1692:
amount of maize from the U.S., and due to formal and informal seed networks among rural farmers, many potential routes are available for transgenic maize to enter into food and feed webs. One study found small-scale (about 1%) introduction of transgenic sequences in sampled fields in Mexico; it did not find evidence for or against this introduced genetic material being inherited by the next generation of plants. That study was immediately criticized, with the reviewer writing, "Genetically, any given plant should be either non-transgenic or transgenic, therefore for leaf tissue of a single transgenic plant, a GMO level close to 100% is expected. In their study, the authors chose to classify leaf samples as transgenic despite GMO levels of about 0.1%. We contend that results such as these are incorrectly interpreted as positive and are more likely to be indicative of contamination in the laboratory."
1602:, which have in some cases "completely eroded all benefits from Bt cotton cultivation". The increase in sucking pests depended on local temperature and rainfall conditions and increased in half the villages studied. The increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. Another study in five provinces in China found the reduction in pesticide use in Bt cotton cultivars is significantly lower than that reported in research elsewhere, consistent with the hypothesis suggested by recent studies that more pesticide sprayings are needed over time to control emerging secondary pests, such as aphids, spider mites, and lygus bugs.
1439:) cells of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture. While the target pests are exposed to the toxins primarily through leaf and stalk material, Cry proteins are also expressed in other parts of the plant, including trace amounts in maize kernels which are ultimately consumed by both humans and animals. However, other organisms (including humans, other animals and non-targeted insects) that lack the appropriate receptors in their gut cannot be affected by the
66:
431:
3530:
1578:. This was the first instance of Bt resistance confirmed by Monsanto anywhere in the world. Monsanto responded by introducing a second-generation cotton with multiple Bt proteins, which was rapidly adopted. Bollworm resistance to first-generation Bt cotton was also identified in Australia, China, Spain, and the United States. Additionally, resistance to Bt was documented in field population of
44:
1395:
1265:
1812:
1713:
crops have been widely planted since the late 1990s, but CCD did not appear until 2006. In addition, CCD has been reported in countries that do not allow GM crops to be planted, such as
Switzerland. German researchers have noted in one study a possible correlation between exposure to Bt pollen and compromised immunity to
1212:; however, the manuals for these products do contain many environmental and human health warnings, and a 2012 European regulatory peer review of five approved strains found, while data exist to support some claims of low toxicity to humans and the environment, the data are insufficient to justify many of these claims.
1633:. The paper produced a public uproar and demonstrations against Bt maize; however by 2001 several follow-up studies coordinated by the USDA had asserted that "the most common types of Bt maize pollen are not toxic to monarch larvae in concentrations the insects would encounter in the fields." Similarly,
1118:
found in the insect gut, which liberate the toxin from the crystal. The Cry toxin is then inserted into the insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing the digestive tract and forming a pore. The insect stops eating and starves to death; live Bt bacteria may also colonize the insect, which can contribute to
1712:
found no evidence that pollen from Bt crops is adversely affecting bees. According to the USDA, "Genetically modified (GM) crops, most commonly Bt corn, have been offered up as the cause of CCD. But there is no correlation between where GM crops are planted and the pattern of CCD incidents. Also, GM
2093:
Dorsch JA, Candas M, Griko NB, Maaty WS, Midboe EG, Vadlamudi RK, Bulla LA (September 2002). "Cry1A toxins of
Bacillus thuringiensis bind specifically to a region adjacent to the membrane-proximal extracellular domain of BT-R(1) in Manduca sexta: involvement of a cadherin in the entomopathogenicity
1691:
A subsequent large-scale study in 2005 failed to find any evidence of genetic mixing in Oaxaca. A 2007 study found the "transgenic proteins expressed in maize were found in two (0.96%) of 208 samples from farmers' fields, located in two (8%) of 25 sampled communities." Mexico imports a substantial
1220:
to improve crystal size and increase pesticidal activity, or broaden the host range of Bt and obtain more effective formulations. Each new strain is given a unique number and registered with the U.S. EPA and allowances may be given for genetic modification depending on "its parental strains, the
1541:
The toxic nature of Bt proteins has an adverse impact on many major crop pests, but some ecological risk assessments has been conducted to ensure safety of beneficial non-target organisms that may come into contact with the toxins. Toxicity for the monarch butterfly, has been shown to not reach
3609:
3511:
3549:
1451:
Animal models have been used to assess human health risk from consumption of products containing Cry proteins. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency recognizes mouse acute oral feeding studies where doses as high as 5,000 mg/kg body weight resulted in
1802:
is no longer the sole source of pesticidal proteins. The
Bacterial Pesticidal Protein Resource Center (BPPRC) provides information on the rapidly expanding field of pesticidal proteins for academics, regulators, and research and development personnel.
2381:
Guinebretière MH, Auger S, Galleron N, Contzen M, De Sarrau B, De Buyser ML, et al. (January 2013). "Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the
Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning".
3528:, Adams LF, Thomas MD, Sloma AP, Widner WR, "Formation of and methods for the production of large bacillus thuringiensis crystals with increased pesticidal activity", issued 16 October 2001, assigned to Valent BioSciences LLC.
4501:
Helassa N, Quiquampoix H, Staunton S (2013). "Structure, Biological
Activity and Environmental Fate of Insecticidal Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cry Proteins of Bacterial and Genetically Modified Plant Origin". In Xu J, Sparks D (eds.).
1137:
can silence the Cry5Ba toxin expression when outside the host by binding to the RBS site of the Cry5Ba toxin transcript to avoid nematode behavioral defenses. The silencing results in an increase of the bacteria ingestion by
959:) lacking the 35kb pathogenicity island of pXO2 itself, and in fact having no identifiable virulence factors. (The pXO2 family does not have replacement of the pathogenicity island, instead simply lacking that part of pXO2.)
1520:
Concerns over possible environmental impact from accumulation of Bt toxins from plant tissues, pollen dispersal, and direct secretion from roots have been investigated. Bt toxins may persist in soil for over 200 days, with
1221:
proposed pesticide use pattern, and the manner and extent to which the organism has been genetically modified". Formulations of Bt that are approved for organic farming in the US are listed at the website of the
4178:
Fearing PL, Brown D, Vlachos D, Meghji M, Privalle L (June 1997). "Quantitative analysis of CryIA (b) expression in Bt maize plants, tissues, and silage and stability of expression over successive generations".
1735:, the common name for which is thuringiensin. A consensus document produced by the OECD says: "Beta-exotoxins are known to be toxic to humans and almost all other forms of life and its presence is prohibited in
545:) cells of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture. Other organisms (including humans, other animals and non-targeted insects) that lack the appropriate receptors in their gut cannot be affected by the
5776:
Serratos-Hernández J, Gómez-Olivares J, Salinas-Arreortua N, Buendía-Rodríguez E, Islas-Gutiérrez F, De-Ita A (2007). "Transgenic proteins in maize in the Soil
Conservation area of Federal District, Mexico".
1215:
New strains of Bt are developed and introduced over time as insects develop resistance to Bt, or the desire occurs to force mutations to modify organism characteristics, or to use homologous recombinant
1508:. The instability of the proteins in digestive fluids is an additional indication that Cry proteins are unlikely to be allergenic, since most known food allergens resist degradation and are ultimately
1529:
by organic matter and persists longer. Some studies, in contrast, claim that the toxins do not persist in the soil. Bt toxins are less likely to accumulate in bodies of water, but pollen shed or
3647:
1709:
4046:"Application for authorization to place on the market MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed"
482:, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, flour mills and grain-storage facilities. It has also been observed to parasitize moths such as
6760:
4335:
Randhawa GJ, Singh M, Grover M (February 2011). "Bioinformatic analysis for allergenicity assessment of
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins expressed in insect-resistant food crops".
1383:
yield - was not achieved, with no growth advantage despite that reduction in herbivore damage; one of their major pests still preys upon the transgenic trees; and besides that, their
1598:
Several studies have documented surges in "sucking pests" (which are not affected by Bt toxins) within a few years of adoption of Bt cotton. In China, the main problem has been with
6834:
1261:. The Bt tobacco was never commercialized; tobacco plants are used to test genetic modifications since they are easy to manipulate genetically and are not part of the food supply.
4045:
3463:
Huang F, Buschman LL, Higgins RA (2001). "Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible
Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel EStm)".
1460:, further suggesting that Bt toxins are not toxic to mammals. The results of toxicology studies are further strengthened by the lack of observed toxicity from decades of use of
3403:"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (strains ABTS 351, PB 54, SA 11, SA 12, EG 2348)"
1609:
and aphids although a survey of small Indian farms between 2002 and 2008 concluded Bt cotton adoption has led to higher yields and lower pesticide use, decreasing over time.
1504:
Studies have been conducted to evaluate the fate of Bt toxins that are ingested in foods. Bt toxin proteins have been shown to digest within minutes of exposure to simulated
2617:
6077:
1161:). Vip proteins do not share sequence homology with Cry proteins, in general do not compete for the same receptors, and some kill different insects than do Cry proteins.
6510:
2578:
6734:
5157:
3850:
926:
5632:
Kaplinsky N, Braun D, Lisch D, Hay A, Hake S, Freeling M (April 2002). "Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts".
4221:
6773:
6526:
1114:. When insects ingest toxin crystals, their alkaline digestive tracts denature the insoluble crystals, making them soluble and thus amenable to being cut with
2524:(Btk) Excerpts from a Forestry Technical Manual produced by Valent BioSciences, manufacturers of Foray® and DiPel®, two formulations of commercially produced
901:, its absence greatly reducing virulence and toxicity. Some strains do naturally complete their life cycle with an inactivated plcR. It is half of a two-gene
1542:
dangerous levels. Most soil-dwelling organisms, potentially exposed to Bt toxins through root exudates, are probably not impacted by the growth of Bt crops.
1929:
Cox PD (1975). "The influence of photoperiod on the life-cycles of
Ephestia calidella (Guenee) and Ephestia figulilella Gregson (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)".
1681:
and that "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper." A significant controversy happened over the paper and
1298:, making it the first human-modified pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the US, though many plants produce pesticides naturally, including tobacco,
5060:
Wang Z, Lin H, Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, Pray C (2009). "Bt Cotton in China: Are Secondary Insect Infestations Offsetting the Benefits in Farmer Fields?".
3868:
1176:
proteins that are not hemolytic, but capable of preferentially killing cancer cells. As of January 2013, parasporins comprise six subfamilies: PS1 to PS6.
3098:
Palma L, Hernández-Rodríguez CS, Maeztu M, Hernández-Martínez P, Ruiz de Escudero I, Escriche B, Muñoz D, Van Rie J, Ferré J, Caballero P (October 2012).
