2075:
2081:
1067:
485:
44:
1469:
in 1976, as Prime
Minister, Vorster encouraged the Department of Information to engage in clandestine activities in and outside South Africa. Vorster did not inform his cabinet of these activities and financed them through a secret defence account. When the auditor general made a critical report, a
1300:
conducted many acts of sabotage against South Africa during World War II to limit its war effort. Vorster, who was interned for his activities, which included helping previously interned fugitives, claimed not to have participated in the acts of war attributed to the group. He described himself as
1382:
in contrast to the "diabolical" and "frightening" Verwoerd. His supporters held him in great affection for his eccentricities. Examples of this were the occasion when he briefed the opposition in his private chambers, his allowing pictures of himself to be taken in often precarious situations and
1500:, the only major English-language newspaper that was favourable to the National Party. A commission of inquiry concluded in mid-1979 that Vorster "knew everything" about the corruption and had tolerated it. He resigned from the state presidency in disgrace. In 1982, John Vorster supported the
1399:
Vorster was more pragmatic than his predecessors when it came to foreign policy. He improved relations with other
African nations, such as by the adoption of his policy of letting Black African diplomats live in white areas in South Africa. He unofficially supported, but refused officially to
1320:
in 1948. Although racial discrimination in favour of whites had long been a crucial fact of South
African politics and society, formal restrictions were loosening and the National Party institutionalised racism in a new way and on a massive scale through its “apartheid” legislation.
1360:
Upon
Verwoerd's assassination in 1966, Vorster was elected by the National Party to succeed him, and continued Verwoerd's implementation of apartheid legislation, including the 1968 abolition of the last four parliamentary seats that had been reserved for white representatives of
1365:(mixed race) voters (realised in 1970). Despite this, Vorster's rule oversaw several other such proposed bills dropped, as well the repealing of legislation prohibiting multi-racial sports teams in order to allow for South Africa to compete at the
1408:(UDI) from the UK in 1965. Vorster followed white public opinion in South Africa by supporting Rhodesia publicly, but was unwilling to alienate important political allies in the United States by extending diplomatic recognition to Rhodesia.
1356:
A leader of the right wing of the
National Party, he was appointed Minister of Justice in 1961 by prime minister Verwoerd, an outspoken mentor and idol of Vorster. He combined that with the Minister of Police and Prisons in 1966.
1423:
on the continent: while
Vorster was unwilling to make any concessions to his country's majority population, he soon realised that white rule would be untenable in a country where blacks outnumbered whites.
1387:
in the world". This new outlook in the leadership of South Africa was dubbed "billikheid" or "sweet reasonableness". He alienated an extremist faction of his
National Party when it accepted the presence of
1482:, a hardliner who nevertheless began the first reforms to moderate the apartheid system. Following his resignation as Prime Minister, Vorster was elected to the largely honorary position of
2619:
2337:
2599:
1528:
of their land in order to expand the university. They named the building built there after B.J. Vorster, an alumnus and chancellor of the university. It was renamed in the 1990s.
2145:
1168:
1405:
2614:
1353:. Vorster's wartime anti-British activities came back to haunt him. Vorster answered his critics by saying that he had now "come to believe in" the parliamentary system.
2629:
595:
2604:
2569:
2154:
562:
282:
1369:
in Mexico. Despite
Vorster's efforts, protests by numerous African nations meant that the IOC refused permission for South Africa's proposed team to compete.
2624:
2330:
1603:
2609:
1227:, he involved himself in student politics becoming the chairman of the debating society, deputy chairman of the student council and leader of the junior
2594:
2138:
497:
2589:
1819:
652:
2323:
1444:
1037:
2579:
2574:
2346:
1470:
scandal broke out, ultimately leading to the resignation of
Vorster. This scandal was colloquially known to some as "South African Watergate".
953:
702:
687:
1797:
1496:
1393:
1902:
2131:
1996:
1439:, to accept in principle that white minority rule could not continue indefinitely. Smith and moderate black nationalist leaders signed the
1267:
From 1939, Vorster attracted attention by strongly opposing South Africa's intervention on the side of the Allies and their former foe the
507:
727:
1531:
1096:
607:
512:
1223:, Willem Carel Vorster and his wife, Elizabeth Sophia Vorster (née Wagenaar). He attended primary school there. After Vorster entered
1070:
637:
1199:. He resigned the premiership in favour of the ceremonial state presidency, from which he was forced out as well eight months later.
