79:
471:, decided to stop enlisting black soldiers. Washington soon reversed this decision, however, both because of manpower shortages and because the British had offered freedom to slaves who would escape from Patriot masters to join the British. Washington permitted free blacks to enlist in the Continental Army. White owners could enroll their slaves as substitute forces for their own service.
567:
among the
African American American Revolution war relics and guests present was a aged woman who was identified as a ".. Mrs. Kay daughter of the Ensign who received the banner presented to the "Bucks of America", were also present." The Bucks of America medallion is an engraved, oval, silver,
474:
On the local level, states made independent decisions about the enlistment of
African Americans. Massachusetts continued to accept black soldiers in its integrated militia units. It was also one of several northern states to create a segregated unit of black soldiers. Blacks and
501:
newspaper "...a banner presented by John
Hancock to a colored regiment called "The Bucks of America"; a flag presented to an association of colored men, called 'The Protectors' who guarded the property of the Boston merchants during the Revolutionary war...".."
1396:
369:
521:(although captain is the usual rank for a commander of an Infantry company). Middleton is the only member of the "Bucks of America" to be known by name. Other members of his unit may also have been members of the
2058:
326:
2048:
1389:
429:
soldiers. Few records survive about the unit; most of its history is constructed from eyewitness accounts. No official military records pertaining to the Bucks of
America exist or have survived.
1382:
1859:
201:
733:
1929:
1414:
2053:
1195:
545:
and his son, John George
Washington Hancock (1778–1787), presented the company with an honor for them, presenting a white silk flag, displaying a leaping
438:
1797:
1292:
1200:
382:
290:
638:
1988:
105:
1210:
26:
1424:
1297:
1282:
487:
Little is known of the campaign history of the company, but it seems to have operated in the Boston area. It may have acted primarily as an
194:
780:
Kearse, Gregory S. “The Bucks of
America & Prince Hall Freemasonry.” Prince Hall Masonic Digest Newspaper, Washington, D.C. (2012): 8.
1251:
965:
1803:
1791:
1785:
832:
792:
476:
1949:
1564:
1333:
601:
510:
169:
572:, with the letters "MW", on the bottom, thirteen stars, for the 13 United States, above a leaping buck, and a shield, with three,
389:, with the letters "MW", on the bottom, thirteen stars, for the 13 United States, above a leaping buck, and a shield, with three,
1358:
1338:
1328:
554:
1363:
1353:
1318:
187:
1944:
1864:
1552:
1190:
229:
2012:
1348:
1343:
418:
351:
1934:
1492:
1486:
810:
1995:
1636:
1205:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1051:
1016:
985:
950:
553:, with the initials, "J-G-W-H", of their benefactor, John George Washington Hancock. The original flag is held by the
1717:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1046:
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890:
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846:
422:
210:
150:
1076:
1071:
1056:
1036:
1031:
1026:
975:
970:
930:
885:
860:
559:
497:
1594:
1021:
900:
557:. It is believed to have been made in Boston and presented, around 1789, to the military company. According to
1886:
1809:
1670:
1540:
1474:
945:
895:
522:
495:
in the city, during the war, and is not believed to have seen action against
British soldiers. According to
449:
364:
1374:
2027:
2017:
1758:
1696:
1588:
1570:
880:
825:
757:
The
Liberator March 12, 1858 Volume XXVIII No. 11 [2nd page] Cols 3 and 6. Accessed June 14, 2019
1954:
1913:
1854:
1831:
1277:
1231:
179:
980:
920:
756:
719:
1981:
1924:
1480:
1419:
940:
910:
875:
870:
464:
346:
767:
460:, the national army of the colonies. The inclusion of black soldiers in the army was controversial.
1964:
1918:
1600:
1576:
1440:
720:
The
Liberator March 12, 1858 Volume XXVIII No. 11 [2nd page] Cols 3. Accessed June 14, 2019
514:
492:
456:
colonies. Later that year, these New
England militia units became the nucleus of the newly created
336:
305:
300:
285:
120:
616:- considered the first Patriot man killed at the beginning of the American Revolution, during the
1908:
1837:
1740:
842:
446:
442:
270:
265:
905:
331:
689:
1939:
1707:
1662:
818:
788:
468:
295:
1725:
1642:
1630:
1612:
1446:
1272:
1241:
577:
488:
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426:
394:
381:
245:
224:
116:
55:
1959:
1753:
1748:
1456:
1452:
1302:
617:
613:
564:
275:
341:
541:
The company was celebrated in Boston long after the American Revolution ended. Governor
479:
generally disapproved of the creation of segregated units, preferring integrated units.