4602:
3624:
6560:
4716:(Bt) toxin released from root exudates and biomass of Bt corn has no apparent effect on earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi in soil"
6708:
1708:
hives all over North America. Initial speculation on possible causes included new parasites, pesticide use, and the use of Bt transgenic crops. The
945:
6747:
1618:
5009:
5087:
Zhao JH, Ho P, Azadi H (February 2011). "Benefits of Bt cotton counterbalanced by secondary pests? Perceptions of ecological change in China".
2926:
2649:
2001:
Roh JY, Choi JY, Li MS, Jin BR, Je YH (April 2007). "Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control".
1326:
was approved, which killed the European corn borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae.
4519:
3989:
3749:
3641:
3447:
2365:
2328:
2248:
1977:
1890:
5187:
3509:, Gaertner FH, Soares GC, Payne J, "Novel Bacillus thuringiensis isolate", issued 20 March 1990, assigned to Mycogen Corp.
2677:"Biochemical genetics of the bacterial insect-control agent Bacillus thuringiensis: basic principles and prospects for genetic engineering"
4420:
Betz FS, Hammond BG, Fuchs RL (October 2000). "Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests".
3869:"Safety Assessment of NewLeaf ®Y Potatoes Protected Against Colorado Potato Beetle and Infection by Potato Virus Y Causing Rugose Mosaic"
3705:
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, de Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack".
6839:
6435:
Tabashnik BE, Van Rensburg JB, Carrière Y (December 2009). "Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data".
5981:
4056:
1010:
6320:
de Maagd RA, Bravo A, Crickmore N (April 2001). "How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world".
6085:
3157:"Vip3A, a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectrum of activities against lepidopteran insects"
3829:
1825:
996:
803:
524:
279:
3048:"Small RNA-mediated Cry toxin silencing allows Bacillus thuringiensis to evade Caenorhabditis elegans avoidance behavioral defenses"
1678:
6108:"Consensus Document on Safety Information on Transgenic Plants Expressing Bacillus Thuringiensis - Derived Insect Control Proteins"
2284:
Zakharyan RA, Israelyan YK, Agabalyan AS, Tatevosyan PE, Akopyan S, Afrikyan EK (1979). "Plasmid DNA from Bacillus thuringiensis".
2602:
4371:
4066:
2895:
1453:
1419:
prompted the need for extensive evaluation of their safety for use in foods and potential unintended impacts on the environment.
1225:(OMRI) and several university extension websites offer advice on how to use Bt spore or protein preparations in organic farming.
4106:
Stange M, Barrett RD, Hendry AP (February 2021). "The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people".
6114:
5951:
5000:
Tarnishing Silver Bullets: Bt Technology Adoption, Bounded Rationality and the Outbreak of Secondary Pest Infestations in China
3905:
1295:
795:
301:
5814:"Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations"
5683:
1525:
between 1.6 and 22 days. Much of the toxin is initially degraded rapidly by microorganisms in the environment, while some is
1188:
have been used to control insect pests since the 1920s and are often applied as liquid sprays. They are now used as specific
6752:
4821:
Tabashnik BE, Gassmann AJ, Crowder DW, Carriére Y (February 2008). "Insect resistance to Bt crops: evidence versus theory".
2559:
6518:
5812:
Piñeyro-Nelson A, Van Heerwaarden J, Perales HR, Serratos-Hernández JA, Rangel A, Hufford MB, et al. (February 2009).
5540:
4370:
Batista R, Nunes B, Carmo M, Cardoso C, José HS, de Almeida AB, Manique A, Bento L, Ricardo CP, Oliveira MM (August 2005).
1329:
The Bt genes engineered into crops and approved for release include, singly and stacked: Cry1A.105, CryIAb, CryIF, Cry2Ab,
6122:
OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 42
5165:
4651:
Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Oberhauser KS, Pleasants JM, Mattila HR, Siegfried BD, Dively GP (October 2001).
1222:
5581:
Quist D, Chapela IH (November 2001). "Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico".
3936:
1472:
Introduction of a new protein raised concerns regarding the potential for allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
871:
has no other species characteristics. Plasmid exchange has been observed both naturally and experimentally both within
4214:
732:
4891:
Baxter SW, Badenes-Pérez FR, Morrison A, Vogel H, Crickmore N, Kain W, Wang P, Heckel DG, Jiggins CD (October 2011).
6536:
6647:
5518:
3378:
3354:
2460:
1320:
1242:
516:
512:
6778:
5125:"Erratum to: Benefits of Bt cotton counterbalanced by secondary pests? Perceptions of ecological change in China"
1839:
1719:." The actual cause of CCD was unknown in 2007, and scientists believe it may have multiple exacerbating causes.
1111:
65:
3879:
1151:
In 1996 another class of insecticidal proteins in Bt was discovered: the vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip;
6531:
1859:
1701:
1119:
death. Death occurs within a few hours or weeks. The midgut bacteria of susceptible larvae may be required for
3977:
Castagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes JL (March 2012). "Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15". In Sansinenea E (ed.).
1110:
serves as an important reservoir of Cry toxins for production of biological insecticides and insect-resistant
5790:
3319:
Lemaux PG (2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)".
1834:
1715:
894:
716:
617:
6568:
5010:"Seven-year glitch: Cornell warns that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to 'secondary' pests"
1629:
The most publicised problem associated with Bt crops is the claim that pollen from Bt maize could kill the
1339:
In India, by 2014, more than seven million cotton farmers, occupying twenty-six million acres, had adopted
6829:
6609:
6161:"A structure-based nomenclature for Bacillus thuringiensis and other bacteria-derived pesticidal proteins"
5443:
Hellmich RL, Siegfried BD, Sears MK, Stanley-Horn DE, Daniels MJ, Mattila HR, et al. (October 2001).
2778:
Schnepf E, Crickmore N, Van Rie J, Lereclus D, Baum J, Feitelson J, Zeigler DR, Dean DH (September 1998).
1756:
1273:
1140:
1103:
722:
455:
863:
is not a chromosomal gene in most strains). If these plasmids are lost it becomes indistinguishable from
4603:"Environmental fate and effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins from transgenic crops: a review"
4088:
4006:
3666:"Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715"
3264:
1844:
1645:
1639:
1234:
150:
952:
933:
5017:
3563:
1314:. This was the 'New Leaf' potato, and it was removed from the market in 2001 due to lack of interest.
1164:
In 2000, a novel subgroup of Cry protein, designated parasporin, was discovered from non-insecticidal
6788:
6682:
6577:"Economics literature about the impacts of genetically engineered (GE) crops in developing economies"
5722:
5641:
5590:
5456:
5306:
4953:
4785:
4664:
3714:
3168:
3111:
2992:
2843:
1563:
1361:-resistance gene for the Brazilian market, which completed the Brazilian regulatory process in 2010.
941:
463:
6351:"Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control"
5958:. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 2008-05-29. Archived from
4570:"No Detection of Cry1Ac Protein in Soil After Multiple Years of Transgenic Bt Cotton (Bollgard) Use"
4455:
Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL (October 1996). "Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro".
2934:
2645:
2515:
2451:, Tourasse NJ, Økstad OA (2009). "What sets Bacillus anthracis apart from other Bacillus species?".
1533:
may deposit them in an aquatic ecosystem. Fish species are not susceptible to Bt toxins if exposed.
6544:
4751:
2448:
2345:
1764:
1740:
1217:
609:
5213:
Stone GD (2011). "Field versus Farm in Warangal: Bt Cotton, Higher Yields, and Larger Questions".
3757:
6588:
6460:
6243:
6190:
6022:
5933:
5740:
5665:
5614:
5474:
5425:
5378:
5332:
5112:
4979:
4942:"Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China"
4846:
4480:
4196:
4135:
4095:. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). 27 August 2010.
3730:
3488:
3010:
2737:
2407:
2211:
700:
654:
60:
3436:"Microbial Pest Control Agents: Use Patterns, Registration Requirements, and Mammalian Toxicity"
6739:
4215:"Bt Plant-Incorporated Protectants October 15, 2001 Biopesticides Registration Action Document"
3547:, Adams LF, "Production of bacillus thuringiensis integrants", published 1999-09-21
2756:
1908:
Isolation of Entomopathogenic Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacteria Effective Against Coleoptera
1643:
larvae growth due to their detrimental pest activities in Africa and Southern Europe. However,
940:-common family with members of ≈330kb length. They differ from pXO1 by replacement of the pXO1
6824:
6796:
6669:
6452:
6423:
6380:
6337:
6298:
6235:
6182:
6040:
5925:
5884:
5843:
5794:
5758:
5657:
5606:
5541:"A proposed new biological standard for bioassay of bacterial insecticides vs. Spodoptera spp"
5492:
5417:
5370:
5324:
5104:
4971:
4922:
4838:
4803:
4692:
4633:
4515:
4472:
4437:
4402:
4352:
4317:
4266:
4127:
4024:
3985:
3802:
3687:
3637:
3480:
3443:
3435:
3336:
3276:
3245:
3196:
3137:
3077:
3028:
2871:
2809:
2757:"A review of recent development of Bacillus thuringiensis ICP genetically engineered microbes"
2698:
2472:
2399:
2361:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2244:
2111:
2010:
1983:
1973:
1886:
1630:
1238:
1205:
898:
710:
6801:
6137:
Structural basis of transcription inhibition by the nucleoside-analog inhibitor thuringiensin
3664:
Höfte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, et al. (December 1986).
3332:
2238:
2129:
1586:
have suggested that a mutation in the membrane transporter ABCC2 can confer resistance to Bt
1427:
Concerns over the safety of consumption of genetically modified plant materials that contain
1272:
leaves (bottom dish) protect it from extensive damage caused to unprotected peanut leaves by
956:
6444:
6413:
6405:
6370:
6362:
6329:
6288:
6278:
6225:
6172:
6141:
6014:
5915:
5874:
5833:
5825:
5786:
5748:
5730:
5711:"Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004)"
5649:
5598:
5552:
5482:
5464:
5409:
5362:
5314:
5249:
5240:
Krishna VV, Qaim M (2012). "Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India".
5222:
5136:
5096:
5069:
5042:
4961:
4912:
4904:
4873:
4830:
4793:
4730:
4682:
4672:
4625:
4617:
4581:
4548:
4507:
4464:
4429:
4394:
4386:
4344:
4307:
4297:
4258:
4188:
4119:
3792:
3784:
3722:
3677:
3472:
3414:
3328:
3235:
3227:
3216:"Parasporin, a human leukemic cell-recognizing parasporal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis"
3186:
3176:
3127:
3119:
3067:
3059:
3018:
3000:
2861:
2851:
2799:
2791:
2729:
2688:
2464:
2391:
2353:
2103:
1965:
1938:
1911:
1854:
1674:
1579:
1489:
1013:
1006:
992:
520:
2491:
2028:
988:
but so far not found elsewhere – including in other members of the species group – are the
6135:
4711:
4115:
2223:
1673:
paper published in 2002 claimed that the previous paper's conclusion was the result of an
1509:
1428:
1303:
1258:
1209:
1173:
1048:
981:
to enable adaptation to particular environmental niches has occurred or is even possible.
