80:. Legend claims that Bragg conceived of bubble raft models while pouring oil into his lawn mower. He noticed that bubbles on the surface of the oil assembled into rafts resembling the {111} plane of close-packed crystals. Nye and Bragg later presented a method of generating and controlling bubbles on the surface of a glycerine-water-oleic acid-triethanolamine solution, in assemblies of 100,000 or more sub-millimeter sized bubbles. In their paper, they go on at length about the microstructural phenomena observed in bubble rafts and hypothesized in metals.
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soaps. These assembled bubbles act like atoms, diffusing, slipping, ripening, straining, and otherwise deforming in a way that models the behavior of the {111} plane of a close-packed crystal. The ideal (lowest energy) state of the assembly would undoubtedly be a perfectly regular single crystal,
515:{\displaystyle U(\rho )=-\pi R^{4}\rho _{solution}g\left({\frac {\mathrm {B} }{\alpha }}\right)^{2}{\mathit {A}}K_{0}(\alpha \rho )+{\begin{cases}0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\rho \geq \ 2\\\pi R^{4}\rho _{solution}g\left({\frac {(2-\rho )^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}\right)~~~\rho \leq \ 2\end{cases}}}
39:
and atomic length-scale behavior by modelling the {111} plane of a close-packed crystal. A material's observable and measurable mechanical properties strongly depend on its atomic and microstructural configuration and characteristics. This fact is intentionally ignored in
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Bubble rafts exhibit complex dynamics, as illustrated in the video. This is triggered by rupture of a first bubble, driven by thermal fluctuations and a cascade of subsequent bursting bubbles, which can give rise to
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can't be modeled in a 2D bubble raft because it extends outside the plane. It is even possible to replicate some microstructure treats such as
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The portion of the equation to the left of the plus sign is the attractive force, and the portion to the right represents the repulsive force.
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Image of a bubble raft (bubble size ~1.5 mm) showing vacancies and an edge dislocation in the bottom right corner.
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Bubble rafts can display numerous phenomena seen in the crystal lattice. This includes such things as point
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Ritacco H, Kiefer F, Langevin D (June 2007). "Lifetime of bubble rafts: cooperativity and avalanches".
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891:. The annealing process is simulated by stirring the bubble raft. This anneals out the dislocations (
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but just as in metals, the bubbles often form defects, grain boundaries, and multiple crystals.
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The concept of bubble raft modelling was first presented in 1947 by Nobel
Laureate Sir
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138:, which consists of a balance between attractive and repulsive forces between atoms.
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The "atoms" in Bubble Rafts also exhibit such attractive and repulsive forces:
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1032:"Complexity and self-organized criticality in liquid foams. A short review"
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Bubble rafts assemble bubbles on a water surface, often with the help of
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is a constant dependent upon the boundary conditions of the calculation
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is the ratio R/a of the bubble radius to the
Laplace constant a, where
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Laboratory
Handout in MIT's 3.032: Mechanical Behavior of Materials
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is the ratio of the distance between bubbles to the bubble radius
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875:(vacancies, substitutional impurities, interstitial atoms), edge
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is the density of the solution from which the bubbles are formed
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In deforming a crystal lattice, one changes the energy and the
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is popularly (and mostly qualitatively) modeled using the
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A bubble raft showing a close up of an edge dislocation.
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785:{\displaystyle a^{2}={\frac {T}{\rho _{solution}g}}}
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101:Avalanches of rupturing bubbles can give rise to
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929:"A Dynamical Model of a Crystal Structure"
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130:felt by the atoms of the lattice. This
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927:Bragg, Lawrance; Nye, J. F. (1947).
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78:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
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620:{\displaystyle \rho _{solution}}
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649:is the gravitational constant
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1009:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.244501
577:is the average bubble radius
555:is the interbubble potential
35:. It demonstrates materials'
1030:Ritacco HA (November 2020).
688:{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }
122:Relation to crystal lattices
864:is a zeroth-order modified
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116:self-organized criticality
103:self-organized criticality
1048:10.1016/j.cis.2020.102282
1036:Adv Colloid Interface Sci
548:{\displaystyle U(\rho )}
813:is the surface tension
710:{\displaystyle \alpha }
136:Lennard-Jones potential
56:History of bubble rafts
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936:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
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857:{\displaystyle K_{0}}
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132:interatomic potential
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1086:Materials science
942:(1023): 474–481.
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885:screw dislocation
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877:dislocations
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49:amphiphilic
29:bubble raft
1042:: 102282.
911:References
889:annealing
747:ρ
705:α
659:ρ
588:ρ
540:ρ
497:≤
494:ρ
470:α
455:ρ
452:−
406:ρ
392:π
379:≥
376:ρ
266:ρ
263:α
228:α
183:ρ
169:π
166:−
157:ρ
1080:Category
1066:33059304
1017:17677967
893:recovery
84:Dynamics
66:John Nye
1057:7537653
997:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
873:defects
33:bubbles
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932:(PDF)
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883:. A
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737:=
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728:a
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