120:
1019:
771:
355:
surrounded by horsemen and people in fancy dress. The laundresses in particular were part of the festivities, and had the day off: it has to be said that there were quite a few of them since there was a small factory, among other smaller laundries. Créteil's washerwomen, if they knew how to handle the beater, like their 5th-century ancestors who, it is said, knocked out the preachers Agoard and
Aglibert, at least handled this professional instrument with good humor and accompanied themselves with song. Wasn't it one of their eldest sisters who, from the wash boat opposite the "
693:, the prestigious Bœuf Gras festivities took on a gigantic dimension, becoming the de facto Fête de Paris within the framework of the very large Carnaval de Paris. From 1870 onwards, the Parisian Boeuf Gras procession fell victim to circumstantial political and organizational problems: the Parisian butchers' crisis with the Mathurin Couder affair in 1869–1873, and the absence of a Paris mayor until 1977. It continued to parade in the 20th century, including on a large scale in 1905 and 1936. But it disappeared after the 1951 and 1952 parades.
158:
20:
190:
403:
46:
460:
561:
75:
986:, French America. The society marched for 150 years on Shrove Tuesday, from 1711 to 1861. At the head of the procession, the Boeuf Gras is represented by the head of an enormous bull, pushed alone on wheels by sixteen men. The tradition of the Boeuf Gras, which came to Mobile from France, was interrupted in 1861 due to the war. It was revived in 1866 by Joseph Stillwell Cain, and today is known as Mardi Gras.
718:
377:
995:
808:
673:
than fifty butcher boys, neatly dressed in white jackets, bonnets and aprons, partly on horseback and partly on foot; The procession traveled a good portion of the city, bursting with noisy joy, and stopped in front of the homes of Orléans' principal inhabitants, as well as at the doors of the best practices, whose generosity was used to make a splendid gala that rounded off the festivities.
1042:
137:
features floats representing, among others, the city of
Montreal, England, France, the United States, and Ireland, with young girls in national costume escorted by halberdiers. Thirty musicians from l'Harmonie de Montréal provide the soundscape against a backdrop of lighting effects. In 2010, a float bearing a statue of a Bœuf Gras (Fat Ox) paraded on Mardi Gras.
840:
2212:
Engraving showing the Bœuf Gras of the Rex company in New
Orleans marching on Mardi Gras 1873. At the head marches the sacrificer is inspired by the Paris Boeuf Gras procession. Engraved by James Wells Champney, captioned "The Boeuf-Gras (the fat ox) is led in the procession." This engraving is taken
672:
February 8, 1807. - Orléans butchers' festival and fat ox walk in the city. A huge animal, covered in a scarlet cloak, its horns adorned with flowers and ribbons, carrying on its back a pretty six-year-old child dressed as a lover, with a bow in his hand and a quiver on his back, was followed by more
320:
Since the end of the 16th century, the butchers of Châtellerault, for example, have celebrated
Carnival with a competition in which they exhibit the best oxen. After being presented to the officers of the seneschals, the most beautiful steer recognized by the jurors is "viellé", i.e. taken around the
252:
Paris was not alone in enjoying the privilege of these ceremonial rides; several neighboring towns had their boeuf phénomène, complete with triumphal float and traditional Indian procession. The solemnity at La
Chapelle-Saint-Denis was remarkable not so much for the pomp and circumstance displayed by
1005:
Carnival once featured a Bœuf Gras procession. An engraving from 1873 shows it. It bears a French name and includes a sacrificer armed with a club taken from a
Parisian ceremony. At least in 1873, the New Orleans Carnival paraded a real live ox preceded by the sacrificer carrying a club, a costumed
866:
And this is how the
Californian, the fat ox of 1849, stripped of his Parisian royalty, found himself reduced to strolling his exiled majesty through the deserted streets of pompous Versailles, under the disdainful eyes of the local dowagers! What a fall! But also what a philosophical lesson! The ox
904:
Before 1900, the Bœuf-Gras parade took place before the
Marguerite festival. A huge ox, decorated with flowers and tricolored ribbons, was led through the streets of Le Vésinet by a brass band. The animal belonged to the Filquière butcher's shop, and was driven by Mr. Filquière himself, dressed in
888:
Preparations in