694:
659:
648:
504:
500:
484:
6002:
2315:
Pathogens of invertebrates: application in biological control and transmission mechanisms
1333:, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, mCry3A, and VIP, and the engineered crops include corn and cotton.
6159:
Crickmore N, Berry C, Panneerselvam S, Mishra R, Connor TR, Bonning BC (November 2021).
5726:
5645:
5594:
5460:
5310:
4957:
4877:
4789:
4668:
4025:"Seeds of Doubt: An activist's controversial crusade against genetically modified crops"
3821:
3718:
3172:
3115:
2996:
2847:
2468:
1665:
in 2001 reported Bt-containing maize genes were found in maize in its center of origin,
1431:
have been addressed in extensive dietary risk assessment studies. As a toxic mechanism,
6418:
6393:
6375:
6350:
6293:
6262:
6230:
6209:
5986:
5838:
5813:
5753:
5710:
4917:
4892:
4312:
4285:
4029:
3959:
3797:
3772:
3682:
3665:
3132:
3099:
3072:
3047:
3023:
2980:
1768:
1744:
1583:
1473:
1388:
915:
837:
595:
430:
6765:
6333:
5073:
4734:
4247:"Toxicological considerations for protein components of biological pesticide products"
4153:
4074:
3100:"Vip3C, a novel class of vegetative insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis"
2903:
2866:
2831:
2107:
2076:
1969:
1148:
is then reduced after ingestion, resulting in Cry5Ba toxin production and host death.
6818:
6495:
6247:
6194:
6107:
5959:
5937:
5920:
5903:
5829:
5669:
5487:
5444:
5382:
4850:
4687:
4652:
4262:
4139:
3913:
3476:
3240:
3215:
3191:
3156:
2804:
2779:
1942:
1559:
1387:
decomposes differently due to the transgenic toxins, resulting in alterations to the
1044:
6026:
5445:"Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis- purified proteins and pollen"
5429:
4484:
4200:
3492:
2741:
1771:. It is unknown how common this is, because these infections are always taken to be
1379:. The results have not been entirely positive however: The intended result - better
6674:
6464:
5618:
5336:
5226:
5116:
4983:
3734:
3631:
3584:
3294:
2795:
2693:
2676:
2411:
1505:
1311:
1299:
1192:
under trade names such as DiPel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these
906:
602:
6366:
6059:
5709:
Ortiz-García S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acevedo F, Soberón J, Snow AA (August 2005).
5695:
4798:
4773:
3231:
2716:
Beegle CC, Yamamoto T (1992). "Invitation Paper (C.p. Alexander Fund): History Of
4864:
Tabshnik BE (January 1994). "Evolution of Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis".
3214:
Mizuki E, Park YS, Saitoh H, Yamashita S, Akao T, Higuchi K, Ohba M (July 2000).
2152:
2054:
1488:
using purified Bt protein resulted in no detectable production of toxin-specific
1157:
6721:
6641:
5560:
4908:
4537:"Cry1Ab Protein Does Not Persist in Soil After 3 Years of Sustained Bt Corn Use"
4511:
2357:
1530:
1416:
1384:
1189:
1075:
1063:
1056:
989:
978:
977:
There is still insufficient information to determine whether chromosome-plasmid
825:
531:
508:
471:
117:
43:
6576:
5715:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5449:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5267:
5253:
4657:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4553:
4536:
4390:
4123:
3299:
Official Website of the Committee of Parasporin Classification and Nomenclature
3161:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2985:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2836:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1336:
Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010.
638:
In 1976, Robert A. Zakharyan reported the presence of a plasmid in a strain of
6261:
Tetreau G, Andreeva EA, Banneville AS, De Zitter E, Colletier JP (June 2021).
6177:
6160:
5556:
5141:
5124:
5100:
5033:
Wang S, Just DR, Pinstrup-Andersen P (2008). "Bt-cotton and secondary pests".
4893:"Parallel evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin resistance in lepidoptera"
4653:"Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment"
4586:
4569:
4348:
4192:
4089:"Monsanto's Bt Roundup Ready 2 Yield Soybeans Approved for Planting in Brazil"
1606:
1436:
1399:
1358:
1201:
1196:
are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little or no effect on humans,
1071:
542:
434:
107:
6632:
5798:
5046:
5003:. American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Long Beach, CA.
3788:
3484:
3419:
3402:
2955:
2830:
Wei JZ, Hale K, Carta L, Platzer E, Wong C, Fang SC, Aroian RV (March 2003).
2297:
1747:
activity, a process common to all forms of life, in rats and bacteria alike.
1375:
hybrids - have been developed. They do suffer lesser leaf damage from insect
1051:(δ-endotoxins) called crystal proteins or Cry proteins, which are encoded by
6695:
6480:
6018:
5904:"Insufficient evidence for the discovery of transgenes in Mexican landraces"
5735:
4966:
4941:
4302:
3181:
3005:
2856:
2203:
1811:
1705:
1567:
1522:
1376:
1193:
1130:
1115:
667:
642:
and suggested the plasmid's involvement in endospore and crystal formation.
613:
496:
479:
459:
87:
6456:
6427:
6384:
6341:
6302:
6283:
6239:
6186:
6003:"Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bees: Emphasis on protocol development"
5929:
5888:
5847:
5762:
5661:
5610:
5496:
5469:
5421:
5374:
5328:
5108:
4975:
4926:
4842:
4807:
4696:
4677:
4637:
4441:
4433:
4406:
4356:
4321:
4131:
3806:
3544:
3525:
3506:
3340:
3280:
3249:
3155:
Estruch JJ, Warren GW, Mullins MA, Nye GJ, Craig JA, Koziel MG (May 1996).
3141:
3081:
3032:
2981:"Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity"
2875:
2476:
2403:
2395:
2115:
2014:
1910:(PhD thesis). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
6409:
4476:
4284:
Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG (April 2015).
4270:
3691:
3200:
2813:
2702:
2180:
2159:"Sotto" in Japanese means "sudden collapse" or "fainting", and "sotto" of
1987:
1394:
6626:
6448:
5510:
5413:
4940:
Lu Y, Wu K, Jiang Y, Xia B, Li P, Feng H, Wyckhuys KA, Guo Y (May 2010).
4468:
3123:
3063:
1820:
1760:
1732:
1555:
1526:
1477:
1348:
1197:
1152:
1095:
1062:
Cry toxins have specific activities against insect species of the orders
562:
127:
77:
6113:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
4398:
3564:"Pesticides; Data Requirements for Biochemical and Microbial Pesticides"
3385:
3361:
3265:"Parasporin, a new anticancer protein group from Bacillus thuringiensis"
3014:
2733:
594:, here referring to bacillary paralysis. In 1911, German microbiologist
511:
action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to
17:
6713:
6656:
5744:
5478:
4372:"Lack of detectable allergenicity of transgenic maize and soya samples"
3585:"40 CFR § 158.2100 - Microbial pesticides definition and applicability"
2348:(2011). "Genomics of Bacillus Species". In Wiedmann M, Zhang W (eds.).
1816:
1571:
1485:
1481:
1371:
1330:
1246:
1067:
856:
663:
97:
6726:
6661:
5653:
4629:
4621:
3442:. Vol. 1. Academic Press, imprint of Elsevier. pp. 442–443.
3046:
Peng D, Luo X, Zhang N, Guo S, Zheng J, Chen L, Sun M (January 2018).
1915:
1264:
666:. Like other members of the genus, all three are capable of producing
6145:
5602:
3726:
1849:
1666:
1599:
1380:
1307:
1269:
1091:
967:
902:
598:
rediscovered it when he isolated it as the cause of a disease called
6603:
6394:"Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity"
5879:
5862:
5397:
5366:
4834:
4246:
1957:
685:
group which is variously defined as: seven closely related species:
6700:
4535:
Dubelman S, Ayden BR, Bader BM, Brown CR, Jiang, Vlachos D (2005).
5319:
5294:
3623:
Caldwell B, Sideman E, Seaman A, Shelton A, Smart C, eds. (2013).
1810:
1493:
1412:
1393:
1276:
1263:
429:
2384:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1435:
proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (
1229:
Use of Bt genes in genetic engineering of plants for pest control
541:
proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (
6140:(Thesis). Rutgers University - Graduate School - New Brunswick.
5396:
Mendelsohn M, Kough J, Vaituzis Z, Matthews K (September 2003).
4774:"India. Hardy cotton-munching pests are latest blow to GM crops"
1079:
890:
475:
6687:
6607:
2832:"Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes"
5691:
1087:
1083:
6561:"Bacillus thuringiensis] genomes and related information"
2140:. At about the same time, Beriner was isolating the organism
4998:
2780:"Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins"
1731:
produce a class of insecticidal small molecules called beta-
824:
Some strains are known to carry the same genes that produce
6511:"Breakdown of the Bt toxin and effects on the soil quality"
1168:
isolates. The proteins of parasporin group are defined as
1024:
It has a similar proteome diversity to its close relative
4568:
Head G, Surber JB, Watson JA, Martin JW, Duan JJ (2002).
1710:
Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium
1582:
in Hawaii, the continental US, and Asia. Studies in the
1184:
Spores and crystalline insecticidal proteins produced by
6210:"Mechanisms of Resistance to Insecticidal Proteins from
5791:
10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[247:TPIMIT]2.0.CO;2
3633:
Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management
2352:. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. pp. 29–53.
1617:
The controversies surrounding Bt use are among the many
1605:
Similar problems have been reported in India, with both
974:
strains have variously 0–5 group Is and 0–13 group IIs.
492:, many of the moths were diseased due to this parasite.
6527:"The Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Specificity Database"
2154:
Natural Enemies in the Pacific Area: Biological Control
1653:
and were only effectively controlled by a few strains.
1484:
as a result of consumption of Bt toxins. Additionally,
1464:
and its crystalline proteins as an insecticidal spray.
1456:. Research on other known toxic proteins suggests that
5952:"ARS: Questions and Answers: Colony Collapse Disorder"
2061:. University of California Integrated Pest Management.
565:
by Japanese sericultural engineer Ishiwatari Shigetane
6208:
Jurat-Fuentes JL, Heckel DG, Ferré J (January 2021).
6047:. United States Department of Agriculture. July 2012.