1578:
1501:
1330:
712:
682:
552:
547:
216:
1373:
1027:
657:
2634:
2392:
1958:
1547:
1483:
1141:
1138:
1017:
642:
537:
59:
1144:
from 1978 to 1979. Known as B. J. Vorster during much of his career, he came to prefer the anglicized name John in the 1970s.
2564:
2005:
1931:
1134:
707:
123:
2584:
1313:
1239:
1228:
1179:
crisis. He conducted a more pragmatic foreign policy than his predecessors, in an effort to improve relations between the
860:
737:
722:
697:
399:
2487:
1002:
617:
2074:
1346:
875:
717:
662:
572:
567:
1907:
1436:
1184:
905:
577:
452:
2497:
2472:
1853:
825:
672:
667:
647:
622:
602:
2519:
2358:
1989:
1235:
1012:
632:
1874:
1342:
835:
2238:
2182:
2177:
1697:
1521:
1494:, the Cabinet minister at its centre, Vorster was implicated in the use of a secret slush fund to establish
1224:
1208:
1089:
1042:
810:
357:
742:
1823:
2503:
2017:
1293:
1216:
1007:
997:
692:
612:
557:
365:
1383:
then to be distributed publicly as well as his welcoming of foreigners, in his words, to "the happiest
2559:
2554:
1376:
1366:
1338:
1308:
becoming a general in its paramilitary wing. His involvement with this group led to his detention at
974:
775:
732:
582:
522:
2080:
1982:
1440:
1420:
1188:
1180:
1164:
1052:
1805:
2202:
1779:
1729:
1505:
1487:
1334:
1196:
1125:
1082:
517:
468:
1673:
760:
1639:
1234:
In 1938, Vorster graduated to become a registrar (judge's clerk) to the judge president of the
2509:
2279:
1771:
1574:
1478:
Vorster resigned as Prime
Minister in 1978, after twelve years in office. He was succeeded by
1448:
1160:
963:
677:
2304:
2248:
2172:
2102:
2064:
2044:
1924:
1763:
1350:
915:
865:
795:
188:
2525:
2435:
2294:
1723:
1517:
1486:. His tenure in his new office, however, was short-lived. In what came to be known as the
1466:
1428:
1362:
1172:
1032:
1022:
532:
97:
1389:
2483:
2462:
2452:
2441:
2412:
2274:
2207:
2059:
1951:
1604:"'A Cool Man on a Lion Hunt,' South Africa's John Vorster Tries to Head Off a Race War"
1535:
1280:
1268:
1243:
1156:
895:
885:
855:
840:
820:
815:
805:
780:
275:
193:
115:
2123:
2548:
2424:
2299:
2253:
2233:
2228:
1783:
1491:
1309:
1247:
1212:
1152:
1047:
920:
870:
542:
527:
385:
361:
315:
158:
1301:
anti-British, not pro-Nazi, and said his internment was for anti-British agitation.
2429:
2382:
2350:
2243:
2192:
2187:
2158:
2089:
2009:
1525:
1384:
1379:
1272:
1220:
948:
910:
900:
890:
790:
411:
389:
163:
2418:
1312:
in 1942. Following his release from custody in 1944, Vorster became active in the
1242:
but he did not remain in this post for long, setting up his first law practice in
152:
2315:
1974:
1566:
Geredigeerde toesprake van die sewende Eerste Minister van Suid-Afrika: 1953-1974
1564:
2493:
2457:
2407:
2372:
2289:
2284:
2269:
2223:
2112:
2054:
2034:
1941:
1479:
850:
845:
830:
765:
209:
147:
82:
1751:
1278:
Vorster dedicated himself to an anti-British, pro-Nazi organisation called the
2515:
1767:
1573:] (in Afrikaans). Bloemfontein: Instituut vir Eietydse Geskiedenis, UOVS.
1460:
1416:
1289:
1176:
958:
925:
800:
785:
770:
627:
447:
1775:
17:
2398:
2377:
2197:
2049:
2039:
2024:
1571:
The edited speeches of the seventh prime minister of South Africa: 1953-1974
1534:
was formerly called John Vorster Square, and was the home of South Africa's
1432:
1317:
1148:
979:
943:
880:
484:
476:
381:
43:
2367:
1401:
1192:
1251:
1183:
and South Africa's neighbours, particularly after the break-up of the
1725:
Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: The Question of South Africa
1412:
969:
1372:
As a personal figure, Vorster was described as "flesh and blood" by
1275:. Many Nationalists enthusiastically hoped for a German victory.
1451:
which, in this form, also lacked any international recognition.
