2529:
626:
specify the rates, where both these decays are suppressed, making lifetimes of most bottom particles (~10 s) somewhat longer than those of charmed particles (~10 s), but shorter than those of strange particles (from ~10 to ~10 s).
2452:
479:, but the bottom quark has exceptionally low rates of transition to lower-mass quarks. The bottom quark is also notable because it is a product in almost all
2202:
2440:
541:. It was reported at the time that DESY scientists were in favor of the name "beauty", while the American scientists tended towards "bottom".
1424:
1354:
1084:
1133:; Appel, J.; Brown, B.; Brown, C.; Innes, W.; Ueno, K.; Yamanouchi, T.; Ito, A.; Jöstlein, H.; Kaplan, D.; Kephart, R.; et al. (1977).
1482:
2338:
996:
634:
byproducts containing a bottom quark a distinctive signature that makes them relatively easy to identify using a technique called "
2419:
861:
1101:
642:
containing the bottom quark are exceptionally long-lived for their mass, and are the easiest particles to use to investigate
2553:
439:
72:
533:. The discovery was confirmed about a year later by the PLUTO and DASP2 Collaborations at the electron-positron collider
2435:
534:
496:
163:
1373:. Proceedings of Twenty Beautiful Years of Bottom Physics. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 424. pp. 29–42.
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While the name "beauty" is sometimes used, "bottom" became the predominant usage by analogy of
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1455:
1365:
1204:
Arthur L. Robinson (1978). "Particle
Physics: New Evidence from Germany for Fifth Quark".
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260:
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2004:
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941:
755:
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1367:
The
Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story
2469:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1760:
1711:
1653:
1530:
1320:
1135:"Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions"
1115:
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751:
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601:
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248:
1188:
Proceedings of the 19th
International Conference on High Energy Physics (Tokyo)
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1982:
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609:
560:
1434:
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2187:
2180:
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2014:
1782:
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552:
480:
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2192:
2165:
1878:
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1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1603:
1598:
1525:
915:
692:
597:
556:
515:
495:
The bottom quark was first described theoretically in 1973 by physicists
253:
38:
17:
794:
have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons (e.g.
630:
The combination of high mass and low transition rate gives experimental
2373:
2363:
2333:
2287:
2282:
2257:
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1987:
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883:
856:
833:
684:
99:
55:
1448:
1168:
1134:
893:
2353:
2348:
1977:
1964:
1955:
1777:
1691:
1590:
1183:
791:
677:
586:
1386:
997:"PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'"
514:
The evidence for the bottom quark was first obtained in 1977 by the
2378:
2318:
2170:
2029:
1908:
1848:
1803:
1696:
1674:
1517:
639:
589:, and many orders of magnitude larger than common "light" quarks.
572:
443:
65:
1416:
2145:
2077:
2037:
1613:
1608:
655:
538:
530:
1464:
1398:
857:"CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction"
1449:
History of the discovery of the bottom quark / Upsilon meson
1129:
Herb, S. W.; Hom, D.; Lederman, L.; Sens, J.; Snyder, H.;
1263:"Transformation of Quark Flavors by the Weak Interaction"
912:"Discoveries at Fermilab – Discovery of the Bottom Quark"
787:. These consist of a bottom quark and its antiparticle.
592:
Although it almost exclusively transitions from or to a
1250:
2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by
Toshihide Maskawa
1239:
2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto
Kobayashi
1032:
Harari, H. (1975). "A new quark model for hadrons".
2428:
2392:
2309:
2270:
2240:
2214:
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2101:
2028:
1963:
1954:
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1841:
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367:
329:
299:
289:
259:
242:
185:
174:
159:
129:
105:
81:
71:
61:
49:
37:
940:M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018).
585:– a bit more than four times the mass of a
906:
904:
483:decays, and is a frequent decay product of the
1199:
1197:
646:. Such experiments are being performed at the
507:. The name "bottom" was introduced in 1975 by
1476:
471:All quarks are described in a similar way by
8:
1283:L. Lederman (1978). "The Upsilon Particle".
596:, the bottom quark can decay into either an
32:
739:mesons contain a bottom quark along with a
2211:
2207:
1960:
1951:
1765:
1756:
1679:
1513:
1504:
1483:
1469:
1461:
525:, when proton-nucleon collisions produced
975:
965:
935:
933:
892:
882:
1269:. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University.
1265:. Department of Physics and Astronomy.
844:
548:for their explanation of CP-violation.
31:
1328:, Department of Physics and Astronomy
7:
850:
848:
855:Kobayashi, M.; Maskawa, T. (1973).