5353:
Waltz E (2 September 2009). "GM crops: Battlefield".
4245:
Sjoblad RD, McClintock JT, Engler R (February 1992).
2979:
Broderick NA, Raffa KF, Handelsman J (October 2006).
2443:
2441:
1958:"The Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis"
5188:"Bug makes meal of Punjab cotton, whither Bt magic?"
4746:
4744:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
1795:
New nomenclature for pesticidal proteins (Bt toxins)
6616:
2157:. Fukuoka Entomological Society. 1967. p. 99.
1398:Agriculture enthusiasts examining insect-resistant
791:. Subspecies commonly used as insecticides include
523:, though, do not have insecticidal properties. The
3625:"Material Fact Sheet: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)"
2312:
530:is commonly used for control of mosquitoes and of
2639:
2637:
1783:proteins that are the only factor distinguishing
1574:, India - that generation expresses one Bt gene,
1031:Into the BT Cotton protein is 'Crystal protein'.
787:There are several dozen recognized subspecies of
6041:"Colony Collapse Disorder: An Incomplete Puzzle"
3384:. Valent U.S.A Corporation. 2009. Archived from
3360:. Valent U.S.A Corporation. 2005. Archived from
2956:"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) General Fact Sheet"
2136:In 1915 the bacterium was re-examined and named
1550:Multiple insects have developed a resistance to
6597:Bac Dive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
4286:"The food and environmental safety of Bt crops"
2825:
2823:
2681:Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Reviews
1443:protein, and therefore are not affected by Bt.
580:
549:protein, and therefore are not affected by Bt.
6267:Crystallize Such a Large Diversity of Toxins?"
4379:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4010:Iowa State Extension, Department of Entomology
3773:"Genetically modified plants and human health"
836:sensu lato group may have the potential to be
587:
568:
6835:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
6496:"Bacillus thuringiensis Technical Fact Sheet"
4997:Just DR, Wang S, Pinstrup-Andersen P (2006).
4601:Clark BW, Phillips TA, Coats JR (June 2005).
3964:University of Kentucky College of Agriculture
3220:Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
2202:(Zeller), that were found in stored grain in
1241:) was the first company (in 1985) to develop
662:; the three organisms differ mainly in their
8:
6084:. Ofmpub.epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Archived from
2055:"Fungus Gnats Management Guidelines--UC IPM"
600:
6481:"Bacillus thuringiensis General Fact Sheet"
3851:"Genetically Altered Potato Ok'd For Crops"
3263:Ohba M, Mizuki E, Uemori A (January 2009).
3093:
3091:
2646:"Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature"
2575:Department of Entomology, Purdue University
2188:. United States Department of Agriculture.
6604:
6398:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
6349:Bravo A, Gill SS, Soberón M (March 2007).
5688:NOW with Bill Moyers. Science & Health
5684:"Seeds of Conflict: NATURE Article Debate"
5293:Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME (May 1999).
4610:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
4496:
4494:
2900:Colorado State University Extension Office
2784:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2167:derives its name from the "sotto" disease.
1962:Advances in Applied Microbiology Volume 42
1180:Use of spores and proteins in pest control
42:
31:
27:Species of bacteria used as an insecticide
6417:
6374:
6292:
6282:
6229:
6176:
5919:
5878:
5837:
5752:
5734:
5486:
5468:
5318:
5140:
4965:
4916:
4797:
4686:
4676:
4585:
4552:
4311:
4301:
3857:. AP. 6 May 1995 – via Google News.
3822:"Tifton, Georgia: A Peanut Pest Showdown"
3796:
3750:""Tobacco" entry in GMO Compass database"
3681:
3418:
3239:
3190:
3180:
3131:
3071:
3022:
3004:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2865:
2855:
2803:
2692:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2350:Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens
2096:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2003:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
1775:infections and are rarely tested for the
1102:use against beetles is the fight against
6565:PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center
6106:Environment Directorate (26 July 2007).
5779:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
5348:
5346:
5295:"Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae"
4506:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 49–77.
3777:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3333:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840
2179:Reardon RC, Dubois NR, McLane W (1994).
1823:. The brown granules in the water are a
1739:microbial products". Thuringiensins are
832:, and so it is possible that the entire
488:—in laboratory experiments working with
5129:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
5089:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
3906:"The History and Future of GM Potatoes"
3465:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
3440:Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
2088:
2086:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1759:of animals other than insects, causing
1619:genetically modified food controversies
1291:potato plants producing CRY 3A Bt toxin
5863:"Modified genes spread to local maize"
5539:Salama HS, Foda MS, Sharaby A (1989).
5035:International Journal of Biotechnology
4422:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
4251:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
3566:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3104:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2240:Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise
2219:
2209:
2070:
2068:
1956:Kumar PA, Sharma RP, Malik VS (1996).
1881:Madigan MT, Martinko JM, eds. (2005).
1829:preparation that kills hatched larvae.
1249:) with insect tolerance by expressing
932:carry plasmids belonging to the wider
6503:National Pesticide Information Center
6488:National Pesticide Information Center
2560:"Commonly Asked Questions About Btk (
1649:showed resistance to many strains of
1637:has been widely used for controlling
1480:has indicated there is no concern of
816:(Bta). Some Bti lineages are clonal.
7:
6789:a3167a42-bd27-424f-bdd9-bfe939a5dd42
6001:Rose R, Dively GP, Pettis J (2007).
5640:(6881): 601–2, discussion 600, 602.
5521:from the original on 6 November 2008
4504:Molecular Environmental Soil Science
4007:"New Corn Trait Deregulated in U.S."
3832:from the original on 12 October 2008
3771:Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008).
2720:berliner Research and Development".
1700:As of 2007, a new phenomenon called
470:also occurs naturally in the gut of
5274:. Public Broadcasting Service. 2001
4878:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.000403
2896:"Bacillus thuringiensis Fact Sheet"
2761:Entomological Journal of East China
2652:from the original on 9 October 2008
2469:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073255
1458:toxicity occurs at much lower doses
1011:methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein
503:(proteinaceous inclusions), called
51:Spores and bipyramidal crystals of
6231:10.1146/annurev-ento-052620-073348
5914:(20): 4143–4, discussion 4145–50.
5902:Schoel B, Fagan J (October 2009).
5515:USDA Agricultural Research Service
4005:Hodgson E, Gassmann A (May 2010).
3683:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10443.x
2755:Xu J, Liu Q, Yin X, Zhu S (2006).
1223:Organic Materials Review Institute
25:
6392:Pigott CR, Ellar DJ (June 2007).
6165:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
6120:from the original on 2016-01-18.
6060:"'No proof' of bee killer theory"
5511:"Bt Corn and Monarch Butterflies"
4154:"Are all forms of Bt toxin safe?"
3935:Hellmich RL, Hellmich KA (2012).
3636:(2nd ed.). pp. 109–12.
3610:"Search: bacillus, thuringiensis"
2607:strain NB200 (006494) Fact sheet"
2185:for managing gypsy moth: a review
2079:. The Science Creative Quarterly.
1679:inverse polymerase chain reaction
847:is most known for are encoded by
5921:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04368.x
5830:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03993.x
5121:; Erratum published 2012 Aug 5:
3960:"Bt-Corn for Corn Borer Control"
3670:European Journal of Biochemistry
3653:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3477:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00768.x
2077:"Bt corn: is it worth the risk?"
1885:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
1035:Mechanism of insecticidal action
764:It is more distantly related to
64:
5123:Zhao JH, Ho P, Azadi H (2012).
4723:Soil Biology & Biochemistry
4227:from the original on 2015-12-11
2927:"DNA shuffling of Cry proteins"
2623:from the original on 2017-01-20
2584:from the original on 2022-10-09
1964:. Vol. 42. pp. 1–43.
1883:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1296:Environmental Protection Agency
1043:forms crystals of two types of
970:, dubbed group I and group II.
966:group may contain two types of
855:, these genes are located on a
6437:Journal of Economic Entomology
6045:Agricultural Research Magazine
5227:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.008
5062:Agricultural Sciences in China
3904:van Eijck P (March 10, 2010).
3826:Agricultural Research magazine
3321:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2796:10.1128/MMBR.62.3.775-806.1998
2694:10.1080/02648725.1984.10647804
2605:Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai
1537:Impact on non-target organisms
1417:plant-incorporated protectants
1257:; the resulting crops contain
1:
6367:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.022
6334:10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02237-5
5268:"Harvest of fear: viewpoints"
5074:10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60012-2
4799:10.1126/science.327.5972.1439
4735:10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00027-x
3232:10.1128/CDLI.7.4.625-634.2000
2894:Cranshaw WS (26 March 2013).
2453:Annual Review of Microbiology
2108:10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00040-1
1970:10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70371-x
627:would later be reassigned as
6515:Research project and results
5982:"Are GM Crops Killing Bees?"
5158:"Making a meal of Bt cotton"
4710:Saxena D, Stotzky G (2000).
4337:Food and Chemical Toxicology
4263:10.1016/0273-2300(92)90078-n
4023:Specter M (25 August 2014).
3937:"Use and Impact of Bt Maize"
3820:Suszkiwn J (November 1999).
2490:US EPA, OCSPP (2016-07-05).
2094:of Bacillus thuringiensis".
1943:10.1016/0022-474X(75)90043-0
519:. Many crystal-producing Bt
380:Calabrese and Nickerson 1980
6218:Annual Review of Entomology
5980:Latsch G (March 22, 2007).
4909:10.1534/genetics.111.130971
4866:Annual Review of Entomology
4512:10.1007/978-94-007-4177-5_3
3958:Bessin R (November 2010) .
3413:(2): 2540. August 8, 2012.
2358:10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2
2190:Mediterranean flour moths,
1454:no observed adverse effects
936:. (The pXO1 family being a
760:is more closely related to
581:
6856:
6840:Bacteria described in 1915
6058:McGrath M (5 March 2009).
5861:Dalton R (November 2008).
5254:10.1016/j.agsy.2011.11.005
4754:. Monsanto.com. 2008-11-03
4554:10.1603/0046-225x-34.4.915
4391:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.014
4290:Frontiers in Plant Science
4124:10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7
3941:Nature Education Knowledge
2492:"Bti for Mosquito Control"
2029:"Bti for Mosquito Control"
1516:Persistence in environment
1321:genetically modified maize
1294:were approved safe by the
1243:genetically modified crops
1112:genetically modified crops
1004:-amino-acid amidohydrolase
925:Various strains including
851:genes. In most strains of
579:, using the Japanese word
513:genetically modified crops
499:, many Bt strains produce
441:under 1000 × magnification
6178:10.1016/j.jip.2020.107438
5557:10.1080/09670878909371391
5142:10.1007/s10661-012-2699-5
5101:10.1007/s10661-010-1439-y
4587:10.1603/0046-225x-31.1.30
4349:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.008
2722:The Canadian Entomologist
2134:. EPA. 1977. p. 61.
