344:
121:
545:"The democratic forces around the world stand at the victory over Nazism. The German anti-nazis may be proud to have contributed their part to this victory, in spite of many victims and much suffering. The awful adversary lying on the ground is nonetheless not yet shattered. The hour of history demands much more the mobilization of all anti-fascist forces in order to put down forever the blood-spattered enemy of all cultures and be able to avert any repetition of its criminal dictatorship. Therefore, at present, we call for the following:
527:
20:
951:. In it, he describes the Resistance as making "the decision not to abandon the Jews and to prevent their liquidation," which he implies had earlier inspired them to whisper life-saving advice to him and the other "children of block," urging "Go back to your block. The Germans plan to shoot you. Go back and don't move" (114). Furthermore, he describes the resistance movement's actions the morning before "the first American tank stood at the gates of Buchenwald":
609:
52:, and people affiliated with other political parties, unaffiliated people, Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Because Buchenwald prisoners came from a number of countries, the Resistance was also international. Members tried to sabotage Nazi efforts where they could, worked to save the lives of child inmates, and in the last days of the camp, with many
712:, who died by the Hitlerite hangman; and facing the special responsibility for our children's future, we reserve the right and hold ourselves duty bound to tell the German people what measures are requisite to save Germany from this historically unprecedented collapse and to again earn the respect and confidence in the council of nations.
116:
was narrow. They were always under threat of being stripped of their responsibilities and of being killed. Nonetheless, as prisoner functionaries, they had a certain mobility and freedom of action, which they used, in whatever means possible, to preserve the lives of other prisoners. The main area of
84:
began to displace the criminal prisoners, though criminals were preferred by the SS. Political prisoners took over important positions as "prisoner functionaries" until liberation. The criminal functionaries were known for their brutality, which they used in order to impress the SS guards and improve
144:
In the camp infirmary, kapos were able to briefly "hide" other prisoners from the SS. On occasion, they were able to send a prisoner there whose life was under immediate threat and have the records show the person as having died, then secretly give that prisoner the identity of another prisoner who
92:
of August 1939, the ideological antagonism between the Nazis and the
Communists was temporarily mollified. The SS knew that Communists were able to organize people and that they had an international network, which, from the point of view of the concentration camp direction, was useful because after
781:
The building and implementation of the People's
Republic are possible only if the masses of working people in city and state see in them their nation, affirm it, and are ever ready to defend this nation. They will do this only when the People's Republic frees labor from its unheard of exploitation
955:
The resistance movement decided at that point to act. Armed men appeared from everywhere. Bursts of gunshots. Grenades exploding. We, the children, remained flat on the floor of the block. The battle did not last long. Around noon, everything was calm again. The SS had fled and the resistance had
171:
Under its leadership, an
International Military Organization of Buchenwald was also formed. At the end of the war, as American troops were closing in on the camp, most of the guards and higher Nazi officers of the camp fled. The prisoners were able to mount a camp-wide rebellion and liberate the
960:
This moment illustrates the extent of hope and boldness that was latent in the imprisoned people seemingly condemned to death; the knowledge that the Front was approaching, and along with it the Allied troops, provided much-needed confidence and a renewed sense of optimism to the people of the
163:
With the arrival of political prisoners from the various countries under Nazi occupation, the German political prisoners found contacts with members of the respective national organizations. The
International Camp Committee (ICC) was organized under the leadership of the German Communist,
965:
On April 11, 1945, in expectation of liberation, starved and emaciated prisoners stormed the watchtowers, seizing control of the camp. Later that afternoon, US forces entered
Buchenwald. Soldiers from the 6th Armored Division, part of the Third Army, found more than 21,000 people in the
908:
At the time of liberation, the clandestine
Buchenwald KPD consisted of 629 prisoners from 22 different district branches. Added to that were 111 new candidates for membership. Another 59 prisoners were not accepted for membership for failure to fulfill party obligations.