Versailles are already in full swing, and the fattened ox that will be triumphantly paraded through the streets will also be the main prize in a tombola for the benefit of the poor. As this prize might be a little too much for the person who wins it, it will be taken back for 1,000
474:
On Corpus
Christi (1), the oxen are always taken for a walk in Marseille. It carries a child on its back, representing Saint John the Baptist. Some claim that this is a remnant of paganism, but Ruffi attributes the origin of this ceremony to the confreres of the body of Our Lord "who walked an ox
354:
Then came Mardi Gras, the butchers' festival. The prize went to the butcher who could show off the most beautiful ox - alive, of course. It was the "bœuf gras" (fat ox), which rarely walked on its legs along the streets of Créteil, but was hoisted onto a float, decked out and beautifully wrapped,
136:
In Montreal, on Friday, March 23, 1900, the day after Mi-Carême Thursday, a Bœuf Gras parade was organized for the first time. It took place in the evening on the ice of a skating rink, protected by walls from the aggressive winter cold, and was open to spectators for an entrance fee. The parade
749:
As the law of quadragesimal abstinence was generally observed, each year a Lenten butcher was appointed, with sole responsibility for the public sale of meat during the period when this type of food became an exception. It was this butcher who, at Carnival time, led the fattened ox through the
482:(1) Nannies are careful to have their infants kiss the muzzle of the fat ox. They are convinced that this ceremony will preserve a child forever from toothache. Good women who can let the fatted ox into their homes consider it a good omen when it deposits its digestion in their house or yard.
410:
A postcard shows a float carrying a Bœuf Gras and three costumed people: a toreador and two picadors. It was part of the grand cavalcade organized in Eu on Easter Monday, April 20, 1908. Another postcard shows the Bœuf Gras and Boîte au Sel marching in Eu that day.
253:
its organizer, Mr. Baudeau, as for the presence of a hundred-and-seven-year-old man, the venerable Mr. Armand Gérard. Armand Gérard, who had asked to be featured as Le Temps. We have dedicated an engraving to this procession, as to that of the Parisian oxen.
696:
This was followed by a 45-year hiatus. It was revived in 1998 on the initiative of Basile Pachkoff and has marched every year since. From 2002 onwards, it returned to the traditional Carnival calendar, marching on Dimanche Gras the day before Mardi Gras.
392:
On Sunday November 28, Dijon's butchers, having been awarded the bounty of the fatted ox at the opening of the Seurre fairs, marched it through the town with great pomp; they rode on horseback, sword in hand, and had the Prince's
363:
was staying, charmed Hugo into writing a poem about it? After Mardi Gras, Carnival continued with Mi-Carême; more masquerade costumes, and merry confetti battles. Around 1920, we regularly saw masked balls organized by local
786:
A photo of the Bœuf Gras parade held in Rochefort on Mi-Carême Thursday, March 28, 1935, can be viewed on the Internet. The accompanying commentary states that this parade took place every year at the time.
475:
every year, to treat the confreres on Corpus Christi. He quotes documents from 1530, which at least prove that this procession had the use he gives it, but which do not prove that it is not a remnant of
754:
The "boucherie de carême" was the only butcher's shop authorized to sell meat during the forty days of Lent to those dispensed from fasting by the bishop. This was a prestigious and lucrative position.
1889:
35:
is an important festive figure that butchers or butcher boys display or - and - parade solemnly to music, usually at Carnival time. It may be a sculpted representation of a live animal, a real
1763:
Vieux souvenirs du Poitiers d'avant 1789 : suivis de notices spéciales sur la Grand'Gueule et l'ancienne Université de Poitiers / par M. L.-F.-M. B. de La Liborlière,...
1026:
On the Internet, you can see a photo of a monumental Bœuf gras artificial parading on its float in the Krewe of Centaur (Centaur Carnival Society) procession during
1776:
245:
On February 27, 1858, in his article entitled Les Bœufs gras, published in L'Univers illustré, Mr. Vauvert wrote about the Bœuf gras procession at Chapelle
342:
Around 1920, in Créteil, then a village in the Paris region, Mardi Gras and Mi-Carême were important festivals, as they were in Paris at the same time. A
431:
Jargeau's carnival, now the largest in the Centre-Val de Loire region, is said to have originated with the Bœuf Gras (Fat Ox) village walk in the 1880s.