1624:
1534:
1510:
1468:
25:
2042:
1721:
1678:
1606:
1546:
1462:
1236:
589:
406:
310:
280:
260:
250:
95:
84:
35:
31:
1711:
1703:
1558:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1287:
1226:
804:
573:
542:
390:
255:
39:
2022:
1825:
1729:
1522:
1516:
1267:
550:
453:
51:
639:"Boston's African Americans from the American Revolution: The Bucks of America"
138:
John George Washington Hancock (as a child, may have been the Bucks of America
1674:
1618:
1582:
1246:
585:
581:
569:
402:
398:
386:
518:
563:
March 12, 1858, during a commemoration of the 87th anniversary of the
139:
43:
380:
46:, honor them, presenting a white silk flag, displaying a leaping
546:
533:
The dates when the Bucks were formed and disbanded are unknown.
47:
1378:
814:
183:
2059:
Massachusetts American Revolutionary War militia regiments
805:
African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts
385:
Bucks of America medallion is an engraved, oval, silver,
1405:
Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
773:
Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
1633:(abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)
2049:
African-American history of the United States military
54:, and on the top, the initials, "J-G-W-H", of their
2005:
1973:
1899:
1873:
1847:
1818:
1778:
1771:
1739:
1688:
1661:
1652:
1433:
1311:
1260:
1219:
1181:
1090:
999:
853:
437:When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775,
319:
238:
162:
157:
146:
134:
126:
112:
101:
91:
71:
63:
18:
1860:Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
734:The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
1930:Boston African American National Historic Site
1415:Boston African American National Historic Site
1390:
826:
195:
8:
1921:(Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
433:Black Patriots in American Revolutionary War
588:, made in honor and recognition of the All
405:, made in honor and recognition of the All
30:Bucks of America flag was presented to the
1775:
1658:
1639:(abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)
1615:(abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
1397:
1383:
1375:
833:
819:
811:
785:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
584:, as a symbol of the Franco-American, war
421:Massachusetts Militia company, during the
401:, as a symbol of the Franco-American, war
202:
188:
180:
1798:Massachusetts General Colored Association
1206:Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment
580:, of the last, French, royal family, the
397:, of the last, French, royal family, the
34:, militiamen, after the war, in 1789, by
1196:Henley's Additional Continental Regiment
513:was one member of the Bucks of America.
1597:(dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
1567:(Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
629:
15:
1425:Slavery in the colonial United States
1201:Lee's Additional Continental Regiment
684:
682:
7:
737:. Robert F. Wallcut. pp. 25–27.
58:son, John George Washington Hancock
1537:(abolitionist, author, businessman)
807:. Massachusetts Historical Society.
537:Bucks of America flag and medallion
467:and the army's Commander-in-Chief,
2054:African-American history in Boston
1804:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1792:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1786:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
692:. Massachusetts Historical Society
14:
1477:(slave memoirists, abolitionists)
1211:1st American Regiment (1783–1784)
637:Barclay, Shelly (3 August 2010).
506:Company colonel, George Middleton
1914:African Meeting House and Museum
1519:(abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
555:Massachusetts Historical Society
517:claimed he attained the rank of
77:
24:
1585:(teacher, abolitionist, author)
1507:(abolitionist, slave memoirist)
549:and a pine tree, the symbol of
445:—served with white soldiers in
50:and a pine tree, the symbol of
1945:Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
1191:Continental Artillery Regiment
327:Extra and Additional regiments
42:and the grateful, citizens of
1:
1573:(lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
787:. Citadel Publishers, 2005.
525:Lodge, but proof is lacking.
1935:Charles Street Meeting House
1565:George Middleton (1735–1815)
1700:1857 Supreme Court decision
1465:(minister, slave memoirist)
1182:Other Massachusetts-related
2075:
2013:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
1718:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1609:(abolitionist, politician)
1531:(abolitionist, politician)
1091:1777 "Massachusetts" units
847:American Revolutionary War
769:Bucks of America medallion
423:American Revolutionary War
352:Commander-in-Chief's Guard
215:units of the United States
212:American Revolutionary War
151:American Revolutionary War
1883:(Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
1525:(freemason, abolitionist)
1410:
731:Nell, William C. (1885).