783:, the first particle discovered in
544:Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008
680:containing bottom quarks include:
25:
1307:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-72
2527:
2420:Timeline of particle discoveries
662:Hadrons containing bottom quarks
862:Progress of Theoretical Physics
687:contain a bottom quark (or its
1072:The Evidence for the Top Quark
1:
1226:10.1126/science.200.4345.1033
2436:History of subatomic physics
1056:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90072-6
942:"Review of Particle Physics"
1347:University of Chicago Press
2575:
1161:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252
1077:Cambridge University Press
967:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
665:
2525:
2210:
2453:mathematical formulation
2048:Eta and eta prime mesons
1326:Georgia State University
1100:Lederman, L. M. (2005).
754:states, for example the
2115:Double-charm tetraquark
1184:"Particle Spectroscopy"
1140:Physical Review Letters
1102:"Logbook: Bottom Quark"
995:); et al. (2012).
473:electroweak interaction
1454:24 August 2017 at the
1069:Staley, K. W. (2004).
546:Nobel Prize in Physics
477:quantum chromodynamics
2512:Wave–particle duality
2502:Relativistic particle
1639:Electron antineutrino
1341:A. Pickering (1984).
529:decaying to pairs of
369:Weak hypercharge
2554:Elementary particles
1742:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1492:Particles in physics
1349:. pp. 114–125.
638:". For that reason,
261:Electric charge
2517:Particle chauvinism
2460:Subatomic particles
1405:Syracuse University
1379:1998AIPC..424...29Y
1343:Constructing Quarks
1299:1978SciAm.239d..72L
1286:Scientific American
1218:1978Sci...200.1033R
1212:(4345): 1033–1034.
1153:1977PhRvL..39..252H
1114:(8). Archived from
1048:1975PhLB...57..265H
1004:Particle Data Group
993:Particle Data Group
958:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
875:1973PThPh..49..652K
571:The bottom quark's
436:elementary particle
44:elementary particle
34:
1261:Nave, C.R. (ed.).
1182:G. Flügge (1978).
1118:on 4 October 2006.
1079:. pp. 31–33.
884:10.1143/PTP.49.652
567:Distinct character
446:with a charge of −
135:bottom antiquark (
2541:
2540:
2497:Massless particle
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2266:
2265:
2129:
2128:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1889:Magnetic monopole
1837:
1836:
1728:
1727:
1669:
1668:
1649:Muon antineutrino
1634:Electron neutrino
1426:978-981-02-0708-3
1356:978-0-226-66799-7
1107:Symmetry Magazine
1086:978-0-521-82710-2
1035:Physics Letters B
946:Physical Review D
914:(Press release).
501:Toshihide Maskawa
420:
419:
331:Weak isospin
168:Toshihide Maskawa
16:(Redirected from
2566:
2531:
2507:Virtual particle
2278:Mesonic molecule
2212:
2208:
2053:Bottom eta meson
1961:
1952:
1924:W′ and Z′ bosons
1914:Sterile neutrino
1899:Majorana fermion
1766:
1757:
1680:
1659:Tau antineutrino
1514:
1505:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1438:
1409:World Scientific
1403:(2nd ed.).
1390:
1372:
1360:
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1335:
1333:
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1179:
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1120:
1119:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1006:. Archived from
1001:
988:
982:
981:
979:
969:
937:
928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
899:
898:
896:
886:
852:
812:
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802:
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772:
771:
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763:
762:
738:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
717:
709:
708:
622:
615:
606:weak interaction
584:
555:and "bottom" to
523:Leon M. Lederman
497:Makoto Kobayashi
491:Name and history
461:
459:
458:
455:
452:
442:. It is a heavy
416:
415:
413:
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409:
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402:
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354:
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274:
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244:Decays into
233:
225:
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212:
207:
199:
198:
179:Leon M. Lederman
164:Makoto Kobayashi
154:
153:
152:
146:
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125:
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115:
35:
21:
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2537:
2521:
2475:Nuclear physics
2424:
2388:
2324:Davydov soliton
2297:
2262:
2236:
2197:
2125:
2097:
2024:
1933:
1833:
1792:
1746:
1724:
1706:
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1585:
1494:
1489:
1456:Wayback Machine
1445:
1427:
1393:
1387:10.1063/1.55114
1370:
1364:J. Yoh (1997).