1245:
1199:
308:
In his Essai about the organization of work in Poitou from the 11th century to the Revolution, published in 1900, Prosper Boissonnade describes the
1174:
1592:
930:, the birthplace of the Piedmontese cattle breed, a Bœuf gras fair reserved for Piedmontese cattle that has been held every year since 1910.
668:
boeuf gras (fattened ox) walk, which is reminiscent of the Parisian tradition, including the child dressed as a sweetheart perched on the ox:
1018:
237:
Carnival. On Mardi Gras, February 12, 1907, the butchers took up the tradition of the Bœuf Gras and paraded a splendid beast around town.
631:
1960:
119:
1790:
2033:
Revue comique à l'usage des gens sérieux: histoire morale, philosophique, critique, littéraire et artistique, politique de la semaine
1569:
Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses; par. J.-A.-S. Collin de Plancy. Tome premier [-troisième]
1390:
Français: Le cortège de la Mi-Carême avec le Bœuf Gras défile à Charleville sous la pluie le jeudi de la Mi-Carême 21 mars 1909.
871:; the city whose passions, affections and memories lie beyond our frontier, looked with perfect indifference at the Californian.
1791:"1729 - La Rochelle (17) : Bail de la boucherie de carême de Charles (...) - Histoire Passion - Saintonge Aunis Angoumois"
1291:
637:
624:
614:
603:
592:
585:
178:
Bayonne's tradition of bœufs gras is a practice that will be listed as part of France's intangible cultural heritage in 2020.
2031:
770:
154:, a 16th-century stained glass window depicts the feast of the Boeuf Gras, which was certainly held in the town at the time.
388:
A description of the Promenade du Boeuf Gras in Dijon is known from 1784. It shows some similarities with the one in Paris:
256:
The village of La Chapelle Saint-Denis was annexed to Paris at the end of 1859 (part of it was attached to the communes of
321:
town's cantons and crossroads to the sound of popular music, and its lucky owner is granted a monopoly on Lenten butchery.
1914:
1653:
796:
471:
In 1822, in the Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculuses by J.-A.-S. Collin de Plancy, we read:
2228:
281:
1080:
1006:
character typical of the Parisian parade. Since 1909, this has been replaced by a float bearing a giant sculpted
816:
1567:
1070:
644:
At the Nantes Carnival in 1958, the last horse-drawn carriage in the carnival parade was a Bœuf Gras float.
261:
246:
1893:
1151:
157:
1153:
Français: Le cortège du Bœuf Gras défile à Anvers le lundi 28 mars 1910, lendemain du dimanche de Pâques.
1027:
882:
730:
706:
124:
1090:
859:. It was christened Californian, in reference to the California gold rush that began that same year...
509:
beef-fat parade took place every year on Mardi Gras. It ended after the centenary celebration in 1989.
19:
1339:
1938:
1545:
1523:
856:
257:
557:. An article illustrated with a photo appeared on the subject in February 2012 in L'Est républicain.
205:'s "Boeuf Gras" is a long-standing festival that has been held without interruption for many years.
189:
1481:
Français: Le char du Bœuf Gras qui défile dans la grande cavalcade organisée à Eu le 20 avril 1908.
402:
234:
233:
Butchers, who used to walk fat oxen around town, once played a key role in the organization of the
2096:
45:
1770:
1388:
222:
517:
A postcard from around 1900 shows the Bœuf Gras float on parade at "La Cavalcade du 9 Avril" in
373:
A video of the Bœuf Gras competition held in Dax in February 1963 is available on the Internet.
300:
On May 27, 1906, a Bœuf Gras (Fat Ox) float took part in the Fête des Fleurs (Flower Festival).
1588:
530:
459:
202:
166:
1432:
962:
331:
313:
1865:"L'Ouest-Éclair : journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial"
1840:"L'Ouest-Éclair : journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial"
1815:"L'Ouest-Éclair : journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial"
1270:
1224:
213:
In the cavalcade of May 20, 1907, a Char de la Boucherie, Char du Bœuf Gras, marches past.
1716:
1479:
1047:
983:
1316:
42:
This article offers a non-exhaustive overview of Bœuf Gras festivities around the world.