2131:New Innovative Pesticides
1840:Genetically modified food
1657:Wild maize genetic mixing
1354:soybean expressing Cry1Ac
1066:(moths and butterflies),
726:; or as six species in a
588:
569:
462:, the most commonly used
176:
171:
156:
149:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
6532:Natural Resources Canada
5545:Tropical Pest Management
5047:10.1504/IJBT.2008.018348
5008:Lang S (July 25, 2006).
4108:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3789:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372
3420:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2540
2261:Taxonomic reassignment:
2243:. Elsevier. p. 32.
1860:Sterile insect technique
1702:colony collapse disorder
1696:Colony collapse disorder
1688:s unprecedented notice.
1566:to the first-generation
1512:in the small intestine.
1323:producing Bt Cry protein
1098:. A specific example of
1070:(flies and mosquitoes),
652:, a soil bacterium, and
561:was first discovered in
515:using Bt genes, such as
55:morrisoni strain T08025
6567:. NIAID. Archived from
5736:10.1073/pnas.0503356102
4967:10.1126/science.1187881
4303:10.3389/fpls.2015.00283
4193:10.1023/A:1009611613475
3379:"DiPelProDf data sheet"
3355:"DiPelProDf data sheet"
3182:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5389
3006:10.1073/pnas.0604865103
2857:10.1073/pnas.0538072100
2075:Hall H (May 30, 2006).
1906:du Rand N (July 2009).
1835:Biological insecticides
1423:Dietary risk assessment
1123:insecticidal activity.
1106:in potato crops. Thus,
1104:Colorado Potato Beetles
944:.) The insect parasite
895:transcription regulator
756:. Within this grouping
674:Species group placement
329:Rabinovitch et al. 1995
6766:bacillus-thuringiensis
6648:Bacillus thuringiensis
6618:Bacillus thuringiensis
6591:Bacillus thuringiensis
6547:Bacillus thuringiensis
6284:10.3390/toxins13070443
6265:Bacillus thuringiensis
6212:Bacillus thuringiensis
6082:EPA pesticide database
5470:10.1073/pnas.211297698
4772:Bagla P (March 2010).
4714:Bacillus thuringiensis
4678:10.1073/pnas.211329998
4434:10.1006/rtph.2000.1426
3980:Bacillus thuringiensis
3855:Lawrence Journal-World
3748:Staff (29 July 2010).
3438:. In Krieger R (ed.).
3052:Nucleic Acids Research
2718:bacillus Thuringiensis
2562:Bacillus thuringiensis
2526:Bacillus thuringiensis
2518:Bacillus thuringiensis
2396:10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0
2311:Cheng TC, ed. (1984).
2263:Bacillus thuringiensis
2183:Bacillus thuringiensis
2161:Bacillus thuringiensis
1830:
1800:Bacillus thuringiensis
1757:opportunistic pathogen
1704:(CCD) began affecting
1403:
1280:
1274:lesser cornstalk borer
1172:and related bacterial
1094:), as well as against
646:is closely related to
601:
553:Taxonomy and discovery
537:As a toxic mechanism,
447:Bacillus thuringiensis
442:
439:Bacillus thuringiensis
160:Bacillus thuringiensis
53:Bacillus thuringiensis
36:Bacillus thuringiensis
6410:10.1128/MMBR.00034-06
6019:10.1051/apido:2007022
4067:"MON87701 x MON89788"
4044:Staff (August 2009).
3545:US patent 5955367
3367:on September 8, 2013.
3295:"List of Parasporins"
1845:Western corn rootworm
1814:
1755:This bacterium is an
1661:A study published in
1640:Spodoptera littoralis
1625:Lepidopteran toxicity
1558:scientists found the
1500:Digestibility studies
1468:Allergenicity studies
1397:
1268:Bt toxins present in
1267:
1235:Plant Genetic Systems
733:B. weihenstephanensis
706:B. thuringiensis
433:
142:B. thuringiensis
6449:10.1603/029.102.0601
5698:on 20 February 2003.
5414:10.1038/nbt0903-1003
5402:Nature Biotechnology
5398:"Are Bt crops safe?"
5242:Agricultural Systems
4823:Nature Biotechnology
4469:10.1038/nbt1096-1269
4457:Nature Biotechnology
3910:PotatoPro Newsletter
3885:on 27 September 2015
3124:10.1128/AEM.01360-12
2237:Steinhaus E (2012).
2035:. US EPA. 2016-07-05
1741:nucleoside analogues
1554:. In November 2009,
1492:antibodies, even in
1391:populations nearby.
1233:The Belgian company
1144:. The expression of
942:pathogenicity island
893:is an indispensable
474:of various types of
464:biological pesticide
319:Cantwell et al. 1982
255:Sakanian et al. 1982
245:Ohba and Aizawa 1989
205:De Lucca et al. 1984
5727:2005PNAS..10212338O
5646:2002Natur.416..601K
5595:2001Natur.414..541Q
5461:2001PNAS...9811925H
5311:1999Natur.399..214L
4958:2010Sci...328.1151L
4790:2010Sci...327.1439B
4669:2001PNAS...9811937S
4093:Crop Biotech Update
3916:on October 12, 2013
3719:1987Natur.328...33V
3269:Anticancer Research
3173:1996PNAS...93.5389E
3116:2012ApEnM..78.7163P
2997:2006PNAS..10315196B
2906:on 6 September 2015
2848:2003PNAS..100.2760W
2734:10.4039/Ent124587-4
1931:J. Stored Prod. Res
1819:collects eggs from
1765:pulmonary infection
1218:genetic engineering
962:The genomes of the
879:and two congeners,
723:B. cytotoxicus
359:Shibano et al. 1985
6322:Trends in Genetics
5962:on 5 November 2008
5194:. 4 September 2007
5192:The Economic Times
4181:Molecular Breeding
3760:on 2 October 2013.
3391:on March 13, 2014.
3064:10.1093/nar/gkx959
2925:Babu M, Geetha M.
1831:
1669:, Mexico. Another
1486:skin prick testing
1482:allergic reactions
1476:analysis of known
1447:Toxicology studies
1404:
1281:
1208:, and are used in
1206:beneficial insects
1039:Upon sporulation,
914:. papR is part of
843:The proteins that
801:(Btk), subspecies
443:
339:Barjac et al. 1977
215:Mizuki et al. 1999
6812:
6811:
6797:Open Tree of Life
6610:Taxon identifiers
5908:Molecular Ecology
5818:Molecular Ecology
5654:10.1038/nature739
5215:World Development
5014:Cornell Chronicle
4752:"Cotton in India"
4622:10.1021/jf040442k
4521:978-94-007-4177-5
3991:978-94-007-3020-5
3643:978-0-9676507-8-4
3449:978-0-08-092201-0
3434:Rubin AL (2010).
2931:Mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
2367:978-1-4419-7685-7
2330:978-0-306-41700-9
2250:978-0-323-14317-2
1979:978-0-12-002642-5
1892:978-0-13-144329-7
1826:B. t. israelensis
1727:Some isolates of
1631:monarch butterfly
1546:Insect resistance
1239:Bayer CropScience
1204:, and most other
953:pXO2-like plasmid
899:virulence factors
742:B. pseudomycoides
717:B. pseudomycoides
701:B. anthracis
681:is placed in the
623:, "Thuringian").
428:
427:
422:
421:Kuo and Chak 1996
412:
402:
392:
381:
370:
369:Krieg et al. 1983
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
309:Bulla et al. 1979
298:
288:
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
195:Klier et al. 1982
186:
16:(Redirected from
6847:
6805:
6804:
6792:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6755:
6743:
6742:
6730:
6729:
6717:
6716:
6704:
6703:
6691:
6690:
6678:
6677:
6665:
6664:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6605:
6600:
6589:"Type strain of
6584:
6572:
6556:
6540:
6535:. Archived from
6522:
6517:. Archived from
6506:
6500:
6491:
6485:
6468:
6431:
6421:
6388:
6378:
6345:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6286:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6233:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6180:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6146:10.7282/T3S75JHW
6131:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6037:
6031:
6030:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5923:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5738:
5721:(35): 12338–43.
5706:
5700:
5699:
5694:. Archived from
5680:
5674:
5673:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5603:10.1038/35107068
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5559:. Archived from
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5472:
5455:(21): 11925–30.
5440:
5434:
5433:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5322:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5164:. Archived from
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5120:
5095:(1–4): 985–994.
5084:
5078:
5077:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5016:. Archived from
5004:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4969:
4952:(5982): 1151–4.
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4729:(9): 1225–1230.
4720:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4663:(21): 11937–42.
4648:
4642:
4641:
4607:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4574:Environ. Entomol
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4541:Environ. Entomol
4532:
4526:
4525:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4376:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4220:. US EPA. 2001.
4219:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4073:. Archived from
4064:Linked from the
4063:
4061:
4055:. Archived from
4050:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3912:. Archived from
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3878:. Archived from
3876:www.cera-gmc.org
3873:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3756:. Archived from
3745:
3739:
3738:
3727:10.1038/328033a0
3702:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3008:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2902:. Archived from
2891:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2675:Dean DH (1984).
2672:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2611:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2516:"Information on
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2445:
2416:
2415:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2318:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1855:Diamondback moth
1785:B. thuringiensis
1737:B. thuringiensis
1729:B. thuringiensis
1687:
1635:B. thuringiensis
1580:diamondback moth
1552:B. thuringiensis
1462:B. thuringiensis
1459:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1324:
1293:
1292:
1255:B. thuringiensis
1186:B. thuringiensis
1170:B. thuringiensis
1166:B. thuringiensis
1128:B. thuringiensis
1121:B. thuringiensis
1108:B. thuringiensis
1100:B. thuringiensis
1049:delta endotoxins
1041:B. thuringiensis
1003:
934:pXO1-like family
920:B. thuringiensis
913:
912:
869:B. thuringiensis
859:(in other words
853:B. thuringiensis
845:B. thuringiensis
815:
814:
793:B. thuringiensis
789:B. thuringiensis
750:B. thuringiensis
679:B. thuringiensis
644:B. thuringiensis
640:B. thuringiensis
629:B. thuringiensis
612:caterpillars in
606:
593:
591:
590:
584:
574:
572:
571:
559:B. thuringiensis
505:delta endotoxins
501:crystal proteins
468:B. thuringiensis
458:, soil-dwelling
420:
410:
401:Sick et al. 1990
400:
390:
382:
379:
368:
358:
349:Wang et al. 1986
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
296:
286:
275:Ohba et al. 1995
274:
264:
254:
244:
235:Chen et al. 2004
234:
225:Ohba et al. 1979
224:
214:
204:
194:
185:Oeda et al. 1987
184:
162:
69:
68:
46:
32:
21:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6772:
6764:
6759:
6751:
6746:
6738:
6733:
6725:
6720:
6712:
6707:
6699:
6694:
6686:
6681:
6673:
6668:
6660:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6612:
6587:
6575:
6559:
6543:
6525:
6509:
6498:
6494:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6471:
6434:
6391:
6348:
6319:
6315:
6313:Further reading
6310:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6117:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6078:"Thuringiensin"
6076:
6075:
6071:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5963:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5880:10.1038/456149a
5860:
5859:
5855:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5589:(6863): 541–3.