360:
230:List of Continental units
220:
23:
1974:Influential publications
1800:(abolitionism, equality)
1627:(minister, abolitionist)
1603:(college grad., teacher)
1513:(abolitionist, minister)
1501:(abolitionist, minister)
1000:1776 "Continental" units
596:Notable Bucks of America
463:By the end of 1775, the
1887:Prince Hall Freemasonry
1810:Prince Hall Freemasonry
1671:Back-to-Africa movement
1475:Ellen and William Craft
1471:(abolitionist, soldier)
690:"Bucks of America flag"
523:Prince Hall Freemasonry
425:, that was composed of
2028:Abolition Riot of 1836
2018:William Lloyd Garrison
1950:George Middleton House
1865:Twelfth Baptist Church
1697:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1655:associated individuals
1579:(abolitionist, writer)
783:Lanning, Michael Lee.
410:
1955:William C. Nell House
1855:African Meeting House
1832:African Meeting House
1434:Prominent individuals
971:Glover's (Marblehead)
384:
106:Massachusetts Militia
1925:Black Heritage Trail
1481:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
1420:Black Heritage Trail
592:, militia company.
465:Continental Congress
332:Armand's Legion
153:no combat experience
1965:John J. Smith House
1826:Home of Primus Hall
1653:Relevant topics and
1601:John Brown Russwurm
1577:William Cooper Nell
1449:(college professor)
1441:Macon Bolling Allen
845:and Militia in the
515:William Cooper Nell
370:List of state units
1909:Abiel Smith School
1838:Abiel Smith School
1741:History of slavery
1549:(Rev. War soldier)
1261:Brigadier generals
843:Massachusetts Line
411:
2036:
2035:
1982:Freedom's Journal
1940:John Coburn House
1919:Black Beacon Hill
1895:
1894:
1767:
1766:
1708:Elizabeth Freeman
1663:Black nationalism
1372:
1371:
1184:Continental units
961:Heath's/Greaton's
529:Company disbanded
469:George Washington
441:—both slaves and
409:, militia company
378:
377:
347:Ottendorf's Corps
175:
174:
2066:
1902:or neighborhoods
1881:Bucks of America
1776:
1726:Shadrach Minkins
1659:
1643:Phillis Wheatley
1631:Edward G. Walker
1613:Maria W. Stewart
1447:William G. Allen
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1324:Bucks of America
1273:Ebenezer Learned
1242:Benjamin Lincoln
931:Gardner's/Bond's
866:Thomas'/Bailey's
854:1775 named units
835:
828:
821:
812:
774:
765:
759:
754:
748:
745:
739:
738:
728:
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708:
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699:
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686:
677:
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668:
665:
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656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
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602:George Middleton
511:George Middleton
493:security service
489:auxiliary police
458:Continental Army
427:African-American
415:Bucks of America
337:Pulaski's Legion
225:Continental Army
213:
204:
197:
190:
181:
170:George Middleton
121:security service
117:auxiliary police
87:
83:
81:
80:
28:
19:Bucks of America
16:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2001:
1996:Walker's Appeal
1969:
1960:Phillips School
1901:
1891:
1869:
1843:
1814:
1763:
1754:Bunch-of-Grapes
1749:Charles Apthorp
1735:
1684:
1654:
1648:
1595:John Swett Rock
1555:(escaped slave)
1487:Lucy Lew Dalton
1457:Boston Massacre
1455:(killed during
1453:Crispus Attucks
1443:(lawyer, judge)
1429:
1406:
1403:
1373:
1368:
1307:
1303:Benjamin Tupper
1298:Michael Jackson
1256:
1215:
1183:
1177:
1086:
995:
849:
839:
801:
777:
766:
762:
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751:
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742:
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705:
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693:
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687:
680:
675:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
643:
641:
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635:
631:
627:
618:Boston Massacre
614:Crispus Attucks
610:
598:
565:Boston Massacre
539:
531:
508:
485:
483:Military duties
435:
379:
374:
356:
320:Non-state units
315:
234:
216:
211:
208:
178:
164:
78:
76:
75:
59:
12:
11:
5:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1900:Historic sites
1897:
1896:
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1890:
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1646:
1645:(poet, author)
1640:
1634:
1628:
1625:Samuel Snowden
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:(abolitionist)
1556:
1553:George Latimer
1550:
1544:
1538:
1535:John T. Hilton
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1511:Leonard Grimes
1508:
1502:
1496:
1495:(abolitionist)
1490:
1489:(abolitionist)
1484:
1478:
1472:
1469:John P. Coburn
1466:
1460:
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1444:
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1223:
1221:
1220:Major generals
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799:External links
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439:black soldiers
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301:South Carolina
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286:North Carolina
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239:Units by state
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1989:The Liberator
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1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:(interracial)
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:(interracial)
1793:
1790:
1788:(interracial)
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:Organizations
1770:
1760:
1759:Merchants Row
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:Anthony Burns
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:of 1781 (See
1705:
1704:Freedom suits
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1679:William Gwinn
1676:
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1623:
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1611:
1608:
1607:John J. Smith
1605:
1602:
1599:
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1587:
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590:Black Patriot
587:
583:
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576:flowers, the
575:
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560:The Liberator
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477:abolitionists
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74:
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57:
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45:
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37:
36:Massachusetts
33:
32:Black Patriot
27:
22:
17:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1880:
1779:Abolitionism
1712:Quock Walker
1695:
1637:David Walker
1559:Walker Lewis
1541:Thomas James
1529:Lewis Hayden
1505:Moses Grandy
1499:Hosea Easton
1323:
1288:Rufus Putnam
1227:Artemas Ward
966:Woodbridge's
784:
768:
763:
752:
747:Lanning, 84.