560:
678:
464:
448:
277:
74:
1738:
1629:
1410:
2222:
2166:
1583:
Couderc, Jean-Mary; Maury, R.; Andin, Pierre; Hubert, Martine; Schulé, Alain (1987).
982:
In 1710, one of the first carnival societies, the Boeuf Gras Society, was founded in
898:
847:
An old postcard shows the bœuf gras float parading through Troyes for Carnaval 1913.
554:
265:
151:
717:
376:
994:
807:
186:
The Bœufs Gras procession has been held in Bazas every year since the 13th century.
1761:
1760:
Bellin de La Liborlière, Louis-François-Marie (1774-1847) Auteur du texte (1846).
1678:
1363:
542:
111:
There is a Bœuf Gras competition in Mouscron, which had its 40th edition in 2023.
2047:
2006:
1864:
1839:
1814:
1455:
1110:
778:
The first prize in the Rennes student tombola for Mi-Carême 1938 is a Bœuf Gras.
1700:
1002:
360:
2118:
1608:
1503:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras et la Boîte au Sel à la Cavalcade du 20 avril 1908 à Eu.
1501:
677:
A postcard from around 1930 shows the presentation of Bœufs gras in Orléans on
2072:
1984:
1454:
Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres (Dijon) Auteur du texte (1885).
1434:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras de la Fête des Fleurs à Château-Gontier le 27 mai 1906.
1085:
1075:
1037:
665:
577:
Carnival. It can be seen, for example, in 1907, 1914, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924.
494:
88:
63:
1112:
Histoire de la caricature et du grotesque dans la littérature et dans l'art;
868:
518:
506:
439:
On April 4, 1904, Lunéville hosted a cavalcade featuring a Bœuf Gras float.
1702:
Recherches historiques sur la ville d'Orléans. 3, 1 / par D. Lottin père...
1126:
1041:
292:
On April 1, 1906, a Bœuf Gras took part in the "Cavalcade Paris-Chartres".
1610:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras de Montargis à la "Cavalcade du 9 avril" vers 1900.
839:
1065:
950:
939:
927:
828:
742:
741:
Louis-François-Marie Bellin de La Liborlière wrote in 1846 about life in
476:
420:
162:
24:
1718:
Français: Présentation de Bœufs gras à Orléans, le jour de la Mi-Carême.
2144:
1060:
100:
1915:"Fête du boeuf gras, 1935 (titre factice)- AM 2006.1.21 - Alienor.org"
1456:"Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon"
878:
It was announced on March 21 of that year by the newspaper La Presse:
1007:
843:
Joseph Stillwel Cain's gravestone in Mobile, featuring the Bœuf Gras.
764:
722:
574:
545:
in the early 1990s under the name Fête, then Carnaval du Bœuf Villé.
221:
The tradition of boeuf gras (fattened beef) was first documented in
1547:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras à la Cavalcade de Lunéville le 4 avril 1904.
1525:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras à la Cavalcade de Lunéville le 4 avril 1904.
1017:
993:
806:
769:
716:
690:
653:
559:
458:
401:
375:
188:
73:
50:
44:
18:
1940:
Français: Bœuf Gras de Pâques à Saint-Germain-des-Fossés en 1925.
885:, the Mi-Carême festival has been postponed to Sunday March 24.
855:
In 1849, the Bœuf Gras Parisien did not parade in Paris, but in
795:
A postcard shows the presentation of a Bœuf Gras de Pâques in
447:
The tradition of the Promenade du Bœuf Gras is attested to in
2098:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras de Villeneuve-sur-Yonne le 7 mai 1922.
2213:
from Edward King's book "The Great South" published in 1875.
998:
Le Bœuf Gras at the New Orleans Carnival, engraving of 1873.
1055:
334:, fat oxen were driven around at Easter until around 1960.
36:
1740:
Français: Cavalcade 1908 au Perray, le char du Bœuf gras.
815:
Mardi Gras 1929 saw a Bœuf Gras parade in the islands of
419:
A photo from the 1930s shows the Bœuf Gras procession in
969:- Fattened Beef and Beef Fair - since the 17th century.
953:
has had a fattened beef fair for nearly four centuries.
913:
The May 7, 1922 cavalcade featured a Char du Bœuf gras.
103:
on Monday March 28, 1910, the day after Easter Sunday.
66:
mounted on a Fat Ox and ready to do battle with Lent.
