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1908…50 of the state's 67 counties had voted for prohibition." Despite the majority of the counties being "dry," the powerful Anti-Saloon League pushed for statewide prohibition. Other prohibition groups rallied to the League's push for a statewide law, forcing Comer to call the legislature into a special session to decide the matter. The 1909 special session enacted prohibition statewide, "but, not content with a mere statute, they also proposed a constitutional amendment to end the sale of liquor." Comer traveled the state to garner support for the proposed amendment, but it failed to win enough votes.
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was raised for white students, with resulting increases in literacy, but in the segregated system, African
Americans did not get equal funding for their educational system. Under Comer, the money spent on education for black children on a per capita basis was one-seventh that for white children. Literacy climbed dramatically for whites but lagged for blacks (by 1920, the rate was less than 50% for African Americans in Alabama).
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600:(where 12,000 whites had burned down the African-American section of the city) look like six cents.". Governor Comer said, "We are outraged at the attempts to establish social equality between black and white miners." He added that he would "not tolerate eight or nine thousand idle niggers in the state of Alabama."
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Comer's reforms to improve education for whites were funded by increased revenues to the state. A State Board of
Assessors was created "to equalize taxation by equalizing property values throughout the state and establishing franchise taxes for businesses." The reassessment of property values angered
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Accepting the businessman's pledges of financial participation, the
Trainers sought a local investor to assume the presidency of the mill. In 1897, they approached Braxton Bragg Comer. The future governor accepted the offer and invested $ 10,000 into the enterprise. From 1897 until 1927, he served as
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The state legislature "added a provision that would revoke the state business license of any corporation bringing suit in federal court on any issue already before a state court." L&N Railroad and other railroads challenged the new railroad statutes in federal court. The disagreement between the
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to disrupt the election and ambushed a group of around 1,000 Black men going to the polls. The mob massacred at least seven Blacks, shot at least seventy more, and prevented the rest of the crowd from voting. That evening some of Comer's mob stormed an office where ballots were being counted, burned
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In 1897, Comer built the first mill in
Avondale, an area that would become part of Birmingham. During the first year of its operation, Avondale Mills used 4,000 bales of cotton. By 1898, Avondale Mills employed 436 laborers and generated $ 15,000 in profit. By the time B. B. Comer became governor of
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Following graduation, Comer returned to Spring Hill and helped to manage the family plantation. He primarily grew corn and cotton on what became a 30,000-acre (120 km) plantation. He continued to operate his
Barbour County plantation, with his brother John managing it, after he moved his family
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More recently, Comer has been recognized as a progressive politician who advocated for increasing state revenue sources to benefit residents experiencing low incomes. Described as "no flaming liberal and...flawed like any person in history", Comer is recognized for his progressive stance concerning
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Comer "devoted most of his inaugural address to the issue of railroad reform and requested the legislature pass 20 separate laws to give the railroad commission strong rate-making and enforcement powers." The like-minded legislature passed his railroad reforms with only a few changes. Through these
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Comer died on August 15, 1927. His wife, Eva Jane, died on March 6, 1920, while he was serving in the Senate. He and his wife were survived by their nine children: Sally Bailey, John
Fletcher, James McDonald, Eva Mignon, Catherine, Braxton Bevelle, Eva, Braxton Bragg Jr., and Hugh M. Comer. He was
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More than 25 percent of the state's revenue in 1910 was derived from leasing
African-American convicts to private enterprises. The journalist Douglas Blackmon notes that Comer based his improvements for white citizens on funds derived from the slave labor of African Americans. The curriculum level
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due to that state's lower freight rates. The
Birmingham Commercial Club and the Birmingham Freight Bureau, organizations in which Comer had significant roles, found evidence of railroad rate discrimination. Comer believed giving more power to the state's Railroad Commission was the best way to end
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Progressives were divided on prohibition, with some believing it should be decided by local jurisdictions and others supporting the passage of state laws against the sale of alcohol. During his gubernatorial campaign and first two years as governor, Comer viewed prohibition as a local matter. "By