2319:
2127:
1978:
1419:
in 1975 left South Africa and Rhodesia as the sole outposts of
1752:"The economic history of the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage region"
1427:
In September 1976, under pressure from US Secretary of State
1722:
Firing Line with William F. Buckley, Jr. (9 February 2017),
1508:
at its founding congress. He died in 1983, aged 67 years.
1447:, Rhodesia was reconstituted under black majority rule as
1288:), founded in 1938 in celebration of the centenary of the
1337:. He was appointed as Deputy Minister in 1958. He was an
1195:, in which he was instrumental, he was implicated in the
1129:; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983), better known as
1169:
complete abolition of non-white political representation
1563:
Vorster, Balthazar Johannes (1976). O. Geyser (ed.).
1404:, whose predominantly white minority government had
1147:
Vorster strongly adhered to his country's policy of
2471:
2391:
2357:
2262:
2216:
2165:
2088:
2016:
1133:, was a South African politician who served as the
446:
434:
405:
395:
371:
340:
335:
321:
309:
299:
281:
269:
252:
233:
215:
203:
179:
140:
121:
109:
88:
76:
57:
34:
1820:"APF newsletter, "Appraisal of Rhodesia in 1975""
1546:He is depicted on the obverses of the following
27:Prime Minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978
2620:Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
1908:The Rise of the South African Reich – Chapter 6
1798:"South Africa: A Touch of Sweet Reasonableness"
1392:players and spectators during the tour of the
1304:Vorster rose rapidly through the ranks of the
2600:South African collaborators with Nazi Germany
2331:
2139:
1990:
1090:
8:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1524:dispossessed coloured residents of central
1443:in March 1978, and in June 1979, following
295:8 October 1961 – 14 September 1966
136:13 September 1966 – 2 October 1978
2338:
2324:
2316:
2146:
2132:
2124:
1997:
1983:
1975:
1913:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1151:, overseeing (as Minister of Justice) the
1097:
1083:
463:
42:
31:
2615:National Party (South Africa) politicians
1756:South African Journal of Economic History
1316:, which began implementing the policy of
424:
2630:Prisoners and detainees of South Africa
1698:"Hitler's Spies and the Ossewabrandwag"
1594:
1038:Music in the movement against apartheid
475:
1841:. New York: Random House. p. 105.
1333:representing the seat of Nigel in the
1219:, the fifteenth child of a successful
1163:for sabotage, (as Prime Minister) the
72:10 October 1978 – 4 June 1979
2605:South African prisoners and detainees
2570:South African people of Dutch descent
1875:"Johannesburg Central Police Station"
1732:from the original on 12 December 2021
1400:recognise, the neighbouring state of
1394:New Zealand national rugby union team
1126:[ˈbaltɑːzarjuəˈhanəsˈfɔrstər]
1124:
229:1 April 1966 – 9 August 1968
7:
1675:Balthazar Johannes Vorster Biography
1341:during the terms of prime ministers
1329:In 1953, Vorster was elected to the
2625:People interned during World War II
1839:Waiting: the Whites of South Africa
1602:Hawthorne, Peter (4 October 1976).
1532:Johannesburg Central Police Station
1411:The collapse of Portuguese rule in
513:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
1406:unilaterally declared independence
25:
2610:Justice ministers of South Africa
2537:†Died in office *Acting President
1696:Dickens, Peter (2 January 2024).
2595:State Presidents of South Africa
2079:
2073:
1903:B. J. Vorster: Selected speeches
1750:Müller, André (September 2000).
1066:
1065:
1028:Internal resistance to apartheid
483:
2590:Prime ministers of South Africa
1959:State President of South Africa
1804:. 31 March 1967. Archived from
1548:coins of the South African rand
1142:state president of South Africa
538:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
420:
60:State President of South Africa
1932:Prime Minister of South Africa
1642:. South African History Online
1474:State President and retirement
1135:prime minister of South Africa
124:Prime Minister of South Africa
1:
2580:Afrikaner Broederbond members
2575:South African anti-communists
2263:Post-apartheid (1994–present)
1240:Supreme Court of South Africa
1837:Crapanzano, Vincent (1985).
1640:"Balthazar Johannes Vorster"
1207:Vorster was born in 1915 in
1003:Apartheid in popular culture
573:Saint James Church massacre
568:Assassination of Chris Hani
2651:
1538:during the apartheid era.
1458:
1292:. Under the leadership of
1185:Portuguese colonial empire
1137:from 1966 to 1978 and the
578:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
453:University of Stellenbosch
345:Balthazar Johannes Vorster
2535:
2217:Apartheid-era (1948–1994)
2166:Pre-apartheid (1910–1948)
2071:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1768:10.1080/10113430009511123
1553:1982 1/2 Cent to 1 Rand.