623:
We will take up the fight until the last culprit stands before the judges of the people. Our watchword is the destruction of Nazism from its roots. Our goal is to build a new world of peace and freedom. This is our responsibility to our murdered friends and their
128:
In the office of labor statistics, the prisoner work details were planned and lists were made as to which prisoners were in which outside work detail. They could, for example, place specific
Resistance fighters on work details to infiltrate the notorious
655:, the contribution of the Communists was hardly mentioned. In recent years, the question of how much the functionary prisoners cooperated with the SS and how much they themselves were part of the tyranny in the camp has also been much discussed.
636:
The
Buchenwald Oath was, for the Communist Resistance fighters, an important symbol in the fight against fascism. The role of Communist functionary prisoners is the subject of controversial debate, also because they were exploited by the
931:"We must recognize that the situation in Germany is not yet ready for immediate implementation of the struggle for proletarian dictatorship, but our present struggle for a true people's democracy brings us closer to socialism."
582:
Return to work, under humane conditions, in city and nation; and exclusively for the sustenance of the German people. Speedy re-entry of
Germany into the world economy, prompt adoption of a close economic relationship with the
593:
Publication of new newspapers, magazines, utilization of the news services of radio and all institutions to inform the German people about the crimes of Nazism, about
Germany's true situation, and to forge a democratic public
769:, which, through delegates, will choose district and state councils. The various boards of authority in city and state are to be newly appointed. State commissioners will take control of the remaining administration..."
152:, himself a bricklayer, was able to convince the SS to allow Polish children to be trained as bricklayers, which the Nazis needed for their many construction projects, thus saving a number of boys from certain death.
1041:
Bericht des internationalen Lagerkomitees des KZ Buchenwald (1949) von Internationales Lagerkomitee Buchenwald von Verlag kommunistischer u. antifaschistischer Schriften V.K.S. (Paperback edition, February 2003)
728:
in Germany are not completely eradicated, there will be no rest and no peace for us or in the world. Our first efforts must be directed at the removal of every societal appearance of this bloody oppression,
746:
First, in every community, anti-fascist Citizens' Committees must be formed, which, as soon as possible through the use of anti-fascist organizations, are to be established on a thoroughly democratic basis.
912:
The party began to function legally again and on April 22, 1945, held a delegates' meeting at Buchenwald, where the recent experiences were evaluated and a plan of action for the future was proclaimed.
836:. We have decided contributions to refuse and vassal service, so sincerely do we want to help, that through the amortization of a determinate debt, a new atmosphere of trust of Germany will be created
60:
troops, tried to gain control of the camp itself. After liberation, the prisoners documented their experiences on paper and formed an international committee to look after the welfare of survivors.
534:
On April 19, 1945, at the memorial rally of the international camp committee in honor of Buchenwald's dead, the People's Front Committee presented its resolution before 21,000 survivors.
1023:
Die Volksfronttaktik im sozialdemokratischen Widerstand gegen das Dritte Reich: dargestellt an der Gruppe Deutsche Volksfront und das Volksfrontkomitee im Konzentrationslager Buchenwald.
1297:
168:
and it became the conspiratorial center of political anti-Nazi resistance at the camp in July 1943. The founding and meeting place of the ICC was a screened room in the infirmary.
751:
These Citizens' Committees will appoint a German People's Congress for the entire country, which then must install a government of the people and elect a parliament of the people.
651:. The achievements of the Communist Resistance fighters were glorified while other Resistance fighters and the fate of the Jewish victims were little discussed. In contrast, in
708:
Through this fight, we have gained a degree of human, moral and intellectual strength that, in normal life, is impossible to acquire. Standing in the shadow of our ideology's
563:
Cessation of all work for Hitler, prevention of any further destruction of Germany, prevention of all work, transport, communication and any fight for the remnants of the
1182:
900:(Berlin); Benedikt Kautsky, (Vienna), Karl Mantler (Vienna), Erich Schilling (Leipzig), Ernst Thape (Magdeburg), among others from Germany and other countries.