1412:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras de Chartres le 1er avril 1906.
1318:
Français: Le Bœuf Gras de Berck-Plage le 20 mai 1907.
2146:
English: The heart and soul of Mardi Gras in Mobile.
1292:"Bazas (33) : la fête des bœufs gras en images"
573:
The Bœuf Gras appears to be an old tradition at the
862:
La Revue comique wrote about the Versailles parade:
763:A Bœuf Gras was paraded at the 1927 Mi-Carême in
750:streets of the town with great pomp and ceremony.
705:A Bœuf gras float paraded in a 1908 cavalcade in
346:(fat ox) was paraded, as André Dreux reports in
78:The Bœuf Gras float at the New Orleans Carnival.
729:A postcard from 1909 features the Bœuf Gras in
652:The Bœuf Gras was traditionally driven through
580:Photos of the Bœuf Gras at Carnaval de Nantes:
485:(2) Histoire de Marseille, book XIV, chap. VI.
2199:no longer seems to be used today, but rather "
1343:Le Blog des Amis de Bergerac et de la Dordogne
1340:"LA PROMENADE DU BOEUF GRAS EN ..... 1908 ..."
1272:Mardi Gras parade on Ste-Catherine St. in 2010
1226:Mardi Gras parade on Ste-Catherine St. in 2010
1115:. Translated by Sachot, Octave (2nd ed.).
875:A Bœuf Gras took place in Versailles in 1895.
1680:Français: Affiche du Carnaval de Nantes 1907.
8:
1986:Français: Le Bœuf Gras à Sancoins vers 1930.
965:, in the province of Asti, there has been a
1775:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1022:Bœuf Gras at the 2011 New Orleans Carnival.
897:An Internet page devoted to the history of
564:Poster announcing the 1907 Nantes Carnival.
774:The Bœuf Gras of Rennes students in 1938.
838:
664:We still have a description of the 1807
156:
118:
2188:
1101:
942:has been home to a fattened beef fair.
867:cast melancholy glances at the city of
2165:Ryosuke, Madeline & (2009-02-14),
1768:
280:Thursday procession March 21, 1909 in
99:A Boeuf Gras procession took place in
87:The Bœuf Gras competition was held in
2073:"le Vésinet au Quotidien (1880-1950)"
1585:Dictionnaire des communes de Touraine
811:Le Bœuf Gras in Sancoins around 1930.
541:The Bœuf Gras festival reappeared in
62:An English cartoon from 1660 depicts
7:
767:and another at the 1930 Mi-Carême.
1175:"Balades bucoliques et boeuf gras"
827:A postcard shows the Bœuf Gras in
14:
1890:"Avant le défilé de la Mi-Carême"
967:Fiera del Bue grasso et del Manzo
493:A traditional Carnival figure in
16:French traditional holiday figure
2143:David, Avhell-Pat (2009-08-15),
1269:Policarpio, Christopher (2010),
1223:Policarpio, Christopher (2010),
1040:
1654:"Nancy. Le temps du Bœuf gras"
1173:LESENT, Michaël (2024-02-26).
553:Bœuf gras was once paraded in
497:used to be the Mardi Gras ox.
1:
2036:(in French). Dumineray. 1848.
49:La Butcherie au Bœuf Gras in
23:La Butcherie au Bœuf Gras in
2168:Krewe of Centaur, Shreveport
905:the traditional blue smock.
2119:"Città di Nizza Monferrato"
1587:. Chambray-lès-Tours: CLD.
733:, then called Pierrefitte.
638:Name not specified on photo
529:Bœuf Gras is documented in
276:A Bœuf Gras parades in the
193:Bœuf Gras de Montréal 2010.
2245:
39:or another placid bovine.
406:Le Bœuf Gras in Eu, 1908.
2123:www.comune.nizza.asti.it
1081:Mardi gras (New Orleans)
938:For over two centuries,
817:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
803:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
797:Saint-Germain-des-Fossés
791:Saint-Germain-des-Fossés
1298:(in French). 2014-02-27
1109:Wright, Thomas (1875).
241:La Chapelle Saint-Denis
1795:www.histoirepassion.eu
1250:collections.banq.qc.ca
1204:collections.banq.qc.ca
1023:
999:
873:
844:
812:
775:
752:
726:
675:
565:
468:
451:by an early postcard.