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laws; he said families should be the ones to decide about their children. Comer was "a better campaigner and orator than
Cunningham, and his verbal attacks on the railroads so aroused Alabama audiences that he won the primary with 61 percent of the vote and the November election with more than 85
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Avondale Mills began with 30,000 spindles in the first mill in
Birmingham and grew over the next thirty years to include ten mills in seven communities, totaling 282,160 spindles. The mills : Eva Jane, the Central, the Sally B, and the Catherine in Sylacauga; the Alexander City Cotton Mills, the
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By the mid-20th century, Comer was hailed as a reformer who brought Alabama's primary and secondary educational systems into the mainstream. He was praised for his business savvy and efforts to bring Avondale Mills to Birmingham and Central Alabama. He relied on a system of segregation and child
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When the Railroad Commission did not change rates after two more years, Comer switched tactics to run for a seat on the commission, which had recently been converted to an electoral office. He campaigned to limit the power of the railroads in favor of shipping. In 1904, he was elected commission
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A testament to Comer's emphasis on education as the supreme attribute of any society, one of his final actions was to direct the construction of the Catherine Comer School in Barbour County. Due to mandatory segregation in educational facilities at the time, only white children could attend the
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Comer's administration applied the increases in spending for the education only of white students. Comer directed funds to the building of white rural schools and county high schools (at least one in each county), and increasing the appropriations made to the University of Alabama, the
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His improvements to Alabama's educational systems benefitted white students, while African-American schools and students were underfunded. Literacy rates for whites increased during his tenure as governor. The Democratic legislature consistently underfunded African-American education.
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As state law prevented governors from running for successive terms, Comer was ineligible for the 1910 gubernatorial election. In the election of 1914, Comer was defeated by a candidate supported by an "unlikely coalition" of railroads, organized labor, and supporters of local option .
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in the November 1906 election. Comer's plan to enact reform of the railroads, as well as in other areas such as education, appeared a strong possibility as progressive Democrats favoring reform constituted a majority in the newly elected, Democratic-dominated state legislature.
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Following his short time in the Senate, Comer spent the remainder of his life following his business pursuits. Aside from issuing his endorsement for Alabama gubernatorial candidate A.H. Carmichael, Comer refrained from political activity following his term in the U.S. Senate.
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reform, lowering business rates in Alabama to make them more competitive with other states. He increased funding for the public school system, resulting in more rural schools and high schools in each county for white students and a rise in the state's literacy rate.
538:...was notable as the party "dropped the word 'Conservative' from its formal name, demonstrating that it was comfortable with a more progressive platform." The party's gubernatorial candidates were progressive on almost every topic. However, as Lieutenant Governor
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Although criticized early in his career as an industrialist for his attitudes towards child labor, Comer progressed with the common attitude and, as governor, passed a relatively progressive law requiring that no child under 12 years of age be employed at a
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the ballots so the white candidate could declare victory, and murdered the 16-year-old son of an elections supervisor. When a witness named Comer as a leader of the mob, the witness was falsely charged with perjury, intimidating others from coming forward.
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the large property owners who saw their property taxes increase. But, the major increases in state tax revenues came about not through taxation reforms (although this probably stabilized tax revenues) but through the increase in revenues generated from
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as an active force in the state. For more than 60 years, until federal civil rights legislation was passed to enforce the constitutional rights of African Americans in the mid-1960s, Alabama was essentially a one-party state, with elections won in the
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Much of the early 20th century's industrial growth and productivity in Birmingham, although to a lesser degree, in all of Alabama, can be attributed to Comer's regulation of the railroad industry and his investment in the textile industry.
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president but quickly realized he had little power due to the other two commissioners siding with the railroads. Three years into his term as president, Comer concluded that he could only enact railroad reform by becoming governor.