5580:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5564:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5524:
5522:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5367:10.1038/461027a
5361:(7260): 27–32.
5352:
5351:
5344:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5168:on 16 June 2008
5155:
5154:
5150:
5122:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5041:(2/3): 113–21.
5032:
5031:
5027:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4835:10.1038/nbt1382
4820:
4819:
4815:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4616:(12): 4643–53.
4605:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4463:(10): 1269–73.
4454:
4453:
4449:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4116:Nature Research
4105:
4104:
4100:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4065:
4059:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3589:Law.cornell.edu
3583:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3167:(11): 5389–94.
3154:
3153:
3149:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3045:
3044:
3040:
2991:(41): 15196–9.
2978:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2447:
2446:
2419:
2390:(Pt 1): 31–40.
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2208:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1980:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1809:
1797:
1753:
1743:. They inhibit
1725:
1698:
1685:
1659:
1651:B. thuriginesis
1627:
1615:
1596:
1594:Secondary pests
1548:
1539:
1518:
1502:
1470:
1457:
1449:
1425:
1409:
1369:- specifically
1365:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1259:delta endotoxin
1231:
1210:organic farming
1182:
1037:
1022:
1001:
910:
909:
905:along with the
838:enteropathogens
822:
809:
808:
785:
728:Bacillus cereus
683:Bacillus cereus
676:
658:, the cause of
585:
566:
555:
485:Cadra calidella
373:
167:
164:
158:
145:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6793:
6783:
6770:
6757:
6744:
6731:
6718:
6705:
6692:
6679:
6666:
6653:
6638:
6622:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6585:
6573:
6571:on 2011-07-27.
6557:
6541:
6539:on 2009-02-17.
6523:
6521:on 2011-07-16.
6507:
6492:
6475:
6474:External links
6472:
6470:
6469:
6443:(6): 2011–25.
6432:
6389:
6346:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6253:
6224:(1): 121–140.
6200:
6151:
6134:Yin R (2016).
6126:
6098:
6069:
6050:
6032:
5993:
5987:Spiegel Online
5972:
5943:
5894:
5853:
5804:
5768:
5701:
5675:
5624:
5573:
5551:(3): 326–330.
5531:
5517:. 2004-03-29.
5502:
5435:
5388:
5342:
5285:
5272:Frontline/NOVA
5259:
5232:
5205:
5179:
5148:
5079:
5052:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5020:on 2006-08-11.
4989:
4932:
4883:
4856:
4829:(2): 199–202.
4813:
4784:(5972): 1439.
4764:
4740:
4702:
4643:
4593:
4560:
4547:(4): 915–921.
4527:
4520:
4490:
4447:
4412:
4362:
4327:
4276:
4237:
4206:
4187:(3): 169–176.
4170:
4158:Gmoscience.org
4145:
4098:
4080:
4077:on 2013-11-09.
4062:on 2012-09-05.
4036:
4030:The New Yorker
4015:
3997:
3990:
3969:
3950:
3927:
3896:
3860:
3842:
3812:
3763:
3740:
3713:(6125): 33–7.
3697:
3656:
3642:
3615:
3601:
3576:
3555:
3536:
3517:
3498:
3471:(2): 141–148.
3455:
3448:
3426:
3394:
3370:
3346:
3311:
3286:
3255:
3206:
3147:
3110:(19): 7163–5.
3087:
3058:(1): 159–173.
3038:
2971:
2947:
2917:
2881:
2819:
2790:(3): 775–806.
2770:
2747:
2728:(4): 587–616.
2708:
2662:
2633:
2594:
2550:
2507:
2482:
2461:Annual Reviews
2417:
2373:
2366:
2336:
2329:
2303:
2292:(2): 226–229.
2286:Microbiologiya
2276:
2256:Bacillus sotto
2249:
2229:
2171:
2144:
2138:Bacillus sotto
2121:
2102:(9): 1025–36.
2082:
2064:
2046:
2020:
1993:
1978:
1948:
1921:
1898:
1891:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1769:food poisoning
1752:
1749:
1745:RNA polymerase
1724:
1723:Beta-exotoxins
1721:
1697:
1694:
1658:
1655:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1595:
1592:
1584:cabbage looper
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1517:
1514:
1506:gastric fluids
1501:
1498:
1469:
1466:
1448:
1445:
1424:
1421:
1411:The use of Bt
1408:
1407:Safety studies
1405:
1389:aquatic insect
1285:
1282:
1230:
1227:
1181:
1178:
1074:(beetles) and
1036:
1033:
1021:
1018:
916:quorum sensing
821:
818:
784:
781:
695:B. cereus
687:B. cereus
675:
672:
596:Ernst Berliner
575:. He named it
554:
551:
426:
425:
424:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
371:
361:
351:
345:shandongiensis
341:
331:
321:
311:
299:
297:Li et al. 1999
293:jinghongiensis
289:
277:
267:
265:Li et al. 1999
257:
247:
237:
227:
221:darmstadiensis
217:
207:
197:
187:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
154:
153:
147:
146:
139:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6852:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:Biopesticides
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6404:(2): 255–81.
6403:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6361:(4): 423–35.
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6088:on 2013-04-09
6087:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6013:(4): 368–77.
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5973:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5873:(7219): 149.
5872:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:(4): 750–61.
5823:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5785:(5): 247–52.
5784:
5780:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5563:on 2018-09-29
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5532:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5408:(9): 1003–9.
5407:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5320:10.1038/20338
5316:
5312:
5308:
5305:(6733): 214.
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5286:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5221:(3): 387–98.
5220:
5216:
5209:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:(2): 156–73.
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:(2): 403–10.
4384:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4343:(2): 356–62.
4342:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4171:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3982:Biotechnology
3979:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3676:(2): 273–80.
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3275:(1): 427–33.
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:(4): 625–34.
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2961:
2960:npic.orst.edu
2957:
2951:
2948:
2937:on 2010-02-12
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:(5): 2760–5.
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2644:Circkmore N.
2640:
2638:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2059:ipm.ucanr.edu
2056:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:(4): 547–59.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1677:caused by an
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1646:S. littoralis
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1621:more widely.
1620:
1613:Controversies
1612:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:pink bollworm
1557:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:Bioinformatic
1467:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:coffee plants
1297:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:(now part of
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:insecticidal
1046:
1045:proteinaceous
1042:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
923:
921:
917:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
817:
813:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
790:
782:
780:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
690:sensu stricto
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:thuringiensis
619:
618:specific name
615:
611:
607:
605:
604:
597:
592:, 'collapse')
583:
578:
564:
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
528:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:gram-positive
453:
449:
448:
440:
436:
432:
418:
414:
408:
404:
398:
394:
391:Khodyrev 1990
388:
384:
377:
372:
366:
362:
356:
352:
346:
342:
336:
332:
326:
322:
316:
312:
306:
305:
300:
294:
290:
284:
283:
278:
272:
268:
262:
261:guiyangiensis
258:
252:
248:
242:
238:
232:
228:
222:
218:
212:
208:
202:
198:
192:
188:
182:
178:
177:
175:
170:
166:Berliner 1915
163:
161:
155:
152:
151:Binomial name
148:
144:
143:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6617:
6596:
6590:
6580:
6569:the original
6564:
6552:
6546:
6537:the original
6530:
6519:the original
6514:
6502:
6487:
6440:
6436:
6401:
6397:
6358:
6354:
6328:(4): 193–9.
6325:
6321:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6256:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6203:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6101:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6081:
6072:
6063:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5985:
5975:
5964:. Retrieved
5960:the original
5955:
5946:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5821:
5817:
5807:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5696:the original
5687:
5678:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5548:
5544:
5534:
5523:. Retrieved
5514:
5505:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5358:
5354:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5271:
5262:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5191:
5182:
5170:. Retrieved
5166:the original
5161:
5151:
5135:(11): 7079.
5132:
5128:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5018:the original
5013:
4999:
4992:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4903:(2): 675–9.
4900:
4896:
4886:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4756:. Retrieved
4726:
4722:
4713:
4705:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4613:
4609:
4596:
4580:(1): 30–36.
4577:
4573:
4563:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4503:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4399:10400.18/114
4382:
4378:
4365:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4229:. Retrieved
4209:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4157:
4148:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4075:the original
4070:
4057:the original
4052:
4039:
4028:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3984:. Springer.
3981:
3978:
3972:
3963:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:the original
3909:
3899:
3887:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3875:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3825:
3815:
3783:(6): 290–8.
3780:
3776:
3766:
3758:the original
3753:
3743:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3632:
3618:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3588:
3579:
3568:. Retrieved
3558:
3539:
3520:
3501:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3439:
3429:
3410:
3407:EFSA Journal
3406:
3397:
3386:the original
3373:
3362:the original
3349:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3107:
3103:
3055:
3051:
3041:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2930:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2899:
2839:
2835:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2684:
2680:
2654:. Retrieved
2625:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2485:
2456:
2452:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2349:
2339:
2314:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2232:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2099:
2095:
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1961:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1824:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1754:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1690:
1682:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1575:
1570:in parts of
1551:
1549:
1540:
1519:
1503:
1471:
1461:
1450:
1440:
1432:
1429:Cry proteins
1426:
1410:
1370:
1363:
1351:developed a
1347:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1316:
1312:black walnut
1287:
1254:
1250:
1232:
1214:
1190:insecticides
1185:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1107:
1099:
1061:
1057:Cyt proteins
1052:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1023:
997:
985:
984:Common with
983:
976:
971:
963:
961:
946:
937:
927:
924:
919:
907:heptapeptide
889:
884:
880:
876:
875:and between
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
848:
844:
842:
833:
829:
826:enterotoxins
823:
811:
802:
797:
792:
788:
786:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:B. anthracis
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
730:sensu lato:
727:
721:
715:
709:
705:
699:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
677:
655:B. anthracis
653:
647:
643:
639:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
603:Schlaffsucht
599:
576:
558:
556:
546:
538:
536:
532:fungus gnats
526:
509:insecticidal
507:, that have
494:
490:C. calidella
489:
483:
472:caterpillars
467:
451:
446:
445:
444:
438:
416:
406:
396:
386:
375:
364:
354:
344:
334:
325:oswaldocruzi
324:
314:
303:
292:
281:
270:
260:
250:
241:fukuokaensis
240:
230:
220:
210:
200:
190:
180:
159:
157:
141:
140:
128:
52:
35:
29:
6722:iNaturalist
6642:Wikispecies
5355:Nature News
5156:Goswami B.