407:
395:
380:
366:
323:
194:
170:
128:
79:
54:
28:
1658:www.estrepublicain.fr
1634:forezhistoire.free.fr
1071:Carnaval de Périgueux
1021:
997:
883:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
864:
842:
810:
773:
747:
731:Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
721:Le Bœuf Gras 1913 in
720:
713:Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
707:Le Perray-en-Yvelines
701:Le Perray-en-Yvelines
670:
563:
505:The tradition of the
462:
405:
390:
379:
352:
348:Créteil, mon village!
318:
192:
160:
123:Le Bœuf Gras 1909 in
122:
77:
48:
22:
2201:butcher's apprentice
2077:histoire-vesinet.org
909:Villeneuve-sur-Yonne
1364:"Le Monde illustré"
165:1900 advertised in
91:from 1909 to 1998.
1965:s9.photobucket.com
1572:(in French). 1822.
1091:Fin gras du Mézenc
1024:
1000:
881:In Versailles and
845:
813:
776:
727:
566:
469:
408:
381:
195:
171:
129:
80:
55:
29:
2229:Culture of France
1594:978-2-85443-136-0
615:S. M. Gros-Plant
604:S. M. Gros-Plant
357:Au cochon de lait
203:Beaumont-sur-Oise
198:Beaumont-sur-Oise
150:In the church of
2236:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1892:. Archived from
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1630:"Forez histoire"
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1050:
1045:
1044:
963:Nizza Monferrato
957:Nizza Monferrato
689:In 19th-century
618:
607:
596:
463:Le Bœuf Gras in
332:Clermont-Ferrand
326:Clermont-Ferrand
235:Chalon-sur-Saône
229:Chalon-sur-Saône
161:Le Bœuf Gras de
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1961:"Photo Storage"
1959:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1919:www.alienor.org
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1048:Holidays portal
1046:
1039:
1036:
1030:Carnival 2009.
1016:
1010:of the animal.
992:
980:
975:
959:
948:
936:
924:
919:
911:
895:
853:
837:
825:
805:
793:
784:
761:
739:
715:
703:
687:
662:
650:
616:
605:
594:
571:
551:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
457:
445:
437:
429:
417:
400:
386:
371:
340:
328:
306:
298:
296:Château-Gontier
290:
274:
243:
231:
219:
211:
200:
184:
176:
148:
143:
134:
117:
109:
97:
85:
72:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2197:butcher's boy"
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2157:
2135:
2110:
2088:
2064:
2039:
2023:
1998:
1976:
1952:
1930:
1906:
1881:
1856:
1831:
1806:
1782:
1752:
1730:
1708:
1692:
1670:
1645:
1621:
1600:
1593:
1575:
1559:
1537:
1515:
1493:
1471:
1446:
1424:
1402:
1380:
1355:
1338:bergeracamis.
1330:
1308:
1283:
1261:
1237:
1215:
1191:
1165:
1143:
1118:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1032:
1015:
1012:
991:
988:
979:
976:
974:
971:
958:
955:
947:
944:
935:
932:
923:
920:
918:
915:
910:
907:
894:
891:
852:
849:
836:
833:
824:
821:
804:
801:
792:
789:
783:
780:
760:
757:
738:
735:
714:
711:
702:
699:
686:
683:
661:
658:
649:
646:
642:
641:
634:
621:
610:
599:
588:
570:
567:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
499:
490:
487:
456:
453:
444:
441:
436:
433:
428:
425:
416:
413:
399:
396:
385:
382:
370:
367:
339:
336:
327:
324:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
273:
270:
242:
239:
230:
227:
218:
215:
210:
207:
199:
196:
183:
180:
175:
172:
147:
144:
142:
139:
133:
130:
116:
113:
108:
105:
96:
93:
84:
81:
71:
68:
59:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1896:on 2023-08-14
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1246:"Erez resize"
1241:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1200:"Erez resize"
1195:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
996:
989:
987:
985:
977:
973:United States
972:
970:
968:
964:
956:
954:
952:
945:
943:
941:
933:
931:
929:
921:
916:
914:
908:
906:
902:
900:
892:
890:
886:
884:
879:
876:
872:
870:
863:
860:
858:
850:
848:
841:
834:
832:
831:around 1930.
