall
851:used it in
789:tàikōng rén
780:star system
776:outer space
772:spaceflight
653:") pioneer
467:balloonists
457:, the word
319:Hugh Dryden
295:Terminology
227:Kármán line
141:"tàikōng" (
8115:Astronauts
8109:Categories
8010:John Young
7885:Sally Ride
7810:Jim Lovell
7775:Mark Kelly
7720:Fred Haise
7695:John Glenn
7341:Launch pad
7332:Expendable
7282:Geocentric
7249:Solar sail
7192:Spaceplane
7152:Spacecraft
6946:Space suit
6924:commercial
6852:Television
6647:Space Race
6514:Li Guangsu
6488:Ye Guangfu
6362:Boeing CFT
5876:(1): 175.
5732:3 November
5623:29 October
5584:30 October
5210:3 November
5034:9 February
4930:27 January
4304:4 February
3464:China View
2528:References
2478:Space suit
2470:– author,
2462:Mercury 13
2344:Astronaut
2243:Space food
2176:pathogenic
2040:rural care
2032:ultrasound
2030:) perform
1998:, loss of
1990:, loss of
1984:barotrauma
1950:See also:
1750:See also:
1738:Elliot See
1649:test pilot
1540:Fred Haise
1532:Jim Lovell
1500:John Glenn
1461:suborbital
1430:Shenzhou 5
1426:Yang Liwei
1415:Ilan Ramon
1328:Soyuz T-11
1297:Soyuz TM-7
1253:Cosmonaut
1235:Challenger
1229:Sally Ride
1219:John Glenn
1175:Yang Liwei
1108:See also:
1094:Jeff Bezos
1039:rymdfarare
1033:, Dutch's
1031:Raumfahrer
1014:sisunautti
979:(from the
957:Indonesian
942:angkasawan
919:spationaut
905:astronaut
853:newsgroups
828:Shenzhou 5
823:Yang Liwei
637:astronauta
634:also used
630:(although
628:kosmonauta
606:(Russian:
563:Feoktistov
555:Tereshkova
453:(1925) by
441:Percy Greg
349:anglicizes
327:cosmonauts
323:astronauts
299:See also:
281:spacewalks
258:John Young
254:Jim Lovell
184:Definition
152:astronauts
137:(from the
125:cosmonauts
106:spacecraft
73:(from the
58:Challenger
41:astronaut
8063:Astronomy
8036:Astronaut
7655:Joe Engle
7495:Alan Bean
7351:Spaceport
7202:Satellite
6919:Astronaut
6847:Telephone
6800:Astronomy
6721:Space law
6674:Australia
6110:9 January
5819:2 October
5777:1749-6632
5706:205102116
5556:7 January
5530:7 January
5104:Radiology
5077:Space.com
4895:4 October
4868:4 October
4841:4 October
4814:4 October
4791:4 October
4768:4 October
4664:4 October
4634:4 October
4599:0362-4331
4570:4 October
4543:4 October
4516:4 October
4506:"Akiyama"
4489:4 October
4460:4 October
4433:4 October
4407:Space.com
4350:4 October
4325:Space.com
4278:4 October
4226:4 October
4199:4 October
4168:4 October
4112:11 August
4058:4 October
4031:4 October
4004:4 October
3977:4 October
3950:4 October
3923:4 October
3871:4 October
3839:USA Today
3608:SpaceNews
3374:4 October
3344:4 October
3238:0307-1235
3064:16 August
2801:4 October
2774:4 October
2742:4 October
2672:9 January
2621:9 January
2596:4 October
2569:4 October
2518:Apollo 13
2356:Apollo 15
2300:lapel pin
2259:(29
2187:radiation
2089:issued a
2012:radiation
1798:parabolic
1581:Voskhod 1
1544:Apollo 13
1504:Mercury 7
1473:cosmonaut
1335:Pham Tuan
1285:socialist
1231:, during
1221:, aboard
1214:Freedom 7
1054:astronaut
991:gagannaut
977:vyomanaut
973:astronaut
969:Gaganyaan
921:(French:
807:taikonaut
805:The term
705:Taikonaut
646:космонавт
608:космонавт
604:kosmonavt
596:cosmonaut
559:Nikolayev
517:Cosmonaut
433:astronaut
409:Carpenter
389:Armstrong
355:Astronaut
246:24 people
168:staff").
135:taikonaut
71:astronaut
8000:Ed White
7403:Category
7068:Tiangong
7063:Shenzhou
6992:Programs
6837:Internet
6642:Timeline
6544:uncrewed
6166:Archived
6134:Archived
6122:Archived
6005:32917625
5926:10 April
5902:30466389
5793:32639019
5785:10372085
5698:29091569
5614:Archived
5505:23300905
5464:PLoS ONE
5444:11542695
5398:Archived
5394:11542696
5271:18424650
5154:25 April
5132:14 March
5127:22416248
5082:14 March
5056:25 April
5009:13965518
5001:21849212
4835:Archived
4833:. NASA.
4762:Archived
4760:. NASA.
4737:cite web
4510:Archived
4484:BBC News
4454:Archived
4427:Archived
4425:. NASA.
4344:Archived
4273:BBC News
4193:Archived
4189:BBC News
4162:Archived
4160:. NASA.
4137:cite web
4106:Archived
4079:Archived
4077:. NASA.
4048:"Baudry"
3971:Archived
3969:. NASA.
3865:Archived
3863:. NASA.
3809:Archived
3772:nasa.gov
3725:10 April
3689:The Wire
3636:BBC News
3499:Archived
3368:Archived
3123:Archived
3092:Archived
3090:, NASA.
2978:(2004).
2947:(2007).
2912:(1993).
2861:Archived
2826:Archived
2822:abc News
2547:(2006).
2397:Aquanaut
2385:See also
2271:Insignia
2000:eyesight
1911:desired.
1862:time on
1729:Training
1560:Vostok 6
1480:Vostok 2
1358:Hispanic
1347:Soyuz 37
1322:rocket.
1287:" (i.e.
1270:Apollo 8
1263:Ed White
1203:Vostok 6
1195:Vostok 1
1136:, first
1043:romfarer
981:Sanskrit
887:and the
863:For its
849:Malaysia
761:hángtiān
695:Vostok 6
567:Belyayev
543:Popovich
535:Bykovsky
393:Stafford
369:McDivitt
277:man-days
139:Mandarin
110:tourists
63:STS-41-B
49:outside
45:using a
8049:Portals
8019:Related
7463:Members
7277:Orbital
7078:Artemis
7009:Voskhod
7004:Mercury
6912:General
6652:Records
6637:History
6625:General
6501:Li Cong
6081:17 July
5996:7473746
5975:Bibcode
5893:6251167
5757:Bibcode
5578:AP News
5496:3534034
5473:Bibcode
5424:Bibcode
5374:Bibcode
5336:Gizmodo
4958:23 July
4727:3 April
4252:20 July
3844:30 July
3818:30 July
3782:16 July
3751:16 July
3400:17 June
3278:16 June
3243:16 June
3182:6 April
3098:6 March
2197:A 2020
2124:otolith
1891:degree.
1804:out of
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