1396:in South Africa in 1970.
1187:. Shortly after the 1978
1181:white minority government
826:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
458:
331:
288:
222:
129:
65:
53:
41:
2090:Republic of South Africa
1437:Rhodesian Prime Minister
1236:Cape Provincial Division
1122:Afrikaans pronunciation:
1013:Cape Qualified Franchise
438:Elizabeth (Elsa) Vorster
264:(as Minister of Justice)
1522:Stellenbosch University
1225:Stellenbosch University
1043:Nostalgia for apartheid
327:Petrus Cornelius Pelser
172:Marais Viljoen (acting)
102:Marais Viljoen (acting)
2635:Ossewabrandwag members
2408:Charles Robberts Swart
1512:Legacy under apartheid
1246:and his second in the
1018:Disinvestment campaign
743:State Security Council
442:Pieter Andries Vorster
2565:People from Uitenhage
2504:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri
2018:Union of South Africa
1910:, Brian Bunting, 1969
1445:multiracial elections
1294:Johannes Van Rensburg
1217:Union of South Africa
1008:Apartheid legislation
998:Afrikaner nationalism
558:Cape Town peace march
548:Trojan Horse Incident
508:1948 general election
366:Union of South Africa
2585:Apartheid government
1852:Grundlingh, Albert.
1808:on 15 December 2008.
1702:The Observation Post
1367:1968 Summer Olympics
906:Eugène Terre'Blanche
776:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
583:Shell House massacre
553:Khotso House bombing
523:Sharpeville massacre
440:Willem Carel Vorster
2155:Minister of Justice
1455:Information Scandal
1441:Internal Settlement
1421:white minority rule
1189:Internal Settlement
1053:Sullivan Principles
283:Minister of Justice
210:Pieter Willem Botha
169:Nicolaas Diederichs
98:Nicolaas Diederichs
83:Pieter Willem Botha
1917:Political offices
1542:Depiction on coins
1506:Andries Treurnicht
1502:Conservative Party
1490:so named after Dr
1488:Muldergate Scandal
1197:Muldergate Scandal
1110:Balthazar Johannes
638:Conservative Party
518:1956 Treason Trial
259:Office established
217:Minister of Police
2542:
2541:
2510:Kgalema Motlanthe
2313:
2312:
2121:
2120:
2095:(under Apartheid)
1973:
1972:
1966:Succeeded by
1939:Succeeded by
1449:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1331:House of Assembly
1325:House of Assembly
1286:Ox-wagon Sentinel
1161:life imprisonment
1159:was sentenced to
1107:
1106:
964:South-West Africa
462:
461:
375:10 September 1983
265:
16:(Redirected from
2642:
2477:(post-Apartheid)
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2103:Hendrik Verwoerd
2096:
2083:
2077:
2065:Hendrik Verwoerd
2028:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1949:Preceded by
1925:Hendrik Verwoerd
1922:Preceded by
1914:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1822:. Archived from
1816:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1584:
1351:Hendrik Verwoerd
1128:
1123:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1068:
866:Albertina Sisulu
861:Benjamin Moloise
796:Arthur Goldreich
487:
464:
428:
426:
422:
378:
355:13 December 1915
354:
352:
336:Personal details
324:
312:
305:Hendrik Verwoerd
302:
293:
272:
263:
255:
242:Hendrik Verwoerd
236:
227:
206:
189:Hendrik Verwoerd
182:
148:Charles R. Swart
134:
112:
91:
79:
70:
46:
32:
21:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:Cyril Ramaphosa
2476:
2467:
2436:Nico Diederichs
2396:
2393:State President
2387:
2353:
2344:
2314:
2309:
2258:
2212:
2161:
2152:
2122:
2117:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:on 31 May 2009.