830:
822:
820:
818:
809:
802:
800:
798:
790:
788:
781:
779:
772:
768:
766:
758:
756:
751:
746:
744:
736:
734:
732:
724:
719:
712:
710:
708:
700:
698:
694:
692:
684:
682:
680:
674:
669:
667:
659:
657:
655:
647:
645:
639:
635:
633:
629:
627:
622:
620:
619:
611:
609:
608:
600:
598:
597:
589:
587:
583:
582:
581:
578:
576:
568:
562:
558:
556:
548:
546:
544:
536:
534:
532:
524:
522:
520:
512:
510:
508:
500:
498:
496:
489:La Martinique
488:
486:
483:
480:
478:
472:
466:
461:
454:
452:
450:
442:
440:
434:
432:
426:
424:
422:
414:
412:
404:
397:
394:
389:
383:
378:
374:
368:
365:
362:
358:
351:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
325:
322:
317:
315:
314:Châtellerault
311:
304:Châtellerault
303:
301:
295:
293:
287:
285:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
266:Aubervilliers
263:
259:
254:
250:
248:
240:
238:
236:
228:
226:
224:
216:
214:
208:
206:
204:
197:
191:
187:
181:
179:
173:
168:
164:
159:
155:
153:
152:Bar-sur-Seine
146:Bar-sur-Seine
145:
140:
138:
131:
126:
121:
114:
112:
106:
104:
102:
94:
92:
90:
82:
76:
69:
67:
65:
57:
52:
47:
43:
40:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2172:, retrieved
2167:
2160:
2150:, retrieved
2145:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2125:(in Italian)
2122:
2113:
2103:, retrieved
2101:, 1922-05-07
2097:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2054:. 1895-03-21
2051:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2013:. 1895-03-21
2010:
2001:
1991:, retrieved
1985:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1945:, retrieved
1939:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1884:
1873:. Retrieved
1871:. 1938-03-24
1868:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1846:. 1930-03-27
1843:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1821:. 1927-03-24
1818:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1762:
1755:
1745:, retrieved
1739:
1733:
1723:, retrieved
1717:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1685:, retrieved
1679:
1673:
1662:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1624:
1614:, retrieved
1609:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1552:, retrieved
1550:, 1904-04-04
1546:
1540:
1530:, retrieved
1528:, 1904-04-04
1524:
1518:
1508:, retrieved
1506:, 1908-04-20
1502:
1496:
1486:, retrieved
1484:, 1908-04-20
1480:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1449:
1439:, retrieved
1437:, 1906-05-27
1433:
1427:
1417:, retrieved
1415:, 1906-04-01
1411:
1405:
1395:, retrieved
1393:, 1909-03-21
1389:
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1370:. 1858-02-27
1367:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1323:, retrieved
1321:, 1907-05-20
1317:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1276:, retrieved
1271:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1230:, retrieved
1225:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1168:
1158:, retrieved
1156:, 1910-03-28
1152:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1111:
1104:
1025:
1001:
981:
966:
960:
949:
937:
925:
912:
903:
896:
887:
880:
877:
874:
865:
861:
854:
846:
826:
814:
794:
785:
777:
762:
753:
748:
745:before 1789:
740:
728:
704:
695:
688:
676:
671:
663:
656:every year.
651:
643:
625:
613:
602:
591:
579:
572:
552:
540:
533:until 1962.
528:
516:
504:
492:
484:
481:
473:
470:
446:
438:
430:
418:
409:
391:
387:
372:
356:
353:
347:
343:
341:
329:
319:
309:
307:
299:
291:
275:
255:
251:
244:
232:
220:
212:
201:
185:
177:
149:
135:
110:
98:
86:
61:
41:
32:
30:
2048:"La Presse"
2007:"La Presse"
1660:(in French)
1345:(in French)
1296:SudOuest.fr
1181:(in French)
1179:lavenir.net
1133:(in French)
1127:"Recherche"
1003:New Orleans
990:New Orléans
465:Lurcy-Lévis
449:Lurcy-Lévis
443:Lurcy-Lévis
361:Victor Hugo
282:Charleville
272:Charleville
262:Saint-Denis
247:Saint-Denis
209:Berck-Plage
125:Pierrefitte
2195:the term "
2174:2024-02-27
2152:2024-02-27
2129:2024-02-28
2105:2024-02-27
2082:2024-02-27
2058:2024-02-27
2017:2024-02-27
1993:2024-02-27
1970:2024-02-27
1947:2024-02-27
1924:2024-02-28
1900:2024-03-01
1875:2024-02-28
1850:2024-02-27
1825:2024-02-27
1800:2024-02-27
1747:2024-02-27
1725:2024-02-27
1705:1836–1845.