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the discrimination and lower rates to a level allowing Alabama companies to compete with those in Georgia. But, the state legislature and delegates to the 1901 Constitutional Convention did not strengthen the commission's power.
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Comer was successful in turning back the peonage investigation. The use of convict lease labor continued to provide incentives to police and local officials to entrap, convict and lease African Americans as laborers.
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In mid-August 1908, a delegation of prominent Birmingham citizens visited leaders of the striking miners and issued an explicit threat. They said that unless the strike ended, Birmingham would "make
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Alabama in 1907, Avondale Mills had declared $ 55,000 in profit and produced almost 8,000,000 yards of material. By the turn of the century, Avondale Mills had set the course for future development.
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Comer noted, "Just as we would separate cholera from hogs, ticks from cattle, and boll weevils from cotton, so we should separate from youth of the state all that would deteriorate and destroy."
585:(TCIRR) and other mining operations in Alabama. They were joined by 500 African-American convicts leased from the state. Company officials petitioned the state to break up the strike with state
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Comer adamantly asserted that investment by the state in its educational infrastructure was "of the utmost importance, advising the legislature "...to be liberal in their appropriations to the
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The Comer Foundation, established in his name and headquartered in Birmingham, provides substantial scholarships to students living in the Alabama counties where Comer's mills once operated.
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him. Another African-American organizer was hanged in a lynching a week later. Governor Comer issued orders mobilizing the state militia to break up the strikers and their organized camps.
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Another of Comer's enterprises was Avondale Mills, which, with his sons' help, became one of the largest textile companies in Alabama. The Trainer family, who had a textile business in
723:'s initiative to conserve natural resources, Comer gained legislation to establish the Alabama Soil Conservation Department; it was to oversee a public park system in the state.
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state government and the railroad continued after Comer had left office. Still, he achieved his goal "to give the state increased regulatory power over railroad freight rates."
738:. Also, as governor, Comer passed another law mandating that children under 16 who were employed in mills attend school for at least eight consecutive weeks each school term.
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Catherine Comer School. To ensure that all had access to educational opportunities, Comer also directed the construction of the Beckie Comer School, also in Barbour County.
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633:. In addition, the state took control of the Alabama Boy's Industrial School. Comer's educational reforms influenced the state's educational system for a century.
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percent." Comer, representing the planter elite and rising businessmen, easily defeated Asa E. Stratton of the Republican Party and J. N. Abbott of the
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campaign of terrorism that led to the disenfranchisement of Blacks. He and his brother, Wallace, led a Spring Hill, Alabama, mob that carried out the
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Comer was a vocal advocate for railroad reform. Alabama business owners were at a disadvantage when competing for business with companies based in
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new laws, Comer finally achieved lowering the rates to enable Alabama businesses to better compete with their counterparts in neighboring states.
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labor for their cotton plantation. B. B. Comer began his education at the age of ten under the tutelage of E. N. Brown.
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652:, all the schools of Alabama, as much so as the finances of the state will admit, because the investment is the best."
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ADAH, "Convicts at Hard Labor for the County in the State of Alabama on the First Day of March 1883," microfiche
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known as the Eureka Mines. In 1897 he invested $ 10,000 with the Trainer family, who intended to develop
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sanatorium as part of using state funds to improve public health. He also strengthened insurance laws.
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In the spring of 1920, Governor Thomas Kilby appointed Comer to serve the remaining months of the late
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Cooper, Len. "Slavery Did Not End With The Civil War. One Man's Odyssey Into a Nation's Secret Shame"
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1411:'Slavery By Another Name': The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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The Lynching Century: African Americans Who Died in Racial Violence in the United States 1865-1965
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The Lynching Century: African Americans Who Died in Racial Violence in the United States 1865-1965
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Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II,
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He increased transportation funding to improve roads as part of the state's basic infrastructure.