1363:
1357:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1282:
1279:
1277:Further reading
1274:
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1016:
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989:
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921:
919:
918:. 7 August 1977
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758:
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756:
750:There are many
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724:
723:
722:
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716:
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712:
711:
707:
705:
704:
703:
702:
674:
668:list of baryons
666:Main articles:
664:
625:
620:
618:
613:
576:
569:
519:E288 experiment
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109:
96:electromagnetic
28:
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2534:Physics portal
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2448:Standard Model
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2415:Quasiparticles
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2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
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2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2103:Exotic hadrons
2099:
2098:
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2090:
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1980:
1969:
1967:
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1949:
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1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1929:X and Y bosons
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
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1729:
1726:
1725:
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1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1702:W and Z bosons
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1666:
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1563:
1558:
1556:Strange (quark
1553:
1548:
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1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1495:
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1444:
1443:External links
1441:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1395:Stone, Sheldon
1391:
1361:
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1338:
1311:
1278:
1275:
1273:
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1253:
1242:
1231:
1193:
1174:
1121:
1092:
1085:
1061:
1042:(3): 265–269.
1024:
1013:on 12 May 2013
983:
929:
900:
869:(2): 652–657.
843:
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838:
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814:
807:
799:
788:
778:
768:
760:
748:
733:
725:
714:
706:
700:
672:list of mesons
663:
660:
623:
616:
568:
565:
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489:
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417:
371:
365:
364:
333:
327:
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2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Exotic matter
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:Eightfold way
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Antiparticles
2468:
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2463:
2461:
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2454:
2451:
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2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Atomic nuclei
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Upsilon meson
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Lambda baryon
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Dual graviton
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Superpartners
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Muon neutrino
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Bottom (quark
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
991:J. Beringer (
987:
984:
978:
977:10044/1/68623
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
952:(3): 030001.
951:
947:
943:
936:
934:
930:
917:
913:
907:
905:
901:
895:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
851:
849:
845:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
793:
789:
786:
782:
774:
753:
749:
747:respectively.
746:
745:strange quark
742:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
682:
681:
679:
673:
669:
661:
659:
658:experiments.
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
574:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:
445:
441:
438:of the third
437:
433:
429:
425:
396:
376:
372:
370:
366:
361:
338:
334:
332:
328:
325:
324:
304:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
285:
284:
264:
262:
258:
255:
250:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
231:
214:
206:
205:
190:
188:
184:
181:et al. (1977)
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
134:
132:
128:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
45:
42:
40:
36:
30:
27:Type of quark
19:
2532:
2203:Hypothetical
2151:Exotic atoms
2020:Omega baryon
2010:Sigma baryon
2000:Delta baryon
1752:Hypothetical
1734:Ghost fields
1720:Higgs boson
1654:Tau neutrino
1575:
1546:Charm (quark
1417:10.1142/1441
1399:
1366:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1321:HyperPhysics
1319:
1293:(4): 72–81.
1290:
1284:
1267:HyperPhysics
1266:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1209:
1205:
1187:
1177:
1144:
1138:
1124:
1116:the original
1111:
1105:
1095:
1071:
1064:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1008:the original
986:
949:
945:
920:. Retrieved
866:
860:
689:antiparticle
676:Some of the
675:
644:CP violation
629:
591:
580:
570:
550:
543:
521:team led by
513:
505:CP violation
494:
470:
464:
431:
428:beauty quark
427:
424:bottom quark
423:
421:
322:
291:Color charge
282:
229:
203:
131:Antiparticle
83:Interactions
33:Bottom quark
29:
2485:Quark model
2253:Theta meson
2156:Positronium
2068:Omega meson
2063:J/psi meson
1993:Antineutron
1904:Dark photon
1869:Graviphoton
1828:Stop squark
1536:Down (quark
1017:18 December
824:Quark model
752:bottomonium
741:charm quark
602:charm quark
573:"bare" mass
527:bottomonium
509:Haim Harari
503:to explain
485:Higgs boson
249:charm quark
39:Composition
2548:Categories
2227:Heptaquark
2188:Superatoms
2121:Pentaquark
2111:Tetraquark
2093:Quarkonium
1983:Antiproton
1884:Leptoquark
1819:Neutralino
1581:antiquark)
1571:antiquark)
1566:Top (quark
1561:antiquark)
1551:antiquark)
1541:antiquark)
1531:antiquark)
1500:Elementary
1190:: 793–810.
1147:(5): 252.
894:2433/66179
840:References
697:down quark
610:CKM matrix
577:4.18
575:is around
440:generation
175:Discovered
73:Generation
51:Statistics
2465:Particles
2410:Particles
2369:Polariton
2359:Plasmaron
2329:Dropleton
2222:Hexaquark
2193:Molecules
2181:Protonium
2058:Phi meson
2043:Rho meson
2015:Xi baryon
1947:Composite
1783:Gravitino
1526:Up (quark
1435:636743000
1314:R. Nave.