4071:GMO Compass
3754:GMO Compass
3327:: 771–812.
2687:: 341–363.
2539:Fs.usda.gov
2520:subspecies
2463:: 451–476.
2344:Økstad OA,
2220:|work=
1751:Other hosts
1562:had become
1531:soil runoff
1385:leaf litter
1279:(top dish).
1253:genes from
1202:pollinators
1076:Hymenoptera
1064:Lepidoptera
1055:genes, and
990:efflux pump
979:coevolution
885:B. mycoides
810:subspecies
804:israelensis
796:subspecies
738:B. mycoides
711:B. mycoides
616:(hence the
527:israelensis
525:subspecies
497:sporulation
480:butterflies
466:worldwide.
407:toumanoffii
365:tenebrionis
287:Barjac 1978
282:israelensis
231:dendrolimus
211:coreanensis
172:Subspecies
118:Bacillaceae
6819:Categories
6277:(7): 443.
6263:"How Does
6171:: 107438.
6092:2013-07-09
6007:Apidologie
5966:2008-11-23
5567:2017-11-12
5525:2008-11-23
5162:InfoChange
4758:2013-07-09
4630:10161/6458
4257:(1): 3–9.
4231:2022-04-09
4118:: 89–105.
3920:October 5,
3836:2008-11-23
3570:2022-04-09
3526:US 6303382
3507:US 4910016
2965:2021-01-04
2941:2008-11-23
2910:15 January
2767:(1): 53–8.
2656:2008-11-23
2627:2022-04-09
2588:2022-04-09
2558:Ellis JA.
2544:2022-04-09
2501:2021-05-10
2319:. p.
2200:kuehniella
1916:10413/1235
1866:References
1821:mosquitoes
1607:mealy bugs
1523:half-lives
1496:patients.
1437:epithelial
1400:transgenic
1359:glyphosate
1194:pesticides
1174:parasporal
1141:C. elegans
1072:Coleoptera
1009:, and the
951:carries a
930:ATCC 33679
807:(Bti) and
783:Subspecies
668:endospores
610:flour moth
543:epithelial
435:Gram stain
417:wuhanensis
411:Krieg 1969
108:Bacillales
6549:Taxonomy"
6248:231303932
6195:220488006
5938:205362226
5799:1540-9295
5670:195690886
5383:205048726
5248:: 47–55.
5068:: 83–90.
4872:: 47–79.
4851:205273664
4140:223559538
3889:31 August
3485:0013-8703
3304:4 January
2614:3.epa.gov
2449:Kolstø AB
2298:0026-3656
2222:ignored (
2212:cite book
2204:Thuringia
1937:(2): 77.
1789:B. cereus
1773:B. cereus
1767:, and/or
1568:Bt cotton
1564:resistant
1478:allergens
1377:herbivory
1342:Bt cotton
1317:In 1996,
1288:In 1995,
1158:IPR022180
1131:small RNA
1116:proteases
1096:nematodes
1026:B. cereus
986:B. cereus
964:B. cereus
938:B. cereus
881:B. cereus
865:B. cereus
834:B. cereus
830:B. cereus
746:B. cereus
649:B. cereus
614:Thuringia
563:silkworms
557:In 1902,
460:bacterium
397:tolworthi
387:toguchini
376:thompsoni
335:pakistani
315:morrisoni
251:galleriae
136:Species:
88:Bacillota
6825:Bacillus
6740:10031253
6627:Wikidata
6457:20069826
6428:17554045
6385:17198720
6342:11275324
6303:34206796
6240:33417820
6187:32652083
6115:Archived
6064:BBC News
6027:18256663
5956:ARS News
5930:19793201
5889:19005518
5848:19143938
5763:16093316
5662:11935145
5611:11734853
5519:Archived
5497:11559841
5430:16392889
5422:12949561
5375:19727179
5329:10353241
5198:14 March
5109:20437270
4976:20466880
4927:21840855
4897:Genetics
4843:18259177
4808:20299559
4697:11559842
4638:15941295
4485:22780150
4442:11067772
4407:16083797
4357:21078358
4322:25972882
4222:Archived
4201:34209572
4132:33067582
4053:Monsanto
3947:(10): 4.
3830:Archived
3807:18515776
3648:Archived
3493:86218577
3341:18284373
3281:19331182
3250:10882663
3142:22865065
3082:29069426
3033:17005725
3015:30051525
2876:12598644
2742:86763021
2650:Archived
2618:Archived
2579:Archived
2566:kurstaki
2530:kurstaki
2522:kurstaki
2477:19514852
2404:22328607
2346:Kolstø A
2270:Ishiwata
2259:Ishiwata
2196:Anagasta
2192:Ephestia
2116:12213239
2015:18051264
1807:See also
1761:necrosis
1733:exotoxin
1675:artifact
1556:Monsanto
1527:adsorbed
1510:absorbed
1366:Bt aspen
1357:and the
1349:Monsanto
1198:wildlife
1153:InterPro
1092:sawflies
1020:Proteome
897:of most
820:Genetics
798:kurstaki
664:plasmids
625:B. sotto
577:B. sotto
415:subsp. "
405:subsp. "
395:subsp. "
385:subsp. "
374:subsp. "
363:subsp. "
353:subsp. "
343:subsp. "
333:subsp. "
323:subsp. "
313:subsp. "
304:kurstaki
302:subsp. "
291:subsp. "
280:subsp. "
269:subsp. "
259:subsp. "
249:subsp. "
239:subsp. "
229:subsp. "
219:subsp. "
209:subsp. "
199:subsp. "
191:berliner
189:subsp. "
179:subsp. "
129:Bacillus
114:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Bacteria
74:Domain:
18:Bt crops
6802:1085010
6714:5428045
6657:BacDive
6633:Q310467
6465:2325989
6419:1899880
6376:1857359
6355:Toxicon
6294:8309854
5839:3001031
5754:1184035
5745:3376579
5723:Bibcode
5642:Bibcode
5619:4403182
5591:Bibcode
5479:3056825
5457:Bibcode
5337:4424836
5307:Bibcode
5278:9 April
5172:6 April
5117:1583208
4984:2093962
4954:Bibcode
4946:Science
4918:3189815
4786:Bibcode
4778:Science
4665:Bibcode
4477:9631091
4313:4413729
4296:: 283.
4271:1553409
4163:9 April
3798:2408621
3735:4310501
3715:Bibcode
3692:3023091
3612:. OMRI.
3594:9 April
3201:8643585
3169:Bibcode
3133:3457495
3112:Bibcode
3073:5758910
3024:1622799
2993:Bibcode
2844:Bibcode
2814:9729609
2703:6443645
2412:2407509
2039:28 June
2033:EPA.gov
1988:8865583
1817:ovitrap
1572:Gujarat
1402:Bt corn
1372:Populus
1331:Cry3Bb1
1247:tobacco
1155::
1133:called
1068:Diptera
968:introns
957:pBT9727
857:plasmid
812:aizawai
660:anthrax
521:strains
517:Bt corn
495:During
454:) is a
201:colmeri
181:aizawai
124:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Bacilli
94:Class:
6786:NZOR:
6753:959828
6727:500738
6701:BACITH
6688:975750
6463:
6455:
6426:
6416:
6383:
6373:
6340:
6301:
6291:
6271:Toxins
6246:
6238:
6193:
6185:
6025:
5936:
5928:
5887:
5867:Nature
5846:
5836:
5797:
5761:
5751:
5743:
5668:
5660:
5634:Nature
5617:
5609:
5583:Nature
5495:
5485:
5477:
5428:
5420:
5381:
5373:
5335:
5327:
5299:Nature
5115:
5107:
4982:
4974:
4925:
4915:
4849:
4841:
4806:
4695:
4685:
4636:
4518:
4483:
4475:
4440:
4405:
4355:
4320:
4310:
4269:
4199:
4138:
4130:
3988:
3805:
3795:
3733:
3707:Nature
3690:
3640:
3551:
3532:
3513:
3491:
3483:
3446:
3339:
3279:
3248:
3238:
3199:
3189:
3140:
3130:
3080:
3070:
3031:
3021:
3013:
2874:
2867:151414
2864:
2812:
2802:
2740:
2701:
2532:(Btk)"
2496:US EPA
2475:
2410:
2402:
2364:
2327:
2296:
2247:
2114:
2013:
1986:
1976:
1889:
1850:Cry1Ac
1716:Nosema
1683:Nature
1671:Nature
1667:Oaxaca
1663:Nature
1600:mirids
1588:Cry1Ac
1576:Cry1Ac
1494:atopic
1413:toxins
1381:timber
1308:cotton
1277:larvae
1270:peanut
1014:BC5034
1007:BC3664
1000:-acyl-
995:, the
993:BC3663
903:operon
776:, and
752:, and
720:, and
6735:IRMNG
6675:5VYGL
6581:bEcon
6499:(PDF)
6484:(PDF)
6461:S2CID
6244:S2CID
6191:S2CID
6118:(PDF)
6111:(PDF)
6023:S2CID
5934:S2CID
5741:JSTOR
5666:S2CID
5615:S2CID
5488:59744
5475:JSTOR
5426:S2CID
5379:S2CID
5333:S2CID
5113:S2CID
4980:S2CID
4847:S2CID
4719:(PDF)
4688:59819
4606:(PDF)
4481:S2CID
4375:(PDF)
4225:(PDF)
4218:(PDF)
4197:S2CID
4136:S2CID
4114:(2).
4060:(PDF)
4049:(PDF)
3883:(PDF)
3872:(PDF)
3731:S2CID
3651:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3489:S2CID
3389:(PDF)
3382:(PDF)
3365:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
3241:95925
3192:39256
3011:JSTOR
2805:98934
2738:S2CID
2621:(PDF)
2610:(PDF)
2582:(PDF)
2571:(PDF)
2564:var.
2535:(PDF)
2528:var.
2459:(1).
2408:S2CID
2267:sotto
2265:var.
2165:sotto
2163:var.
1787:from
1686:'
1304:cocoa
1284:Usage
1146:BtsR1
1135:BtsR1
1080:wasps
778:B.cy.
762:B.ce.
633:sotto
631:var.