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Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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The disfranchisement of blacks by the 1901 constitution and suffrage amendment had reduced the
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As cotton prices fell, poor white farmers lost their land and turned to sharecrop and tenancy.
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Braxton Bragg Comer: An Alabamian Whose Avondale Mills Opened New Paths for Southern Progress
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Braxton Bragg Comer: An Alabamian Whose Avondale Mills Opened New Paths for Southern Progress
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of Birmingham did not support railroad reform on rates, he gained support from the industry.
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1384:"Alabama Governors: Braxton Bragg Comer", Alabama Department of Archives and History
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Sycamore Mills, Mignon, and Bevelle Mill, and the Pell City Manufacturing Company.
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from 1907 to 1911, and a United States senator in 1920. As governor, he achieved
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Collection Number: 00168 Collection Title: Braxton Bragg Comer Papers, 1905-1940
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Comer was a planter and businessman before and after entering politics as a
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president of Avondale Mills, directing continued expansion to new sites.
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1608:(Includes information on Comer's views on race, labor and other topics)
1555:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461.
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1557:"State of Alabama- peonage and disfranchisement of African Americans"
903:, Alabama Department of Archives and History, accessed 27 August 2012
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Although a common practice at the time, the mills used child labor.
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424:, B. B. Comer's brother, was the development of the Eureka Mines.
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RG60 NA "Peonage Files, RG 60 NA ff5280-17119": National Archives
771:, all in Sylacauga, once home to one of Avondale's largest mills.
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Chesnutt, Charles W. Excerpts from "Peonage, or the New Slavery"
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labor to earn profits for his plantations, mines, and mills.
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Mock, Gary. "Braxton Bragg Comer, Birmingham, Alabama", 2010
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In 1908, 7,000 (mostly white) miners went on strike at the
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1492:, Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia, ca. 1949,
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Race, Class and Power in the Alabama Coalfields 1908-1921
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Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel,
1117:, Database of lynching victims, Tuskegee Institute, p. 5
1047:"Ambushed in Eufaula: Alabama's forgotten race massacre"
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Comer was criticized because of his known opposition to
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Records of the National Negro Business League 1900-1919
1224:. New York: The Newcomen Society of England. p. 5.
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Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel
916:, p. 61 (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina 1987)
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Numerous institutions and places were named for Comer:
1391:, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1280:, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1191:, pp. 100-106 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009)
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houses offices and labs for the School of Agriculture.
359:, but in April 1865, was forced to leave when General
1561:"Governor Comer seeks pardon for peonage convictions"
1306:, 128 (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina 1987)
1149:, pp. 160-161 (University Alabama Press May 30, 1994)
383:, where he graduated in 1869 with AB and AM degrees.
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Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama
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Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
1425:
Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900,
1360:"What will Alabama become? We are about to find out"
873:. New York: Newcomen Society of England. p. 23.
395:. He built a large house for them at Comer Station,
363:'s troops burned the university. He enrolled at the
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Harris, David Alan. "Braxton Bragg Comer (1907-11)"
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Like a Family: the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
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Eufaula Massacre of 1874 and Political Intimidation
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1458:Like a Family the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
1451:Creating the Modern South: Mill Hands and Managers
1443:, Alabama Department of Archives and History, 1883
1433:Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969
1406:, Urbana: University of Illinois Free Press, 2001.
1304:Like a Family the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
1017:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 36–37.
534:The 1906 gubernatorial campaign in the Democratic
416:in east central Alabama in 1885. Comer's brother,
2639:Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Birmingham, Alabama)
1460:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1987
1453:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1992
939:Mock, "Braxton Bragg Comer, Birmingham, Alabama"
929:, p. 70 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009)
324:in the state, and he was appointed president of
1516:, documentary film, 2009, PBS, available online
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1420:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994.
1133:, p. 24 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2001)
1131:Race Class and Power in the Alabama Coal Field
1089:Race Class and Power in the Alabama Coal Field
767:, B. B. Comer Memorial Elementary School, and
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1160:"Alabama Hall of Fame, "Braxton Bragg Comer""
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749:adequately funding state-provided services.