782:
and disfranchisement, which the capitalist servants of the Nazi Party hung on it, and creates and guarantees a dignified existence for all workers. Therefore,
438:. The battle did not last long. Around noon, everything was calm again. The SS had fled and the resistance had taken charge of the camp. (115, emphasis added)
1248:
982:
1479:
343:
498:
After the liberation of Buchenwald concentration camp on April 11, 1945, there were several prisoners' groups that made resolutions and declarations.
85:
their own lot. They were hated by other prisoners, who were eventually able to bring them down by uncovering evidence of theft from camp warehouses.
924:
by means of a brutal, fascist dictatorship and an imperialist war". This was to entrench German monopoly capital as a dominant power in the world.
120:
1363:
1474:
1115:
97:
in 1941, the Communist prisoners at first lost these positions, but later managed to win them back. To strengthen camp cohesion, the Communist
1217:
1097:
935:
1469:
1451:
468:
447:
Anti-fascists in Buchenwald built a united front composed of members from different parties. In 1944, they succeeded in building a German "
1033:
Volksfront und deutsche Sozialdemokratie: zur Auswirkung der Volksfronttaktik im sozialistischen Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus.
808:
of banks and insurance companies under the direction of open credit institutions shall create the foundation of a healthy economic policy.
1294:
684:), for socialization of economy, peace and rights through reparations, humanism, freedom of education, the arts and "socialist unity".
1008:
456:
320:
102:
49:
1356:
1338:
1143:
870:
New universities formed from emigration's worthiest strengths and domestic socialist intelligence shall generate our new teachers
434:
The resistance movement decided at that point to act. Armed men appeared from everywhere. Bursts of gunshots. Grenades exploding.
1087:
1385:
703:. In zuchthaus and concentration camp, despite the daily threat of a wretched death, we continued our conspiratorial activities.
26:
banner outside a barrack at Buchenwald. The sign, in rhyme, says "We anti-fascists want to go home to eradicate Nazi criminals".
1160:
296:
41:
841:
We wish to be admitted with all due haste into the world organization of peace and security, and especially as judge and
183:
reported coming across a unit of thousands of armed prisoners, marching in formation outside the camp on April 11, 1945.
556:
Purging of the police from Nazi elements, establishment of a defense force from the militia to ward against saboteurs,
89:
37:
1179:
1392:. Document of the Month April 2005: "The Buchenwald Oath," Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv (DRA) Retrieved April 14, 2010
760:
of civil, personal and religious freedom, of thought, speech and word, of movement and assembly are to be restored.
638:
487:
394:
160:
The Committee began as an underground conspiracy of prisoners from the concentration camp, but still exists today.
117:
the red kapos' work was in the "office of the labor statistics", the camp infirmary and as camp guard surrogates.
113:
98:
1138:
True story of a child inmate from Buchenwald, originally published in 1972. Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag, Bonn (2003)
1416:
483:
845:, to make a contribution to the international jurisdiction that will be recognized as worthy by other nations
291:
133:
camp. A prisoner could hardly survive longer than 6 weeks in the camp's tunnels. Nonetheless, prisoners like
124:
Buchenwald during liberation. The sign says, "The German political prisoners welcome their American friends."
1125:, official website. Documentary about prisoner resistance in Nazi concentration camps. Retrieved May 6, 2010
757:
553:
Takeover of the government through the Citizens' Committees in consultation with the occupation authorities.
526:
357:
57:
250:
378:
209:
19:
741:
This gigantic work can only be accomplished if all anti-fascist forces unite in a steadfast alliance.
315:
303:
94:
77:
361:
examines their efforts to re-join society after their experience as Nazi prisoners. The French film
262:
1112:
1002:
977:
917:
400:
221:
180:
176:
1245:
961:
Resistance and others in the Buchenwald camp, as explained by the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum:
628:
After the Buchenwald Oath was read aloud, the prisoners raised their hands and said, "We swear".