743:
732:
726:
715:
710:Lanning, 83.
706:
694:. Retrieved
676:Lanning, 82.
672:
667:Lanning, 81.
663:
658:Lanning, 65.
654:
642:. Retrieved
632:
574:fleur de lis
558:
543:John Hancock
540:
532:
509:
496:
486:
473:
462:
436:
414:
412:
391:fleur de lis
342:Lee's Legion
296:Rhode Island
291:Pennsylvania
67:date unknown
40:John Hancock
2023:Isaac Knapp
1834:(1806–1835)
1828:(1798–1806)
1730:Thomas Sims
1689:Legal cases
1589:Thomas Paul
1523:Prince Hall
1517:Primus Hall
1483:(physician)
1278:John Glover
1268:Joseph Frye
1232:John Thomas
956:D. Brewer's
951:J. Brewer's
946:Doolittle's
896:Danielson's
891:Mansfield's
644:October 26,
551:New England
454:New England
246:Connecticut
147:Engagements
52:New England
2043:Categories
1675:Paul Cuffe
1621:(minister)
1619:Baron Stow
1591:(minister)
1583:Susan Paul
1543:(minister)
1334:Cogswell's
1283:John Nixon
1247:Henry Knox
916:Paterson's
901:Prescott's
881:Whitcomb's
696:26 October
625:References
447:integrated
276:New Jersey
165:commanders
158:Commanders
92:Allegiance
56:benefactor
38:governor,
1819:Education
1359:Johnson's
1339:Cushing's
1329:Bullard's
991:Sargent's
986:Phinney's
981:Gerrish's
926:Learned's
921:Scammon's
135:Mascot(s)
108:(Patriot)
1848:Religion
1840:(1835-?)
1364:Porter's
1354:Holman's
1319:Ashley's
976:Little's
941:Fellows'
911:Bridge's
876:Cotton's
871:Walker's
608:See also
586:alliance
582:Bourbons
570:planchet
403:alliance
399:Bourbons
387:planchet
311:Virginia
281:New York
261:Maryland
251:Delaware
168:Colonel
2006:Related
936:Nixon's
519:colonel
450:militia
443:freemen
419:Patriot
306:Vermont
256:Georgia
163:Notable
130:company
72:Country
1720:(See:
1349:Gill's
1344:Gage's
906:Frye's
886:Read's
861:Ward's
791:
417:was a
140:mascot
102:Branch
82:
64:Active
44:Boston
1874:Other
1673:(See
578:crest
395:crest
1173:16th
1168:15th
1163:14th
1158:13th
1153:12th
1148:11th
1143:10th
1082:27th
1077:26th
1072:25th
1067:24th
1062:23rd
1057:21st
1052:18th
1047:16th
1042:15th
1037:14th
1032:13th
1027:12th
841:The
789:ISBN
698:2015
646:2015
547:buck
413:The
127:Size
113:Type
48:buck
1138:9th
1133:8th
1128:7th
1123:6th
1118:5th
1113:4th
1108:3rd
1103:2nd
1098:1st
1022:7th
1017:6th
1012:4th
1007:3rd
491:or
2045::
1728:-
1724:-
1710:-
1677:-
681:^
119:,
1732:)
1714:)
1681:)
1459:)
1398:e
1391:t
1384:v
834:e
827:t
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771:.
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648:.
620:.
203:e
196:t
189:v
142:)
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