1687:2024-02-27
1664:2024-02-27
1639:2024-02-27
1616:2024-02-27
1554:2024-02-27
1532:2024-02-28
1510:2024-02-27
1488:2024-02-27
1465:2024-02-27
1441:2024-02-27
1419:2024-02-27
1397:2024-02-27
1374:2024-02-27
1349:2024-02-28
1325:2024-02-28
1302:2024-02-27
1278:2024-02-27
1255:2024-02-27
1232:2024-02-28
1209:2024-02-27
1185:2024-02-27
1160:2024-02-27
1137:2024-02-27
1097:References
1086:Rex parade
1076:Mardi gras
1028:Shreveport
1014:Shreveport
899:Le Vésinet
893:Le Vésinet
857:Versailles
851:Versailles
531:Montbrison
525:Montbrison
495:Martinique
364:societies.
258:Saint-Ouen
89:Anderlecht
83:Anderlecht
64:Mardi Gras
1771:cite book
869:Louis XIV
799:in 1925.
782:Rochefort
679:Mi-Carême
628:, photo 1
543:Montluçon
537:Montluçon
519:Montargis
513:Montargis
507:Manthelan
501:Manthelan
455:Marseille
435:Lunéville
344:Bœuf Gras
310:bœuf gras
278:Mi-Carême
225:in 1908.
167:La Patrie
33:Bœuf Gras
2223:Category
1066:Carnival
1034:See also
951:Moncalvo
946:Moncalvo
940:Cavriago
934:Cavriago
901:states:
889:francs.
829:Sancoins
823:Sancoins
743:Poitiers
737:Poitiers
636:1924 - (
626:Mironton
623:1923 -
612:1921 -
601:1921 -
593:Carabin
590:1920 -
477:paganism
421:Issoudun
415:Issoudun
359:" where
288:Chartres
223:Bergerac
217:Bergerac
163:Montréal
132:Montréal
107:Mouscron
25:Ghyvelde
2052:Gallica
2011:Gallica
1869:Gallica
1844:Gallica
1819:Gallica
1460:Gallica
1368:Gallica
1131:Le Soir
1061:Butcher
666:Orléans
660:Orléans
632:photo 2
584:1914 -
427:Jargeau
338:Créteil
174:Bayonne
101:Antwerp
95:Antwerp
70:Belgium
58:England
1989:, 1930
1943:, 1925
1743:, 1908
1721:, 1930
1683:, 1907
1591:
1008:effigy
984:Mobile
978:Mobile
835:Troyes
765:Rennes
759:Rennes
723:Troyes
575:Nantes
569:Nantes
393:music.
141:France
115:Canada
2184:Notes
928:Carrù
922:Carrù
917:Italy
691:Paris
685:Paris
681:day.
654:Niort
648:Niort
586:Tango
555:Nancy
549:Nancy
479:(2).
384:Dijon
182:Bazas
51:Eecke
1777:link
1589:ISBN
264:and
31:The
961:In
926:In
617:1st
606:1st
595:1st
369:Dax
330:In
312:de
268:).
2225::
2203:".
2121:.
2075:.
2050:.
2009:.
1963:.
1917:.
1867:.
1842:.
1817:.
1793:.
1773:}}
1769:{{
1656:.
1632:.
1458:.
1366:.
1294:.
1248:.
1202:.
1177:.
1129:.
1056:Ox
819:.
709:.
630:,
521:.
423:.
398:Eu
350::
284:.
260:,
249::
37:ox
2132:.
2085:.
2061:.
2020:.
1973:.
1927:.
1903:.
1878:.
1853:.
1828:.
1803:.
1779:)
1667:.
1642:.
1597:.
1468:.
1377:.
1352:.
1305:.
1258:.
1212:.
1188:.
1140:.
725:.
640:)
467:.
316::
169:.
127:.
53:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