472:
420:
197:
81:
69:
676:
through specific measures, for the establishment of a People's Republic, labor reform (e.g. the
383:
274:
947:
The Buchenwald Resistance is mentioned explicitly in the last chapter of Elie Wiesel's memoir,
245:
233:
1334:
1213:
1139:
1093:
766:
414:
363:
1428:
1229:
1035:
Vol. 3, Oberlahnpresse, Marburg (1971) 133 pages. About the history of the German Resistance
255:
858:
857:
For this, we need a new spirit. It should embody the new type of German European. After the
829:
787:
332:
93:
the start of the war, Buchenwald had a multilingual prisoner population. When Germany later
804:
A new currency, a public budget expurgated from the burdens of the dictatorship and a new
530:
Local residents forced to confront corpses and other evidence at newly liberated Buchenwald
502:
A declaration of the Popular Front Committee of Social Democrats, Communists and Christians
368:
1389:
1368:
Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes - Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten
1360:
1353:
1301:
1256:
1252:
1186:
1164:
1119:
1060:"Wer die Hoffnung verliert, hat alles verloren." Kommunistischer Widerstand in Buchenwald.
992:
921:
842:
517:
Oath of Buchenwald from the International Camp Committee of Buchenwald, in many languages.
579:
Organization of a National Committee of Anti-Nazis, formation of a republican government.
390:
214:
1404:
1189:
Association Buchenwald Dora et Kommandos, official website. Retrieved February 11, 2011
828:
From the deepest, honest convictions, we admit to the world the legal obligation to pay
1209:
862:
813:
695:
and concentration camps because we believed we must work for the thoughts and goals of
677:
464:
460:
451:
Committee". This was a clandestine organization within the camp. The main members were
308:
149:
130:
1270:
Biography and photos of Gert Schramm, the (teenaged) only black survivor of Buchenwald
896:
The Manifesto was signed by Heinz Baumeister (Dortmund); Gottlieb Branz (Munich); Dr.
426:
The Buchenwald Resistance is referred to in the last chapter of Elie Wiesel's memoir,
1463:
897:
805:
783:
669:
452:
448:
355:
The lives of hundreds of child and teenage Buchenwald prisoners were saved. The film
267:
192:
165:
101:
made sure that prisoner functionaries were from every country. They also worked with
73:
1382:
1281:
997:
796:
700:
652:
648:
608:
584:
405:
226:
134:
1157:
681:
564:
410:
348:
286:
80:". Originally, these tasks were assigned to criminal prisoners, but after 1939,
570:
Arrest and surveillance of all Nazi elements, their transfer to people's court.
477:
351:
Cemetery: "We swear to keep alive the memory of the victims of Nazi barbarism."
202:
795:
The eight-hour day is to be restored immediately and further reduction of the
725:
327:
138:
45:
934:"Our central task today is the mass mobilization of all anti-fascists into a
514:
Numerous declarations and manifestos in various languages by former prisoners
279:
1327:
833:
696:
692:
645:
550:
Immediate formation of anti-fascist Citizens' Committees in city and nation.
106:
23:
505:
The Buchenwald Manifesto of German-speaking Social Democrats and Socialists
238:
374:
also examines the topic of children survivors. A few of those saved were:
137:
managed to build a resistance organization that committed sabotage of the
987:
105:
and middle class politicians to set up the People's Front policy of the
816:
for mass consumer goods shall have a fiscal effect and regulate prices
673:
557:
1407:, German Resistance Memorial Center, Berlin. Retrieved April 18, 2010
709:
430:, with specific description of the moment in which Wiesel is saved:
607:
525:
342:
187:
Members of the clandestine International Camp Committee, 1944â1945
119:
18:
1333:. Translated by Wiesel, Marion. Princeton, N.J.: Hill and Wang.
53:
1269:
916:
The document referred to fascism and war as "attempt of German
1232:
644:
In the GDR, the Resistance was viewed within the framework of
511:
Draft of a school policy manifesto by the Education Commission
832:
for injuries, which the German people have committed through
878:
Long live the Union of all of Germany's anti-fascist forces!
1284:
Movie plot summary and commentary. Retrieved April 13, 2010
599:
Long live freedom! Long live the German People's Republic!"