582:sottō
570:石渡 繁胤
476:moths
355:sotto
6779:1428
6774:NCBI
6761:LPSN
6748:ITIS
6709:GBIF
6696:EPPO
6662:1006
6453:PMID
6424:PMID
6381:PMID
6338:PMID
6299:PMID
6236:PMID
6183:PMID
5926:PMID
5885:PMID
5844:PMID
5795:ISSN
5759:PMID
5658:PMID
5607:PMID
5493:PMID
5418:PMID
5371:PMID
5325:PMID
5280:2022
5200:2018
5174:2009
5105:PMID
4972:PMID
4923:PMID
4839:PMID
4804:PMID
4693:PMID
4634:PMID
4516:ISBN
4473:PMID
4438:PMID
4403:PMID
4353:PMID
4318:PMID
4267:PMID
4165:2022
4128:PMID
3986:ISBN
3922:2013
3891:2022
3803:PMID
3688:PMID
3638:ISBN
3596:2022
3481:ISSN
3444:ISBN
3337:PMID
3306:2013
3277:PMID
3246:PMID
3197:PMID
3138:PMID
3078:PMID
3029:PMID
2912:2013
2872:PMID
2810:PMID
2699:PMID
2473:PMID
2400:PMID
2362:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2294:ISSN
2245:ISBN
2224:help
2112:PMID
2041:2018
2011:PMID
1984:PMID
1974:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1779:and
1310:and
1090:and
1088:ants
1084:bees
949:HD73
911:papR
891:plcR
883:and
877:B.t.
873:B.t.
774:B.p.
770:B.m.
766:B.w.
758:B.t.
478:and
450:(or
271:higo
6683:EoL
6670:CoL
6553:NIH
6445:doi
6441:102
6414:PMC
6406:doi
6371:PMC
6363:doi
6330:doi
6289:PMC
6279:doi
6226:doi
6173:doi
6169:186
6142:doi
6015:doi
5916:doi
5875:doi
5871:456
5834:PMC
5826:doi
5787:doi
5749:PMC
5731:doi
5719:102
5692:PBS
5650:doi
5638:416
5599:doi
5587:414
5553:doi
5483:PMC
5465:doi
5410:doi
5363:doi
5359:461
5315:doi
5303:399
5250:doi
5246:107
5223:doi
5137:doi
5133:184
5097:doi
5093:173
5070:doi
5043:doi
4962:doi
4950:328
4913:PMC
4905:doi
4901:189
4874:doi
4831:doi
4794:doi
4782:327
4731:doi
4683:PMC
4673:doi
4626:hdl
4618:doi
4582:doi
4549:doi
4508:doi
4465:doi
4430:doi
4395:hdl
4387:doi
4383:116
4345:doi
4308:PMC
4298:doi
4259:doi
4189:doi
4120:doi
3793:PMC
3785:doi
3781:101
3723:doi
3711:328
3678:doi
3674:161
3473:doi
3415:doi
3329:doi
3236:PMC
3228:doi
3187:PMC
3177:doi
3128:PMC
3120:doi
3068:PMC
3060:doi
3019:PMC
3001:doi
2989:103
2862:PMC
2852:doi
2840:100
2800:PMC
2792:doi
2730:doi
2726:124
2689:doi
2465:doi
2392:doi
2354:doi
2321:159
2104:doi
1966:doi
1939:doi
1912:hdl
1815:An
1781:Cyt
1777:Cry
1706:bee
1490:IgE
1441:cry
1433:cry
1415:as
1251:cry
1053:cry
972:B.t
947:Btk
928:Btk
918:in
867:as
861:cry
849:cry
828:in
698:),
608:in
547:cry
539:cry
437:of
6821::
6799::
6776::
6763::
6750::
6737::
6724::
6711::
6698::
6685::
6672::
6659::
6644::
6629::
6595:.
6579:.
6563:.
6551:.
6529:.
6513:.
6501:.
6486:.
6459:.
6451:.
6439:.
6422:.
6412:.
6402:71
6400:.
6396:.
6379:.
6369:.
6359:49
6357:.
6353:.
6336:.
6326:17
6324:.
6297:.
6287:.
6275:13
6273:.
6269:.
6242:.
6234:.
6222:66
6220:.
6216:.
6189:.
6181:.
6167:.
6163:.
6080:.
6062:.
6043:.
6021:.
6011:38
6009:.
6005:.
5984:.
5954:.
5932:.
5924:.
5912:18
5910:.
5906:.
5883:.
5869:.
5865:.
5842:.
5832:.
5822:18
5820:.
5816:.
5793:.
5781:.
5757:.
5747:.
5739:.
5729:.
5717:.
5713:.
5690:.
5686:.
5664:.
5656:.
5648:.
5636:.
5613:.
5605:.
5597:.
5585:.
5549:35
5547:.
5543:.
5513:.
5491:.
5481:.
5473:.
5463:.
5453:98
5451:.
5447:.
5424:.
5416:.
5406:21
5404:.
5400:.
5377:.
5369:.
5357:.
5345:^
5331:.
5323:.
5313:.
5301:.
5297:.
5270:.
5244:.
5219:39
5217:.
5190:.
5160:.
5131:.
5127:.
5111:.
5103:.
5091:.
5064:.
5039:10
5037:.
5012:.
4978:.
4970:.
4960:.
4948:.
4944:.
4921:.
4911:.
4899:.
4895:.
4870:39
4868:.
4845:.
4837:.
4827:26
4825:.
4802:.
4792:.
4780:.
4776:.
4743:^
4727:33
4725:.
4721:.
4691:.
4681:.
4671:.
4661:98
4659:.
4655:.
4632:.
4624:.
4614:53
4612:.
4608:.
4578:31
4576:.
4572:.
4545:34
4543:.
4539:.
4514:.
4493:^
4479:.
4471:.
4461:14
4459:.
4436:.
4426:32
4424:.
4401:.
4393:.
4381:.
4377:.
4351:.
4341:49
4339:.
4316:.
4306:.
4292:.
4288:.
4265:.
4255:15
4253:.
4249:.
4195:.
4183:.
4156:.
4134:.
4126:.
4112:22
4110:.
4091:.
4069:.
4051:.
4027:.
3962:.
3943:.
3939:.
3908:.
3874:.
3853:.
3828:.
3824:.
3801:.
3791:.
3779:.
3775:.
3752:.
3729:.
3721:.
3709:.
3686:.
3672:.
3668:.
3646:.
3630:.
3587:.
3487:.
3479:.
3469:98
3467:.
3411:10
3409:.
3405:.
3335:.
3325:59
3323:.
3297:.
3273:29
3271:.
3267:.
3244:.
3234:.
3222:.
3218:.
3195:.
3185:.
3175:.
3165:93
3163:.
3159:.
3136:.
3126:.
3118:.
3108:78
3106:.
3102:.
3090:^
3076:.
3066:.
3056:46
3054:.
3050:.
3027:.
3017:.
3009:.
2999:.
2987:.
2983:.
2958:.
2929:.
2898:.
2884:^
2870:.
2860:.
2850:.
2838:.
2834:.
2822:^
2808:.
2798:.
2788:62
2786:.
2782:.
2765:15
2763:.
2759:.
2736:.
2724:.
2697:.
2683:.
2679:.
2665:^
2648:.
2636:^
2616:.
2612:.
2577:.
2573:.
2568:)"
2537:.
2494:.
2471:.
2457:63
2455:.
2420:^
2406:.
2398:.
2388:63
2386:.
2360:.
2323:.
2290:48
2288:.
2272:.
2253:.
2216::
2214:}}
2210:{{
2198:)
2194:(=
2110:.
2100:32
2098:.
2085:^
2067:^
2057:.
2031:.
2007:17
2005:.
1982:.
1972:.
1960:.
1935:11
1933:.
1873:^
1791:.
1763:,
1590:.
1345:.
1306:,
1302:,
1200:,
1126:A
1086:,
1082:,
1059:.
1028:.
1016:.
922:.
887:.
840:.
772:,
768:,
748:,
744:,
740:,
736:,
714:,
708:,
704:,
670:.
635:.
589:卒倒
534:.
452:Bt
419:"
409:"
399:"
389:"
378:"
367:"
357:"
347:"
337:"
327:"
317:"
307:"
295:"
285:"
273:"
263:"
253:"
243:"
233:"
223:"
213:"
203:"
193:"
183:"
6599:.
6593:"
6583:.
6555:.
6545:"
6505:.
6490:.
6467:.
6447::
6430:.
6408::
6387:.
6365::
6344:.
6332::
6305:.
6281::
6250:.
6228::
6214:"
6197:.
6175::
6148:.
6144::
6095:.
6066:.
6029:.
6017::
5990:.
5969:.
5940:.
5918::
5891:.
5877::
5850:.
5828::
5801:.
5789::
5783:5
5765:.
5733::
5725::
5672:.
5652::
5644::
5621:.
5601::
5593::
5570:.
5555::
5528:.
5499:.
5467::
5459::
5432:.
5412::
5385:.
5365::
5339:.
5317::
5309::
5282:.
5256:.
5252::
5229:.
5225::
5202:.
5176:.
5145:.
5139::
5119:.
5099::
5076:.
5072::
5066:8
5049:.
5045::
4986:.
4964::
4956::
4929:.
4907::
4880:.
4876::
4853:.
4833::
4810:.
4796::
4788::
4761:.
4737:.
4733::
4712:"
4699:.
4675::
4667::
4640:.
4628::
4620::
4590:.
4584::
4557:.
4551::
4524:.
4510::
4487:.
4467::
4444:.
4432::
4409:.
4397::
4389::
4359:.
4347::
4324:.
4300::
4294:6
4273:.
4261::
4234:.
4203:.
4191::
4185:3
4167:.
4142:.
4122::
4033:.
4012:.
3994:.
3966:.
3945:3
3924:.
3893:.
3839:.
3809:.
3787::
3737:.
3725::
3717::
3694:.
3680::
3598:.
3573:.
3495:.
3475::
3452:.
3423:.
3417::
3343:.
3331::
3308:.
3283:.
3252:.
3230::
3224:7
3203:.
3179::
3171::
3144:.
3122::
3114::
3084:.
3062::
3035:.
3003::
2995::
2968:.
2944:.
2914:.
2878:.
2854::
2846::
2816:.
2794::
2744:.
2732::
2705:.
2691::
2685:2
2659:.
2630:.
2603:"
2591:.
2547:.
2504:.
2479:.
2467::
2414:.
2394::
2370:.
2356::
2333:.
2300:.
2226:)
2118:.
2106::
2043:.
2017:.
1990:.
1968::
1945:.
1941::
1918:.
1914::
1895:.
1245:(
1078:(
1002:L
998:N
955:(
692:(
586:(
573:)
567:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.