292:(November 7, 1848 – August 15, 1927) was an
130:January 14, 1907 – January 17, 1911
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1571:"Peonage and African Americans in Alabama"
778:houses the Department of Modern Languages.
391:In 1872, Comer married Eva Jane Harris of
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65:March 5, 1920 – November 2, 1920
1473:McWhorter, Lynn Price. "Avondale Mills"
989:Harris, "Braxton Bragg Comer (1901-11)"
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344:Comer was born on November 7, 1848, in
2599:Democratic Party governors of Alabama
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631:Girl's Technical School at Montevallo
625:, the nine agricultural schools, the
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1581:MIT Forum on Slavery and Reparations
1489:History of the University of Georgia
2594:People from Barbour County, Alabama
2294:United States senators from Alabama
1702:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Alabama
1389:"Comer, Braxton Bragg, (1848-1927)"
1278:"Comer, Braxton Bragg, (1848-1927)"
781:The federal building in Birmingham.
340:Comer's father, John Fletcher Comer
2604:Politicians from Anniston, Alabama
296:politician who served as the 33rd
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2619:Emory and Henry University alumni
583:Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad
509:. On Election Day, Comer led the
501:Comer played a part in the 1870s
2624:Penal labor in the United States
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765:B. B. Comer Memorial High School
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761:Comer Hall at Auburn University
577:Response to 1908 miners' strike
16:American politician (1848–1927)
1413:, New York: Anchor Books, 2008
857:Comer Family Papers, 1860-1864
712:Comer also helped establish a
650:(The University of) Montevallo
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530:Gubernatorial Campaign of 1908
1:
1268:, Alabama Men's Hall of Fame,
1244:"Eventful Career is Closed".
619:Alabama Polytechnic Institute
2614:University of Georgia alumni
2609:University of Alabama alumni
1397:, Alabama Men's Hall of Fame
796:Comer Bridge, Scottsboro, AL
784:Braxton Bragg Comer Hall at
769:B. B. Comer Memorial Library
2589:American white supremacists
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994:December 21, 2014, at the
552:Socialist Party of America
373:Phi Kappa Literary Society
355:In 1864 Comer went to the
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1615:Party political offices
1291:Slavery By Another Name,
1091:, pp. 1-8 (Urbana, 2001)
774:B. B. Comer Hall at the
719:Encouraged by President
507:Eufaula Massacre of 1874
332:Early life and education
1552:Encyclopædia Britannica
1477:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1468:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1441:Diary of Richard Dawson
1334:www.comerfoundation.net
1317:Slavery By Another Name
1205:Slavery By Another Name
1189:Slavery By Another Name
1076:Slavery By Another Name
1011:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1000:Encyclopedia of Alabama
692:buried in Birmingham's
377:Emory and Henry College
266:Emory and Henry College
231:Braxton Bragg Comer Jr.
37:Official portrait, 1920
1526:1 (Sept. 1904): 394-97
1220:Comer, Donald (1947).
869:Comer, Donald (1947).
797:
762:
559:Comer's administration
459:
437:
371:, where he joined the
341:
1512:Blackmon, Douglas A.
1487:Reed, Thomas Walter.
1409:Blackmon, Douglas A.
1395:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
1259:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
1101:Atlanta Constitution,
925:Douglas A. Blackmon,
901:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
795:
776:University of Alabama
760:
642:University of Alabama
576:
540:Russell M. Cunningham
454:
442:Chester, Pennsylvania
435:
407:Early business career
365:University of Georgia
357:University of Alabama
339:
262:University of Georgia
258:University of Alabama
227:Braxton Bevelle Comer
48:United States Senator
1762:lieutenant governors
1593:, Tuskegee Institute
1591:"The Southern South"
1498:Tuskegee Institute.