1452:
Declaration of the international Communists of Buchenwald
887:
Long live the Socialist International of the whole world!
874:
The Buchenwald Manifesto ended with the following words:
436:
We, the children, remained flat on the floor of the block
587:
as a natural economic partner on the European continent.
567:
through the Citizens' Committees and their institutions.
790:
are needs of working people to be modeled accordingly.
576:
Creation of a new democratic order against the Nazis.
1089:
The Buchenwald child: truth, fiction, and propaganda
699:and for the preservation of peace, even under the
668:The Buchenwald Manifesto, written by doctor of law
1326:
1062:Cologne, PapyRossa, 2003 (Hochschulschriften 47)
1050:Mahnung und Verpflichtung. Dokumente und Berichte
16:Resistance group at Buchenwald concentration camp
1295:www.berlinonline.de "Das willkommene Heldenlied"
1230:"Buchenwald liberator, American hero dies at 83"
1048:Internationales Buchenwald-Komitee, Buchenwald.
881:Long live a free, peaceful, socialist Germany!
687:The Manifesto stated (in part) the following:
508:A resolution of the Buchenwald Communist Party
1108:
1106:
884:Long live revolutionary democratic socialism!
8:
1235:(August 14, 2008). Retrieved March 20, 2011
1167:(April 12, 2010). Retrieved April 17, 2010.
983:International concentration camp committees
573:Confiscation of Nazi assets and businesses.
172:camp just prior to the Americans' arrival.
1260:(March 26, 1999). Retrieved March 19, 2011
1175:
1173:
522:Declaration of the Popular Front Committee
1307:(April 28, 2000) Retrieved April 5, 2010
1200:
1198:
1158:"65 years since liberation of Buchenwald"
735:2. Establishment of the People's Republic
672:and others, calls for the eradication of
1364:Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
590:Formation of anti-fascist trade unions.
1378:
1376:
1180:La RĂ©sistance Clandestine Ă Buchenwald
1005:, four-year-old survivor of Buchenwald
865:us if we don't freely do it ourselves.
1320:
1318:
1316:
936:National Committee for a Free Germany
904:Buchenwald Communist Party Resolution
539:"The next tasks of the Popular Front"
68:Certain administrative duties in the
7:
664:Contents of the Buchenwald Manifesto
621:The core of the Buchenwald Oath is:
175:Two American intelligence officers,
765:The Citizens' Committees will have
112:The scope of the "red" (Communist)
90:GermanâSoviet non-aggression treaty
1009:List of German concentration camps
443:Buchenwald Popular Front Committee
156:International Buchenwald Committee
14:
1480:World War II resistance movements
1246:"A Real-Life âLife Is Beautifulâ"
1431:. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
956:taken charge of the camp. (115)
1405:Short biography of Herman Brill
339:Minors saved from extermination
1417:Selbstbehauptung und Gegenwehr
927:The resolution said further,
1:
1475:Buchenwald concentration camp
145:had, in fact, recently died.
42:Buchenwald concentration camp
1136:Der gute Stern des Janusz K.
1470:German resistance to Nazism
1383:Der âSchwur von Buchenwaldâ
1325:Wiesel, Elie (2006-01-16).
1496:
1100:. Retrieved April 15, 2010
1052:, Frankfurt am Main, 1960
639:German Democratic Republic
469:Christian Democratic Union
395:Nobel Prize for Literature
861:, no one will be able to
718:1. Eradication of fascism
1272:Retrieved April 13, 2010
943:References in literature
691:We have endured prison,
292:Otto Roth (Antifaschist)
95:invaded the Soviet Union
56:fleeing the approaching
1359:March 25, 2010, at the
724:So long as fascism and
459:(SPD) as chairman, Dr.
457:Social Democratic Party
1185:July 20, 2011, at the
1113:"Organized Resistance"
1031:Griepenburg, RĂŒdiger,
1021:Griepenburg, RĂŒdiger,
968:
958:
680:and the right to form
613:
531:
440:
358:The Boys of Buchenwald
352:
125:
78:prisoner functionaries
40:group of prisoners at
27:
1206:The Buchenwald Report
1092:Camden House (2007).