1818:
1817:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1562:
1559:
1544:
1518:Group Areas Act
1514:
1484:State President
1476:
1467:Soweto Uprising
1463:
1457:
1431:, he pressured
1429:Henry Kissinger
1327:
1265:
1260:
1205:
1121:
1103:
1058:
1057:
1033:Kairos Document
1023:Freedom Charter
993:
985:
984:
968:
939:
931:
930:
761:Vernon Berrangé
756:
748:
747:
708:Security Branch
598:
588:
587:
533:Soweto uprising
503:
502:
441:
439:
430:
418:
414:
396:Political party
380:
376:
356:
350:
348:
347:
346:
322:
310:
300:
294:
289:
270:
261:
253:
248:
234:
228:
223:
204:
199:
180:
175:
135:
130:
110:
105:
89:
77:
71:
66:
49:
48:Vorster in 1960
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:(2018-present)
2523:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2484:Nelson Mandela
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2463:F. W. de Klerk
2460:
2455:
2453:Marais Viljoen
2450:
2445:
2442:Marais Viljoen
2439:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2347:Heads of State
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2006:Prime Minister
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2383:Elizabeth II
2351:South Africa
2159:South Africa
2108:John Vorster
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2010:South Africa
1957:
1930:
1882:. Retrieved
1879:TravelGround
1878:
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1854:"Die Vlakte"
1847:
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1824:the original
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791:Bram Fischer
412:Tini Vorster
390:South Africa
377:(1983-09-10)
323:Succeeded by
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271:Succeeded by
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205:Succeeded by
164:Jan de Klerk
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111:Succeeded by
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2560:1983 deaths
2555:1915 births
2512:(2008-2009)
2494:Thabo Mbeki
2475:(from 1994)
2458:P. W. Botha
2413:Eben Dönges
2395:(1961–1994)
2373:Edward VIII
2361:(1910–1961)
2113:P. W. Botha
2092:(1961–1984)
2055:D. F. Malan
2035:Louis Botha
2020:(1910–1961)
1942:P. W. Botha
1557:Publication
1497:The Citizen
1480:P. W. Botha
1374:Progressive
1155:, in which
851:Thabo Mbeki
846:Govan Mbeki
836:D. F. Malan
831:Mac Maharaj
766:P. W. Botha
693:Broederbond
311:Preceded by
254:Preceded by
194:Eben Dönges
181:Preceded by
153:Jozua Naudé
90:Preceded by
2549:Categories
2516:Jacob Zuma
2425:Jim Fouché
2249:Schlebusch
2027:from 1948)
1963:1978–1979
1936:1966–1978
1589:References
1516:Using the
1465:After the
1461:Muldergate
1417:Mozambique
1343:D.F. Malan
1290:Great Trek
1203:Early life
1177:Steve Biko
959:Sophiatown
926:Jacob Zuma
811:Joel Joffe
801:Chris Hani
786:Ruth First
771:Steve Biko
628:Black Sash
448:Alma mater
351:1915-12-13
2520:2009-2018
2498:1999-2008
2488:1994-1999
2473:President
2419:Tom Naudé
2399:Apartheid
2378:George VI
2305:Nkadimeng
2050:Jan Smuts
2040:Jan Smuts
2025:Apartheid
1861:sun.ac.za
1784:155003223
1776:1011-3436
1681:5 January
1646:5 January
1433:Ian Smith
1335:Transvaal
1318:apartheid
1209:Jamestown
1149:apartheid
980:Vlakplaas
944:Bantustan
881:Joe Slovo
477:Apartheid
382:Cape Town
358:Jamestown
291:In office
225:In office
141:President
132:In office
68:In office
2368:George V
2280:Mabandla
2208:Lawrence
1730:archived
1402:Rhodesia
1363:Coloured
1250:town of
1193:Rhodesia
1175:and the
1071:Category
975:Sun City
469:a series
467:Part of
435:Children
262:Himself
196:(acting)
166:(acting)
155:(acting)
122:7th
58:4th
2397:(under
2359:Monarch
2295:Masutha
2254:Coetsee
2234:Vorster
2229:Erasmus
2173:Hertzog
2023:(under
1736:2 April
1707:10 June
1252:Brakpan
1238:of the
1118:Vorster
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245:Himself
2300:Lamola
2290:Radebe
2275:Maduna
2244:Kruger
2239:Pelser
2183:de Wet
1884:4 June
1782:
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1613:28 May
1608:People
1577:
1435:, the
1413:Angola
1296:, the
1258:Career
1171:, the
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970:Soweto
938:Places
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563:CODESA
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2285:Surty
2224:Swart
2203:Steyn
2198:Smuts
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2178:Sauer
1857:(PDF)
1780:S2CID
1569:[
1390:Māori
1271:, in
1114:B. J.
427:)
419:(
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2188:Roos
1886:2021
1802:Time
1772:ISSN
1738:2017
1709:2024
1683:2011
1648:2011
1615:2018
1575:ISBN
1415:and
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728:SAMA
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718:SADF
713:SACC
608:APLA
425:1941
372:Died
341:Born
2349:of
2157:of
2008:of
1764:doi
1504:of
1191:in
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688:UDF
683:PAC
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603:ANC
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