1423:Curtin, Mary Ellen.
1362:. September 10, 2015
834:Governors of Alabama
492:Political Background
436:Comer in his mid-30s
375:. He transferred to
346:Spring Hill, Alabama
221:James McDonald Comer
178:Spring Hill, Alabama
1668:Governor of Alabama
1634:Governor of Alabama
1534:The Washington Post
1524:Voice of the Negro,
1416:Bond, Horace Mann.
1166:on January 11, 2018
1103:6 August 1908, p. 2
806:Scottsboro, Alabama
646:Auburn (University)
475:Railroad Commission
387:Marriage and family
298:governor of Alabama
290:Braxton Bragg Comer
219:John Fletcher Comer
190:Birmingham, Alabama
172:Braxton Bragg Comer
118:Governor of Alabama
1708:Served alongside:
1653:Political offices
1264:2012-03-03 at the
1248:. August 19, 1927.
1053:. January 16, 2022
944:2011-07-28 at the
802:B. B. Comer Bridge
798:
763:
721:Theodore Roosevelt
604:Educational reform
438:
342:
217:Sally Bailey Comer
2566:
2565:
2328:C. Claiborne Clay
2260:
2259:
1725:
1724:
1716:Succeeded by
1675:Succeeded by
1643:Succeeded by
1439:Dawson, Richard.
1315:Blackmon (2009),
1289:Blackmon (2009),
1203:Blackmon (2009),
1074:Blackmon (2009),
948:, Textile History
786:Auburn University
503:white supremacist
393:Cuthbert, Georgia
287:
286:
2646:
2410:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2087:
2086:
1751:
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1737:
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1719:J. Thomas Heflin
1695:John H. Bankhead
1692:Preceded by
1661:William D. Jelks
1658:Preceded by
1623:William D. Jelks
1620:Preceded by
1612:
1563:, Extracts from
1556:
1548:
1431:Daniel, Pete R.
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:. Archived from
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1256:
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1249:
1246:The Avondale Sun
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866:
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854:
694:Elmwood Cemetery
682:John H. Bankhead
519:Republican Party
279:
223:Eva Mignon Comer
175:November 7, 1848
163:Personal details
149:
141:William D. Jelks
137:
128:
110:J. Thomas Heflin
106:
98:John H. Bankhead
94:
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63:
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1711:Oscar Underwood
1707:
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1625:
1546:"Alabama"
1539:
1509:
1375:
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1343:
1341:
1340:on July 6, 2015
1328:
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859:- UNC Libraries
855:
851:
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702:
674:
662:
606:
579:
566:
564:Railroad reform
561:
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389:
361:John T. Croxton
334:
264:
260:
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196:Political party
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1577:, 18 July 1903
1575:New York Times
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1543:, ed. (1911).
1541:Chisholm, Hugh
1537:
1536:, 16 June 1996
1527:
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1507:External links
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1910:E. A. O'Neal
1709:
1706:1920
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1678:Emmet O'Neal
1666:
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1632:nominee for
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1364:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
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307:
289:
288:
153:Emmet O'Neal
148:Succeeded by
125:
105:Succeeded by
76:Thomas Kilby
71:Appointed by
60:
18:
2584:1927 deaths
2579:1848 births
2473:Fitzpatrick
2338:Goldthwaite
2318:Fitzpatrick
1830:Fitzpatrick
1686:U.S. Senate
1597:B. B. Comer
1170:January 15,
1057:January 29,
819:J. W. Comer
660:Prohibition
598:Springfield
547:child labor
526:primaries.
247:J. W. Comer
136:Preceded by
93:Preceded by
25:B. B. Comer
2573:Categories
2398:Tuberville
2242:Folsom Jr.
2222:Folsom Jr.
2167:Carmichael
2122:Cunningham
2093:Lieutenant
2050:Folsom Jr.