1025:(1969) II, 133 pages
963:
953:
758:constitutional rights
611:
529:
432:
346:
179:and First Lieutenant
123:
34:Buchenwald Resistance
22:
1282:"Naked Among Wolves"
659:Buchenwald Manifesto
1366:official website. (
1003:Joseph Schleifstein
978:Extermination camps
920:, to "overcome the
918:monopoly capitalism
822:5. Peace and rights
401:Joseph Schleifstein
181:Edward A. Tenenbaum
82:political prisoners
70:concentration camps
64:Forms of resistance
1388:2009-09-22 at the
1300:2008-04-18 at the
1251:2015-06-08 at the
1163:2011-07-16 at the
1118:2012-03-06 at the
851:6. Humanitarianism
799:is to be prepared.
767:municipal councils
614:
532:
421:Stefan Jerzy Zweig
353:
251:Kvetoslav Innemann
126:
72:were given by the
28:
1218:978-0-8133-1777-9
1212:, Inc., pp. 3-5.
1098:978-1-57113-339-7
482:from the SPD and
415:Nobel Peace Prize
379:Robert J. BĂŒchler
364:La Maison de Nina
1487:
1456:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1305:Berliner Zeitung
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1220:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1132:
1126:
1123:Against the odds
1110:
1101:
1084:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1038:
1028:
859:Second World War
830:Wiedergutmachung
814:State monopolies
788:social insurance
481:
387:
372:
333:Walter Vielhauer
324:
312:
300:
283:
271:
259:
242:
230:
218:
210:Domenico Ciufoli
206:
103:Social Democrats
50:Social Democrats
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:Wayback Machine
1381:
1374:
1361:Wayback Machine
1354:Buchenwald Oath
1352:
1348:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:Wayback Machine
1293:Volker MĂŒller,
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1257:The Jewish Week
1253:Wayback Machine
1243:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1204:David Hackett,
1203:
1196:
1190:
1187:Wayback Machine
1178:
1171:
1165:Wayback Machine
1156:
1152:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1120:Wayback Machine
1111:
1104:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1058:Ulrich Peters,
1053:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1018:
1016:Further reading
1013:
993:Wilhelm Hammann
973:
945:
922:economic crisis
906:
894:
843:political party
775:3. Labor reform
666:
661:
634:
619:
612:Buchenwald Oath
606:
604:Buchenwald Oath
524:
496:
488:Communist Party
475:
445:
381:
366:
341:
318:
316:Heinrich Studer
306:
304:Nikolaj Simakov
294:
277:
265:
253:
236:
224:
212:
200:
189:
158:
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1446:External links
1444:
1442:
1441:
1420:
1409:
1397:
1372:
1346:
1339:
1312:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1237:
1221:
1210:Westview Press
1194:
1169:
1150:
1134:Gisela Karau,
1127:
1102:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
969:
944:
941:
940:
939:
932:
905:
902:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
872:
871:
867:
866:
854:
853:
847:
846:
838:
837:
825:
824:
818:
817:
810:
809:
801:
800:
792:
791:
778:
777:
771:
770:
762:
761:
753:
752:
748:
747:
743:
742:
738:
737:
731:
730:
721:
720:
714:
713:
705:
704:
678:eight-hour day
665:
662:
660:
657:
633:
630:
618:
615:
605:
602:
601:
600:
596:
595:
591:
588:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
561:
554:
551:
547:
546:
542:
541:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
495:
492:
465:Zentrumspartei
461:Werner Hilpert
444:
441:
424:
423:
418:
408:
403:
398:
388:
340:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
313:
301:
289:
284:
272:
263:Jan Izydorczyk
260:
248:
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
188:
185:
157:
154:
150:Robert Siewert
131:Dora-Mittelbau
65:
62:
44:. It involved
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1340:9780374500016
1336:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:Stewart Ain,
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:Wayne Drash,
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:3-89144-346-3
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
970:
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:
942:
937:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
903:
901:
899:
898:Hermann Brill
891:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
875:
869:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
848:
844:
840:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:socialization
803:
802:
798:
794:
793:
789:
785:
784:social policy
780:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
764:
763:
759:
755:
754:
750:
749:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
732:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
707:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Hermann Brill
663:
658:
656:
654:
650:
647:
642:
640:
631:
629:
626:
625:
616:
610:
603:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
560:and the like.
559:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
536:
535:
528:
521:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
499:
493:
491:
489:
485:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Hermann Brill
450:
449:Popular Front
442:
439:
437:
431:
429:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
380:
377:
376:
375:
373:
370:
365:
360:
359:
350:
345:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
322:
317:
314:
310:
305:
302:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
264:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
240:
235:
232:
228:
223:
222:Henri Glineur
220:
216:
211:
208:
204:
199:
196:
194:
193:Walter Bartel
191:
190:
186:
184:
182:
178:
177:Egon W. Fleck
173:
169:
167:
166:Walter Bartel
161:
155:
153:
151:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
122:
118:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
21:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:"Buchenwald"
1423:
1412:
1400:
1367:
1349:
1328:
1304:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1255:
1240:
1224:
1205:
1153:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1088:
1086:Bill Niven,
1059:
1049:
1032:
1022:
998:Phil Lamason
964:
959:
954:
948:
946:
926:
915:
911:
907:
895:
873:
850:
821:
774:
734:
717:
701:dictatorship
686:
682:trade unions
667:
653:West Germany
649:anti-fascism
643:
635:
627:
622:
620:
585:Soviet Union
538:
533:
497:
467:, later the
446:
435:
433:
427:
425:
406:Gert Schramm
391:Imre Kertész
362:
356:
354:
347:Memorial at
174:
170:
162:
159:
147:
143:
135:Albert Kuntz
127:
111:
87:
67:
33:
31:
29:
1455:(in German)
1394:(in German)
1309:(in German)
1191:(in French)
1147:(in German)
1064:(in German)
1054:(in German)
1044:(in German)
1037:(in German)
1027:(in German)
892:Signatories
565:Third Reich
484:Walter Wolf
476: [
473:Ernst Thape
411:Elie Wiesel
382: [
367: [
349:Stralsunder
319: [
307: [
295: [
287:Marcel Paul
278: [
266: [
254: [
237: [
225: [
213: [
201: [
198:Ernst Busse
139:V-2 rockets
1464:Categories
1435:2017-12-11
1070:References
863:re-educate
726:militarism
624:relatives.
328:Rudi Supek
275:Harry Kuhn
148:One kapo,
88:After the
46:Communists
38:resistance
834:Hitlerism
697:socialism
693:zuchthaus
646:socialist
632:Reception
558:Werwolves
494:Documents
463:from the
246:Otto Horn
234:Jan Haken
107:Comintern
24:Anti-nazi
1386:Archived
1357:Archived
1298:Archived
1249:Archived
1183:Archived
1161:Archived
1116:Archived
988:KLB Club
971:See also
729:forever.
617:Contents
594:opinion.
1208:(1995)
797:workday
710:martyrs
674:fascism
641:(GDR).
490:(KPD).
486:of the
471:(CDU),
455:of the
417:, 1986)
397:, 2002)
1337:
1216:
1142:
1096:
58:allied
36:was a
1329:Night
966:camp.
949:Night
480:]
428:Night
386:]
371:]
323:]
311:]
299:]
282:]
270:]
258:]
241:]
229:]
217:]
205:]
114:kapos
99:kapos
54:Nazis
1335:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1094:ISBN
786:and
756:The
76:to "
32:The
1233:CNN
413:, (
1466::
1375:^
1370:).
1315:^
1197:^
1172:^
1105:^
1077:^
938:."
478:de
384:de
369:fr
321:de
309:de
297:de
280:de
268:pl
256:cs
239:de
227:de
215:it
203:de
141:.
109:.
74:SS
48:,
1438:.
1343:.
393:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