829:B-factory
691:) and an
636:B-tagging
632:collision
612:elements
594:top quark
481:top quark
236:1S scheme
160:Theorized
56:fermionic
18:B-physics
2441:timeline
2293:R-hadron
2248:Glueball
2232:Skyrmion
2166:Tauonium
1879:Inflaton
1874:Graviton
1854:Curvaton
1824:Sfermion
1814:Higgsino
1809:Chargino
1770:Gauginos
1629:Neutrino
1614:Antimuon
1604:Positron
1599:Electron
1509:Fermions
1452:Archived
1400:B Decays
1397:(1994).
1316:"Quarks"
916:Fermilab
818:See also
685:B mesons
604:via the
598:up quark
516:Fermilab
434:, is an
399:−
341:−
254:up quark
2429:Related
2400:Baryons
2374:Polaron
2364:Plasmon
2339:Fracton
2334:Exciton
2288:Diquark
2283:Pomeron
2258:T meson
2215:Baryons
2176:Pionium
2161:Muonium
2088:D meson
2083:B meson
1988:Neutron
1973:Nucleon
1965:Baryons
1956:Hadrons
1919:Tachyon
1894:Majoron
1859:Dilaton
1788:Photino
1624:Antitau
1591:Leptons
1375:Bibcode
1332:29 June
1295:Bibcode
1214:Bibcode
1206:Science
1169:1155396
1149:Bibcode
1131:Yoh, J.
1044:Bibcode
954:Bibcode
922:24 July
871:Bibcode
834:B meson
792:baryons
790:Bottom
678:hadrons
460:
448:
432:b quark
414:
391:
379:
356:
318:
306:
279:
267:
100:gravity
2559:Quarks
2405:Mesons
2354:Phonon
2349:Magnon
2271:Others
2241:Mesons
2134:Others
2030:Mesons
1978:Proton
1842:Others
1797:Others
1778:Gluino
1712:Scalar
1692:Photon
1675:Bosons
1518:Quarks
1433:
1423:
1353:
1167:
1083:
803:Λ
640:mesons
587:proton
561:"down"
462:
320:
226:
213:scheme
200:
170:(1973)
106:Symbol
88:strong
62:Family
2393:Lists
2384:Trion
2379:Roton
2319:Anyon
2146:Atoms
1909:Preon
1849:Axion
1804:Axino
1697:Gluon
1684:Gauge
1371:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
773:meson
652:Belle
648:BaBar
553:"top"
535:DORIS
531:muons
444:quark
430:, or
223:−0.03
221:+0.03
197:−0.03
195:+0.04
77:third
66:quark
2344:Hole
2171:Onia
2078:Kaon
2038:Pion
1609:Muon
1431:OCLC
1421:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1334:2008
1165:OSTI
1081:ISBN
1019:2012
924:2009
781:(3P)
775:and
720:and
670:and
656:LHCb
654:and
619:and
579:GeV/
559:and
557:"up"
539:DESY
499:and
475:and
422:The
301:Spin
228:GeV/
218:4.65
202:GeV/
192:4.18
187:Mass
166:and
92:weak
1619:Tau
1413:doi
1383:doi
1303:doi
1291:239
1222:doi
1210:200
1157:doi
1052:doi
972:hdl
962:doi
889:hdl
879:doi
785:LHC
743:or
695:or
600:or
537:at
362:: 0
295:yes
2550::
1429:.
1419:.
1411:.
1407::
1381:.
1345:.
1324:.
1318:.
1301:.
1289:.
1220:.
1208:.
1196:^
1186:.
1163:.
1155:.
1145:39
1143:.
1137:.
1110:.
1104:.
1075:.
1050:.
1040:57
1038:.
1002:.
970:.
960:.
950:98
948:.
944:.
932:^
903:^
887:.
877:.
867:49
865:.
859:.
847:^
813:).
693:up
650:,
624:cb
617:ub
608:.
563:.
511:.
487:.
468:.
426:,
397::
395:RH
393:,
377::
375:LH
360:RH
358:,
339::
337:LH
251:or
211:MS
98:,
94:,
90:,
2117:)
2113:(
1830:)
1826:(
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1437:.
1415::
1389:.
1385::
1377::
1359:.
1336:.
1309:.
1305::
1297::
1228:.
1224::
1216::
1171:.
1159::
1151::
1112:2
1089:.
1058:.
1054::
1046::
1021:.
980:.
974::
964::
956::
926:.
897:.
891::
881::
873::
808:b
779:b
777:χ
764:ϒ
734:s
729:B
715:c
710:B
699:.
621:V
614:V
581:c
465:e
457:3
454:/
451:1
411:3
408:/
405:2
401:+
388:3
385:/
382:1
353:2
350:/
347:1
343:+
323:ħ
315:2
312:/
309:1
283:e
276:3
273:/
270:1
265:−
238:)
234:(
230:c
215:)
208:(
204:c
155:)
145:b
117:b
20:)
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