2040:G. Wallace
2030:G. Wallace
2020:L. Wallace
2015:G. Wallace
2005:Folsom Sr.
1995:Folsom Sr.
1672:1907–1911
1630:Democratic
1502:, database
1449:Flamming.
1187:Blackmon,
840:References
824:Hugh Comer
672:Later life
629:, and the
524:Democratic
422:John Comer
418:J.W. Comer
318:Birmingham
314:plantation
242:Hugh Comer
200:Democratic
82:Lieutenant
2513:Underwood
2378:H. Heflin
2358:J. Heflin
2252:Ainsworth
2237:L. Baxley
2227:Siegelman
2217:B. Baxley
2112:McKinstry
2102:Applegate
2095:governors
2060:Siegelman
2010:Patterson
1955:Henderson
1950:E. O'Neal
1773:Governors
1758:Governors
1330:"Mission"
272:Signature
254:Education
249:(brother)
244:(brother)
238:Relatives
229:Eva Comer
126:In office
61:In office
2538:M. Allen
2533:J. Allen
2503:Johnston
2453:McKinley
2443:McKinley
2433:Chambers
2383:Sessions
2373:Sparkman
2212:McMillan
2192:Boutwell
2187:Hardwick
2147:McDowell
1930:Johnston
1920:T. Jones
1855:A. Moore
1805:S. Moore
1800:G. Moore
1319:, p. 326
1262:Archived
1207:, p. 120
1078:, p. 321
1033:32739924
992:Archived
942:Archived
845:Specific
813:See also
414:Anniston
381:Virginia
350:enslaved
310:Democrat
302:railroad
294:American
214:Children
209:Eva Jane
2543:Stewart
2483:Houston
2478:Spencer
2438:Pickens
2416:Class 3
2388:Strange
2323:Clemens
2301:Class 2
2207:Beasley
2157:Merrill
2070:Bentley
2000:Persons
1965:Brandon
1935:Samford
1900:Houston
1890:Lindsay
1870:Parsons
1860:Shorter
1850:Winston
1845:Collier
1840:Chapman
1790:Pickens
1785:T. Bibb
1780:W. Bibb
1766:Alabama
1567:1909-10
1378:General
1129:Kelly,
1087:Kelly,
591:lynched
587:militia
536:primary
481:Georgia
53:Alabama
2553:Shelby
2548:Denton
2523:Graves
2498:Pettus
2423:Walker
2343:Morgan
2333:Warner
2232:Windom
2202:Brewer
2162:Knight
2142:Miller
2025:Brewer
1990:Sparks
1980:Graves
1975:Miller
1970:Graves
1880:Swayne
1875:Patton
1835:Martin
1795:Murphy
1456:Hall.
1302:Hall,
1145:Bond,
1031:
1021:
912:Hall,
700:Legacy
623:Auburn
369:Athens
206:Spouse
2558:Britt
2518:Black
2508:White
2488:Pryor
2463:Bagby
2448:Moore
2428:Kelly
2393:Jones
2368:Swift
2353:Comer
2313:Lewis
2197:Allen
2182:Allen
2177:Inzer
2172:Ellis
2152:Davis
2137:Kilby
2117:Ligon
2107:Moren
2065:Riley
2055:James
2035:James
1985:Dixon
1960:Kilby
1945:Comer
1940:Jelks
1925:Oates
1895:Lewis
1885:Smith
1865:Watts
1825:Bagby
1820:McVay
1810:Gayle
1293:p. 69
116:33rd
51:from
2528:Hill
2493:Pugh
2468:King
2308:King
2247:Ivey
2132:Seed
2127:Gray
2075:Ivey
2045:Hunt
1915:Seay
1905:Cobb
1815:Clay
1760:and
1639:1906
1368:2015
1346:2015
1172:2011
1059:2022
1029:OCLC
1019:ISBN
466:See
184:Died
168:Born
1764:of
1599:at
804:in
621:in
412:to
379:in
367:in
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